What are positive sanctions? Social sanctions and their typology

Social behavior, corresponding to the norms and values defined in society is designated as conformist (from the Latin conformis - similar, similar). The main task of social control is the reproduction of a conformist type of behavior.

Social sanctions are used to monitor compliance with norms and values. Sanction is the group's reaction to behavior social subject. With the help of sanctions, regulatory regulation is carried out social system and its subsystems.

Sanctions are not only punishments, but also incentives that promote compliance social norms. Along with values, they contribute to the observance of social norms and thus social norms are protected on both sides, from the side of values and from the side of sanctions. Social sanctions are an extensive system of rewards for fulfilling social norms, that is, for conformity, agreement with them, and a system of punishments for deviation from them, that is, deviance.

Negative sanctions are associated with socially disapproved violations of norms, Depending on the degree of rigidity of the norms, they can be divided into punishments and censures:

forms of punishment- administrative penalties, restriction of access to socially valuable resources, prosecution, etc.

forms of censure- expression of public disapproval, refusal to cooperate, breakup of relations, etc.

The use of positive sanctions is associated not simply with compliance with norms, but with the performance of a number of socially significant services aimed at preserving values and norms. Rewards are forms of positive sanctions, cash rewards, privileges, approval, etc.

Along with negative and positive, formal and non-formal formal sanctions, which differ depending on the institutions that use them and the nature of their action:

formal sanctions implemented by official institutions sanctioned by society - law enforcement agencies, courts, tax services, and the penitentiary system.

informal are used by informal institutions (comrades, family, neighbors).

There are four types of sanctions: positive, negative, formal, informal. Οʜᴎ give four types of combinations that can be depicted as a logical square.

f+	f_
n+	n_

(F+) Formal positive sanctions. This is a public endorsement by official organizations. Such approval may be expressed in government awards, state bonuses and scholarships, granted titles, construction of monuments, presentation of certificates of honor, or admission to high positions and honorary functions (for example: election as chairman of the board).

(H+) informal positive sanctions - public approval that does not come from official organizations can be expressed in friendly praise, compliments, honor, flattering reviews or recognition of leadership or expert qualities. (just a smile) (F)-)formal negative sanctions- penalties provided for legal laws, government decrees, administrative instructions, orders and orders can be expressed in arrest, imprisonment, dismissal, deprivation of civil rights, confiscation of property, fines, demotion, excommunication, death penalty.

(N-) informal negative sanctions - punishment not provided for by official authorities: censure, remarks, ridicule, neglect, unflattering nickname, refusal to maintain relationships, disapproving review, complaint, exposé article in the press.

Four groups of sanctions help determine what behavior of an individual can be considered useful for the group:

- legal - a system of punishments for actions provided for by law.

- ethical - a system of censures, comments arising from moral principles,

- satirical - ridicule, disdain, smirks, etc.,

- religious sanctions .

French sociologist R. Lapierre identifies three types of sanctions:

- physical , with the help of which punishment for violation of social norms is carried out;

- economic blocking the satisfaction of current needs (fines, penalties, restrictions on the use of resources, dismissals); administrative (demotion social status, warnings, penalties, removal from position).

However, sanctions, together with values and norms, constitute a mechanism of social control. The rules themselves do not control anything. People's behavior is controlled by other people based on norms. Compliance with norms, like compliance with sanctions, makes people's behavior predictable,

However, norms and sanctions are combined into a single whole. If a norm does not have an accompanying sanction, then it ceases to regulate behavior and becomes simply a slogan or appeal, and not an element of social control.

The application of social sanctions in some cases requires the presence of outsiders, but in others it does not (prison requires a serious trial on the basis of which the sentence is imposed). The awarding of an academic degree involves an equally complex process of defending a dissertation and the decision of the academic council. If the application of a sanction is carried out by the person himself, is directed at himself and occurs internally, then this form of control is called self-control. Self-control - internal control.

Individuals independently control their behavior, coordinating it with generally accepted norms. During the process of socialization, norms are internalized so firmly that people who violate them experience a feeling of guilt. Approximately 70% of social control is achieved through self-control. The more self-control is developed among the members of a society, the less it is extremely important for this society to resort to external control, and, on the contrary, the weaker the self-control, the stricter the external control should be. At the same time, strict external control and petty supervision of citizens inhibit the development of self-awareness and muffle the volitional efforts of the individual, resulting in a dictatorship.

Often a dictatorship is established for a time for the benefit of citizens, in order to restore order, but citizens who are accustomed to submitting to coercive control do not develop internal control, they gradually degrade as social creatures, as individuals capable of taking responsibility and doing without external coercion, that is, dictatorship, thus the degree of development of self-control characterizes the type of people prevailing in society and the emerging form of the state. With developed self-control, there is a high probability of establishing democracy; with undeveloped self-control, there is a high probability of establishing dictatorship.

Social sanctions and their typology. - concept and types. Classification and features of the category "Social sanctions and their typology." 2017, 2018.

Social sanctions are a means of reward and punishment that encourage people to comply with social norms. Social sanctions are guardians of norms.

Types of sanctions:

1) Formal positive sanctions are approval from official bodies:

Reward;

Scholarship;

Monument.

2) Informal positive sanctions are approval from society:

Praise;

Applause;

Compliment;

3) Formal negative is punishment from official bodies:

Dismissal;

Rebuke;

Death penalty.

4) Informal negative sanctions - punishments from society:

Comment;

Mockery;

There are two types of social control:

1. external social control - it is carried out by authorities, society, and close people.

2. internal social control - it is exercised by the person himself. 70% of human behavior depends on self-control.

Compliance with social norms is called conformity - this is the goal of social control

3. Social deviations: deviant and delinquent behavior.

The behavior of people who do not comply with social norms is called deviant. These actions do not correspond to the norms and social stereotypes established in a given society.

Positive deviance is deviant behavior that does not cause disapproval from society. It could be heroic deeds, self-sacrifice, over-devotion, excessive zeal, a heightened sense of pity and sympathy, over-industriousness, etc. Negative deviation is deviations that cause reactions of disapproval and condemnation in most people. These include terrorism, vandalism, theft, betrayal, ill-treatment with animals, etc.

Delinquent behavior is a serious violation of the law that may result in criminal liability.

There are several main forms of deviation.

1. Drunkenness – excessive consumption of alcoholic beverages. Alcoholism is a painful attraction to alcohol. This type of deviation brings great harm to all people. Both the economy and the well-being of society suffer from this. For example, in the United States, about 14 million people suffer from alcoholism, and annual losses from it reach up to 100 billion dollars. Our country is also a world leader in alcohol consumption. Russia produces 25 liters of alcohol per capita per year. Moreover, most of the alcohol is strong alcoholic drinks. IN lately There is also a problem of “beer” alcoholism, which mainly affects young people. About 500 thousand Russians die annually for various reasons related to alcohol.

2. Drug addiction is a painful attraction to drugs. Associated consequences of drug addiction are crimes, physical and mental exhaustion, and personality degradation. According to the UN, every 25th inhabitant of the Earth is a drug addict, i.e. There are more than 200 million drug addicts in the world. According to official estimates, there are 3 million drug addicts in Russia, and 5 million according to unofficial estimates. There are supporters of the legalization of “soft” drugs (such as marijuana). They give the example of the Netherlands, where the use of these drugs is legal. But the experience of these countries has shown that the number of drug addicts is not decreasing, but only increasing.

3. Prostitution – extramarital sexual relations for payment. There are countries where prostitution is legalized. Supporters of legalization believe that the transfer to a legal position will allow better control of the “process”, improve the situation, reduce the number of diseases, rid this area of pimps and bandits, in addition, the state budget will receive additional taxes from this type of activity. Opponents of legalization point out the humiliation, inhumanity and immorality of body trade. Immorality cannot be legalized. Society cannot live according to the principle of “everything is permitted”, without certain moral brakes. In addition, underground prostitution with all its criminal, moral and medical problems will continue.

4. Homosexuality is sexual attraction to people of the same sex. Homosexuality occurs in the form of: a) sodomy - sexual relations between a man and a man, b) lesbianism - sexual attraction of a woman to a woman, c) bisexuality - sexual attraction to individuals of the same and opposite sex. Normal sexual desire women to men and vice versa is called heterosexuality. Some countries already allow marriages between gays and lesbians. Such families are allowed to adopt children. In our country, the population generally has ambivalent attitudes towards such relationships.

5. Anomie is a state of society in which a significant part of people disregard social norms. This happens in troubled, transitional, crisis times. civil wars, revolutionary upheavals, deep reforms, when previous goals and values collapse, faith in customary moral and legal norms falls. Examples would be France period Great Revolution 1789, Russia in 1917 and the early 90s of the 20th century.

Sanctions are not only punishments, but also incentives that promote compliance with social norms.

Sanctions – security guards are fine. Along with values, they are responsible for why people strive to fulfill norms. Norms are protected from two sides – from the side of values and from the side of sanctions.

Social sanctions – an extensive system of rewards for fulfilling norms, i.e. for conformity, for agreeing with them, and punishments for deviation from them, i.e. for deviant behavior.

Conformism represents external agreement with generally accepted norms, when internally an individual can maintain disagreement with them, but not tell anyone about it.

Conformism – the purpose of social control. However, the goal of socialization cannot be conformity, because it must end in internal agreement with the generally accepted.

There are four types of sanctions: positive and negative, formal and informal. They give four types of combinations that can be represented as a logical square:

Positive Negative

FORMAL

INFORMAL

Formal positive sanctions(F+)– public approval from official organizations (government, institution, creative union): government awards, state prizes and scholarships, awarded titles, academic degrees and titles, construction of a monument, presentation of certificates of honor, admission to high positions and honorary functions (for example, election chairman of the board).

Informal positive sanctions(H+) – public approval that does not come from official organizations: friendly praise, compliments, tacit recognition, goodwill, applause, fame, honor, flattering reviews, recognition of leadership or expert qualities, smile.

Formal negative sanctions (F-)- punishments provided for by legal laws, government decrees, administrative instructions, orders, orders: deprivation of civil rights, imprisonment, arrest, dismissal, fine, depreciation, confiscation of property, demotion, demotion, dethronement, death penalty, excommunication churches.

Informal negative sanctions (N-) – punishments not provided for by official authorities: censure, remark, ridicule, mockery, cruel joke, unflattering nickname, neglect, refusal to shake hands or maintain relationships, spreading rumors, slander, unkind review, complaint, writing a pamphlet or feuilleton, revealing article.

So, social sanctions play a key role in the system of social control. Sanctions, together with values and norms, constitute a mechanism of social control. Social sanctions are a system of rewards and punishments. They are divided into four types: positive and negative, formal and informal. Depending on the method of imposing sanctions - collective or individual - social control can be external and internal (self-control). According to the degree of intensity, sanctions are strict, or tough, and non-strict, or soft.

The rules themselves do not control anything. People's behavior is controlled by other people based on norms that are expected to be followed by everyone. Compliance with norms, like compliance with sanctions, makes our behavior predictable. Each of us knows that an official reward awaits for an outstanding scientific discovery, and imprisonment for a serious crime. When we expect a certain action from another person, we hope that he knows not only the norm, but also the sanction that follows.

Thus, norms and sanctions are combined into a single whole. If a norm does not have an accompanying sanction, then it ceases to regulate real behavior. It becomes a slogan, a call, an appeal, but it ceases to be an element of social control.

The application of social sanctions in some cases requires the presence of outsiders, but in others it does not. Dismissal is formalized by the personnel department of the institution and involves the preliminary issuance of an order or order. Imprisonment requires a complex judicial process upon which a judgment is made. Bringing administrative liability, say, a fine for traveling without a ticket, requires the presence of an official transport controller, and sometimes a policeman. The awarding of an academic degree involves an equally complex procedure for defending a scientific dissertation and the decision of the academic council.

Sanctions for violators of group habits require a smaller number of persons. Sanctions are never applied to oneself. If the application of sanctions is carried out by the person himself, is directed at himself and occurs internally, then this form of control should be considered self-control.

Term" social control"was introduced into scientific circulation by the French sociologist and social psychologist Gabriel Tarde. He considered it as an important means of correcting criminal behavior. Subsequently, Tarde expanded the considerations of this term and considered social control as one of the main factors of socialization.

Social control is a special mechanism for social regulation of behavior and maintaining public order

Informal and formal control

Informal control is based on the approval or condemnation of a person’s actions on the part of her relatives, friends, colleagues, acquaintances, as well as on the part of public opinion, which is expressed through customs and traditions, etc. Through means mass media.

IN traditional society there were very few established norms. Most aspects of life for members of traditional rural communities were controlled informally. Strict observance of rituals and ceremonies associated with them traditional holidays and rituals, fostered respect for social norms and an understanding of their necessity.

Informal control is limited to a small group, in large group it is ineffective. Agents of informal control include relatives, friends, neighbors, acquaintances

Formal control based on approval or condemnation of a person’s actions by official authorities and administration. In complex modern society, which numbers many thousands or even millions of Jews, it is impossible to maintain order by means of informal control. In modern society, order is monitored by special social institutions such as courts, educational institutions, army, church, mass media, enterprises, etc. Accordingly, employees of these installations act as agents of formal control.

If an individual goes beyond the limits of social norms, and his behavior does not correspond to social expectations, he will certainly face sanctions, that is, with the emotional reaction of people to normatively regulated behavior.

. Sanctions- these are punishments and rewards that are applied by a social group to an individual

Since social control can be formal or informal, there are four main types of sanctions: formal positive, formal negative, informal positive and informal negative.

. Formal positive sanctions- this is public approval from official organizations: diplomas, prizes, titles and titles, state awards and high positions. They are closely related to the presence of regulations that determine how an individual should behave and which provide rewards for his compliance with normative regulations.

. Formal negative sanctions- these are punishments provided for by legal laws, government regulations, administrative instructions and orders: deprivation of civil rights, imprisonment, arrest, dismissal from work, fines, official penalties, reprimand, death penalty, etc. They are associated with the presence of regulations governing behavior individual and indicate what punishment is intended for non-compliance with these norms.

. Informal positive sanctions- this is public approval from unofficial individuals and organizations: public praise, compliment, tacit approval, applause, fame, smile, etc.

. Informal negative sanctions- this is a punishment unforeseen by official authorities, such as remark, ridicule, cruel joke, contempt, unkind review, slander, etc.

The typology of sanctions depends on the educational system we have chosen.

Considering the method of applying sanctions, current and future sanctions are identified

. Current sanctions are those that are actually used in a particular community. Everyone can be sure that if he goes beyond existing social norms, he will be punished or rewarded according to existing regulations

Prospective sanctions are associated with promises of application of punishment or reward to an individual in case of violation of normative requirements. Very often, only the threat of execution (the promise of a reward) is sufficient to keep the individual within the normative framework.

Another criterion for dividing sanctions is related to the time of their application

Repressive sanctions are applied after an individual performs a certain action. The amount of punishment or reward is determined by public beliefs regarding the harmfulness or usefulness of its action

Preventive sanctions are applied even before an individual commits a certain action. Preventive sanctions are applied with the aim of inducing an individual to the type of behavior that is needed by society

Today, in most civilized countries, the prevailing belief is a “crisis of punishment,” a crisis of state and police control. The movement for the abolition of not only the death penalty, but also legal imprisonment and the transition to alternative measures of punishment and restoration of the rights of victims is growing more and more.

The idea of prevention is considered progressive and promising in world criminology and sociology of deviations

Theoretically, the possibility of crime prevention has long been known. Charles. Montesquieu, in his work “The Spirit of Laws,” noted that “a good legislator is not as concerned about the punishment of a crime as a father. In preventing crime, he will try not so much to punish as to improve morality.” Preventive sanctions improve social conditions, create a more favorable atmosphere and reduce inhumane actions. They are useful to protect a specific person, a potential victim, from possible attacks.

However, there is another point of view. While agreeing that the prevention of crime (as well as other forms of deviant behavior) is democratic, liberal and progressive than repression, some sociologists (T. Mathissen, B. Andersen, etc.) question the realism and effectiveness of their preventive measures the arguments are as follows:

Since deviance is a certain conditional construct, a product of social agreements (why, for example, is alcohol allowed in one society, but in another its use is considered a deviation?), It is the legislator who decides what constitutes an offense. Will prevention turn into a way to strengthen the position of officials?

prevention involves influencing the causes of deviant behavior. And who can say with certainty that he knows these reasons? and apply the basis in practice?

prevention is always an intervention in a person’s personal life. Therefore, there is a danger of violation of human rights through the introduction of preventive measures (for example, violation of the rights of homosexuals in the USSR)

The severity of sanctions depends on:

Measures of role formalization. The military, police, and doctors are controlled very strictly, both formally and by the public, and, say, friendship is realized through informal social relationships. Ole, that’s why the sanctions here are quite conditional.

status prestige: roles associated with prestigious statuses are subject to severe external control and self-control

The cohesion of the group within which role behavior occurs, and therefore the strength of group control

Test questions and assignments

1. What behavior is called deviant?

2. What is the relativity of deviation?

3. What behavior is called delinquent?

4. What are the causes of deviant and delinquent behavior?

5. What is the difference between delinquent and deviant behavior?

6. Name the functions of social deviations

7. Describe biological and psychological theories deviant behavior and crime

8. Describe sociological theories of deviant behavior and crime

9. What functions does the social control system perform?

10. What are "sanctions"?

11. What difference is there between formal and informal sanctions?

12 Names for the Difference Between Repressive and Preventive Sanctions

13. Prove with examples what the tightening of sanctions depends on

14. What is the difference between informal and formal control methods?

15. Name of agents of informal and formal control

Return to Sanctions

Formation and functioning of small social groups is invariably accompanied by the emergence of a number of laws, customs and traditions. Their main goal becomes regulation public life, saving given order and concern for maintaining the well-being of all members of the community.

The phenomenon of social control occurs in all types of society. This term was first used by the French sociologist Gabriel Tarde He, calling one of the essential means correction of criminal behavior. Later, he began to consider social control as one of the determining factors of socialization.

Among the tools of social control are formal and informal incentives and sanctions. Sociology of personality, which is a section social psychology, examines issues and problems related to how people interact within certain groups, as well as how individual personality is formed. This science also understands incentives by the term “sanctions”, that is, this is a consequence of any action, regardless of whether it has a positive or negative connotation.

Formal control of public order is entrusted to official structures (human rights and judicial), and informal control is carried out by family members, collectives, church communities, as well as relatives and friends.

While the first is based on state laws, the second is based on public opinion. Informal control is expressed through customs and traditions, as well as through the media (public approval or censure).

If earlier this type of control was the only one, today it is relevant only for small groups. Thanks to industrialization and globalization, modern groups consist of huge numbers of people (up to several million), making informal control untenable.

The sociology of personality refers to sanctions as punishment or reward used in community groups in relation to individuals. This is a reaction to an individual going beyond the boundaries of generally accepted norms, that is, the consequence of actions that differ from those expected.

Considering the types of social control, a distinction is made between formal positive and negative, as well as informal positive and negative sanctions.

Formal sanctions (with a plus sign) are various types public approval by official organizations. For example, issuing certificates, awards, titles, titles, state awards and appointment to high positions.

Such incentives necessarily require that the individual to whom they are applied meets certain criteria.

In contrast, there are no clear requirements for earning informal positive sanctions. Examples of such rewards: smiles, handshakes, compliments, praise, applause, public expression of gratitude.

Formal penalties are measures that are set out in legal laws, government regulations, administrative instructions and orders. An individual who violates applicable laws may be subject to imprisonment, arrest, dismissal from employment, fines, official discipline, reprimand, death penalty and other sanctions.

The difference between such punitive measures and those provided for by informal control (informal negative sanctions) is that their application requires the presence of a specific instruction regulating the behavior of the individual.

It contains criteria related to the norm, a list of actions (or inaction) that are considered violations, as well as a measure of punishment for the action (or lack thereof).

Informal negative sanctions are types of punishments that are not formalized at the official level. This could be ridicule, contempt, verbal reprimands, unkind reviews, remarks, and others.

All existing species sanctions are divided into repressive and preventive. The first ones are used after the individual has already performed the action. The amount of such punishment or reward depends on social beliefs that determine the harmfulness or usefulness of an action.

The second (preventive) sanctions are designed to prevent the commission of specific actions. That is, their goal is to persuade the individual to behave in a way that is considered normal. For example, informal positive sanctions in the school education system are designed to develop in children the habit of “doing the right thing.”

The result of such a policy is conformism: a kind of “disguise” of the true motives and desires of the individual under the camouflage of instilled values.

Many experts come to the conclusion that informal positive sanctions allow for more humane and effective control of an individual’s behavior.

By applying various incentives and reinforcing socially acceptable actions, it is possible to develop a system of beliefs and values that will prevent the manifestation of deviant behavior. Psychologists recommend using informal positive sanctions as often as possible in the process of raising children.

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Informal

So, social sanctions play a key role in the system of social control.

Together with values and norms they constitute

self-control. Thus, depending on the method of imposing sanctions - collective or individual - social control can be external and internal tough, and non-strict, or soft.

External control– divided into informal And formal. Informal control

Formal control agents of formal control.

Public opinion

socialization and control basis legal norms : laws.

Informal

Formal positive sanctions (F+): — public approval from official organizations: government awards, state prizes, titles, academic degrees and titles, construction of a monument, admission to high positions and honorary functions.

Informal positive sanctions (N+): — public approval that does not come from official organizations: friendly praise, compliments, friendly disposition, flattering feedback, smile.

Formal negative sanctions (F -): — punishments provided for by legal laws, government decrees, administrative instructions, orders, orders: deprivation of civil rights, imprisonment, arrest, dismissal, fine, depreciation, confiscation of property, demotion, demotion, death penalty, excommunication.

Informal negative sanctions (N-): — punishments not provided for by official authorities: censure, remark, ridicule, mockery, cruel joke, offensive nickname, refusal to shake hands, spreading rumors, slander, complaint.

So, social sanctions play a key role in the system of social control. Together with values and norms they constitute mechanism of social control. Norms and sanctions are combined into a single whole. If a norm does not have a sanction accompanying its violation, then it ceases to regulate the actual behavior of people. It becomes a slogan, a call, an appeal, but it ceases to be an element of social control.

Application of social sanctions in some cases it requires the presence of outsiders, but in others it does not (for example, imprisonment requires a complex judicial procedure; the awarding of an academic degree involves a complex procedure for defending a dissertation and a decision of the academic council). If the application of a sanction is carried out by the person himself, is directed at himself and occurs internally, then this form of control should be considered self-control.

Thus, depending on the method of imposing sanctions - collective or individual - social control can be external and internal. In terms of intensity, sanctions are severe, or tough, and non-strict, or soft.

External control– divided into informal And formal. Informal control based on approval or condemnation from relatives, friends, colleagues, acquaintances (they are called agents of informal control), as well as from public opinion.

Formal control based on approval or condemnation by official authorities or administration. In modern society, the importance of formal control is increasing. It is carried out by special people - agents of formal control. These are people specially trained and paid for performing control functions (judges, police, social workers, psychiatrists, etc.). Formal control is exercised by such institutions of modern society as the courts, the education system, the army, production, the media, political parties, government.

Public opinion– a set of assessments, ideas and judgments shared by the majority of the population or part of it; state of mass consciousness. It is present in a production team, a small village, a social class has it, ethnic group, society as a whole. The impact of public opinion is very strong. Sociology studies widely public opinion. This is her main subject. Questionnaires and interviews are aimed primarily at him.

It is easy to notice the similarity of two processes in society - socialization and control. The subjects of influence in both cases are agents and institutions. In modern society basis social control advocate legal norms: laws.

Studopedia.org - Studopedia.Org - 2014-2018 (0.001 s)…

Sanctions- These are the reactions of society to the actions of the individual.

The emergence of a system of social sanctions, like norms, was not accidental. If norms are created to protect the values of society, then sanctions are designed to protect and strengthen the system of social norms. If a norm is not supported by a sanction, it ceases to apply.

Thus, three elements - values, norms and sanctions - form a single chain of social control. In this chain, sanctions play the role of a tool with the help of which an individual first gets acquainted with the norm and then realizes values.

There are different types of sanctions.

Among them we can distinguish positive and negative, formal and informal.

Positive(positive) sanctions are approval, praise, recognition, encouragement, fame, honor that others reward those who act within the framework of accepted norms in society. Each type of activity has its own incentives.

Negative sanctions- condemning or punishing actions of society towards those individuals who violate accepted norms in society. Negative sanctions include censure, dissatisfaction of others, condemnation, reprimand, criticism, fine, as well as more stringent actions - imprisonment, imprisonment or confiscation of property. The threat of negative sanctions is more effective than the expectation of reward. At the same time, society strives to ensure that negative sanctions do not so much punish as prevent violations of norms, and are proactive rather than late.

Formal sanctions come from official organizations - the government or the administration of institutions, which in their actions are guided by officially adopted documents

Informal sanctions come from the individual’s immediate environment and are in the nature of informal, often verbal and emotional assessments.

Social behavior that corresponds to the norms and values defined in society is designated as conformist (from the Latin conformis - similar, similar). The main task of social control is the reproduction of a conformist type of behavior.

Social sanctions are used to monitor compliance with norms and values. Sanction- this is the reaction of a group to the behavior of a social subject. With the help of sanctions, normative regulation of the social system and its subsystems is carried out.

Sanctions are not only punishments, but also incentives that promote compliance with social norms. Along with values, they contribute to the observance of social norms and thus social norms are protected on both sides, from the side of values and from the side of sanctions. Social sanctions are an extensive system of rewards for fulfilling social norms, that is, for conformity, agreement with them, and a system of punishments for deviation from them, that is, deviance.

Negative sanctions are associated with socially disapproved violations of norms, Depending on the degree of rigidity of the norms, they can be divided into punishments and censures:

forms of punishment- administrative penalties, restriction of access to socially valuable resources, prosecution, etc.

forms of censure- expression of public disapproval, refusal to cooperate, breakup of relations, etc.

The use of positive sanctions is associated not simply with compliance with norms, but with the performance of a number of socially significant services aimed at preserving values and norms. Forms of positive sanctions include awards, monetary rewards, privileges, approval, etc.

Along with negative and positive, formal and informal sanctions, which differ depending on the institutions that use them and the nature of their action:

formal sanctions implemented by official institutions sanctioned by society - law enforcement agencies, courts, tax services, and the penitentiary system.

informal are used by informal institutions (comrades, family, neighbors).

There are four types of sanctions: positive, negative, formal, informal. Οʜᴎ give four types of combinations that can be depicted as a logical square.

(H+) informal positive sanctions - public approval that does not come from official organizations can be expressed in friendly praise, compliments, honor, flattering reviews or recognition of leadership or expert qualities. (just a smile) (F)-)formal negative sanctions - punishments provided for by legal laws, government decrees, administrative instructions, orders and orders can be expressed in arrest, imprisonment, dismissal, deprivation of civil rights, confiscation of property, fines, demotion, excommunication from the church, the death penalty.

Four groups of sanctions help determine what behavior of an individual can be considered useful for the group:

— legal - a system of punishments for actions provided for by law.

— ethical - a system of censures, comments arising from moral principles,

— satirical - ridicule, disdain, smirks, etc.,

— religious sanctions .

French sociologist R.

Lapierre identifies three types of sanctions:

— physical , with the help of which punishment for violation of social norms is carried out;

— economic blocking the satisfaction of current needs (fines, penalties, restrictions on the use of resources, dismissals); administrative (lower social status, warnings, penalties, removal from positions).

The application of social sanctions in some cases requires the presence of outsiders, but in others it does not (prison requires a serious trial on the basis of which the sentence is determined). The awarding of an academic degree involves an equally complex process of defending a dissertation and the decision of the academic council. If the application of a sanction is carried out by the person himself, is directed at himself and occurs internally, then this form of control is called self-control. Self-control is internal control.

Often a dictatorship is established for a time for the benefit of citizens, in order to restore order, but citizens accustomed to submitting to coercive control do not develop internal control, they gradually degrade as social beings, as individuals capable of taking responsibility and doing without external coercion, that is, dictatorship, Thus, the degree of development of self-control characterizes the type of people prevailing in society and the emerging form of the state. With developed self-control, there is a high probability of establishing democracy; with undeveloped self-control, there is a high probability of establishing dictatorship.

What are positive sanctions? Social sanctions and their typology

Positive Negative

Informal and formal control

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