What are considered formal positive sanctions? Social control

Sanctions are not only punishments, but also incentives that promote compliance with social norms.

Sanctions are guardians of norms. Along with values, they are responsible for why people strive to fulfill norms. Norms are protected from two sides – from the side of values and from the side of sanctions.

Social sanctions are an extensive system of rewards for fulfilling norms, i.e. for conformity, for agreeing with them, and punishments for deviation from them, i.e. for deviant behavior.

Conformity represents external agreement with generally accepted norms, when internally an individual can maintain disagreement with them, but not tell anyone about it.

Conformity is the goal of social control. However, the goal of socialization cannot be conformity, because it must end in internal agreement with the generally accepted.

There are four types of sanctions: positive and negative, formal and informal. They give four types of combinations that can be represented as a logical square:

Positive Negative

FORMAL

INFORMAL

Formal positive sanctions (F+) - public approval from official organizations (government, institution, creative union): government awards, state prizes and scholarships, awarded titles, academic degrees and titles, construction of a monument, presentation of certificates of honor, admission to high positions and honorary functions (for example, election as chairman of the board).

Informal positive sanctions (N+) - public approval that does not come from official organizations: friendly praise, compliments, tacit recognition, goodwill, applause, fame, honor, flattering reviews, recognition of leadership or expert qualities, smile.

Formal negative sanctions (F-) - punishments provided for by legal laws, government decrees, administrative instructions, orders, orders: deprivation of civil rights, imprisonment, arrest, dismissal, fine, depreciation, confiscation of property, demotion, demotion, deposition from throne, death penalty, excommunication.

Not formal negative sanctions (N-) - punishments not provided for by official authorities: censure, remark, ridicule, mockery, cruel joke, unflattering nickname, neglect, refusal to shake hands or maintain relationships, spreading rumors, slander, unkind review, complaint, writing a pamphlet or feuilleton , a revealing article.

So, social sanctions play a key role in the system of social control. Sanctions, together with values and norms, constitute a mechanism of social control. Social sanctions are a system of rewards and punishments. They are divided into four types: positive and negative, formal and informal. Depending on the method of imposing sanctions - collective or individual - social control can be external and internal (self-control). According to the degree of intensity, sanctions are strict, or tough, and non-strict, or soft.

The rules themselves do not control anything. People's behavior is controlled by other people based on norms that are expected to be followed by everyone. Compliance with norms, like compliance with sanctions, makes our behavior predictable. Each of us knows what an outstanding scientific discovery an official reward awaits, and for a serious crime - imprisonment. When we expect a certain action from another person, we hope that he knows not only the norm, but also the sanction that follows it.

Thus, norms and sanctions are combined into a single whole. If a norm does not have an accompanying sanction, then it ceases to regulate real behavior. It becomes a slogan, a call, an appeal, but it ceases to be an element of social control.

The application of social sanctions in some cases requires the presence of outsiders, but in others it does not. Dismissal is formalized by the personnel department of the institution and involves the preliminary issuance of an order or order. Imprisonment requires a complex judicial process upon which a judgment is made. Bringing administrative liability, say, a fine for traveling without a ticket, requires the presence of an official transport controller, and sometimes a policeman. The awarding of an academic degree involves an equally complex procedure for defending a scientific dissertation and the decision of the academic council.

Sanctions for violators of group habits require a smaller number of persons. Sanctions are never applied to oneself. If the application of sanctions is carried out by the person himself, is directed at himself and occurs internally, then this form of control should be considered self-control.

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examples. Sociology of personality:: BusinessMan.ru

Punishments.
Reprimands.

The essence of social control

Self-control and dictatorship

With good intentions...

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Formal negative sanctions: concept, examples:: BusinessMan.ru

Formal negative sanctions are one of the tools for maintaining social norms in society.

What is the norm

This term comes from Latin. Literally means “rule of behavior”, “model”. We all live in a society, in a team. Everyone has their own values, preferences, interests. All this gives the individual certain rights and freedoms. But we must not forget that people live next to each other. This single collective is called society or society. And it is important to know what laws govern the rules of behavior in it. They are called social norms. Formal negative sanctions help ensure compliance.

Types of social norms

Rules of behavior in society are divided into subtypes. This is important to know, because social sanctions and their application depend on them. They are divided into:

Customs and traditions. They pass from one generation to another over many centuries and even millennia. Weddings, holidays, etc.
Legal. Enshrined in laws and normative legal acts.
Religious. Rules of conduct based on faith. Baptismal ceremonies, religious festivals, fasting, etc.
Aesthetic. Based on feelings about the beautiful and the ugly.
Political. Regulate political sphere and everything connected with it.

There are also many other standards. For example, etiquette rules, medical standards, safety rules, etc. But we have listed the main ones. Thus, it is a mistake to believe that social sanctions apply only to the legal sphere. Law is only one of the subcategories of social norms.

Deviant behavior

Naturally, all people in society must live according to generally accepted rules. Otherwise there will be chaos and anarchy. But some individuals sometimes stop obeying generally accepted laws. They violate them. This behavior is called deviant or deviant. It is for this that formal negative sanctions are provided.

Types of sanctions

As has already become clear, they are called upon to restore order in society. But it is a mistake to think that sanctions have a negative connotation. That this is something bad. In politics, this term is positioned as a restrictive instrument. There is an incorrect concept that means prohibition, taboo. We can recall and cite as an example recent events and the trade war between Western countries And Russian Federation.

There are actually four types:

Formal negative sanctions.
Informal negative.
Formal positive.
Informal positive.

But let’s take a closer look at one type.

Formal negative sanctions: examples of application

It was not by chance that they got this name. Their peculiarities are the following factors:

Associated with formal manifestation, in contrast to informal ones, which have only an emotional connotation.
They are used only for deviant (deviant) behavior, in contrast to positive ones, which, on the contrary, are designed to reward the individual for exemplary compliance with social norms.

Let us give a specific example from labor legislation. Let's say citizen Ivanov is an entrepreneur. Several people work for him. In the course of labor relations, Ivanov violates the terms of the labor contract concluded with employees and delays their salaries, arguing that this is due to the crisis in the economy.

Indeed, sales volumes have dropped sharply. The entrepreneur does not have enough funds to cover wage arrears to employees. You might think that he is not guilty and can detain with impunity cash. But in reality this is not the case.

As an entrepreneur, he had to weigh all the risks when carrying out his activities. Otherwise, he is obliged to warn employees about this and begin the appropriate procedures. This is provided for by law. But instead, Ivanov hoped that everything would work out. The workers, of course, did not suspect anything.

When the payment day comes, they find out that there is no money in the cash register. Naturally, their rights are violated (each employee has financial plans for vacation, social Security, possibly certain financial obligations). Workers file a formal complaint with state inspection on labor protection. In this case, the entrepreneur violated the norms of the labor and civil codes. The inspection authorities confirmed this and ordered to pay wages soon. For each day of delay, a certain penalty is now charged in accordance with the refinancing rate of the Central Bank of the Russian Federation. In addition, the inspection authorities imposed an administrative fine on Ivanov for violations labor standards. Such actions will be an example of formal negative sanctions.

Conclusions

But an administrative fine is not the only measure. For example, an employee was severely reprimanded for being late to the office. The formality in this case lies in a specific action - entering it into a personal file. If the consequences for his lateness were limited only to the fact that the director emotionally, in words, reprimanded him, then this would be an example of informal negative sanctions.

But not only in labor relations they apply. In almost all areas, mainly negative formal social sanctions predominate. The exception, of course, is moral and aesthetic norms, rules of etiquette. Violations of these rules are usually followed by informal sanctions. They are emotional in nature. For example, no one will fine a person for not stopping on the highway in forty-degree frost and not taking a mother and baby as a travel companion. Although society may react negatively to this. A barrage of criticism will fall on this citizen, if, of course, this is made public.

But we should not forget that many norms in these areas are enshrined in laws and regulations. This means that for violating them, you can, in addition to informal ones, receive formal negative sanctions in the form of arrests, fines, reprimands, etc. For example, smoking in public places. This is an aesthetic norm, or rather, a deviation from it. It’s not nice to smoke on the street and poison all passers-by with tar. But until recently, only informal sanctions were imposed for this. For example, a grandmother may speak critically of the offender. Today there is a smoking ban - legal norm. For violating it, the individual will be punished with a fine. This is a vivid example of the transformation of an aesthetic norm into a legal one with formal consequences.

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Informal positive sanctions: definition, features:: BusinessMan.ru

The formation and functioning of small social groups is invariably accompanied by the emergence of a number of laws, customs and traditions. Their main goal becomes the regulation of social life, the preservation of a given order and concern for maintaining the well-being of all members of the community.

Sociology of personality, its subject and object

The phenomenon of social control occurs in all types of society. This term was first used by the French sociologist Gabriel Tarde He, calling it one of the most important means of correcting criminal behavior. Later, he began to consider social control as one of the determining factors of socialization.

Among the tools of social control are formal and informal incentives and sanctions. Sociology of personality, which is a branch of social psychology, examines issues and problems related to how people interact within certain groups, as well as how the formation of an individual personality occurs. This science also understands incentives by the term “sanctions”, that is, this is a consequence of any action, regardless of whether it has a positive or negative connotation.

What are formal and informal positive sanctions?

Formal control of public order is entrusted to official structures (human rights and judicial), and informal control is carried out by family members, collectives, church communities, as well as relatives and friends. While the first is based on state laws, the second is based on public opinion. Informal control is expressed through customs and traditions, as well as through means mass media(public approval or censure).

If earlier this type of control was the only one, today it is relevant only for small groups. Thanks to industrialization and globalization, modern groups consist of huge numbers of people (up to several million), making informal control untenable.

Sanctions: definition and types

The sociology of personality refers to sanctions as punishment or reward used in social groups in relation to individuals. This is a reaction to an individual going beyond the boundaries of generally accepted norms, that is, the consequence of actions that differ from those expected. Considering the types of social control, a distinction is made between formal positive and negative, as well as informal positive and negative sanctions.

Features of positive sanctions (incentives)

Formal sanctions (with a plus sign) are various types of public approval by official organizations. For example, issuing diplomas, prizes, titles, titles, state awards and appointment to high positions. Such incentives necessarily require that the individual to whom they are applied meets certain criteria.

In contrast, there are no clear requirements for earning informal positive sanctions. Examples of such rewards: smiles, handshakes, compliments, praise, applause, public expression of gratitude.

Punishments or negative sanctions

Formal penalties are measures that are set out in legal laws, government regulations, administrative instructions and orders. An individual who violates applicable laws may be subject to imprisonment, arrest, dismissal from employment, fines, official discipline, reprimand, death penalty and other sanctions. The difference between such punitive measures and those provided for by informal control ( informal negative sanctions), in that for their application it is necessary to have a specific instruction regulating the behavior of the individual. It contains criteria related to the norm, a list of actions (or inaction) that are considered violations, as well as a measure of punishment for the action (or lack thereof).

Informal negative sanctions are types of punishments that are not formalized at the official level. This could be ridicule, contempt, verbal reprimands, unkind reviews, remarks, and others.

Classification of sanctions by time of application

All existing species sanctions are divided into repressive and preventive. The first ones are used after the individual has already performed the action. The amount of such punishment or reward depends on social beliefs that determine the harmfulness or usefulness of an action. The second (preventive) sanctions are designed to prevent the commission of specific actions. That is, their goal is to persuade the individual to behave in a way that is considered normal. For example, informal positive sanctions in the school education system are designed to develop in children the habit of “doing the right thing.”

The result of such a policy is conformism: a kind of “disguise” of the true motives and desires of the individual under the camouflage of instilled values.

The role of positive sanctions in the formation of personality

Many experts come to the conclusion that informal positive sanctions allow for more humane and effective control of an individual's behavior. By applying various incentives and reinforcing socially acceptable actions, it is possible to develop a system of beliefs and values that will prevent the manifestation of deviant behavior. Psychologists recommend using informal positive sanctions as often as possible in the process of raising children.

businessman.ru

Formal positive sanctions: what they are, definition

The company's team is a small social group, which means that the concepts of sociology, including sanctions, are applicable to it. This article will answer the question of what formal positive sanctions are and how they help regulate relationships among employees.

What is a sanction

Sanction is a term that has already set teeth on edge and, as a rule, is associated with something bad. This word is of Latin origin: sanctio means “the strictest decree.”

A sanction is a part of a legal norm that provides bad consequences for someone who violates the established rules.

The term "social sanction" has almost the same meaning. Only the meaning of social sanction includes not only punishment, but also encouragement. Social sanction controls a person not only with the “stick”, but also with the “carrot”. Therefore, social sanctions are an effective mechanism of social control. The goal is to subordinate a person to a social group so that he follows established norms and rules.

Types of social sanctions

Social sanctions are divided into formal and informal, positive and negative.

Negative social sanctions provide punishment for a person who has committed undesirable actions or deviated from generally accepted norms in a particular group. Positive sanctions, on the contrary, are aimed at supporting the individual in his desire to follow the rules.

Formal social sanctions operate at the official level and come from the management of the company. In contrast, informal sanctions are the reaction of members of the social group itself.

At the “intersection” of positive and negative, formal and informal, we get 4 more types of sanctions:

formal positive;
informal positive;
formal negative;
informal negative.

Formal positive sanctions

Formal positive sanctions are the encouragement of a person’s actions by the company’s management. For example, promotions, bonuses and certificates.

The main driving force behind formal positive sanctions is material.

Every employee is interested in increasing his wages. You work better, fit into the team, which means you move up the social ladder faster, receive recognition and respect from others. Formal positive sanctions work best in combination with informal ones.

Other types of sanctions

If a boss praises an employee in front of everyone, gives him a compliment, this is already an informal positive sanction. Of course, informal positive sanctions should include the same elements of communication between the employees themselves.

For compliance with established norms and rules, a person should be encouraged, and for non-compliance, on the contrary, punished. Sanctions of a negative type, formal and informal, are responsible for punishment.

Formal negative sanctions that can be applied to an employee are a fine, a reprimand with or without entry into the work book, and, of course, dismissal from work under the article. Negative sanctions put pressure on a person’s fear of losing his job.

Informal negative sanctions include complaints, ridicule, remarks, etc. Informal negative sanctions cause discomfort in a person, even to the point of feeling guilty. Following such negative experiences comes the desire to improve, to follow the norms and rules accepted in the team.

Summarizing the above, we come to the conclusion that the team of a company or organization is, to some extent, a self-regulating system that rejects from its “body” individuals who “swim against the tide” and do not fit into the generally accepted framework.

bizjurist.com

Informal negative sanctions: examples. Sociology of personality

Most social groups operate in accordance with certain laws and rules that, to one degree or another, regulate the behavior of all members of the community. These are laws, traditions, customs and rituals.

The first ones were developed at the state or regional level, and their compliance is mandatory for absolutely all citizens of a particular state (as well as for non-residents located on its territory). The rest are rather advisory in nature and are not relevant for modern man, although for residents of the periphery they still have considerable weight.

Conformism as a way of adaptation

Preservation of the usual state of affairs and the existing order is necessary for people, like air. From an early age, children are taught how it is desirable or even necessary to behave in the company of other people. Most educational measures are aimed at eliminating from their behavior actions that may be unpleasant for others. Children are taught:

Restrain the manifestations of the body's vital functions.
Do not irritate people with loud speech and bright clothes.
Respect personal space boundaries (do not touch others unnecessarily).

And, of course, this list includes a ban on committing acts of violence.

When a person can be educated and develops the appropriate skills, his behavior becomes conformist, that is, socially acceptable. Such people are considered pleasant, unobtrusive, and easy to communicate with. When an individual’s behavior deviates from the generally accepted pattern, various punitive measures are applied to him (formal and informal negative sanctions). The purpose of these actions is to draw a person’s attention to the nature of his mistakes and correct his behavior pattern.

Personality psychology: system of sanctions

In the professional vocabulary of psychoanalysts, sanctions mean the reaction of a group to the actions or words of an individual subject. Various types penalties are used to implement regulatory regulation social systems and subsystems.

It should be noted that sanctions are also incentives. Along with values, rewards stimulate compliance with existing social norms. They serve as a reward for those subjects who play by the rules, that is, for conformists. At the same time, deviance (deviation from the laws), depending on the severity of the offense, entails certain types of punishment: formal (fine, arrest) or informal (reprimand, conviction).

What is “punishment” and “censure”

The use of certain negative sanctions is determined by the severity of the socially disapproved offense and the rigidity of the norms. IN modern society use:

Punishments.
Reprimands.

The first are expressed in the fact that the violator may be subject to a fine, an administrative penalty, or his access to socially valuable resources may be limited.

Informal negative sanctions in the form of reprimands become the reaction of members of society to manifestations of dishonesty, rudeness or rudeness on the part of the individual. In this case, members of the community (group, team, family) may stop maintaining relationships with the person, express social disapproval of him and point out peculiarities of behavior. Of course, there are those who like to read lectures with or without reason, but this is a completely different category of people.

The essence of social control

According to the French sociologist R. Lapierre, sanctions should be divided into three main types:

Physical, which is used to punish a person who has violated social norms.

Economic, which consists in blocking the satisfaction of the most important needs (fine, penalty, dismissal).

Administrative, the essence of which is to lower social status(warning, penalty, removal from office).

In the implementation of all listed types sanctions, other people besides the offender take part. This is social control: society uses the concept of norm to correct the behavior of all participants. The goal of social control can be called the formation of a predictable and predictable model of behavior.

Informal negative sanctions in the context of self-control

To carry out most types of social punishment, the presence of strangers becomes mandatory. For example, a person who has broken the law must be sentenced in accordance with the adopted legislation (formal sanctions). Trial may require the participation of five to ten people to several dozen people, because imprisonment is a very serious punishment.

Informal negative sanctions can be used by any number of people and also have a huge impact on the offender. Even if an individual does not accept the customs and traditions of the group in which he is located, hostility is unpleasant to him. After some resistance, the situation can be resolved in two ways: leaving a given society or agreeing with its social norms. In the latter case, all existing sanctions are important: positive, negative, formal, informal.

When social norms are embedded deeply in the subconscious, the need to use external punishment is significantly weakened, as the individual develops the ability to independently control his behavior. Personality psychology is a branch of science (psychology) that studies various individual processes. She pays quite a lot of attention to the study of self-control.

The essence of this phenomenon is that a person himself compares his actions with generally accepted norms, etiquette and customs. When he notices a deviation, he is able to determine the severity of the offense himself. As a rule, the consequence of such violations is remorse and a painful feeling of guilt. They indicate successful socialization the individual, as well as his agreement with the requirements of public morality and norms of behavior.

The importance of self-control for group well-being

A feature of such a phenomenon as self-control is that all measures to identify deviations from norms and apply negative sanctions are carried out by the violator himself. He is judge, jury and executioner.

Of course, if the misconduct becomes known to other people, public censure may also occur. However, in most cases, even if the event is kept secret, the apostate will be punished.

According to statistics, 70% of social control is achieved through self-control. Many parents, heads of enterprises and even states resort to this tool to one degree or another. Properly developed and implemented guidelines, corporate rules, laws and traditions make it possible to achieve impressive discipline with minimal time and effort spent on control activities.

Self-control and dictatorship

Informal negative sanctions (examples: condemnation, disapproval, removal, censure) become a powerful weapon in the hands of a skilled manipulator. By using these techniques as a means of external control over the behavior of group members while simultaneously minimizing or even eliminating self-control, the leader can gain considerable power.

In the absence of their own criteria for assessing the correctness of actions, people turn to the norms of public morality and a list of generally accepted rules. To maintain balance in the group, external control should be the stricter, the worse the self-control is developed.

Downside Excessive control and petty supervision of a person becomes an inhibition of the development of his consciousness, muffling the volitional efforts of the individual. In the context of a state, this can lead to the establishment of a dictatorship.

With good intentions...

There are many cases in history when dictatorship was introduced as a temporary measure - its purpose was said to be to restore order. However, the presence of this regime for a long time and the spread of strict coercive control of citizens hinder the development internal control.

As a result, they faced gradual degradation. These individuals, who are not used to and do not know how to take responsibility, are not able to do without external coercion. In the future, dictatorship becomes necessary for them.

Thus, we can conclude that the higher the level of development of self-control, the more civilized the society is and the less it needs any sanctions. A society whose members have a high capacity for self-control is more likely to establish democracy.

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Formal and informal positive sanction

One way or another, each of us depends on the society in which he exists. Of course, this does not manifest itself in the complete conformity of certain individuals, because everyone has their own opinion and view on this or that issue. However, very often the public is able to influence the behavior of an individual, shape and change his attitude towards his own actions. This phenomenon is characterized by the ability of certain representatives of society to respond to something with the help of sanctions.

They can be very different: positive and negative, formal and informal, legal and moral, and so on. This largely depends on what exactly the individual’s action is.

For example, for many of us, informal positive sanction is the most rewarding. What is its essence? First of all, it is worth saying that both informal and formal sanctions can be positive. The first ones take place, for example, at a person’s place of work. The following example can be given: an office worker concluded several profitable deals - the bosses gave him a certificate for this, promoted him in position and raised his salary. This fact was recorded in certain documents, that is, officially. Therefore, in this case we see a formal positive sanction.

Actually, an informal positive sanction

However, in addition to official approval from superiors (or the state), a person will receive praise from his colleagues, friends, and relatives. This will manifest itself in verbal approval, shaking hands, hugs, and so on. Thus, society will give informal positive sanction. It does not manifest itself in material terms, but for most individuals it is more significant than even an increase in wages.

There are a huge number of situations in relation to which informal positive sanctions can be applied. Examples will be given below.

Thus, it can be seen that this type encouraging the actions of one or another individual most often manifests itself in simple everyday situations.

However, as in the case of salary increases, formal positive sanctions can coexist with informal ones. For example, a person received a medal for bravery during combat operations. Along with official praise from the state, he will receive approval from others, universal honor and respect.

So, we can say that formal and informal positive sanctions can be applied to the same act.

Social sanctions are a means of reward and punishment that encourage people to comply with social norms. Social sanctions are guardians of norms.

Types of sanctions:

1) Formal positive sanctions are approval from official bodies:

Reward;

Scholarship;

Monument.

2) Informal positive sanctions are approval from society:

Praise;

Applause;

Compliment;

3) Formal negative is punishment from official bodies:

Dismissal;

Rebuke;

Death penalty.

4) Informal negative sanctions - punishments from society:

Comment;

Mockery;

There are two types of social control:

1. external social control - it is carried out by authorities, society, and close people.

2. internal social control - it is exercised by the person himself. 70% of human behavior depends on self-control.

Compliance with social norms is called conformity - this is the goal of social control

3. Social deviations: deviant and delinquent behavior.

The behavior of people who do not comply with social norms is called deviant. These actions do not correspond to the norms and social stereotypes established in a given society.

Positive deviance is deviant behavior that does not cause disapproval from society. It could be heroic deeds, self-sacrifice, hyper-dedication, excessive zeal, a heightened sense of pity and sympathy, super-hard work, etc. Negative deviation is deviations that cause reactions of disapproval and condemnation in most people. These include terrorism, vandalism, theft, betrayal, ill-treatment with animals, etc.

Delinquent behavior is a serious violation of the law that may result in criminal liability.

There are several main forms of deviation.

1. Drunkenness – excessive consumption of alcoholic beverages. Alcoholism is a painful attraction to alcohol. This type of deviation brings great harm to all people. Both the economy and the well-being of society suffer from this. For example, in the United States, about 14 million people suffer from alcoholism, and annual losses from it reach up to 100 billion dollars. Our country is also a world leader in alcohol consumption. Russia produces 25 liters of alcohol per capita per year. Moreover, most of the alcohol is strong alcoholic drinks. IN lately There is also a problem of “beer” alcoholism, which mainly affects young people. About 500 thousand Russians die annually for various reasons related to alcohol.

2. Drug addiction is a painful attraction to drugs. Associated consequences of drug addiction are crimes, physical and mental exhaustion, and personality degradation. According to the UN, every 25th inhabitant of the Earth is a drug addict, i.e. There are more than 200 million drug addicts in the world. According to official estimates, there are 3 million drug addicts in Russia, and 5 million according to unofficial estimates. There are supporters of the legalization of “soft” drugs (such as marijuana). They give the example of the Netherlands, where the use of these drugs is legal. But the experience of these countries has shown that the number of drug addicts is not decreasing, but only increasing.

3. Prostitution – extramarital sexual relations for payment. There are countries where prostitution is legalized. Supporters of legalization believe that the transfer to a legal position will allow better control of the “process”, improve the situation, reduce the number of diseases, rid this area of pimps and bandits, in addition, the state budget will receive additional taxes from this type of activity. Opponents of legalization point out the humiliation, inhumanity and immorality of body trade. Immorality cannot be legalized. Society cannot live according to the principle of “everything is permitted”, without certain moral brakes. In addition, underground prostitution with all its criminal, moral and medical problems will continue.

4. Homosexuality is sexual attraction to people of the same sex. Homosexuality occurs in the form of: a) sodomy - sexual relations between a man and a man, b) lesbianism - sexual attraction of a woman to a woman, c) bisexuality - sexual attraction to individuals of the same and opposite sex. The normal sexual attraction of a woman to a man and vice versa is called heterosexuality. Some countries already allow marriages between gays and lesbians. Such families are allowed to adopt children. In our country, the population generally has ambivalent attitudes towards such relationships.

5. Anomie is a state of society in which a significant part of people neglects social norms. This happens in troubled, transitional, crisis times. civil wars, revolutionary upheavals, deep reforms, when previous goals and values collapse, faith in customary moral and legal norms falls. Examples include France during the Great Revolution of 1789, Russia in 1917 and the early 90s of the 20th century.

INFORMAL SANCTIONS

- English sanctions, informal; German Sanctionen, unformale. Spontaneous, emotionally charged reactions of the immediate environment (friends, neighbors, relatives) to an individual’s behavior that deviates from social behavior. expectations.

Antinazi. Encyclopedia of Sociology, 2009

See what “INFORMAL SANCTIONS” are in other dictionaries:

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AND; and. [from lat. sanctio (sanctionis) inviolable law, the strictest decree] Legal. 1. Statement of something. higher authority, permission. Obtain a warrant for arrest. Give permission for the issue to be published. Detained with the sanction of the prosecutor. 2. Measure,… … Encyclopedic Dictionary

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omitted- prisons. slang omitted representative of the lowest group in the informal hierarchy of prisoners, a kind of untouchable caste. You cannot take anything from someone who is lowered, you cannot touch him, you cannot sit on his bunk, etc. Those who are lowered have their own separate places in... ... Universal additional practical explanatory dictionary by I. Mostitsky

The first ones were developed at the state or regional level, and their compliance is mandatory for absolutely all citizens of a particular state (as well as for non-residents located on its territory). The rest are rather advisory in nature and irrelevant for modern people, although they still have considerable weight for residents of the periphery.

Conformism as a way of adaptation

Restrain the manifestations of the body's vital functions.
Do not irritate people with loud speech and bright clothes.
Respect personal space boundaries (do not touch others unnecessarily).

And, of course, this list includes a ban on committing acts of violence.

Personality psychology: system of sanctions

In the professional vocabulary of psychoanalysts, sanctions mean the reaction of a group to the actions or words of an individual subject. Various types of punishments are used to implement normative regulation of social systems and subsystems.

What is “punishment” and “censure”

The use of certain negative sanctions is determined by the severity of the socially disapproved offense and the rigidity of the norms. In modern society they use:

Punishments.
Reprimands.

The first are expressed in the fact that the violator may be subject to a fine, an administrative penalty, or his access to socially valuable resources may be limited.

The essence of social control

According to the French sociologist R. Lapierre, sanctions should be divided into three main types:

Physical, which are used to punish a person who has violated social norms.
Economic, which consists in blocking the satisfaction of the most important needs (fine, penalty, dismissal).
Administrative, the essence of which is to lower social status (warning, punishment, removal from office).

In the implementation of all of the listed types of sanctions, other people take part in the implementation of all the listed types of sanctions, except for the offender. This is social control: society uses the concept of norm to correct the behavior of all participants. The goal of social control can be called the formation of a predictable and predictable model of behavior.

Informal negative sanctions in the context of self-control

To carry out most types of social punishment, the presence of strangers becomes mandatory. For example, a person who has broken the law must be sentenced in accordance with the adopted legislation (formal sanctions). The trial may require the participation of from five to ten people to several dozen people, because imprisonment is a very serious punishment.

The essence of this phenomenon is that a person himself compares his actions with generally accepted norms, etiquette and customs. When he notices a deviation, he is able to determine the severity of the offense himself. As a rule, the consequence of such violations is remorse and a painful feeling of guilt. They indicate the successful socialization of the individual, as well as his agreement with the requirements of public morality and norms of behavior.

The importance of self-control for group well-being

Of course, if the misconduct becomes known to other people, public censure may also occur. However, in most cases, even if the event is kept secret, the apostate will be punished.

Self-control and dictatorship

The downside of excessive control and petty supervision of a person is the inhibition of the development of his consciousness, the muffling of the volitional efforts of the individual. In the context of a state, this can lead to the establishment of a dictatorship.

With good intentions...

All procedures by which an individual’s behavior is brought to the norm of a social group are called sanctions.

Social sanction - measure of influence the most important means social control.

Highlight the following types sanctions:

- negative and positive ,

- formal and informal .

Negative sanctions directed against a person who has deviated from social norms.

Positive sanctions are aimed at supporting and approving a person who follows these norms.

Formal sanctions imposed by an official, public or state body or their representative.

Informal usually involve the reaction of group members, friends, colleagues, relatives, acquaintances, etc.

Thus, we can distinguish four types of sanctions:

1. formal negative,

2. formal positive,

3. informal negative,

4. informal positive.

For example , an A for a student's answer in class - formal positive sanction. Example negative informal sanction May be condemnation of a person at the level of public opinion.

Positive sanctions are usually more influential than negative sanctions.

For example, For a student, reinforcing academic success with positive grades is more stimulating than negative assessment for a poorly completed task.

Sanctions are only effective when there is agreement about the correctness of their application and the authority of those who apply them.

For example, the nurse may take the punishment for granted if she considers it fair, and if the punishment does not correspond to the misconduct, the nurse will consider that she was treated unfairly, and not only will not correct the behavior, but, on the contrary, may show a reaction of negativism.

Basic forms of social control

Forms of social control - these are ways of regulating human life in society, which are determined by various social (group) processes and are associated with the psychological characteristics of large and small social groups.

Forms of social control predetermine the transition of external social regulation to intrapersonal regulation.

The most common forms of social control are:

Traditions,

Morals and manners

Etiquette, manners, habits.

Ø Law - a set of regulations that have legal force and regulate the formal relations of people throughout the state.

Laws are directly related to and determined by specific authorities in society, which, in turn, leads to the establishment a certain image life. Many important events in life (marriage, birth of a child, graduation from university, etc.) are directly related to laws. Neglect of legal norms can lead to negative socio-psychological consequences.

For example, people living in civil marriage, with legally unregistered marital relations, may face negative sanctions of an informal nature.

Law acts as an active and effective form of social control.

Ø Taboo – a system of prohibitions on the commission of any human actions or thoughts.

One of the most ancient forms of social control, predating the advent of laws, is taboo. In primitive society, taboos regulated important aspects of life. It was believed that if prohibitions were violated, supernatural forces should punish the violator. At the level of modern individual consciousness, taboos are most often associated with superstitions - such prejudices, due to which much of what happens seems to be a manifestation of supernatural forces or an omen.

For example , a student going to take an exam may change his path if a black cat crosses the road; a young mother is afraid that someone else's gaze will harm the baby, etc. A person is afraid that if the ritual is not performed by him, then unfavorable consequences for him will certainly arise. Internal taboos are (often at the subconscious level) social prohibitions in the past.

Ø Customs –repetitive, habitual ways of behavior of people that are common in a given society.

Customs are learned from childhood and have the character of social habit. Main sign custom - prevalence. Custom is determined by the conditions of society at a given time and is therefore different from tradition.

Ø Traditions –They are timeless and exist for quite a long time, passed on from generation to generation.

Traditions mean those customs that:

Firstly, they developed historically in connection with the culture of a given ethnic group;

Secondly, they are passed on from generation to generation;

Thirdly, they are determined by the mentality (spiritual makeup) of the people.

We can say that traditions are one of the most conservative forms of social control. But traditions can also gradually change and transform in accordance with socio-economic and cultural changes that influence social patterns of behavior.

For example , the tradition of the patriarchal family is gradually changing in many countries of the world. Compound modern family living under one roof increasingly includes only two generations: parents - children.

Customs and traditions cover mass forms of behavior and play a huge role in society. Psychological meaning of custom or tradition – solidarity of people. Solidarity unites people of the same society, makes them more united and, therefore, stronger. Punishment (negative sanctions) following a violation of tradition only helps to maintain the unity of the group. It is impossible to understand the essence of tradition outside the culture of the people. Many customs are eliminated as life in society changes.

Ø Moral –special customs that have moral significance and are associated with the understanding of good and evil in a given social group or society.

Morality determines what people traditionally allow or prohibit themselves in connection with their ideas about good and bad. Despite the diversity of such ideas, moral standards are very similar in most human cultures regardless of the forms in which they are embodied.

Ø Conscience – a special, unique quality of a person that determines his essence.

According to V. Dahl, conscience - This moral consciousness, moral sense or feeling in a person; inner consciousness of good and evil; the secret place of the soul, in which approval or condemnation of every action is echoed; the ability to recognize the quality of an action; a feeling that encourages truth and goodness, turning away from lies and evil; involuntary love for good and truth; innate truth in varying degrees of development (Explanatory Dictionary of the Living Great Russian Language. - St. Petersburg, 1997. - Vol. 4).

In philosophy and psychology conscience is interpreted as the ability of an individual to exercise moral self-control, independently formulate moral duties for oneself, demand that they be fulfilled, and evaluate the actions performed (Philosophical Encyclopedic Dictionary. - M., 1983; Psychology: Dictionary. - M., 1990).

Conscience carries internal special controlling functions; it is an absolute guarantor of realization moral principles. At the same time, one cannot help but notice that, unfortunately, in modern life they do not always contribute to the development of this unique human property.

Ø Manners –designation of customs that have moral significance and characterize all those forms of behavior of people in a particular social stratum that can be subjected to moral assessment.

Unlike morals, morals are associated with certain social groups. That is, there may be one generally accepted morality in a society, but different morals.

For example , the morals of the elite and the morals of the working part of society have significant differences.

On individual level morals are manifested in a person’s manners and characteristics of his behavior.

Ø Manners – a set of behavioral habits of a particular person or a particular social group.

These are external forms of behavior, ways of doing something that characterize a certain social type. By manners we can determine which social group a person belongs to, what his profession or main activity is.

Ø Habit -an unconscious action that has been repeated so many times in a person’s life that it has become automated.

Habits develop under the influence of the immediate environment and, above all, family upbringing. Particular attention should be paid to the fact that habits acquirenature of the need , if they are formed and secured.

At the first stage of habit formation, due to its novelty, the individual experiences certain difficulties in assimilation. But when the action is completely mastered, it becomes necessary. We don’t pay attention to our habits, because it’s like a part of us, it’s something natural and necessary. Other people's habits that are different from ours can be quite annoying.

For example , newlyweds may experience some difficulties at home due to different habits. And in families that have existed long enough and prosperously, one can observe a unity of habits or agreement regarding their manifestations.

A famous proverb says:

“If you sow an action, you will reap a habit,”