The global nature of international terrorism. International terrorism is a global problem of our time

Systematic and coordinated use of violence organized groups internationally, as well as the threat of such violence. The goal of international terrorism is to destabilize the situation in a large region or the world as a whole, sow panic among the population and ensure that the states that are the targets of the attack comply with the terrorists’ demands.
International terrorism is the reaction of certain social, religious and ethnic groups on the processes of globalization. As a result of the contact of civilizations and the modernization of traditional (pre-industrial) societies, these groups, for one reason or another, feel infringed on their rights. Lacking the strength to fight for their interests by legal means, they resort to terrorism as a strategy for the struggle of the weak against the strong. What is important for terrorism is not violence in itself, but the feeling of horror and helplessness that arises in society after another terrorist attack.
Terrorism is blackmail, the object of which is the governments of democratic countries (elected by the population and therefore directly dependent on public opinion).

Facilities mass media, which spread as a result of the information revolution, provided terrorists great way impact on societies developed countries. The degree of coverage of a terrorist act in the media determines its impact on society. An unknown terrorist act becomes meaningless (this distinguishes it from sabotage or political murder).
With the development of high technologies, the emergence of new energy sources ( nuclear power plants) and means of information transmission (global navigation and communication systems), humanity is becoming increasingly vulnerable even to targeted terrorist attacks. Destruction or damage to a key facility (within technological complex) It has catastrophic consequences For large region or the planet as a whole. The number of such objects is constantly increasing, and the ability of states to ensure their adequate protection is correspondingly decreasing. This makes even the threat of a terrorist attack more significant. Thus, thanks to the development of modern small types of weapons professional organization, which has a minimum of financial and material resources, is capable of causing enormous damage to a powerful state.

International terrorism arose when regional terrorist organizations realized the unity of current (tactical) goals (destabilization of the situation in developed capitalist countries), began to exchange information, weapons, technologies (since the 1960s), conduct joint training of militants (since the 1970s .), coordinate their actions (since the 1980s) and jointly carry out a series of terrorist attacks in different parts of the world (since the 1990s).
The grounds for regional terrorism are usually separatism and the national liberation struggle, political, religious, ethnic and/or ideological confrontation, and criminal interests. Regional terrorism can only exist if part of society supports the goals and methods of terrorists.

International terrorism does not need such support. It relies on hidden assistance from certain states and financial structures interested in destabilizing the situation on the territory of an enemy state or in obtaining super-profits as a result of a sharp change in world prices (for example, the September 11, 2001 terrorist attack against the World War II shopping center in New York and the Pentagon led to a collapse in the shares of the largest transnational corporations; world oil prices are sensitive to major terrorist attacks).
The greatest threat today is posed by the so-called. Islamic terrorism of a confessional nature. This segment of international terrorism is based on the idea of jihad, interpreted (contrary to the generally accepted teachings of Islam) as an uncompromising “holy war” with any non-believers. The leader of international terrorism is considered to be Osama Bin Laden, the sponsors are some states (Iran, Syria, Libya, Sudan, etc.) and financial structures of the Arab East, individuals, legal and shadow economy(including drug trafficking, while international terrorism and organized crime are merging).

The connection between regional terrorist organizations, and especially the connection between terrorists and those who finance their activities, is carefully disguised. Identifying the links in this chain and preventing another terrorist attack is the main task special services states. The implementation of anti-terrorist measures may be accompanied by restrictions on the rights and freedoms of citizens (subjects).
After September 11, 2001, an anti-terrorist coalition of states emerged (led by the United States), international terrorism was declared the most terrible threat to world civilization, and the fight against it was declared as one of the most important tasks of any democratic state. Support of terrorism by any state becomes the basis for an economic blockade and even forceful actions by the world community against this country.

Introduction

The 20th century became a time of terror unheard of in history - state, political, national, religious. Totalitarian tyrants, political adventurers, religious fanatics, nationalist separatists, insane and half-insane “correctors” of sinful humanity and simply scoundrels became the culprits of the death of millions of innocent victims. And now the world community is shuddering at reports of ever new terrorist acts.

Terrorism in all its forms and manifestations, in its scale and intensity, in its inhumanity and cruelty, has now become one of the most acute and pressing problems of global significance.

The emergence of terrorism entails massive human casualties and the destruction of spiritual, material, and cultural values. It generates hatred and mistrust between social and national groups. Terrorist acts have led to the need to create an international system to combat it. For many people, groups, organizations, terrorism has become a way to solve problems: political, religious, national. Terrorism refers to those types of criminal violence that can target innocent people, anyone who has nothing to do with the conflict.

IN Lately The number of terrorist attacks has increased significantly. According to some data, if in the early 90s the probability of becoming a victim of a terrorist attack was estimated as 1:10000000, now this probability has increased by 20-30 times! It is very scary that for many people, groups and organizations, terrorism has become just a way to solve their problems: political, national, religious. It is now especially often resorted to by those who otherwise cannot achieve success in open battle, political competition, and the implementation of their delusional ideas of reorganizing the world and universal happiness.

The scale and cruelty of modern terrorism, the need for a continuous fight against it, primarily through legal methods, confirms the relevance of the chosen topic.

However, terrorism, as a global problem, requires constant attention and study and therefore represents a wide field for research with subsequent practical application. We, ordinary people, can do the only thing in our power – to protect ourselves and our loved ones. We must know our enemy by sight, which is why I took on this essay.

I. Terrorism is intimidation

First of all, it is necessary to say what terrorism is, what its goals, essence, meaning are, what it represents as a means.

Instilling terror is the main feature of terrorism, its specificity, which makes it possible to separate it from related and very similar crimes. Terrorism acts as a way to weaken the enemy by physical change some object (objects) of the crime, and mental influence on the opposing side.

Terrorism in no case can be reduced only to the murders of leading government officials, just as armed robbery attacks by revolutionaries in order to seize material assets for their party should not be considered terrorism. So, this crime is not the actions of a group of militants led by Stalin and Kamo, who on June 13, 1907. in Tiflis, on Yerevan Square, the famous expropriation was carried out. On that day, militants bombed a convoy accompanying a collection carriage with money from the State Bank, and seized, according to various estimates, from 250 to 341 thousand rubles. Dozens of people were killed and wounded during this “execution.” The money was delivered to Bolshevik leaders abroad. Here there is robbery and murder, but not terrorism, since the meaning of the latter is intimidation, instilling terror in order to achieve certain goals, mainly psychological and political.

Perhaps such actions of the “existists” frightened the authorities, but this was only a side effect. And in modern world There are many common criminal groups that, while committing banal robbery, will hide behind revolutionary and political phrases, without setting themselves goals that can be achieved through intimidation.

We can say that terrorism is violence that contains the threat of other, no less brutal violence, in order to instill fear in military and public order, force the enemy to make the desired decision, and cause political and other changes. Apparently, this is the intimidation of death.

1. Definition of terrorism in the Criminal Law.

For law enforcement practice, the only definition of terrorism, which is given in the criminal law (Article 205): “...committing an explosion, arson or other actions that create a danger of death, causing significant property damage or causing other socially dangerous consequences, if these actions are committed in for the purpose of violating public safety, intimidating the population, or to influence decision-making by government authorities, as well as the threat of committing these actions for the same purposes.” In addition, the law defines a terrorist act (Article 277): “Encroachment on the life of a government official or public figure committed in order to terminate his state or other political activities, or out of revenge for such activities...”

In addition, the Russian Criminal Code provides for criminal liability for “a knowingly false report about an act of terrorism”, “a knowingly false report about an impending explosion, arson or other actions that create a danger of death or other socially dangerous consequences” (Article 207).

Nowadays, in journalism and the media, terrorism is often used as a term to designate extremist, well-organized, trained and clandestine groups of criminals who commit the most dangerous crimes, usually murder. In the practice of recent decades, such criminals are often Arab terrorists. Such an expanded or shifted understanding of terrorism is acceptable, but we must remember that it does not correspond to the criminal law of Russia and many other countries.

UN General Assembly in different years adopted about 10 resolutions on national, regional and international terrorism, but was never able to give a more or less acceptable definition of this phenomenon. This is not easy to do due to the multifaceted nature of terrorism, but in order to understand it, it is necessary to identify the meaning of terrorism, i.e. that is what terrorist acts are committed for, not any criminal violence.

The object of terrorist attacks is, on the one hand, the people who are victims of such attacks, and on the other, the existing order, including the order of government, territorial integrity, the administration of justice, political structure, etc.

The issue of methods of terrorism requires special attention, the criminal legal, criminological, criminalistic (search) and moral significance of which is difficult to overestimate. Russian criminal law speaks of “committing an explosion, arson and other actions.” As it should be assumed, other actions may include all kinds of poisoning, the spread of epidemics and epizootics, infections, capture, and the use of firearms. There are a lot of such examples that can be cited, since the world does not stand still, society develops, and with it, unfortunately, more and more new murder weapons come into life.

Some 20-25 years ago, radioactive substances were almost never used for murder. Now there is a real threat that such substances could be used on a fairly large scale by terrorists. Attacks on power plants and the use of chemical and bacteriological weapons are possible. In 1995, in Japan, terrorists from the sectarian organization “AUM-Senrike” launched a gas attack on the subway, which injured hundreds of people. Also recently in America, recipients received letters in which anthrax spores were discovered.

2. Terrorist.

….Terrorists own modern weapons, communications, modern computer and other equipment, publish their own literature, newspapers, magazines and leaflets, they are supported by some totalitarian states, they have allies in the highest echelons of power.

How do terrorists create fear in people?

weapons of mass destruction . It has good reasons: firstly, from a technical point of view, making such a weapon is not difficult in our time. Secondly, neo-fascist states could supply terrorists with similar weapons, for example, North Korea

, Libya, Iraq; explosions

. In the XIX-XX centuries. terrorists very often resorted to explosions, which led to numerous casualties. But sometimes they can just be warnings.

In general, explosions, due to their nature, have a significant psychological impact on people, giving them fear and panic; hostage taking Terrorist murders throughout the world cannot be compared with ordinary murders, of which there are immeasurably more. But nevertheless, terrorism, in particular international terrorism, can be placed next to the nuclear radiation threat and the economic crisis, since, firstly, terrorists can, as has been repeatedly noted, use nuclear and other weapons of mass destruction and cause significant damage to the natural environment; secondly, terrorists inspire not only horror and unequivocal condemnation, but also curiosity and admiration, and, therefore, are capable of attracting a lot of people; thirdly, the scale of terrorism in individual countries, its tendency to spread to national borders and especially the rampant transnational international organizations pose the threat of provoking serious military conflicts and even wars; fourthly, the dangerous feature of terrorism is that very often its meaning is not to improve, but to worsen the socio-political and economic situation in a given country or region of the world in order to achieve narrowly selfish desires, demonstrations of the strength of one’s group, self-affirmation of leaders, ensuring the triumph of their ideas or teachings, etc.

Experts believe that terrorists are now using tougher, more sophisticated methods of carrying out terrorist attacks, at a higher level of technology. Modern technical means and special technology allow a professional terrorist to make the same sniper shot that a professional counter-terrorist can make. If at the beginning of the 20th century, terrorist revolutionaries generally did not have special military training, learned everything through experience, and actually did not have a training base or training program, then representatives of modern groups have their own bases both in their own country and abroad, and special technology , qualified instructors, many of whom underwent terrorist training can be compared to the training of units special purpose or secret services. They study intelligence and counterintelligence, external surveillance and countersurveillance, and the use of special means for this.

The subject of terrorism can be the state, its higher and local bodies, its military units and punitive institutions, parties and movements and their “combat” units, partisan formations, individual groups, including secret societies, and finally, individuals.

The breeding ground for the emergence of these armed organizations is intranational or international conflicts; in the latter case, the corresponding groups are created on the initiative or with the participation of the state. They can significantly influence the solution of political, national, religious and other problems, for example, in matters of national self-determination. However, their role should not be exaggerated and it should not be assumed that new states can even emerge as a result of their criminal actions alone.

Types of Terrorist Movements

Terrorist groups may be extended branches or links of organized crime groups, or may associate with and interact with such groups. If such a group arises at the initiative of the state or is supported by it, then if it fails, the state will most likely disown it.

P. Wilkinson rightly notes that terrorism should not be equated with violence in general, that terrorism is a specific form of violence (“coercive intimidation”); At the same time, he believes that active terrorist movements are largely related to the ideas of Marxism. He identifies 4 types of terrorist movements:

a) movements of nationalist, autonomist and ethnic minorities;

b) ideological groups or secret societies seeking various forms of “Revolutionary” justice or social liberation;

c) a group of emigrants or exiles with separatist or revolutionary aspirations regarding their homeland;

d) transnational gangs that enjoy the support of some countries and act in the name of world revolution.

world

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Bibliography:

1. Constitution Russian Federation: [adopted by popular vote on December 12, 1993] // Russian newspaper. - 1993 - No. 237. December 25.

2. Russian Federation. About mandatory health insurance in the Russian Federation: federal law [adopted by the State. Duma 19.11.2010 (as amended 21.07.2014) No. 326 - Federal Law] Collection of Legislation, 06.12.2010. - No. 49. - art. 6422.

3. Belov, V. A. “Patient” issue: civil legal relations with medical organizations// Legislation. 2013. No. 11. pp. 6 -12.

4. Vronskaya, M.V. Institute of health rights in the system of social protection of citizens of the Russian Federation // Social and pension law. 2011. No. 2.

6. Electronic resource. //Access mode: http://www.prozdor.ru.

Ivanov V.I., Lubenets Ya.A.

INTERNATIONAL TERRORISM AS A GLOBAL PROBLEM IN THE MODERN WORLD

Voronezh Economic and Legal Institute, Voronezh

Keywords: international terrorism, types of terrorism, globalization

Keywords: international terrorism, the types of terrorism, globalization.

Abstract: the article discusses the concept and essence

international terrorism as a global problem in the modern world.

Abstract: The article discusses the concept and essence of international terrorism as a global problem of the modern world.

International terrorism is one of the the most important problems not only our country, but the world as a whole. International terrorism is a complex interdisciplinary problem. The very aggravation of the global problem of international terrorism at the turn of the 21st century has become a distinctive feature of the current stage of development of the world community.

The essence of terrorism is violence for the purpose of intimidation. The subject of terrorist violence is individuals or non-governmental organizations. The object of violence is the government represented by individual government officials or society represented by

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individual citizens (including foreigners, or civil servants of other states). In addition - private and public property, infrastructure, life support systems. The purpose of violence is to achieve the development of events desired by terrorists - revolution, destabilization of society, starting a war with a foreign state, gaining independence of a certain territory, a fall in the prestige of the authorities, political concessions on the part of the authorities, etc.

International terrorism is today an integral part of the process of proliferation of criminal transnational organizations supported by corrupt

government officials and politicians.

The Russian scientist and author Kalinichev, in his work “Rights and freedoms of citizens in the fight against terrorism,” believed that the problem of international terrorism has many inherent common features characteristic of other universal human difficulties, such as the planetary scale of manifestation; great sharpness; negative dynamism, when the negative impact on the life of humanity increases; need for an urgent solution, etc. At the same time, the global problem of international terrorism also has specific, characteristic features.

Scientists such as S.I. Grachev and O.A. Kolobov believed that, first of all, attention should be paid to the fact that the problem of international terrorism itself is associated with the main spheres of life of the world community and societies of individual countries: politics, national relations, religion, ecology, criminal communities, etc. This connection is reflected in the existence various types terrorism, which include: political, national, religious, criminal and environmental terrorism.

Members of groups carrying out political terror set as their task the achievement of political, social or economic changes within a particular state, as well as the undermining of interstate relations and international law and order. Nationalist (or as it is also called national, ethnic or separatist) terrorism pursues the goals of solving national question, which has recently become increasingly separatist aspirations in various multi-ethnic states.

The religious type of terrorism is caused by attempts by armed groups professing a particular religion to fight

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against a state dominated by another religion or another religious trend.

Criminal terrorism is formed on the basis of any criminal business (drug trafficking, illegal arms trafficking, smuggling, etc.) with the aim of creating chaos and tension in the conditions of which it is most likely to receive excess profits.

Environmental terrorism is carried out by groups that use violent methods in general against scientific and technological progress and pollution environment, killing animals and building nuclear facilities.

Another distinctive feature of the global problem of international terrorism is the significant influence on it of international criminal communities, certain political forces and some states. This influence undoubtedly leads to an aggravation of the problem under consideration.

In the modern world, there are manifestations of state terrorism associated with attempts to eliminate heads of foreign states and other politicians; with actions aimed at overthrowing governments foreign countries; creating panic among the population of foreign countries, etc.

International terrorism is today an integral part of the proliferation of transnational criminal organizations supported by corrupt

government officials and politicians. Thus, in the widely known work of English scientists such as Held D. and Goldblett D., “Global Transformations”, it is noted: “There are also negative forms international organizations, such as terrorist and criminal organizations. Despite the centuries-long conflict between smugglers and authorities, last years The growth of transnational criminal organizations is associated with the drug trade (now, according to experts, its annual turnover is over $300 billion) and the widespread prevalence of organized crime. Addressing these issues has become a major challenge for governments and police forces around the world."

Another specific feature of the global problem of international terrorism is that it is difficult to predict. In many cases, the subjects of terrorism are mentally unstable people and overly ambitious politicians. Terrorism is often seen as a way to achieve goals on the world stage and in international relations who are not

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can be accomplished by any other methods. IN modern conditions forms of terrorist activity are becoming more and more complex and come into increasing conflict with universal human values and the logic of world development.

The peculiarity of terrorism today is the interweaving of criminal and terrorist networks. Previously, they only occasionally came into contact, resolved some mutually beneficial issues and then separated. Their contacts were not long and not wide, but local. Today we are witnessing a symbiosis. “Holdings”, “joint ventures”, figuratively speaking, which literally increase their capabilities tenfold, they have one power structure, and the ability to easily move from one state to another. A classic example is the Balkans. A unified “pipeline” has been created in the Balkans, through which criminal networks pump drugs, human goods, and other criminal resources, but they can immediately provide this “pipeline” infrastructure for “pumping” weapons, for wiring and documentation

terrorist human resources.

Another extremely current problem- This is the desire of terrorists to possess weapons of mass destruction. An example of this is the terrorist attacks at the end of 2013 in the city of Volgograd. If we take into account all the signs of an explosion in a bus that are known at this point, then we can qualify the explosion at the railway station as a terrorist attack. Explosion with big amount victims in public place clearly designed to sow panic among the population. The reasons for the terrorist attack are most likely due to the approaching Sochi Olympics. Even during the Boston events that took place on April 15, 2013, it was obvious that as the Winter Games approached olympic games In 2014, funding for terrorists was supposed to increase, and attempts to commit terrorist attacks were supposed to become more frequent, and on Russian territory.

According to many scientists, international terrorism is one of the most dangerous and difficult to predict phenomena of our time, which is acquiring increasingly diverse forms and threatening proportions. And it’s simply impossible to disagree with this. Terrorism is always a deliberate crime, committed with direct intent. At the same time, the intent of a terrorist differs from the intent to kill. If in the case of murder there are two parties - the criminal and the victim, then in an act of terrorism there is also a third - the authorities or the public to whom the terrorist appeals.

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organization or terrorist. The terrorist may not be interested in the victim; she is not a goal, but only a means. Their actions are aimed at achieving their goals (political, selfish, etc.) by arousing public attention, intimidating the population and government officials, and promoting their political, religious or other views. At the same time, indifference to the victims is manifested, which leads to particular cruelty and mass character innocent victims, the death of random people.

One more problem can be noted that hinders the development of cooperation and the joint fight against terrorism - the lack of a single anti-terrorism information space at the international and national level. There is also another big threat international level- cyber terrorism. Indeed, there is no state in the world that is completely protected from attacks by cyber-terrorists, as evidenced by the large-scale Operation Red October, which has been successfully carried out in recent years. The main targets of the criminals were government and diplomatic departments and scientific organizations most developed countries. Thus, by the Decree of the President of the Russian Federation dated January 15, 2013, the FSB of Russia was entrusted with the authority to create state system detection, prevention and elimination of computer attacks on informational resources Russian Federation, information systems and information and telecommunication networks located on the territory of the Russian Federation and in diplomatic missions and consular offices of the Russian Federation abroad.

In turn, the US President signed a cybersecurity directive on February 13, 2013, obliging him to create a cybersecurity system for the country and develop standards and methodologies that will help reduce the risk of cyber attacks on the most critical infrastructure.

Every year, more and more organizations are created to combat international terrorism - this mission is entrusted mainly to the United Nations, and important documents aimed at countering terrorism; Anti-terrorist centers are being created.

A big problem in countering terrorism in Russia is the low awareness of the population. As a rule, citizens are not taught skills safe behavior, therefore, as a preventive measure against terrorism, it is worth establishing the release specialized literature, free and widely available, post

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reminders on the topic in more frequently visited places and in plain sight, conduct training in schools, universities, and places of work. If the level of terrorist threat increases, immediately inform the population about this through the media.

Thus, the priorities of Russia’s anti-terrorist policy in international cooperation, improving the economy of certain regions of the country, countering cyber terrorism, informing the population and instilling in them the skills of safe behavior.

Today, both in Russia and in other countries, as it seems to many, all the i’s in the ideological background of the fight against terrorism are tightly dotted, the actors, enemies and saviors are identified. But despite this, international terrorism is increasing every year.

Terrorism is only a method, a tactic, not political program or ideology. It is possible and necessary to destroy terrorists and take measures to prevent terrorist attacks, but fighting against tactics as such is pointless; to combat international terrorism, the efforts of one great power or even a group of highly developed states are not enough. Overcoming international terrorism as an escalating global problem requires the collective efforts of the majority of states and peoples on our planet, the entire world community.

Bibliography

1. Kalinichev, V.V. Rights and freedoms of a citizen in the fight against terrorism / V. V. Kalinichev // Power. - 2008. - No. 2. - P. 56-59.

2. Grachev, S.I. The United States of America and international terrorism / S.I. Grachev, A.A. Kornilov, O.A. Kolobov. - N. Novgorod: ISI UNN, 1998

3. Held D., McGrew A., Goldblatt D., Perraton J. Global Transformations. Politics, Economics and Culture. Oxford, 2000.

4. On the creation of a state system for detecting, preventing and eliminating the consequences of computer attacks on information resources of the Russian Federation: Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of January 15, 2013 No. 31c // Collection. law. Ross. Feder. - 2013. - No. 3. - Art. 178.

Introduction

Over the past decades, the world system has been experiencing serious political and military-strategic cataclysms associated with acts of terrorism, the scale and cruelty of which are acquiring an unprecedented scope. In different parts of the world, extremists and terrorists hijack planes and ships, blow up airports and railway stations, detonate explosive devices in administrative and residential buildings, cultural centers, buses and cars, take diplomats and journalists, businessmen and cultural figures hostage. Essentially, terrorism has become real threat national security of many countries, and countering it today tops the list of foreign policy priorities of most countries in the world.

The use of explosive devices or the threat of their use has become a harsh reality today. More and more often we hear about terrorist acts committed by criminal elements.

Terrorism is one of the most serious modern global problems, potentially or actually affecting every inhabitant of the planet. Meanwhile, as often happens, the more serious, urgent and obvious the problem, the more myths and misunderstandings it is surrounded by.

It should be noted that the problem of terrorism has always been present both within individual states and in the international arena. However, it became more relevant after the end of the global conflict along the East-West vector. Modern terrorism is characterized by sharply increased technical equipment, a high level of organization, and the presence of significant financial resources. His main distinguishing feature- This is a blurring of the boundaries between international and domestic terrorism. Terrorist organizations' ties to drug trafficking and the illegal arms trade are expanding. The dynamics of the growth of terrorist groups in the modern world is noticeable.

The threat of terrorism continues to grow and becomes multi-vector. International terrorism is rapidly restructuring, confirming its readiness to deliver blow after blow in every region of the globe.

Despite the huge amount of research devoted to the problems of terrorism recently, the topic of actions of extremist political organizations, especially with the use of nuclear weapons, remains almost untouched.

Terrorism in any form of its manifestation has become one of the socio-political and moral problems with which humanity entered the 21st century that is dangerous in its scale, unpredictability and consequences. Terrorism and extremism in any of their manifestations increasingly threaten the security of many countries and their citizens.

The social basis of terrorism is strengthened by poverty, unemployment, lack of education of the population, the lack of social prospects among young people and their unpreparedness for modern types of work - on the one hand, and the formation of entire generations in an atmosphere of incessant armed clashes, the painful aggravation of religious and national feelings, the intensity of despair and hatred - with another.

And as long as injustice is not eliminated on the planet, there are humiliated and insulted, protest sentiments and actions will be generated among them, which in certain cases can unfold in violent forms. Terrorism is a perversion, a pathological form of reaction to the injustices of the world.

It is important to understand: a world without violence is impossible in the foreseeable future; the main anti-terrorist task is to reduce as much as possible the volume of terrorism (as violence of the “weak” against the “strong”); the main way of such reduction is the prevention or resolution of social problems and conflicts by non-violent, non-repressive, political methods.

“An absolutely non-violent world is an unrealistic prospect. The task of reducing the scale of political violence, trying to reduce it to a minimum, seems more realistic. This is evidenced by the political life of developed democratic states, where violence is most often a secondary means of power.

The purpose of this work is to explore the problem of international terrorism based on the studied sources and literature.

We formulated the following tasks:

Explore features modern terrorism;

Study the manifestations of terrorism in various regions of the world;

Consider the main terrorist groups operating in various regions of the world;

Study the manifestations of terrorism in Russia;

Identify the relationship between the phenomenon of globalization and terrorism;

Analyze modern methods of combating terrorism.

Object of study: international terrorism.

Subject of research: the place of international terrorism in the modern world.

Our thesis consists of five chapters:

1. Features of modern terrorism;

2. Terrorism in various regions of the world;

Terrorism in Russia;

Terrorism and globalization;

Fight against terrorism.

When analyzing the literature, I would like to note the collection of articles “Terrorism - a threat to humanity in the 21st century” edited by R.B. Rybakova. The book is dedicated to the socio-political phenomenon of our time - terrorism. No state is immune from terrorists, whose actions are becoming international in nature. The book is based on the materials of the scientific conference "Terrorism - a threat to humanity in the 21st century and the situation in the East", held in Moscow in March 2002 at the Institute of Oriental Studies.

The book by former Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Nestanyahu, a man who is rightfully considered an expert in the fight against terrorism, analyzes the current situation. The book is based on rich factual material: it provides information about high-profile terrorist attacks of the past, terrorist organizations and their leaders.

The monograph "International Terrorism: The Struggle for Geopolitical Dominance" examines the causes of the emergence of international terrorism and the factors influencing its development in modern conditions. Geographically, the work covers different regions of the world - Europe, the Near, Middle and Far East, Central and South Asia, Caucasus. Particular attention is paid to the problems of combating terrorism in Russia. Foreign experience in countering terrorism by the state and society is analyzed.

The author of the book "Drugs and Terrorism: The Web of Evil" Ivanich Yu. proves the connection between terrorism and drug trafficking. Using extensive documentary material, the author talks about the history of the emergence and activities of many international terrorist groups and organizations in Europe, the Middle East, Asia and Latin America, professing radical political and religious doctrines.

In the magazine "Vlast" I would like to note the article by A. Selivanov "Modern terrorism as a tool of global governance." The author of the article examines terrorist acts committed in Russia, dwells in detail on the goals of terrorist attacks, and gives recommendations for countering terrorism.

In the work of Polezhaev A.P. , Savelia M.F. “Terrorism and Anti-Terrorism Measures” examines current issues in the fight against terrorism at the present stage. The manual consists of five sections, which set out in the form of questions and answers the organization, means, methods and individual measures for the prevention of terrorism at various sites, carried out by law enforcement agencies. A significant place is devoted to the experience of fighting terrorism of foreign countries, the use of high information technologies and technical progress in this field of activity.

In the book by Yunoshev A.T. "The threat of a terrorist attack. How to protect yourself and your loved ones" you can find out the types of terrorism, which terrorist societies are most active in the modern world, which ones set tasks and goals for themselves.

Chapter 1. International terrorism as a global problem

.1 Features of modern international terrorism

The word "terrorism" comes from the Latin "terror" - fear, horror. Terrorism refers to actions aimed at achieving goals through persecution, threats of violence, murder, and maintaining a state of fear. Terrorism is the systematic intimidation of governments, communities and entire peoples through single or repeated use of violence to achieve political, ideological or social revolutionary goals and aspirations. (G. Däniker, Switzerland).

The phenomenon of terror has always existed. The distant original, model of terrorism was tyrannicide, regicide. The execution of a tyrant was traditionally carried out in the name of justice, on behalf of the people. Actually, the word "terror" (translated at the beginning as simply "horror") has its political roots in the French Revolution. Then the word began to be used in the sense of terror practiced by the young state - the French Republic as self-defense. For with the Enlightenment (the ideas of Voltaire, Rousseau and the Encyclopedists) the idea of the sovereignty of the people was born; it was in the name of sovereignty and for its protection that the Revolution justified state terror.

In the modern world, if there is a murder of an “ordinary” or even a famous person - an artist, a scientist, a businessman, we simply call it murder. But if an attempt is made on the life of the first persons of the state - the monarch, the president, or persons representing the state - we call it a terrorist act. Consequently, we believe that terrorism always has a political overtone and is directed against the state or against state policy. On the other hand, if the killer of the monarch was guided by personal motives (revenge, jealousy), tried to hide after the murder, to remain unrecognized, we would still call such a person simply a murderer, and not a terrorist. Consequently, it is believed that a terrorist is not guided by personal motives, but by some ideology that he propagandizes by deliberately publicizing his actions.

If a killer hired by a terrorist organization committed a terrorist act for a fee, without sharing the views of this organization, then in public opinion he is not a terrorist, but just a hired killer. Public opinion attributes the role of a terrorist to the organization that hired the killer.

Terrorism manifests itself in the form of:

Violence or threats of its use against individuals or legal entities;

Destruction (damage) or threat of destruction (damage) of property and other material objects, creating a danger of death;

Causing significant property damage or other socially dangerous consequences;

Encroachments on the life of a statesman or public figure, committed to stop his state or other political activities or out of revenge for such activities;

Attacks on a representative of a foreign state or an employee of an international organization enjoying international protection, as well as on office premises or vehicles of persons enjoying international protection;

Other acts falling under the concept of terrorism in accordance with the national legislation of the Parties, as well as other generally recognized international legal acts aimed at combating terrorism.

Terrorism in everything to a greater extent acquires an international character. The most striking confirmation of this fact is the terrorist attacks in the United States on September 11, 2001, subsequent terrorist attacks associated with anthrax infection, explosions on the island of Bali in Indonesia, the hostage-taking in a theater center in Moscow on October 23, 2003, the explosion at the Government House in Grozny December 27, 2002, etc.

In 2003 alone, 651 crimes classified as terrorism were committed in Russia, and in this indicator, as well as in the number of victims, Russia ranks one of the first places in the world.

According to competent US sources, “terrorist cells” exist in 60 countries around the world. Only 33 organizations are included in the lists of terrorist organizations of the US State Department. The largest centers of terrorism are in the Middle East, Afghanistan, and Pakistan.

One of the great features of today's terrorism is that we see it merging with criminal networks. Previously, these two phenomena were completely independent. Crime is its own line. They have different political structures, different goals, different methods, and only sometimes did they come into contact to carry out and achieve some small private tasks. Now we sometimes see a symbiosis. This is some kind of huge corporation, in which it is very difficult to divide where crime ends and terrorism begins.

The destruction of the Pentagon and the World Trade Center by terrorists allows us to speak openly today about what was only vaguely outlined yesterday: the world is not just on the brink of the Third World War - it is already going on throughout the entire space from China to Algeria. The fronts of this war are Kashmir and Afghanistan, Chechnya and the Balkans, Palestine and Sudan.

Today many people ask: "Why has terrorism become so violent?" Suffice it to recall the classic example of the early 20th century. Ivan Kalyaev should have thrown a bomb at a member royal family, but didn’t quit. There is an analysis going on at the cell, complaints are made to him: “Why didn’t you do this?” He replies: “I couldn’t, there were children there.” And the cell justified him, considering this an objective obstacle. How terrorism has grown during this time! Children are not only not an obstacle, they are today a goal. And this, unfortunately, is already natural. The development of terrorism has predetermined three theaters in which terrorism operates. The first theater is global. This is Al Qaeda. Global goal, global objectives, global means, because they are rushing to obtain the components of weapons of mass destruction and take actions that truly shock the whole world. This is a typical example of global terrorism.

The second theater seems to be exactly the opposite. Local. We saw him at the initial stage in Chechnya. This is what we see, for example, in Sri Lanka, the Middle East, Central and South Asia, and the Balkans. And in between is what we call regional theatre. And the task of jihad theorists is precisely to ensure that all these three theaters interact. If a local terrorist hotbed was born in Chechnya, everything had to be done so that the fighter, who at first supposedly simply challenged Moscow - for freedom, for secession - felt himself not only a fighter in Moscow, but also part of the world jihad, felt at the same time part of a huge resistance . This gives him a completely different motivation - he becomes part of the brotherhood. Which one is another question. On the other hand, it is very important for global jihad, figuratively speaking, to join in, to suck in, to find itself in every local conflict. That is why Al Qaeda and Bin Laden, in particular, started talking so actively about the Middle East crisis, about the Palestinian issue, which he had not cared about before. But it is important for him to infiltrate this conflict so that he, too, becomes part of this huge jihad.

History knows terrorism as a form of social (essentially deviant) activity of individuals, directed against specific individuals. This is individual terrorism.

A direct continuation and, if this word is appropriate in this case, development of individual terror was socially oriented terror, which is characterized by a wider scope and scale. In this case, the individual becomes the object of terrorist violence not because of his own position or actions, but as an impersonal representative of a certain social group.

Another type is mass terrorism. If in the previous case “cleansing operations” are carried out with the goal of identifying and neutralizing or punishing persons who are de facto opponents of the desired order, then here a kind of “carpet bombing” is already carried out, during which all representatives of a certain group are subject to destruction. The most egregious manifestation of such terrorism is genocide.

The modern world is faced with a new type - diffuse terrorism. His attacks, as a rule, are not directed against those people who become victims of a terrorist attack. In this case, the targets of the attack are an indefinite number of relatively random people, such as passers-by in a Moscow underground passage.

The danger of such acts increases many times over, because modern life Huge crowds of people constantly and everywhere arise, be it in shopping centers, transport hubs or places of public recreation.

Modern literature distinguishes between state terror and opposition terror. The difference between these types of terrorist activities seems to be that state terror is open violence on the part of the ruling elites, relying on the power of the state's security forces in the form of repression. Opposition terror is violence or intimidation used as a means of political struggle by groups hostile to the ruling regime. It manifests itself most often in the form of individual terrorist acts - assassinations of government officials, explosions in public places, hostage-taking, etc.

There are other classifications of terrorist activity in the literature. For example, in a number of sources terrorism is classified in relation to the state (pro-government and anti-government), the degree and breadth of manifestation of the consequences of terrorist activity (international and domestic), the means used in terrorist activity (traditional and technological), the motives of terrorist activity (political, religious-nationalist, separatist). There are other classifications of terrorist activity, the geography of its spread, and terrorist ideological concepts. There are targeted (aimed at a specific person) terrorism and diffuse terrorism, the victims of which are random individuals. There are hidden and demonstrative terrorism.

Modern manifestations of terrorism are diverse. Today, technological terrorism poses a particular danger to the world community. Its essence consists in the use or threat of use of nuclear, chemical and bacteriological weapons, radioactive and highly toxic chemicals, biological substances, as well as the threat of seizure of nuclear and other industrial facilities that pose an increased danger to human life and health. As a rule, technological terrorism has political goals.

Technological terrorism can cause a systemic crisis for the entire world community. Today it poses a serious potential threat to international and national security. With further aggravation of the socio-political situation, differentiation of society, growth of unemployment, ethno-political tension in certain regions of the Russian Federation, technological terrorism can become a real threat to the vital interests of the individual, society and the state.

Facilities for storing and operating nuclear weapons are under the close attention of modern terrorist groups. Although these facilities are heavily guarded, the threat of terrorist use nuclear weapons remains.

There is a high probability of terrorist attacks using electronic suppression of state and corporate centers transmitting and receiving information, computer networks - software (often unique) and especially stored information.

The targets of a terrorist attack using the principle of electronic suppression can be banks, television studios, communication centers, publishing complexes, television and radio broadcasting satellites, communications and intelligence, electronic media, business centers, etc.

The danger of technological terrorism also lies in the fact that it is capable of causing emergency situations (emergency situations) of a natural and man-made nature, the consequences of which can be the death of people, changes in social structure society, psychological consequences, an increase in the number of homeless and unemployed, aggravation of interethnic and interfaith contradictions.

Modern terrorism has significant differences from terrorism of previous eras.

1. If in the past individual or group (organized) terrorism was geographically localized, now this phenomenon has become ubiquitous, a kind of globalization of terrorism has occurred.

2. Now people of different nationalities and from different countries, these groups operate both on the territory of the host state and far beyond its borders.

Modern global terrorism is distinguished by high organization and the existence of a single control center. At the same time, there are network structures that are weak or almost nonexistent. related friend with a friend and deeply secret groups aimed at specific tasks, as well as “sleeping groups” activated at the right moment.

Modern terrorism uses all the latest scientific advances, from satellite phones to global orientation systems; seeks to create and use bacteriological, chemical and nuclear weapons. He also makes extensive use of the media and the Internet, both to attract attention (and even sympathy) and to intimidate people, to maintain a state of fear.

A feature of globalized terrorism is the spontaneous formation of completely independent extremist groups, not associated with any center, and usually including individuals zombied by sermons and various ideological nonsense, specially trained propagandists - religious ministers and school teachers. Such spontaneous groups are almost impossible to identify. Such people draw tactics and methods of carrying out terrorist attacks from the Internet and the media

Modern terrorism requires significant funding. For many of its organizers, it has turned into a profitable business. The drug and arms trade provides funding for many terrorist activities. Interested politicians and often large businesses also participate in the financing of modern terrorism. The latter is carried out through legal foundations, often with formally noble goals.

Modern terrorism is closely associated with extremist ideologies and extremist sectarian religious movements, such as in Islam, where extremists transformed it into Wahhabism - an extremist-terrorist sect that undermines and prophesies traditional Islam.

Modern terrorism is increasingly associated with criminal structures and criminal businesses, which cover up their criminal activities by solving some social or national problems.

Serious and very dangerous phenomenon in modern terrorism there has been a rapid increase in the number of people attracted by the ideologists of terrorism and the leaders of terrorist groups who are ready to sacrifice their lives when committing a terrorist act. So-called lethal or suicidal terrorism is growing, Mujahideen suicide bombers have become almost a mass phenomenon.

Modern terrorism has completely abandoned all moral and moral standards. Terrorists no longer choose a victim, they choose a place where there can be a maximum number of victims (and the victims may have nothing to do with politics or power), and the most barbaric method of action in which such a result is achieved. The task of terrorists is to inflict maximum damage and create a climate of fear and panic in society.

One more and not the least feature of modern terrorism: if in the past terrorists were not sufficiently technologically prepared for acts of terror, modern terrorists often received training in intelligence services and at special-purpose training grounds. Now they are passing on this knowledge and skills to new generations of terrorists.

O. Belkov identifies the following features of modern terrorism:

· Increased cruelty of organizers and participants of terrorist actions;

· Use of political slogans and demands with a pronounced nationalist orientation;

· Professionalization, high degree of organization, tactics and technical equipment;

· Increasing militarization of the struggle.

The relationship between modern terrorism and the institution of statehood has shifted to new level. On the one hand, states are increasingly performing their functions of protecting citizens from terrorism. Apparently, this will continue to be the case, since there is no ideal society capable of overcoming the dialectical contradiction between the democratic aspirations of some of its citizens and the need to tighten legislation and limit freedoms to effectively combat terrorism. On the other hand, the rise of modern terrorism is undoubtedly predetermined by the active terrorist actions of states - institutions originally intended to combat terrorism.

One more important circumstance should be noted. It’s paradoxical, but true: technological progress is better used by terrorists than by their enemy, the state. In fact, thanks to technological progress, primarily the development of communications, and due to the absence of complex bureaucratic structures in terrorist organizations, the organization of terrorist attacks occurs faster than states have time to react to it. In other words, the speed at which a threat spreads turns out to be higher than the speed at which it responds. And the speed ratio is changing, apparently not for the better for us. For example, the procedure for financing the “work” of terrorist organizations is probably much simpler and shorter than the procedure for allocating funds for the fight against terrorism from state budgets. In principle, it is impossible to get budget money quickly. States are now too complicated, and all bureaucratic procedures in them are lengthy. In other words, the bureaucracy and irresponsibility of officials turn out to be accomplices of terrorists. Suffice it to remember that long before the September 11 terrorist attack in the United States, the FBI had important information about this, which was “stuck” on the lower floors of the bureaucratic structure. During major terrorist attacks in Russia, responsible officials delayed making decisions because they did not want to take responsibility.

There is a complex of reasons that give rise to terrorism in modern Russia which includes:

· Deep contradictions in the economic sphere, caused by the objective difficulties of the transition to a market, as well as the subjective rejection by part of the population of new relations or the method of transition to them;

· Growing social differentiation of the population: according to sociological research, about 20% of the population has fit into the new economic relations, about 30% are lumpen, and 40-50% are painfully looking for ways to survive;

· Low efficiency of the government apparatus and law enforcement agencies, lack of effective mechanisms for legal protection of the population;

· Fierce struggle for power of political parties and public associations pursuing political goals, or individual groups whose leaders have their own narrowly selfish goals;

· Decrease in the effectiveness of the functioning of protective mechanisms in the sphere of morality and ethics, loss of guidelines in educational work, primarily among young people;

· Growing tendencies to resolve emerging contradictions and conflicts by force;

· Strengthening social contradictions under the influence of the growing criminalization of society, especially the growth of organized crime, which creates its own system of protection from law enforcement agencies and control from society.

In general, the modern realities of terrorist activity in Russia are as follows:

· An unprecedented increase in terrorist attacks in recent years;

· Transformation of the terrorist’s personality and methods of carrying out terrorist actions;

· Terrorist activities and methods of their implementation often find “understanding” and a tolerant attitude on the part of individual social groups and entire social communities;

· The escalation of terrorism and political violence in a number of foreign countries affects the internal situation in the Russian Federation: organized crime is gaining unprecedented scope, using terrorist acts in its activities - explosions, hostage-taking, physical elimination of competitors, etc.

Terrorism has “overwhelmed” our daily life and has become, as it were, an indispensable component of it. And the roots of this social phenomenon, apparently, must be sought in the political conditions and processes emerging in modern Russian society and becoming more and more specific.