What is the internal resistance of the source. Laboratory work “Measuring EMF and internal resistance of a current source” (grade 11)

We came to the conclusion that in order to maintain constant current in a closed circuit, it is necessary to include a current source in it. We emphasize that the task of the source is not to supply charges to the electrical circuit (there are enough of these charges in conductors), but to force them to move, to do work to move charges against forces electric field. The main characteristics of the source is electromotive force 1 (EMF) - work done by external forces to move a single positive charge

The unit of EMF in the SI system of units is the Volt. The emf of a source is 1 volt if it does 1 Joule of work when moving a charge of 1 Coulomb

To designate current sources on electrical circuits, a special symbol is used (Fig. 397).

rice. 397
An electrostatic field does positive work to move a positive charge in the direction of decreasing field potential. The current source conducts the separation electric charges− positive charges accumulate on one pole, negative charges on the other. The electric field strength in the source is directed from the positive pole to the negative pole, so the work of the electric field to move a positive charge will be positive when it moves from “plus” to “minus”. The work of external forces, on the contrary, is positive if positive charges move from the negative pole to the positive, that is, from “minus” to “plus”.
In that fundamental difference concepts of potential difference and EMF, which must always be remembered.
Thus, the electromotive force of the source can be considered an algebraic quantity, the sign of which (“plus” or “minus”) depends on the direction of the current. In the diagram shown in Fig. 398,

rice. 398
outside the source (in the external circuit) current flows 2 from the “plus” of the source to the “minus”, inside the source from “minus” to “plus”. In this case, both external source forces and electrostatic forces in the external circuit perform positive work.
If in some area electrical circuit In addition to electrostatic forces, third-party forces also act, then both electrostatic and third-party forces “work” on the movement of charges. The total work of electrostatic and third-party forces to move a single positive charge is called electrical voltage in a section of the circuit

In the case when there are no external forces, the electric voltage coincides with the potential difference of the electric field.
Let us explain the definition of voltage and the sign of the EMF using a simple example. Let there be a source of external forces and a resistor in the section of the circuit through which electric current flows (Fig. 399).

rice. 399
For definiteness, we will assume that φ o > φ 1, that is, the electric current is directed from the point 0 to the point 1 . When connecting the source as shown in Fig. 399 a, The external forces of the source do positive work, so relation (2) in this case can be written in the form

When the source is turned back on (Fig. 399 b), the charges inside it move against external forces, so the work of the latter is negative. In fact, the forces of the external electric field overcome external forces. Consequently, in this case, the relationship under consideration (2) has the form

For flow electric current In a section of the circuit that has electrical resistance, work must be done to overcome the resistance forces. For a unit positive charge, this work, according to Ohm’s law, is equal to the product IR = U which naturally coincides with the voltage in this area.
Charged particles (both electrons and ions) inside the source move in some environment, therefore, they are also subject to braking forces from the environment, which also need to be overcome. Charged particles overcome resistance forces due to the action of external forces (if the current in the source is directed from “plus” to “minus”) or due to electrostatic forces (if the current is directed from “minus” to “plus”). It is obvious that the work to overcome these forces does not depend on the direction of movement, since the resistance forces are always directed to the side opposite speed particle movements. Since the resistance forces are proportional average speed movement of particles, then the work to overcome them is proportional to the speed of movement, therefore, to the strength of the current. Thus, we can introduce another characteristic of the source - its internal resistance r, similar to ordinary electrical resistance. The work done to overcome resistance forces when moving a single positive charge between the poles of the source is equal to A/q = Ir. We emphasize once again that this work does not depend on the direction of the current in the source.

1 The name of this physical quantity unsuccessful - so the electromotive force is work, and not a force in the usual mechanical sense. But this term is so established that it is not “in our power” to change it. By the way, current strength is not the same mechanical force! Not to mention such concepts as “strength of spirit”, “willpower”, “divine power”, etc.
2 Let us recall that the direction of movement of the electric current is taken to be the direction of movement of positive charges.

Laboratory work № 8

Subject: "Determination of electromotive force and internal resistance of a current source».

Target: learn to determine the electromotive force and internal resistance of the source electrical energy.

Equipment: 1. Laboratory ammeter;

2. Source of electrical energy;

3. Connecting wires,

4. Set of resistances 2 Ohm and 4 Ohm;

5. Single-pole switch; key.

Theory.

The appearance of a potential difference at the poles of any source is the result of the separation of positive and negative charges in it. This separation occurs due to the work done by outside forces.

Forces of non-electric origin acting on free charge carriers from current sources are called outside forces.

When electric charges move along a direct current circuit, external forces acting inside the current sources perform work.

A physical quantity equal to the ratio of the work A st of external forces when moving a charge q inside a current source to the value of this charge is calledsource electromotive force (EMF):

EMF is determined by the work done by external forces when moving a single positive charge.

Electromotive force, like potential difference, is measured in volts[IN].

To measure EMF source, it is necessary join to him voltmeter with open circuit.

The current source is a conductor and always has some resistance, so the current generates heat in it. This resistance is called internal source resistance and denote r.

If the circuit is open, then the work of external forces is converted into potential energy of the current source. With a closed circuit this potential energy is spent on work moving charges in the external circuit with resistance R and in the internal part of the circuit with resistance r, i.e. ε = IR + Ir .

If the circuit consists of an external part with a resistance R and an internal part with a resistance r, then, according to the law of conservation of energy, the emf of the source will be equal to the sum of the voltages on the external and internal sections of the circuit, because when moving along a closed circuit, the charge returns to its original position, where IR is the voltage on the external section of the circuit, and Ir- voltage on the internal section of the circuit.

Thus, for a section of the circuit containing EMF:

This formula expresses Ohm's law for a complete circuit : the current strength in a complete circuit is directly proportional to the electromotive force of the source and inversely proportional to the sum of the resistances of the external and internal sections of the circuit.

ε and r can be determined experimentally.

Often sources of electrical energy are connected together to power a circuit. The connection of sources to a battery can be serial or parallel.

In a series connection, two adjacent sources are connected by opposite poles.

That is, to connect batteries in series, the positive terminal of the first battery is connected to the “plus” of the electrical circuit. The positive terminal of the second battery is connected to its negative terminal, etc. The negative terminal of the last battery is connected to the “minus” of the electrical circuit.

The resulting battery in series connection has the same capacity as a single battery, and the voltage of such a battery is equal to the sum of the voltages of the batteries included in it. Those. If the batteries have the same voltage, then the battery voltage is equal to the voltage of one battery multiplied by the number of batteries in the battery.

1. The emf of the battery is equal to the sum of the emf of individual sourcesε= ε 1 + ε 2 + ε 3

2 . The total resistance of the source battery is equal to the sum of the internal resistances of the individual sources r batteries = r 1 + r 2 + r 3

If n identical sources are connected to a battery, then the emf of the battery is ε = nε 1, and the resistance r of the battery = nr 1

At parallel connection connect together all the positive and all negative poles of two orn sources.

That is, with a parallel connection, the batteries are connected so that the positive terminals of all batteries are connected to one point of the electrical circuit ("plus"), and the negative terminals of all batteries are connected to another point of the circuit ("minus").

Connect in parallel only sources With the same EMF. The resulting battery in a parallel connection has the same voltage as a single battery, and the capacity of such a battery is equal to the sum of the capacities of the batteries included in it. Those. if the batteries have the same capacities, then the capacity of the battery is equal to the capacity of one battery multiplied by the number of batteries in the battery.

1. The emf of a battery of identical sources is equal to the emf of one source.ε= ε 1 = ε 2 = ε 3

2. Battery resistance is less than single source resistance r batteries = r 1 /n
3. Current strength in such a circuit according to Ohm's law

The electrical energy accumulated in a battery is equal to the sum of the energies of individual batteries (the product of the energies of individual batteries, if the batteries are the same), regardless of whether the batteries are connected in parallel or in series.

The internal resistance of batteries manufactured using the same technology is approximately inversely proportional to the battery capacity. Therefore, since with a parallel connection the capacity of the battery is equal to the sum of the capacities of the batteries included in it, i.e. it increases, the internal resistance decreases.

Progress.

1. Draw a table:

2. Consider the ammeter scale and determine the value of one division.
3. Make an electrical circuit according to the diagram shown in Figure 1. Place the switch in the middle position.

Picture 1.

4. Close the circuit by introducing a lower resistance R 1 1 . Open the circuit.

5. Close the circuit by introducing more resistance R 2 . Write down the current value I 2 . Open the circuit.

6. Calculate the value of the emf and internal resistance of the source of electrical energy.

Ohm's law for the complete circuit for each case: And

From here we get formulas for calculating ε and r:

7. Write down the results of all measurements and calculations in a table.

8. Draw a conclusion.

9. Answer the security questions.

CONTROL QUESTIONS.

1. Expand the physical meaning of the concept “electromotive force of a current source”.

2. Determine the resistance of the external section of the circuit, using the results of the measurements obtained and Ohm's law for the complete circuit.

3. Explain why internal resistance increases when batteries are connected in series and decreases when batteries are connected in parallel compared to resistance r 0 one battery.

4. In what case does a voltmeter connected to the terminals of the generator indicate the EMF of the generator and in what case is the voltage at the ends of the external section of the circuit? Can this voltage also be considered the voltage at the ends of the internal section of the circuit?

Measurement option.

Experience 1. Resistance R 1 =2 Ohm, current I 1 =1.3 A.

Resistance R 2 =4 Ohm, current I 2 =0.7 A.

Goal of the work: study the method of measuring EMF and internal resistance of a current source using an ammeter and voltmeter.

Equipment: metal tablet, current source, ammeter, voltmeter, resistor, key, clamps, connecting wires.

To measure the EMF and internal resistance of the current source, an electrical circuit is assembled, the diagram of which is shown in Figure 1.

An ammeter, a resistance and a switch connected in series are connected to the current source. In addition, a voltmeter is also connected directly to the output jacks of the source.

EMF is measured by reading a voltmeter with the switch open. This method of determining EMF is based on a corollary from Ohm’s law for a complete circuit, according to which, with an infinitely large resistance of the external circuit, the voltage at the source terminals is equal to its EMF. (See the paragraph "Ohm's Law for a Complete Circuit" in the Physics 10 textbook).

To determine the internal resistance of the source, key K is closed. In this case, two sections can be roughly distinguished in the circuit: external (the one that is connected to the source) and internal (the one that is located inside the current source). Since the source EMF is equal to the sum of the voltage drops in the internal and external sections of the circuit:

ε = Ur+UR, ThatUr = ε -UR (1)

According to Ohm's law for a section of the chain U r = I · r(2). Substituting equality (2) into (1) we get:

I· r = ε - Ur , whence r = (ε - UR)/ J

Therefore, in order to find out the internal resistance of a current source, it is necessary to first determine its EMF, then close the switch and measure the voltage drop across the external resistance, as well as the current strength in it.

Progress

1. Prepare a table to record the results of measurements and calculations:

ε ,V	U r , B	i,a	r , Ohm

Draw a diagram in your notebook to measure the emf and internal resistance of the source.

After checking the circuit, assemble the electrical circuit. Unlock the key.

Measure the magnitude of the source emf.

Close the key and determine the readings of the ammeter and voltmeter.

Calculate the internal resistance of the source.

Determination of emf and internal resistance of a current source by graphical method

Goal of the work: study the measurements of emf, internal resistance and short circuit current of the current source, based on the analysis of the graph of the dependence of the voltage at the output of the source on the current in the circuit.

Equipment: galvanic cell, ammeter, voltmeter, resistor R 1 , variable resistor, key, clamps, metal tablet, connecting wires.

From Ohm’s law for a complete circuit it follows that the voltage at the output of the current source depends in direct proportion to the current in the circuit:

since I =E/(R+r), then IR + Ir = E, but IR = U, whence U + Ir = E or U = E – Ir (1).

If you plot the dependence of U on I, then from its points of intersection with the coordinate axes you can determine E, I K.Z. - the strength of the short circuit current (the current that will flow in the source circuit when the external resistance R becomes zero).

EMF is determined by the point of intersection of the graph with the voltage axis. This point on the graph corresponds to the state of the circuit in which there is no current in it and, therefore, U = E.

The strength of the short circuit current is determined by the point of intersection of the graph with the current axis. In this case, the external resistance R = 0 and, therefore, the voltage at the source output U = 0.

The internal resistance of the source is found by the tangent of the angle of inclination of the graph relative to the current axis. (Compare formula (1) with a mathematical function of the form Y = AX + B and remember the meaning of the coefficient for X).

Progress

To record the measurement results, prepare a table:

After the teacher checks the circuit, assemble the electrical circuit. Set the variable resistor slider to the position at which the resistance of the circuit connected to the current source is maximum.

Determine the current in the circuit and the voltage at the source terminals at the maximum resistance value of the variable resistor. Enter the measurement data into the table.

Repeat the current and voltage measurements several times, each time decreasing the value of the variable resistance so that the voltage at the source terminals decreases by 0.1V. Stop measurements when the current in the circuit reaches 1A.

Plot the points obtained in the experiment on a graph. Plot voltage along the vertical axis, and current along the horizontal axis. Draw a straight line through the points.

Continue the graph until it intersects with the coordinate axes and determine the values of E and I K.Z.

Measure the EMF of the source by connecting a voltmeter to its terminals with the external circuit open. Compare the EMF values obtained by the two methods and indicate the reason for the possible discrepancy in the results.

Determine the internal resistance of the current source. To do this, calculate the tangent of the angle of inclination of the constructed graph to the current axis. Since the tangent of an angle in a right triangle is equal to the ratio of the opposite side to the adjacent side, this can practically be done by finding the ratio E / I K.Z

We came to the conclusion that in order to maintain constant current in a closed circuit, it is necessary to include a current source in it. We emphasize that the task of the source is not to supply charges to the electrical circuit (there are enough of these charges in conductors), but to force them to move, to do work to move charges against the forces of the electric field. The main characteristic of the source is electromotive force 1 (EMF) - the work done by external forces to move a single positive charge

Therefore, most people need associations or critical mass in the planetary field in order to receive energy signals and consciousness memories and be able to perceive the signals correctly. The 3D management system does not take into account ascension symptoms, experiences related to consciousness, or the many radical changes that people from this Earth are experiencing. Grounding is a form of grounding on the Earth and refers to direct contact of the body with the elements of the Earth. This can be helpful for many people who are experiencing a lack of grounding and carnal discomfort during planetary changes.

The unit of EMF in the SI system of units is the Volt. The emf of a source is 1 volt if it does 1 Joule of work when moving a charge of 1 Coulomb

To designate current sources on electrical circuits, a special symbol is used (Fig. 397).

rice. 397
An electrostatic field does positive work to move a positive charge in the direction of decreasing field potential. The current source separates electrical charges - positive charges accumulate on one pole and negative charges on the other. The electric field strength in the source is directed from the positive pole to the negative pole, so the work of the electric field to move a positive charge will be positive when it moves from “plus” to “minus”. The work of external forces, on the contrary, is positive if positive charges move from the negative pole to the positive, that is, from “minus” to “plus”.
This is the fundamental difference between the concepts of potential difference and EMF, which must always be remembered.
Thus, the electromotive force of the source can be considered an algebraic quantity, the sign of which (“plus” or “minus”) depends on the direction of the current. In the diagram shown in Fig. 398,

rice. 398
outside the source (in the external circuit) current flows 2 from the “plus” of the source to the “minus”, inside the source from “minus” to “plus”. In this case, both external source forces and electrostatic forces in the external circuit perform positive work.
If in a certain section of the electrical circuit, in addition to electrostatic forces, there are also third-party forces, then both electrostatic and third-party forces “work” on the movement of charges. The total work of electrostatic and third-party forces to move a single positive charge is called electrical voltage in a section of the circuit

In the case when there are no external forces, the electric voltage coincides with the potential difference of the electric field.
Let us explain the definition of voltage and the sign of the EMF using a simple example. Let there be a source of external forces and a resistor in the section of the circuit through which electric current flows (Fig. 399).

rice. 399
For definiteness, we will assume that φ o > φ 1, that is, the electric current is directed from the point 0 to the point 1 . When connecting the source as shown in Fig. 399 a, The external forces of the source do positive work, so relation (2) in this case can be written in the form

When the source is turned back on (Fig. 399 b), the charges inside it move against external forces, so the work of the latter is negative. In fact, the forces of the external electric field overcome external forces. Consequently, in this case, the relationship under consideration (2) has the form

For electric current to flow through a section of a circuit that has electrical resistance, work must be done to overcome the resistance forces. For a unit positive charge, this work, according to Ohm’s law, is equal to the product IR = U which naturally coincides with the voltage in this area.
Charged particles (both electrons and ions) inside the source move in a certain direction, therefore, they are also subject to braking forces from the environment, which also need to be overcome. Charged particles overcome resistance forces due to the action of external forces (if the current in the source is directed from “plus” to “minus”) or due to electrostatic forces (if the current is directed from “minus” to “plus”). It is obvious that the work to overcome these forces does not depend on the direction of movement, since the resistance forces are always directed in the direction opposite to the speed of movement of the particles. Since the resistance forces are proportional to the average speed of movement of particles, the work to overcome them is proportional to the speed of movement, therefore, to the strength of the current. Thus, we can introduce another characteristic of the source - its internal resistance r, similar to ordinary electrical resistance. The work done to overcome resistance forces when moving a single positive charge between the poles of the source is equal to A/q = Ir. We emphasize once again that this work does not depend on the direction of the current in the source.

If you don't have access to nature and want to create an electrical circuit with the Earth's field, you can also use a primer that is connected to the human body. The electrical potential of the ground circuit depends on the location, atmospheric conditions, time of day and night, and also on the moisture that is located on the surface of the Earth. Intuitive empaths and starseeds who want to re-establish energetic alignment with the planet's body need to pay attention to their natural feelings because they need to know whether they need to be grounded or not.

1 The name of this physical quantity is unfortunate - so the electromotive force is work, and not a force in the usual mechanical sense. But this term is so established that it is not “in our power” to change it. By the way, current strength is not mechanical force! Not to mention such concepts as “strength of spirit”, “willpower”, “divine power”, etc.
2 Let us recall that the direction of movement of the electric current is taken to be the direction of movement of positive charges.

In some cases, due to inorganic or external currents in certain areas, this practice may not be practical. For most people who are Earth seeded, during the spiritual integration phase the grounding will be felt positively and will be very beneficial to the body because it will act as a neuromodulator. Neuromodulation is a process in which the activity of the nervous system is regulated by regulating physiological levels through stimulation of neurotransmitters. Thus, grounding changes the density of negative charge in the energy field of a person and his nervous system and directly affects physiological processes such as brain chemistry.

Laboratory work

“Measurement of EMF and internal resistance of a current source”

Discipline Physics

Teacher A.B. Vinogradov

Nizhny Novgorod

Goal of the work: develop the ability to determine the EMF and internal resistance of a current source using an ammeter and voltmeter.

The Earth is sending electromagnetic signals to support human bodies in adapting to her ascension, and this signal allows the human nervous system to better adapt to the demands placed on the body and brain during intense changes in consciousness. When we want to restore the electrical balance of brain activity, it can be especially helpful to surround ourselves with nature, focus on deep breathing, and connect with the Earth or the water element.

Kidneys are organs that supply energy. The human population is currently experiencing an epidemic of kidney disease caused by the organs' inability to quickly adapt to new circumstances, poor recognition of life-changing events, heart disease, toxic chemical overload and negative emotions. The purpose of the kidneys is to remove harmful metabolic products released by the bladder and maintain proper blood chemistry and pressure as they control everything chemical substances, dissolved in the bloodstream.

Equipment: rectifier VU-4M, ammeter, voltmeter, connecting wires, elements of tablet No. 1: key, resistor R1.

Theoretical The content of the work.

Internal resistance of the current source.

When current passes through closed circuit, electrically charged particles move not only inside the conductors connecting the poles of the current source, but also inside the current source itself. Therefore, in a closed electrical circuit, external and internal sections of the circuit are distinguished. External chain section constitutes the entire set of conductors that are connected to the poles of the current source. Internal chain section- This is the current source itself. A current source, like any other conductor, has resistance. Thus, in an electrical circuit consisting of a current source and conductors with electrical resistance R , electric current does work not only on the external, but also on the internal section of the circuit. For example, when an incandescent lamp is connected to the galvanic battery of a flashlight, not only the lamp spiral and the supply wires, but also the battery itself are heated by electric current. The electrical resistance of the current source is called internal resistance. In an electromagnetic generator, the internal resistance is the electrical resistance of the generator winding wire. In the internal section of the electrical circuit, an amount of heat is released equal to

When the kidneys are weakened and overloaded, they accumulate in the blood and tissues. toxic waste, and chemicals that cannot be filtered properly. Kidney failure is increasing at a rate of 5% per year in the United States, with kidney dialysis or transplantation used as treatment. Ten percent of the population has some form of diabetes and neurological discomfort, and this number appears to be steadily increasing - in adults and in children. What happened to our kidneys?

Eastern medical philosophy knows that the kidneys nourish other organs of the body. They act as roots of life, which are responsible for protecting the body and distributing energy to all organs, reproductive functions and the entire body. The kidneys are relationship organs, so they suffer from problems with interpersonal and sexual relationships, which can arise from a lack of support from others or feeling unloved or even a lack of physical sensitivity. Emotions circulate in the personal energy field, and when it is released, you may experience a sense of flow through which you feel the emotions.

Where r- internal resistance of the current source.

The total amount of heat released during the flow of direct current in a closed circuit, the outer and inner sections of which have resistances correspondingly equal R And r, equals

Any closed circuit can be represented as two series-connected resistors with equivalent resistances R And r. Therefore, the resistance of the complete circuit is equal to the sum of the external and internal resistances:

. Since in a series connection the current strength in all sections of the circuit is the same, then the same amount of current passes through the external and internal sections of the circuit. Then, according to Ohm’s law, for a section of the circuit, the voltage drops on its external and internal sections will be equal, respectively:

It allows you to release emotional pain and fear and relieves you of chronic kidney problems, unlocking greater emotional and spiritual expansion of energy. When it is the other way around, when the heart is closed from pain and fear, blocking emotions, it affects the fluid management function of the kidneys and disrupts the distribution of vital energy needed for a grounded, healthy and balanced mind and body.

Moreover, when our heart heals, a flame burns within, which is also fed by the vital energy stored in the kidneys. A triangular connector connects the heart to each kidney, which works in the luminous body like an electrical circuit. At the base of this triangle are the kidneys on the left and right, and the top point is connected to the heart. When the heart is healed, the flame in the heart and kidneys simultaneously activates the heart configuration in the inner twin flame. The double flame corresponds to the restored energy balance between the energy of the male and female, i.e. the structure of the light created in the heart complex.

And

(3)

Electromotive force.

The total work done by the electrostatic field forces when charges move along a closed direct current circuit is zero. Consequently, all the work of an electric current in a closed electrical circuit is completed due to the action of external forces that cause the separation of charges inside the source and maintain a constant voltage at the output of the current source. Work attitude

, carried out by external forces to move the charge q along the chain, to the value of this charge is called electromotive force of the source(EMF) :

Therefore, when the two fires are ignited in the heart, the vital essence stored in the kidneys helps carry the chi flame throughout the physical body to connect with the spiritual flame of the monadic body. The Monad is the greater flame of the spirit, and physical body- a lesser flame of vital essence or life force. When these two fires are ignited and united, a flame explodes from the heart, which sends out fire to support the growth of the life essence created by the kidneys. Basically, the kidneys help build the inner luminous body necessary for the embedding of the monadic body.

, (4)

- transferred charge.

EMF is expressed in the same units as voltage or potential difference, i.e. in volts:

Ohm's law for a complete circuit.

Any visual exercise aimed at creating vital energy energy in the lower dienes and causing energy to circulate at the base of the feet will strengthen the kidneys' ability to store vital essence, help correct the grounding mechanism and function physical cleaning blood. There are some kidney potentiating agents and herbs that are common in Eastern medicine and are useful for toning kidney function, especially if there is a problem with grounding or core centering.

Kidney failure causes adrenal gland production. The adrenal glands are glands that produce many hormones, and it is well known that under pressure they pump cortisol into the bloodstream, causing the human body to nervous system goes into a fight or flight state. Adrenaline is usually produced both by the adrenal glands and by certain neurons that can also be activated by emotional reactions. Every emotional reaction has a behavioral component, a component of the autonomic nervous system, a glandular secretion, or a hormonal factor.

If, as a result of the passage of direct current in a closed electrical circuit, only heating of the conductors occurs, then according to the law of conservation of energy, the total work of the electric current in the closed circuit, equal to the work of external forces of the current source, is equal to the amount of heat released in the external and internal sections of the circuit:

Hormonal factors associated with stress and emotional pain include the release of adrenaline and adrenal responses - in response to fear-based feelings controlled by the sympathetic nervous system. The main emotion that releases adrenaline into the blood is fear.

Additionally, the adrenal glands play an important role in the fight or flight response by increasing blood flow to the muscles and heart, which then dilates and blood sugar levels increase. Adrenaline is pumped into the bloodstream when a person is provoked to Act of terrorism or fear to produce as much negative emotional energy as possible, which may be the main reason why the adrenal glands are completely exhausted in most people. When a person does not correct this condition and is still pumping adrenaline or other stress hormones into the bloodstream, the nervous system freezes into a state of shock and numbness.

. (5)

From expressions (2), (4) and (5) we obtain:

. (6)

, That

, (7)

At some point, when you experience constant pain or fear, due to excessive load adrenaline, the body and nervous system enter a state of numbness that shuts down emotional responses, shutting down the heart. The adrenal glands are located at the top of each kidney, so they are directly susceptible to kidney exhaustion, which naturally leads to adrenal failure. If we do something that is truly unhealthy for our spirit and our daily work is not in keeping with who we are, it also drains the kidneys, adrenaline and vitality.

. (8)

The current strength in an electrical circuit is directly proportional to the electromotive force current source and is inversely proportional to the sum of the electrical resistances of the external and internal sections of the circuit. Expression (8) is called Ohm's law for a complete circuit.

When we have to deal with difficult stressors at work, in relationships or in other situations, the body can be subjected to deep unconscious emotional stress. We feel helpless and frustrated that we must simply work to meet financial obligations or survive. Our body gives us a message due to excessive exhaustion that we can no longer live in the same way, we must make changes and the first change must be to realize consciousness through the death of the ego.

Thus, from the point of view of physics, Ohm's Law expresses the law of conservation of energy for a closed DC circuit.

Work order.

Preparing to do the job.

In front of you on the tables is a mini-laboratory on electrodynamics. Its appearance is presented in l. R. No. 9 in Figure 2.

On the left are a milliammeter, a VU-4M rectifier, a voltmeter, and an ammeter. Tablet No. 1 is fixed to the right (see Fig. 3 in sheet No. 9). The rear section of the case contains colored connecting wires: the red wire is used to connect the VU-4M to the “+” socket of the tablet; white wire - for connecting the VU-4M to the “-” socket; yellow wires - for connecting measuring instruments to the elements of the tablet; blue - for connecting the tablet elements together. The section is closed with a folding platform. In the working position, the platform is located horizontally and is used as a working surface when assembling experimental setups in experiments.

Planetary control over human kidneys Chi. We must strive to restore the heart center and make the kidneys a higher purpose associated with the ascension of the body. There are overlays that encode human bodies for enslavement, established at the time of birth, in the transduction sequence record in the core manifestation body or in the Tree of Life. The basic tree grid manifestation template has a set of instructions to control the functions of the organs and glands at the level of each dimension, as the glands secrete substances and hormones that allow human consciousness to move faster between dimensions.

2. Work progress.

As you work, you will learn a method for measuring the basic characteristics of a current source using Ohm's law for a complete circuit, which relates the current strength I in the circuit, EMF of the current source , its internal resistance r and external circuit resistance R ratio:

In the lands of the United Kingdom, the keys to awakening the structures of Albion are hidden, and they are giant sleeping creatures. Tags are used to guide people on Earth for future timelines to work in slave colonies or in various galactic human trafficking locations that are controlled by these extraterrestrial corrupt conglomerates and dragon groups.

Black Sun Orion groups reserved rights to certain human bodies, genetic material and the human Tree of Life, and that is why they control it. This makes it easier for them to monitor and control information related to soul structure and multidimensional anatomy. These are the Draconians who steal from the spiritual parts of the body, as well as from the organs and glands.

. (9)

1 way.

WITH A diagram of the experimental setup is shown in Figure 1.

Study it carefully. When switch B is open, the source is closed to a voltmeter, the resistance of which is much greater than the internal resistance of the source (r R ). In this case, the current in the circuit is so small that the value of the voltage drop across the internal resistance of the source can be neglected

, and the emf of the source with a negligible error is equal to the voltage at its terminals , which is measured by a voltmeter, i.e.

. (10)

Thus, the emf of the source is determined by the readings of the voltmeter with key B open.

If switch B is closed, the voltmeter will show the voltage drop across the resistor R :

. (11)

Then, based on equalities (9), (10) and (11), we can state that

(12)

From formula (12) it is clear that to determine the internal resistance of a current source, it is necessary, in addition to its EMF, to know the current strength in the circuit and the voltage across the resistor R when the switch is closed.

The current in a circuit can be measured using an ammeter. Wirewound resistor made of nichrome wire and has a resistance of 5 ohms.

Assemble the circuit according to the diagram shown in Figure 3.

After the circuit is assembled, you need to raise your hand and call the teacher so that he can check the correct assembly of the electrical circuit. And if the chain is assembled correctly, then start doing the work.

With key B open, take voltmeter readings and enter the voltage value in Table 1. Then close key B and again take voltmeter readings, but this time and ammeter readings. Enter the voltage and current values in Table 1.

State Ohm's law for the complete circuit.

If we did not know the resistance values of the wirewound resistors, would it be possible to use the second method and what needs to be done for this (maybe, for example, we need to connect some device to the circuit)?

Be able to assemble electrical circuits used in work.

Literature

Kabardin O.F.. Reference. Materials: Textbook. A manual for students.-3rd ed.-M.: Education, 1991.-p.:150-151.

School Student's Handbook. Physics / Comp. T. Feshchenko, V. Vozhegova. – M.: Philological Society “SLOVO”, LLC “Firm” “AST Publishing House”, Center for the Humanities at the Faculty of Journalism of Moscow State University. M. V. Lomonosova, 1998. - p.: 124,500-501.

Samoilenko P.I.. Physics (for non-technical specialties): Textbook. for general education institutions of the environment Prof. Education / P. I. Samoilenko, A. V. Sergeev. - 2nd ed., St.-M.: Publishing Center "Academy", 2003, pp.: 181-182.

Ohm's law for a complete circuit, the definition of which concerns the value of electric current in real circuits, depends on the current source and the load resistance. This law also has another name - Ohm's law for closed circuits. The operating principle of this law is as follows.

As the most simple example, an electric lamp, which is a consumer of electric current, together with a current source is nothing more than a closed one. This electrical circuit is clearly shown in the figure.

An electric current passing through a light bulb also passes through the current source itself. Thus, while passing through the circuit, the current will experience the resistance of not only the conductor, but also the resistance, directly, of the current source itself. In the source, resistance is created by the electrolyte located between the plates and the boundary layers of the plates and electrolyte. It follows that in a closed circuit, its total resistance will consist of the sum of the resistances of the light bulb and the current source.

External and internal resistance

The resistance of the load, in this case a light bulb, connected to a current source is called external resistance. The direct resistance of the current source is called internal resistance. For a more visual representation of the process, all values must be designated conventionally. I - , R - external resistance, r - internal resistance. When current flows through an electrical circuit, in order to maintain it, there must be a potential difference between the ends of the external circuit, which has the value IxR. However, current flow is also observed in the internal circuit. This means that in order to maintain electric current in the internal circuit, a potential difference at the ends of the resistance r is also necessary. The value of this potential difference is equal to Iхr.

Battery electromotive force

The battery must have the following value of electromotive force capable of maintaining the required current in the circuit: E=IxR+Ixr. From the formula it can be seen that the electromotive force of the battery is the sum of external and internal. The current value must be taken out of brackets: E=I(r+R). Otherwise, you can imagine: I=E/(r+R) . The last two formulas express Ohm's law for a complete circuit, the definition of which is as follows: in a closed circuit, the current strength is directly proportional to the electromotive force and inversely proportional to the sum of the resistances of this circuit.