China is the oldest state in the world, which has luxurious natural resources. The country is a leader in reserves of many minerals such as iron ore, oil, coal, tungsten, zinc. This state competes with many countries in various industries. Today the country is a leader in the production of coal, cement and much more.

Water resources

The state is the leader in water resources with a theoretical energy reserve of 680 million kW. Rivers are geographically distributed not entirely evenly. About 64 percent of the entire territory is occupied by external drainage river basins. The country has huge reserves of water underground, but they are not quite evenly distributed. They are located on plains, also in river basins. Many areas are also rich in artesian basins, which are considered sources of irrigation.

China is also rich in lakes; there are two types: water-erosive and tectonic. There are many lakes on the Tibetan Plateau. The largest lakes are located in eastern China, which serve as the country's reservoirs during flood periods.

Land resources

The area of ​​China's arable land is 13.1 percent of the territory of the entire state. IN lately arable land is being reduced, main reason- return to plant forests. Another significant reason is the construction of roads and buildings. Some lands become unusable due to natural disasters, landslides, landslides, and slides.

The natural conditions of China are varied and therefore the soils vary - from red soils to gray-brown deserts. The formation of soil was influenced by the cultivation of rice for many centuries, which led to the formation of new types of soil.

Forest resources

There are approximately 30 thousand types of various plants in the state. By difference forest species the country comes first. Many valuable tree species grow in China: tung, tallow, poppy, sumac. The country's vegetation can be divided into savannah, steppe, swamp, desert, and forest. There are trees that have long since become extinct in other countries.

China is the leader in plywood production. Moreover, the country is a major player in the pulp and paper products market. The state is trying to reduce its need for wood. Today, China is considered one of the main importers of wood.

Mineral Resources

Mined: oil, coal, iron and magnesium ores, graphite, copper, tin. Tin, tungsten, and zinc are mined from non-ferrous metals (the country is a leader in these positions). Tungsten is a component of tool alloys in the form of carbide and is used in incandescent electric lamps.

The country is considered a world leader in the production of tin and lead. China has large reserves of tantalum, which is used to create hard alloys.

Alternative energy sources

In China, every year the amount of solar energy exceeds 6000 megahertz joules per square meter. m on 2/3 of the country's territory. The northwestern part of Tibet is considered the richest in solar energy resources.

According to rough estimates, the volume of wind energy in the continental part of the state is estimated at 253 million kW. Sources of wind energy are located in the north-central and northwestern parts of China, in the southeastern and coastal regions, and on the islands. Currently, the largest wind farm in China is Dabanchen.

Relief and minerals

China is one of the world's most resource-rich countries. Here they mine: coal, oil, magnesium and iron ores, tungsten, copper, graphite and tin. The country's largest deposits of coal (which in its origin dates back to the Jurassic period) and oil (mostly of the Mesozoic and Meso-Cenozoic periods) are concentrated within the Sinai shield. The largest deposits of non-ferrous and rare metals, of which the tungsten deposit, which ranks first in size in the world, is located within the South China Massif; antimony, tin, mercury, molybdenum, manganese, lead, zinc, copper and etc. And in the Tien Shan, Mongolian Altai, Kunlun, Khingan there are deposits of gold and other precious metals.

Agroclimatic resources

One of the main factors influencing the climatic characteristics of China is, first of all, the country’s position within three zones: temperate, subtropical and tropical. In addition, the large size of the mainland and inland areas, as well as the coastal location of the eastern and southern regions, has a significant impact.

The average January temperature ranges from -4 and below in the North (and in the North of the Greater Khingan to -30) and up to +18 in the South. In summer, the temperature regime is more varied: the average July temperature in the North is +20, and in the South +28.

Annual precipitation decreases as you move from the Southeast (2000 mm in the Southeast, mainland China, 2600 mm on Hainan Island) to the Northwest (on the Tarim Plain in some places up to 5 mm or less).

By temperature conditions in China there are southern and northern parts. The first has a moderate and warm climate even in winter, and the second has cold winters and a sharp temperature contrast between summer and winter. Based on the annual amount of precipitation, the eastern, relatively humid, and western arid zones are distinguished.

Land resources

In many ways, the climatic and topographic features of the country determined the wide variety of soils in China. The western part is characterized by desert-steppe complexes. Outside the Tibetan part, chestnut and brown soils of dry steppes, as well as dry-brown deserts, predominate, with significant areas of rocky or saline areas. A characteristic feature of this part of China is the predominance of gray soils, mountain chestnut and mountain meadow soils. On the Tibetan Plateau, high-mountain desert soils are more common.

For the eastern part of China, soils associated with forest associations are typical, and the most common in this territory are: soddy-podzolic, brown forest - in the mountains and dark-colored meadow - on the plains of the Northeast. Yellow soils, red soils and laterites, mainly in mountain varieties, are common in the south of the country.

In many ways, the peculiarities of the formation of soil resources in China were influenced by the centuries-old cultivation of the country’s oldest agricultural crop, rice, which led to changes in soils and the formation of essentially special varieties, such as “swampy rice” in the South and “eastern carbonate” in the South. Loess plateau.

Water resources

The relief features affected, first of all, the distribution of the country's water resources. The wettest parts are the Southern and Eastern parts, which have a dense and highly branched system. The largest rivers in China, the Yangtze and Yellow River, flow through these areas. These also include: Amur, Sungari, Yalohe, Xijiang, Tsagno. The rivers of eastern China are mostly high-water and navigable, and their regime is characterized by uneven seasonal flow - minimum flows in winter and maximum flows in summer. Floods caused by rapid spring and summer snowmelt are common on the plains.

The western, arid part of China is poor in rivers. Basically, they have little water, and navigation on them is poorly developed. Most of the rivers in this area do not flow into the sea, and their flow is episodic. The largest rivers in this area are the Tarim, Black Irtysh, Ili, and Edzin-Gol. The country's largest rivers, carrying their waters to the ocean, are blocked in the Tibetan Plateau.

China is rich not only in rivers, but also in lakes. There are two main types:

tectonic and water-erosive. The former are located in the central Asian part of the country, and the latter in the Yangtze River system. In the western part of China, the largest lakes are: Lop Nor, Kununor, Ebi-Nur. Lakes are especially numerous on the Tibetan Plateau. Most of the lowland lakes, as well as rivers, are low-water, many without wastewater and are saline. In the eastern part of China the largest are Dongting, Poyanghu, Taihu, located in the Yangtze River basin; Hongzohu and Gaoihu are in the Yellow River basin. During high water, many of these lakes become the country's natural reservoirs.

Flora and fauna

The special geographical position of China, due to which it is located in three zones at once: temperate, subtropical and tropical, influenced not only the formation of climatic conditions, topography and soil resources, but, above all, the diversity and richness of the country's flora and fauna. It is no coincidence that the flora and fauna of China includes more than 30 thousand species of various plants. It is also characteristic that out of 5 thousand tree and shrub species, about 50 are found only in China. There are also numerous relics of ancient flora. China ranks first in the world in terms of diversity of forest species. Such valuable technical species as poppy and tallow trees, tung, camellia oleifera and sumac grow here.

The country is divided into two main parts based on the nature of the vegetation cover: eastern and western. More common in the eastern part forest species vegetation, to the north of the Qinling ridge, summer-green trees stretch widely deciduous forests various types. In the central part of eastern China there are large plains, the forests here are almost cleared and the lands are plowed.

In the Northeast, taiga-type forests are common. Here you can find pine, birch, dwarf larch, spruce, oak, maple, cedar, cedar, hornbeam, walnut and even Amur velvet.

In the South and Southeast of China there are evergreen subtropical forests, in which you can find cypress, amphora laurel, lacquer and tallow trees, as well as the relict quininghami tree. Tropical forests have been preserved in their original form only on the island of Hainan.

One of the features flora In China, there is a contrast between the forested and deserted, mostly saline and completely devoid of vegetation areas of the western part. The number of animal species here is not large, although the animal world of China is rich and diverse. It has about 1 thousand 800 species of land animals only. The most common and numerous are deer, elk, leopards, brown bears, wild boars, monkeys, porcupines, gibbons, armadillos and even Indian elephants. The south-eastern territory of the country is richest in animal species.



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Introduction

1.1 Basic concepts, history

3. Development of a new tourism product

3.1 Design of a tourism product and service program

Conclusion

List of used literature

China tourism resource potential

Introduction

The features of modern world development are associated with the processes occurring in developing countries, which make up the majority of the world's states. Center economic growth East Asia became part of the world economy. China is one of the world's largest economic powers, whose GDP increased by 10% annually in the 80s and 90s.

China is one of the world's largest powers. Over 21% of the world's population lives on its territory. Internally, China's gross product in the 90s reached American levels and, according to World Bank estimates, in 2020 it will take first place in the world. China occupies one of the leading places in world trade. In 2013, China's total exports and imports amounted to more than $700 billion.

In December 2001, China joined the World Trade Organization. The admission decision is the result of Beijing's long consultations with other members of the organization on opening Chinese markets to foreign goods and services.

China ranks first in the world in the production of coal and textile products, and second in the production of electricity. In terms of absolute size of 26 types of products, China is among the ten largest producers in the world. Along with traditional industries, the electronics, aerospace, and automotive industries have developed.

Chinese People's Republic- the third largest country in the world by territory and the first by population - located in central and eastern Asia. The state borders on 16 countries, 1/3 of the borders are in the CIS countries. The economic and geographical position of the PRC is very favorable, since being located along the Pacific coast, the country has access to the sea from the most remote inland corners through the Yangtze River. China is one of the oldest states in the world, which emerged in the 14th century BC, and has a very complex history. Due to the obvious benefits of its position, the wealth of natural and agro-climatic resources, throughout its existence China attracted the attention of various conquerors. Even in ancient times, the country protected itself with the partially preserved Great Wall of China. The land area is 9.6 million square meters. km. The length of the land border is 22,800 km. China borders the DPRK in the east, Mongolia in the north, Russia in the northeast, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan in the northwest, Afghanistan, Pakistan, India, Nepal, Sikkim and Bhutan in the west and southwest, with Myanmar, Laos and Vietnam in the south. In the east and southeast, China shares maritime borders with the Republic of Korea, Japan, the Philippines, Brunei, Malaysia and Indonesia. The coast of mainland China is washed in the east and south by the waters of the Bohai, Yellow, East China and South China Seas. There are many convenient natural harbors and port cities along the coast. Among them, Shanghai, with highly developed industry, trade, banking and ocean shipping, is the largest city in China, and is also known as a major Asian and global metropolis. If you look at the territory of China from above, it looks like four-stage terraces, gradually descending from west to east. The highest is the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau, which is called the “roof of the world.”

Purpose course work is an analysis of the problems and prospects for the development of China's natural resource potential. Development of a new tourism product.

The objectives of the course work include:

- Assess China's natural resource potential.

- Show the directions of development of the country’s economy in conditions of shortage of raw materials and modern changes in the sectoral and territorial organization of the economy.

- Show the main strategic directions of foreign economic policy.

- Development of a new tourism product and its economic justification

1. Theoretical aspects of the development of China’s economic and natural resource potential

China is the world's largest agrarian-industrial power, therefore the main strategic goal of the PRC was to become the first position in the world in terms of industrial production. To eliminate backwardness and to increase the level of GDP, both total and per capita, China needs to maintain a sufficiently high pace of its development. The “engine” of the country’s economic growth is domestic consumption, domestic demand, and the rapid increase in the country’s colossal growth. The main sources of growth are: labor resources and natural resources.

Formation of a sustainable savings and investment mechanism based on high rates of accumulation and investment (in the structure of the country's GDP, investments account for about a third, which is twice the same figure in the United States). Economic growth is significantly influenced by the policy of openness of the national economy of the PRC. China is very highly integrated into the global system of economic relations. It ranks ninth as a leading exporter of goods and 11th as a leading importer of goods.

China accounts for almost 10% of global foreign direct investment, as well as 40% of all foreign direct investment made in foreign countries. Such a high share of China in the global investment market is explained in a rather unique way. Almost 80% of all foreign investors in the PRC economy are ethnic Chinese (Huaqiao) living abroad. Huaqiao control more than half of the total economic activity in countries Southeast Asia. At the same time, foreign direct investment in China has never exceeded 10% of total US foreign investment and only 5% of EU foreign investment.

Today, China has become one of the economic powers with the world's largest development potential. The life of the population as a whole has reached a moderately prosperous level. Thanks to the Chinese government's tireless efforts to strengthen and improve macro control, the country's national economy has maintained a trend of strong and dynamic growth in recent years. In 2013, China's GDP was 21.087 trillion yuan (about 2.7 trillion US dollars), an increase of 10.7 percent compared to the previous year.

China is one of the world's most resource-rich countries. Here they mine: coal, oil, magnesium and iron ores, tungsten, copper, graphite and tin. The country's largest deposits of coal (which in its origin dates back to the Jurassic period) and oil (mostly of the Mesozoic and Meso-Cenozoic periods) are concentrated within the Sinai shield. Deposits of non-ferrous and rare metals, the largest of which is the tungsten deposit, which ranks first in the world in size, are located within the South China Massif; antimony, tin, mercury, molybdenum, manganese, lead, zinc, copper and etc. And in the Tien Shan, Mongolian Altai, Kunlun, Khingan there are deposits of gold and other precious metals.

The relief features affected, first of all, the distribution of the country's water resources. The wettest parts are the Southern and Eastern parts, which have a dense and highly branched system. China's largest rivers, the Yangtze and Yellow Rivers, flow through these areas. These also include: Amur, Sungari, Yalohe, Xijiang, Tsagno. The rivers of eastern China are mostly high-water and navigable, and their regime is characterized by uneven seasonal flow - minimum flows in winter and maximum flows in summer. Floods caused by rapid spring and summer snowmelt are common on the plains.

China is rich not only in rivers, but also in lakes. There are two main types: tectonic and water-erosive. The former are located in the central Asian part of the country, and the latter in the Yangtze River system. In the western part of China, the largest lakes are: Lop Nor, Kununor, Ebi-Nur. Lakes are especially numerous on the Tibetan Plateau. Most of the lowland lakes, as well as rivers, are low-water, many without wastewater and are saline. In the eastern part of China the largest are Dongting, Poyanghu, Taihu, located in the Yangtze River basin; Hongzohu and Gaoihu are in the Yellow River basin. During high water, many of these lakes become the country's natural reservoirs.

One of the main factors influencing the climatic characteristics of China is, first of all, the country’s position within three zones: temperate, subtropical and tropical. In addition, the large size of the mainland and inland areas, as well as the coastal location of the eastern and southern regions, has a significant impact.

Based on the temperature regime in China, a distinction is made between the southern and northern parts. The first has a moderate and warm climate even in winter, and the second has cold winters and a sharp temperature contrast between summer and winter. Based on the annual amount of precipitation, the eastern, relatively humid, and western, arid zones are distinguished.

In many ways, the climatic and topographic features of the country determined the wide variety of soils in China. The western part is characterized by desert-steppe complexes. The Tibetan part is dominated by chestnut and brown soils of dry steppes, as well as dry-brown deserts, with significant areas of rocky or saline areas. A characteristic feature of this part of China is the predominance of gray soils, mountain chestnut and mountain meadow soils. On the Tibetan Plateau, high-mountain desert soils are more common.

The special geographical position of China, due to which it is located in three zones at once: temperate, subtropical and tropical, influenced not only the formation of climatic conditions, topography and soil resources, but, above all, the diversity and richness of the country's flora and fauna. It is no coincidence that the flora and fauna of China has more than 30 thousand species various plants. It is also characteristic that out of 5 thousand tree and shrub species, about 50 are found only in China. There are also numerous relics of ancient flora. China ranks first in the world in terms of diversity of forest species. Such valuable technical species as poppy and tallow trees, tung, camellia oleifera and sumac grow here.

The country is divided into two main parts based on the nature of the vegetation cover: eastern and western. In the eastern part, forest types of vegetation are more common; summer-green ones extend to the north of the Qinling Ridge broadleaf forests of various types. In the central part of eastern China there are large plains, the forests here are almost cleared and the lands are plowed.

In the South and Southeast of China there are evergreen subtropical forests in which you can find cypress, camphor laurel, lacquer and tallow trees, as well as the relict quininghami tree. Tropical forests have been preserved in their original form only on the island of Hainan.

One of the features of the flora of China is the contrast between the forest and desert, mostly salt marsh and completely devoid of vegetation areas of the western part. The number of animal species here is not large, although the animal world of China is rich and diverse. It has about 1 thousand 800 species of land animals only. The most common and numerous are deer, elk, leopards, brown bears, wild boars, monkeys, porcupines, gibbons, armadillos and even Indian elephants. The south-eastern territory of the country is richest in animal species. Relict and endemic forms predominate here, such as raccoon (little panda) and bamboo bear(giant panda), shrew moles and many others.

The territory of China is divided into seven large natural regions. In the Eastern part (from North to South) there are: 1) North-Eastern region, 2) Northern region, 3) Central region, 4) Southern region. And in the Western part (from North to South) - 5) Mongol-Xinzon region, 6) Qinghao-Tibet region, 7) Sanoi-Yunnan paradise.

1.1 Basic concepts, history

The beginning of the 1990s was marked by high rates of economic development. The expansion of the export-oriented private enterprise sector is facilitating China's rapid integration into the global economy.

Traditional economics. Ancient agriculture in China began with the cultivation of forage grasses in the dry lands of the northern part of the country and the production of rice in the humid subtropical regions of the lower Yangtze River basin. The most common and numerous domestic animals were pigs. IN early period During the reign of the Han Dynasty (206 BC - 9 AD), the Chinese invented some agricultural tools and methods of agricultural work, which began to be used in Europe and the Middle East much later. Perhaps the most notable tool was the moldboard plow made of durable metal (methods for its smelting were improved in the 3rd century BC). Among the new agricultural tools was a multi-tube planting machine, which made furrows in the ground and planted seeds directly into the soil, thereby reducing unnecessary seed loss. The device, which was a winnowing machine with fan-type blades driven by a crank, greatly reduced the time needed to clean threshed grain. During the reign of the Ming dynasty (1368-1644) and at the early stage of the Manchu Qing dynasty (1644-1912), the area of ​​cultivated lands expanded, they were irrigated, and fertilizers were used. Where the seeds were used best quality and new crops were introduced, mainly corn, and higher yields were obtained.

Economic development: 1949-1990s. During the first three years of its existence, the PRC focused its main efforts on eliminating the devastating consequences civil war. The main emphasis was placed on the development of heavy industry and collectivization in agriculture. During the implementation of the first five-year plan (1953-1957), preference was given to the development of heavy industry (its output increased by 75%). However, Mao Zedong was not satisfied with the rate of economic growth and turned China towards the path of “comprehensive industrialization” (the “Great Leap Forward” program). The idea was to mobilize the entire population of the country for intensive work in order to short term achieve an increase in the output of agricultural and industrial products.

A key element of the program was the creation of "yard blast furnaces" to produce metal from low-grade local ore, scrap metal and even old kitchen utensils. Millions of peasants and urban workers, in accordance with instructions from above, were forced to abandon fields and factories to service the “blast furnaces.” Although this program resulted in total iron and steel production in China exceeding that of the UK in just a few years, the by-products were economic confusion and waste of natural resources, including clear-cutting of forests for charcoal and ultimately In the end - severe famine. According to some reports, the famine in 1959-1961 claimed almost 30 million lives.

When Mao Zedong withdrew from active political leadership of the country, Deng Xiaoping and Zhou Enlai tried to return China to a strategy of balanced economic development. However, these efforts were thwarted by the factional opposition activities of the party leaders who came to power during the Cultural Revolution. The era of fear and suffering ended only with the death of Mao Zedong in 1976.

Throughout this period, the implementation of the five-year plans continued, with a constant emphasis on the development of heavy industry and huge expenditures on the army. After 1978, power in the country passed to Deng Xiaoping. Achieving his goal of quadrupling the power of the Chinese economy by 2000 required both a sharp increase in the efficiency of agricultural production and a comprehensive restructuring of industry.

Since 1991, the volume of foreign trade began to increase. In 2002, the growth of gross domestic product (GDP) was 8%. By the beginning of 1997, the volume of foreign investment in the Chinese economy exceeded $40 billion.

The largest banks include the Industrial and Commercial Bank of China and the Agricultural Bank of China. Each of them has more than 2000 branches. In general, the banking system employs over 1 million employees. Since the late 1970s, almost every major European, North American and Asian bank has opened at least one of its branches in Beijing, Shanghai or the southern provinces.

Employment of the population. Creating new jobs is one of the most difficult economic problems. In 1990, the working-age population was estimated at 24 million people, with only 16 million retiring. Thus, according to the most rough estimates, the net increase in the number labor force in 1990 it was approx. 8 million people.

Actual employment in the country's national economy in 1992 reached 594 million people, and in 1996 - 688.5 million. Almost 85 million men and women of working age are classified as people engaged in domestic work; 28 million - students (over 16 years old); almost 11 million people were classified as unspecified “others.” In 1997, according to official data, the number of unemployed in cities amounted to 6 million people (3.2% of the working-age urban population).

Natural resources and security environment. The depths of China are rich in mineral resources, primarily coal, oil, gas, iron, polymetallic, manganese, tungsten, aluminum, copper, mercury ores, gold, silver, etc. Therefore, the mining industry has been widely developed in the country, and on its basis - manufacturing , mainly metallurgical (including non-ferrous metallurgy) and chemical.

The intensive use of our own energy resources has already led to significant deterioration of the environment, in particular to severe air pollution in cities and acid rain. China has lost more than a third of its arable land area since the late 1950s due to deforestation, desertification, erosion, soil salinization, and industrial and urban development. In addition, the quality of agricultural land is gradually declining due to the replacement of traditional organic fertilizers with chemical ones.

As a result of clear-cutting of forests, the condition of water resources is deteriorating. Currently, almost all northern provinces experience chronic water shortages. Water quality is declining as volumes of uncontrolled wastewater increase, mainly from thousands of new private industries.

In 1995, China's energy mix was dominated by coal (73%), followed by hydropower (19%), oil (6%) and nuclear energy (1%). The richest deposits of hard coal are concentrated in China (proven reserves amount to 270 billion tons); the country ranks first in the world in its production (1.4 billion tons in 1997).

Electricity production in China in 1997 amounted to 1132 billion kWh. Compared to Japan, Western Europe and North America, factories in China typically use three times more electricity per unit of output. With the adoption of economic rationalization measures in the 1980s, China discovered a new "source" of energy - energy conservation. The result went far beyond simply improving the efficiency of specific industrial processes and led to an adjustment in the energy consumption structure. Various energy-saving measures, including the closure of the most outdated factories and the attraction of new foreign enterprises and technologies to the country, have reduced overall energy consumption by almost 40%.

The vast territory of the country and the diversity of climatic conditions, soils and topography were the reason for the formation of various agroecosystems. More than 50 types of field crops, 80 types of garden crops and 60 types of horticultural crops are grown in China.

Sericulture has been practiced in China for 4,000 years. The mulberry silkworm is bred in the southern and eastern regions, and the oak silkworm in Northeast China.

In terms of fish catch and seafood production in the mid-1990s, China held first place in the world (21.1 million tons).

Eastern China, which accounts for a third of the country's territory, is the most densely populated region in the world, but even here the transport network remains poorly developed. The overall increase in the length of Chinese railways compared to 1979 was less than 10%. Over the same period, the number of passenger cars increased by almost 70%, and the volume of passenger traffic tripled.

Having entered the arena of international trade, China was forced to develop maritime shipping. In 1996, China ranked 10th in the world in terms of maritime tonnage (17 million tons). The marine fleet consists of universal and combined vessels, dry cargo ships, and tankers.

Service industry Over the past decades, the traditional Chinese entrepreneurial spirit has flourished in Taiwan, Hong Kong and Singapore, while in the PRC it has been systematically eradicated.

The early 1980s were characterized by an increase in the number of private traders and small businesses in the most various fields services, and by the end of the decade, the streets of Chinese cities were literally filled with various repair shops, restaurants and other small private sector businesses.

Until 1960, all of China's foreign trade, with a few exceptions, was conducted with the USSR and its European allies (mainly Czechoslovakia, Poland and East Germany). The development of foreign trade resumed in the early 1970s. After China declared an “open door” policy in 1971 Western countries, its foreign trade turnover tripled in just 4 years.

In terms of individual commodities, in the late 1980s the value of ready-made garment exports exceeded the total value of oil exports, China's largest export for many years. We came in third and fourth place cotton fabrics and seafood. China's main trading partners in the 1980s and first half of the 1990s were Hong Kong, Japan, the United States and Germany, and Hong Kong, in turn, re-exported many goods purchased from China. Factors that make Chinese exports competitive in world markets include low labor costs for Chinese workers, large foreign investment in light industry, and rapid improvements in quality. finished products, produced at enterprises owned by Hong Kong businessmen, and the repeated devaluation of the Chinese yuan. All this led to a sharp change in the nature of the trade balance between China and the United States in favor of China. If in 1990 in the United States, exports to China slightly exceeded imports from China, then by 1993 the US deficit amounted to approx. $20 billion, second only to the trade deficit with Japan, and in 1998 surpassed it. In the 1990s, the flow of foreign tourists to China increased, and in the mid-1990s, 26 million people visited the country. In terms of tourism income ($10.2 billion), China ranked 9th in the world.

1.2 Current state and problems of economic potential

The impressive successes achieved in the PRC during the period of economic reforms (since the late 70s) have attracted the attention of the whole world. An integral part of the Chinese transformation strategy is a policy of openness to the outside world. Foreign economic openness is considered in China a necessary condition modernization of the country.

In December 1978, the Third Plenum of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China shifted the main focus of the party’s work to economic construction; in 1982, the 22nd Party Congress adopted a strategy for the modernization of society, designed in three stages:

Stage 1 - increase gross industrial output by 4 times and agriculture by the year 2000, to achieve average living standards for the people. This task was completed ahead of schedule in 1995.

Stage 2 - raise China to the level of a moderately developed country (according to international standards) by 2021.

Stage 3 - by 2049 (100th anniversary of the People's Republic of China), transform China into a modern, highly developed power.

Foreign trade regulation reform

One of the priority foundations for China's high economic growth rates, according to many analysts, is the use of a policy of accelerated industrialization and the country's export orientation.

Liberalization of China's foreign trade system is a long-term process that allows for the possibility of tactical retreats. The Chinese government has never sought to curry favor with international business circles by quickly removing tariff and quantity barriers to imported goods and services. Reasonable protectionist protection of national industries is an integral part of the industrial policy of the PRC.

This rather high level of protectionist protection of the Chinese market displeased Western countries, and for a long time they denied China the opportunity to become a member of the WTO (World Trade Organization).

Negotiations on joining the above-mentioned organization began back in 1986, and the PRC became a member of the WTO only in 2001.

Since then, the country has managed to create a positive image by fulfilling its obligations as a WTO member.

The American Chamber of Commerce in China notes that important indicators The Chinese government's responsible approach to implementing its obligations included reducing customs tariffs and opening access to the financial market and other areas.

Before 2001, banking business, market securities, tourism and education are areas that are virtually inaccessible to foreign investors. Today, about 200 commercial structures of foreign banks from 20 countries and regions of the world operate in China. More than 80 of them are engaged in transactions in yuan. Credit balances in these structures exceeded 20 billion US dollars.

In addition, in the first three years of membership alone, more than 2,300 Chinese laws and regulations were reviewed for amendment or repeal in accordance with WTO rules.

In turn, over the years of membership, China's foreign trade turnover has doubled. In January-November 2013, this figure reached a record high of 1 trillion. dollars. The same is true with foreign investments. By the end of October 2014, more than 250 thousand enterprises with foreign capital had been opened in China. China has actually spent $550 billion in investments.

The monetary unit of China is the yuan (renminbi) = 10 jiao = 100 fen. The growth in foreign trade volumes in recent years has been largely facilitated by changes in the foreign exchange regulation regime. In 1994, the multiple exchange rates of the yuan were abolished. The official rate began to be established on the basis of the market rate formed in the newly created system of interbank trading. For state-owned enterprises and foreign trade companies, the previous practice of foreign exchange allocations has been abolished, and all export proceeds must now be sold entirely to authorized state-owned banks. At the same time, access to foreign currency purchases was liberalized: to do this, Chinese companies only need to submit an import contract and a copy of the relevant license to the bank. Somewhat earlier, from the beginning of 1992, the Chinese received the right to purchase foreign currency in state banks. individuals, going abroad.

A positive balance of payments for current transactions is constantly maintained. As a result, the Chinese economy has demonstrated resistance to adverse external influences. Controlled “openness of the economy” has shown its advantages in times of crisis in financial sector world economy.

Structure of capital inflows and external debt. In the area of ​​attracting foreign capital to the Chinese economy, the achievements of the openness policy are indisputable.

A free enterprise zone is a part of a country’s territory in which joint entrepreneurship of a number of countries is allowed in various forms. In such zones, preferential taxes and customs duties are introduced, and “soft” rental regimes, visas, currency exchange, and labor hiring are established. All these measures are designed to attract foreign investment.

Currently, there are 4 special economic zones in China - Shenzhen, Zhuhai, Shantou, Xiamen, 14 free (duty-free) trade zones, 53 high and new technology zones, more than 70 scientific and technical zones for specialists educated abroad, 38 zones for processing export-oriented products.

An example is data from the Shenzhen region, which received official free economic zone status in August 1980. OER Shenzhen is the fastest growing zone: in 1980-2001, the average annual growth of its GDP exceeded 29.5%. The city is the first in China in terms of foreign trade volumes.

Three of China's four Special Economic Zones (SEZs) - Shenzhen, Zhuhai and Shantou - are located in Guangdong province. Thanks in part to this, Guangdong Province occupies a leading position in mainland China in the production of electronics, textiles, food, pharmaceutical products and is a leader in manufacturing household appliances. The province is home to assembly plants of such giants as Nissan, Honda and Toyota; the province's oil and petrochemical industry is dominated by the Chinese corporation Sinopec; among electronics manufacturers we can highlight Chinese corporations BBK Electronics, TCL; The region is also home to the production of Guangzhou Pharmaceutical (GP), one of the largest pharmacy chains in China.

China is an industrial-agrarian country. With a country population of 1 billion 313 million people (every fifth inhabitant of our planet is Chinese), the GDP per capita is 1470 USD, and the total volume of the country’s GDP is 1932 billion USD. Over the years of reform, China's national economy has become dynamic; by the end of the 80s, the volume of gross industrial and agricultural output doubled. The space, aviation, nuclear, petrochemical and radio-electronic industries have developed. Traditionally developed industries are textile (1st place in the world in the production of fabrics, cotton, wool), coal, ferrous metallurgy. In terms of the number of industrial enterprises and the number of people employed in them, China ranks first in the world. About half of the products are produced by small enterprises. Large industry is concentrated mainly in coastal areas. Coal production (over 1.14 billion tons per year), oil (144 million tons, 5th place in the world). In terms of electricity production (820 billion kWh, mainly at coal-fired thermal power plants), China ranks 4th in the world. The industry is developed - mechanical engineering, smelting of non-ferrous metals, production of household appliances. China is in 1st place in the production of bicycles (over 3 million units per year).

Sharp accelerations in GDP growth are usually accompanied by economic overheating and inflation surges. To curb it, the authorities are forced to periodically resort to “regulating” the economy—measures of restrictive financial policy. As a result, price growth slows, but the price for this is a concomitant slowdown in economic growth. Periods of acceleration and settlement follow one after another, forming a certain cyclical trend.

2. Analysis of problems and prospects for the development of China’s natural resource potential

The depths of China are rich in mineral resources, primarily coal, oil, gas, iron, polymetallic, manganese, tungsten, aluminum, copper, mercury ores, gold, silver, etc. Therefore, the mining industry has been widely developed in the country, and on its basis - manufacturing , mainly metallurgical (including non-ferrous metallurgy) and chemical. The intensive use of our own energy resources has already led to significant deterioration of the environment, in particular to severe urban air pollution and acid rain. China has lost more than a third of its arable land area since the late 1950s due to deforestation, desertification, erosion, soil salinization, and industrial and urban development. In addition, the quality of agricultural land is gradually declining due to the replacement of traditional organic fertilizers with chemical ones. As a result of clear-cutting of forests, the condition of water resources is deteriorating. Resources fresh water are estimated at 2800 km3, but they are distributed extremely unevenly. Currently, almost all northern provinces experience chronic water shortages. Water quality is declining as volumes of uncontrolled wastewater increase, mainly from thousands of new private industries. In monetary terms, direct and indirect losses from environmental pollution and the deterioration of ecosystems are already estimated at 15% of GDP. Energy. In 1995, China's energy mix was dominated by coal (73%), followed by hydropower (19%), oil (6%) and nuclear energy (1%). The richest deposits of hard coal are concentrated in China (proven reserves amount to 270 billion tons); the country ranks first in the world in its production (1.4 billion tons in 1997). Deposits are concentrated mainly in the northern and northeastern provinces (Shanxi province alone accounts for about a quarter of all coal production). Among the largest coal mining centers are Huainan, Hegang, Kailuan, Datong, Fushun, and Fuxin. In addition, there are a lot of small deposits scattered throughout the country, and approximately half of the coal is mined in 11 thousand small coal mines. Throughout the 1950s, China imported relatively small quantity oil from the USSR, but in the mid-1960s, after exploration of a large oil field in Heilongjiang province, it became self-sufficient. With subsequent discoveries oil fields, especially in Shandong and Hebei provinces, oil production potential has more than doubled. According to data at the beginning of 1997, the total oil reserves in China were 94 billion tons; today the total proven reserves are 16 billion barrels (January 1, 2009). Place of the country in the world: 14. Large oil reserves have been explored in Northwestern China - in Gansu province, Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region, in the Tsaidam Depression (Tibetan Plateau); in Northeast China - in the valleys of the Songhua and Liaohe rivers. In the early 1980s, China undertook intensive offshore exploration. Promising oil fields have been identified in the Bohai and Liaodong Gulfs, the East China Sea and the South China Sea. In 1996, China took fifth place in the world in oil production; today oil production is 3991 thousand barrels / day (2009). Natural gas reserves at the beginning of 1997 were estimated at 39 trillion. m3, they are concentrated in Sichuan province. Natural gas production 82940 million cubic meters (2009). Country’s place in the world: 8. It is planned to increase methane production from coal mines in Northern China. In terms of potential reserves of hydropower resources, China is ahead of all countries in the world, but the pace of hydropower development is hampered by a lack of capital necessary for the construction of large dams. Currently, several large hydropower structures are at the final stage of construction, including the Sanxia hydroelectric power station on the Yangtze River with a design capacity of 17.7 million kW. Electricity production in China in 1997 amounted to 1132 billion kWh, and in 2008. 3451 billion kWh The country’s place in the world.

2.1 Analysis of China's natural resource potential

China has enormous resource potential. China ranks third in the world in terms of total mineral reserves. China has large reserves of tungsten, tin, antimony, lead, mercury, zinc, and molybdenum. The amount of rare earth metals exceeds the total reserves of the rest of the world. China's energy sources include oil, coal, natural gas, and oil shale. China has almost one-third of the world's coal reserves.

1 Land resources.

Data on the structure of China's land resources are very contradictory. Only the total area of ​​the territory is beyond doubt (9.6 million km2, i.e. 960 million hectares). Approximately, the structure of China's land resources can be as follows: arable land - 13%, forests - 14%, steppes - 33%, open water spaces - 2%, built-up areas - 3%, deserts and desertified lands - 17%. The remaining 18% is made up of glaciers, highlands and other “waste” lands. Let us consider these categories of land in more detail.

According to various estimates, the forest area of ​​the PRC ranges from 280 to 400 million hectares. A more accurate figure for the current area of ​​steppes is 315-320 million hectares. The steppes stretch in a 3,000 km long strip across China from northeast to southwest. In general, there is a tendency to reduce their area. The main factor in this regard is desertification. The built-up area, which accounts for 3% of the territory of the PRC, generally tends to grow.

2 Water resources.

The total river flow resources of China are 2800 km/year. This corresponds to 6.6% of the world's river flow and 19.3% of the total Asian river flow. According to this indicator, the country ranks 5th in the world after Brazil, Russia, Canada and the USA. There are more than 1,500 rivers in the country, each with a drainage area of ​​more than 1,000 km². Most rivers flow east or south and belong to the Pacific drainage basin, which covers 56.8% of the entire country. The largest rivers in this basin are the Yangtze, Yellow River, Amur, Zhujiang (Xijiang, Pearl), flowing in the eastern part of China. More than a third of the country's area belongs to inland drainage basins, covering the Tibetan Plateau and large parts of northern China and Xinjiang. The largest river here is the Tarim. Rivers of the Indian Ocean basin drain the south of the Tibetan and west of the Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau. Only 50 thousand km² belong to the Arctic Ocean basin. The largest river in this basin is the Irtysh, the upper reaches of which are located in the PRC.

China has many lakes. Among them are 2848 natural lakes with an area of ​​more than 1 km² each, including 130 lakes with a water area of ​​more than 100 km². Most of the lakes are located in the basin of the middle and lower reaches of the river. Yangtze and on the Qinghai-Tibetan plateau.

The area of ​​the Chinese seas (within a 12-mile zone) is 348.09 thousand km², and the area of ​​the exclusive economic zone (200 miles from the coast) is 3.2 million km², while the length coastline exceeds 30 thousand km.

Despite abundant water resources, there is only 2,220 m3 of fresh water per capita per year, only a quarter of the world average and ranking 109th out of 149 countries.

3 Mineral and energy resources.

China is extremely rich in mineral resources; its total reserves rank third in the world. Of the approximately two hundred types of existing mineral resources, its depths contain 156 types on an industrial scale, including 9 energy, 54 metals, 90 non-metals, 3 other liquid and gaseous minerals. In recent years, China has been investing heavily in prospecting and exploration.

By the nature of their use, mineral resources can be divided as follows: 1) fuel and energy (oil, gas, coal, shale, uranium ores, etc.); 2) ores of ferrous metals (iron, manganese, chrome); 3) ores of non-ferrous metals (zinc, aluminum, cobalt, nickel, tin, tungsten, etc.); 4) ores of noble metals (gold, platinum, silver); 5) mining chemical raw materials (phosphorites, apatites, sulfur, salts, bromine, etc.); 6) precious and ornamental stones (diamond, garnet, corundum, etc.); 7) non-metallic industrial raw materials (mica, graphite, quartz, asbestos, etc.); 8) non-metallic building materials (marble, clay, granite, etc.); 9) hydromineral raw materials (underground fresh and mineralized waters). Let us consider the situation with these categories of mineral resources in more detail.

Although China was the first country to discover the use of oil, the development of a modern oil industry did not begin until the 1950s. Currently, China ranks 9th in the world in terms of proven oil reserves (4.0 billion tons), and fifth in terms of production (162 million tons in 2006).

Other types of fuel and energy resources in China include radioactive minerals and oil shale. Radioactive minerals in China are mainly represented by uranium and thorium. In terms of uranium ore reserves (0.5 thousand tons), the country ranks 6th in the world

Ferrous metal ores. Iron ore reserves are estimated at almost 50 billion tons, which is about 19% of the world's reserves. China is the clear leader in their production. Non-ferrous metal ores. Among non-ferrous metals, China has reserves of tungsten, tin, tantalum, zinc, molybdenum, lead and mercury. In all these positions, China is among the leaders.

Precious metal ores. Over the past years, China has consistently held fifth place in the world in gold production. The richest gold-bearing areas include the following: the Jiadong Peninsula along the eastern edge of the platform; gold-bearing provinces in the Daqingshan, Yanliao and Changbai Mountains along the northern edge; Xiao Qinling-Xiong Ershan along the south-central edge of the platform; Qinling Mountains along the southwestern edge of the platform. In each of these areas there are several dozen deposits.

Mining chemical raw materials. Of all types of mining chemical raw materials, antimony is the most common in China. It is mainly used for the manufacture of fire retardants - compounds that reduce the flammability of wood, fabrics and other materials. Antimony is also used in the chemical industry, in semiconductors, in the manufacture of ceramics and glass, and as a lead hardener in car batteries. China contains 52% of the world's antimony reserves, estimated at 6 million tons.

China ranks second in the world in production of table salt, accounting for 14%. Its source is numerous salt lakes and sea water. In obtaining salt from sea water, China is a recognized leader. The area of ​​salt evaporators is 430 thousand hectares. In 2007, China produced more than 29 million tons of salt.

The country ranks first in the world in hydropower reserves (680 million kW), which is explained by two circumstances: 1) a significant volume of surface runoff (2800 km/year, which is almost equal to the runoff of the whole of Europe); 2) the sources of most large rivers are located on the high-mountainous Tibetan Plateau and their upper reaches are characterized by waterfalls.

China is the world leader in the production of biogas from agricultural waste. There are significant reserves of geothermal energy concentrated in Tibet and Yunnan Province. The first geothermal power plant with a capacity of 7 thousand kW was built in Tibet back in 1977.

4 Demographic resources.

Life expectancy in China is 73 years. The average life expectancy for men is 71 years, for women - 74 years.

According to the “Communique on the Socio-Economic Development of the People's Republic of China for 2008”, issued on February 26, 2009 by the State Statistics Administration of the People's Republic of China, the total population at the end of 2008 was 1328.02 million people, an increase compared to the previous year - 6.73 million people The sex ratio (number of men per 100 women) in the population birth rate was 120.5

2.2 Recreational resources and their use

China, rich in recreational resources and possessing a unique nature and rich cultural and historical heritage, is an attractive destination for tourists around the world. At the same time, the size of China's population, combined with the growth of incomes, arouses interest in it from the point of view of outbound tourism, as one of the largest donor countries.

Tourism began to have a significant impact on the Chinese economy after 1978 with the introduction of the “open door” policy by the country’s government, when restrictions on foreign trade were lifted, the attraction of foreign capital and the growth of technical and economic cooperation with other countries began to be actively encouraged. For the development of tourism, the intensification of China's foreign policy, Beijing's participation in various international organizations and conferences, the expansion of cultural ties, scientific and student exchange, and much more were of great importance.

Great attention was paid to expanding the country's recreational resources - laws on forests and on the protection of cultural monuments were adopted. In 1985, China acceded to the Convention Concerning the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage.

Recreational resources can be divided as follows

1) natural (hydrological, climatic, forest, landscape, geological, hydrogeological, specially protected natural complexes);

2) balneology (mineral waters, therapeutic mud);

3) architectural and historical (monuments of culture, history and archeology).

The list of tourist attractions includes 99 of the most famous cities, 750 legally protected cultural sites and 119 sites of scenic, historical or cultural interest. In total, they occupy more than 1% of the country's territory. The most famous are the 27 attractions included by UNESCO in the list of world natural and cultural heritage sites.

The diversity of natural conditions largely determines the wealth of recreational resources in China. Hydrological recreational resources are based on a large number of rivers, lakes and vast marine areas. Special mention should be made of waterfalls. There are a lot of them in China, the largest and most famous is Huangoshu Falls in Guizhou Province. People call it the "Milky Way on Earth." It has a height of 74 m, a width of 81 m and is one of the widest and most majestic waterfalls in the world. In the same province on the river. Zhangjiang has a whole cascade of waterfalls (there are about seventy of them on a 2 km stretch).

The most famous tourism and recreation area on this island is the Sanya region. Even in winter, the water temperature is 18-22 0 C, there is a wide range of marine entertainment - water parks, diving, diving boards, boats, etc. To develop underwater tourism, a special submarine is operated here, capable of diving with 40 passengers per depth 50 m. For one hour, tourists explore coral reefs with their rich life. It should be noted that in general the Chinese coast is very favorable for the development of sea tourism. There are more than 1,500 sites there that have some form of recreational value, and 196 Chinese coastal cities are actively involved in the development of marine tourism.

For ski resorts, the combination of hydrological (abundance of snow) and climatic (length of period with negative temperatures) resources is also important. At first glance, the territory of China, due to its rather southern location, is not suitable for the development of this type of tourism. Back in 1994, the ski industry in the country was practically non-existent. Only 200 Chinese had skiing skills. However, in recent years the country has experienced a real ski boom. Now the number of ski resorts exceeds a hundred, of which about ten meet Western standards in terms of their capabilities and equipment.

The recognized leader among the country's ski resorts is the Yabuli resort, located 195 km from Harbin (within the city of Shangzhi) and covering an area of ​​23 km 2. It is equipped with 9 lifts, has 11 ski slopes (length up to 3080 m, width 40 m, average slope 22.60), as well as the world's longest toboggan run. Snow stays here from November to April, it maximum thickness reaches 1 m. In 1996, the III Asian Winter Games were held in Yabuli.

China's rich fauna is a significant recreational resource. In recent years, hunting tourism has developed greatly. In 1985, Chinese-American Liu Guole put forward a proposal to organize research into hunting resources in China. At the same time, the State Council of the People's Republic of China approved the creation of the Taoshan hunting reserve for foreigners in Heilongjiang province, in which hunting for roe deer, wapiti and wild boar was allowed. There are currently 24 hunting reserves for foreigners in China, covering a total area of ​​6,527 km2.

Biological recreational resources also include national parks, the number of which is constantly growing in China. For example, on January 23, 1996, such a park was opened near Harbin. It contains 30 Amur tigers. People watch them from the comfort of special tourist buses, while the animals enjoy complete freedom of movement. During this time, the park was visited by more than 350 thousand people.

Geological recreational resources are also of certain importance. For example, China is one of the countries with the widespread development of karst processes and, accordingly, a wide distribution of karst landforms. The country has many caves that attract tourists.

China also has significant spa resources. In particular, the country has a large number of deposits of thermal mineral waters. Their reserves are especially large in the Tianjin region, located in the northern part of the Great Chinese Plain. Thermal water reservoirs are mainly confined to carbonate rocks of the Upper Paleozoic and Middle Proterozoic, the water temperature exceeds 900 C. The total thickness of the layer of sedimentary rocks containing mineral waters exceeds 1000 m. In total, there are 13 aquifer layers of sandstone, closer to the surface the water temperature decreases and is 25-700 C. All aquifers contain high-quality mineral water suitable for medical use (Liao et al., 2000).

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Natural conditions of China

10th grade student

Amromina Anatolia

The western, large part of China's territory is vast desert and semi-desert mountainous areas with a harsh climate and high-lying equally deserted plains with hot summers and cold winters. The eastern part has significantly lower mountains and low-lying plains with a temperate climate in the North, subtropical in the middle and tropical in the South.

The coasts of China are significantly indented. The largest bays are West Korean, Liaodong, Boihwan and Bakbo (Tonkin). The largest peninsulas are Liaodong, Shandong and Leizhoubandao. Shores of the Yellow Sea peninsulas. And almost the entire Chinese coast of the South. The Chinese Sea is rocky, steep, replete with bays, islands and reefs; the rest of the area is low and shallow.

Most of China's territory, mainly in the East, is occupied by the Chinese Plate.

China is rich in mineral resources. Within the Sinian shield there are large deposits of coal, oil, and iron ores; within the South China massif there are large deposits of tungsten (1st place in the world), tin, mercury, and antimony. There are numerous gold deposits in Kunlun, Altyntag, Mongolian Altai, and Khingan.

The topography of China is predominantly mountainous, with significant elevation variations. There are two main parts of the territory: western, or central Asian, predominantly with high-mountain or plateau terrain, and eastern, which is dominated by deeply dissected mid-altitude and low mountains, alternating with low-lying alluvial plains. The south of the Central Asian part is occupied by the Tibetan Plateau, the base of which lies at an altitude of 4000-5000 m. Large mountain systems with peaks up to 7000-8000 m or more stretch along the outskirts of the plateau: the Himalayas (belong to China only on the northern slope, the highest peak is Chomolungma ( Chomolungma), on the border of China and Nepal 8848 m.), Karakoram, Kunlun, Nanshan and Sino-Tibetan mountains. The north of the Central Asian part consists of a belt of plateaus, elevated undulating plains, plateaus and partly mountains. This belt includes in the West the Tarim and Dzungarian basins, separated by the Tien Shan mountain system, in the East - the elevated plains of the Gobi and Bargi and the Ordos plateau. The predominant heights are 900-1200 m. The main orographic units of the eastern part of China are: in the North - the Greater Khingan, Lesser Khingan and Eastern Manchurian mountains, the Lower Sungari Lowland and the Songliao Plain. In the south are the Nanling Mountains, the Jianghan Plain, the Guizhou Plateau, the Sichuan Basin and the Yunnan Plateau. This part also includes large islands, mainly with mountainous terrain - Taiwan and Hainan.

Naturally, the climate in different areas is like this big country not the same. China is located within three climatic zones: temperate, subtropical and tropical. Differences in air temperature are especially pronounced in winter. So, in January in Harbin the temperature often drops to -20 °C, and at this time in Guangzhou it is 15 °C. In summer the temperature difference is not so great.

Climatic contrasts can be fully experienced in northwestern China. Here, hot summers give way to cold winters. Winter is most severe in areas west of the Greater Khingan ridge, where average January temperatures drop to -28 °C, and the absolute minimum temperature reaches -50 °C. But in the summer it’s really scorching here, especially in the intermountain basins. The hottest place in China is the Turfan Depression (located north of the Taklamakan Desert, in the spurs of the Tien Shan), in July the air here heats up to 50 °C, and you can fry eggs on the hot stones. In Beijing, the climate is more or less familiar to a European. In winter, cold winds blow from Siberia, but the air is quite dry and frost is easily tolerated. In addition, when it snows, the pagodas and grottoes of the Summer Palace look incredibly picturesque and romantic. Winter is replaced short spring, and sandstorms hit the city. Summer in Beijing is much hotter than, for example, in Moscow.

In Shanghai, the climate is much warmer; in winter the temperature rarely drops below zero, but the air humidity is constantly high (85-95% all year round), which is quite difficult to bear. In summer it is very hot and humid here, as if you are in a Russian bathhouse. Even further south, in Guangzhou, subtropical monsoon climate. The summer monsoon carries a huge amount of water, so in summer it is stuffy and humid. In June-September they go heavy rains. Typhoons often occur. Winter is warm and air humidity is also very high.

The ideal time to travel to China is late spring, especially May, or autumn, September-October, and in the south November-December.

The density of the river network in the West (in the Central Asian part of China) is very small, but in the East it is large. Within large areas of the West, watercourses are absent or flow only sporadically. The largest rivers here are Tarim and Edzin Gol. The eastern part of China has many large rivers, of which the Yangtze and Yellow River are the most significant. Other large rivers in this part: Songhua, Liaohe, Huaihe, Xijiang. In the east and southeast of China partly belongs: Amur (bordering with Russia), Mekong, Salween and Tsangpo or Brahmaputra. Rivers are also characterized by great unevenness of flow over the years. The rivers of the South-East are fed by rain, the rivers of the high mountain regions are mainly fed by snow and glaciers, in the rest of the territory it is fed by snow and rain. Lakes are numerous, but mostly small.

In the extra-Tibetan interior of China, chestnut, brown and gray-brown soils predominate, with significant areas of rocky deserts, sands and sunny soils. In the mountains in this part there are gray soils, mountain chestnut and mountain meadow soils. On the Tibetan Plateau, the most common soils are high-mountain deserts and, to a lesser extent, mountain-meadow soils. In the eastern part, the main soils are: in the Northeast mountains - soddy-podzolic and brown forest soils, on the Songliao Plain - dark-colored meadow soils, on the North China Plain - brown soils, in the surrounding mountains - brown forest soils, in the South - yellow soils, red soils and laterites , mainly in mountain varieties.

The vegetation of the Central Asian part is predominantly herbaceous and semi-shrub. In Tien Shan and the eastern part of Nanshan - coniferous forests with a predominance of spruce. The Tibetan Plateau is dominated by low and herbaceous vegetation of Tibetan sedge and swampweed. In the valleys of the eastern part of the highlands there are coniferous and deciduous forests. The natural vegetation of eastern China is mainly forest.

The extreme Southeast is an area of ​​tropical forests, preserved mainly only on the islands of Taiwan and Haiwan.

The Central Asian part is characterized mainly by 3 faunal complexes: high mountain - orang antelope, yak, mountain sheep, mountain goats, marmot, pika, mountain goose, etc.; desert - Przewalski's horse, kulan, goitered gazelle, Bactrian camel, jerboa, gerbil, jay, etc.; steppe and mountain-steppe - gazelle antelope, wolf, Brandt's vole, Daurian hedgehog, etc. In the eastern part of China: in the North, in the area of ​​temperate forests and forest-steppe - elk, sika deer, Far Eastern forest cat, leopard, brown bear ,wild boar, Churian hare, Daurian ground squirrel, blue magpie, etc.; in the South, in the region of subtropical and tropical forests, - monkeys, muntjac deer, pangolins, pheasants, fruit-eating pigeons, tropical frogs, Chinese alligator, tree snakes, etc.

Data sources

TSB (1991)

Foreign countries. Directory. M., 1989

Internet. www.gov.ch/tourism/index.html

Encyclopedia "Cyril and Methodius" 1998.

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Natural resources are quite extensive and varied the most ancient state world - China. What causes this situation? Large territorial size, location of the country in several climatic zones, complex geological structure, access to three completely different seas. This all points to China's wealth of natural resources.

Assessment of China's Natural Conditions

The area of ​​the state is about 9.6 million square meters. km, most of the territory is covered with mountains and hills. In the southwest, above the Tibetan Plateau, there are the well-known mountain systems - the Himalayas, Karakoram, Tien Shan. From the north, one can observe a completely different situation: huge intermountain basins are occupied by deserts. It can be said that the natural conditions of China are entirely related to such a vast territory.

About 30% of the entire territory is made up of plains (in east direction- Great Chinese Plain), which are most suitable for economic activity. The main reserves of China's natural resources are concentrated there. Southern China is dominated by plateaus and mid-mountain massifs. The climatic features of the eastern part are favorable for agricultural work. The fact is that abundant air flows from the Indian and Pacific oceans come to the eastern part, which bring precipitation with them. In winter it is quite cold and dry here. In the western part of the country, agriculture is possible only in oases; this part is characterized by significant dryness.

China is located in tropical, subtropical and temperate climatic zones, which allows the country’s water, forest and many other resources to be distributed in a special way. China's natural resources (we will try to briefly characterize them) are quite diverse due to the large territory and extent of the country.

Features of China's water resources

First of all, the unique geographical location of the country affected its water reserves. They are evenly distributed throughout the country. About 65% of water resources are concentrated in southern China. The south is also rich in artesian basins, which are sources of irrigation. There are two types of lakes in the country: water-erosion and tectonic, most of them are located on the Tibetan Plateau.

An economic assessment of the natural conditions and resources of China indicates that the largest of the lakes are located in the eastern part, which during the flood period take on the role of the country's reservoir.

Today the country has significant environmental problems directly related to water reserves. This is, first of all, a very large discharge of waste water that is not treated, as a result of which China has a high degree of pollution of lakes and rivers. This is exactly what the country needs today - large-scale wastewater treatment.

Forest areas of the country

An economic assessment of China's natural resources shows that forests account for about 20% of the total territory. The largest of them are located in the northeast of the country. The country ranks first in terms of its diversity of forest species. There are about 25 thousand in the state various breeds plants. In the forests you can find many valuable tree species - poppy, tung, grapefruit, camphor, sumac. The country's diverse vegetation is divided into savannah, desert, forest and steppe zones.

Today, artificial forests are being created in the country, which already cover about 30% of the territory. The area of ​​artificial forests occupies approximately 6.5 thousand hectares. The country pays great attention to forest shelter belts, which help in the fight against wind and soil erosion. The most significant forest protection project is being implemented here: entire complexes of protective systems have been built in the northern part of the country. Such unique natural resources help to preserve and preserve plantings. This is also facilitated by multiple programs that are actively operating in the country.

Thanks to this abundance of forests, China is one of the main importers of wood. The country, among other things, is a leader in plywood production and a major participant in the global paper products market.

Minerals of the country

About mineral resources It is impossible to describe China briefly, they are so rich and diverse. What resources are there in the country? In fact, the entire periodic table represents the mineral resources of China. The state is a world leader in the production of non-ferrous metals: tin, zinc and lead.

China (natural conditions and resources are briefly described in the article) possesses a significant part of the world's resources in principle. The south of the country has the largest deposits of tungsten. 80% of the world's reserves of rare earth metals - these figures cannot but amaze. The People's Republic of China has a huge reserve of tantalum, which is used to create hard alloys. There are also a variety of non-metallic resources: graphite, talc, gypsum, asbestos, bentonite. Marble and granite, which are also available in considerable quantities in the country, have high characteristics.

In terms of oil reserves (3 billion tons), the state is significantly inferior to the leading oil leaders. The main oil fields are located in the northeastern part of China. In this region there are reserves of metal ore.

Today in China there are about 500 large, 1,100 medium and over 140 thousand small mines and mines, which provide employment to approximately 10 million people.

Most people in China argue that dependence on resource imports has always had a negative impact on state security and interests of progressive development. The head of the State Geological Survey of China, M. Xianlai, expressed the following thoughts on this issue: “The shortage of fossil resources has already become one of the key factors slowing down the process of economic and social development of the country.” Now the task of using foreign markets and stimulating the entry of Chinese enterprises into the foreign mineral market is coming to the fore.

Fauna of China

Natural resources in a certain way are also associated with the animals living in this area. About 10% of all animal species existing on our Earth live in China. Many of them live exclusively in these geographical conditions. These are types such as:

• giant panda;
• white dolphin;
• Chinese alligator;
• golden monkey;
• Chinese paddlefish;
• Chinese water deer.

You can mainly find elk, deer, brown bear, monkeys and wild boars. South-eastern part of China can truly boast rare species animals such as bamboo bear or red panda. Macaques and gibbons thrive in the country's tropical forests. In Tibet, the snow leopard is a frequent visitor, and in the south - the clouded leopard. There are still tigers and bears in several areas of the country.

Energy of the country

In the Celestial Empire, the annual volume of solar energy exceeds 6000 megahertz joules per square meter. m. Tibet is considered the richest in solar resources.

The country has a large number of wind energy sources, which are located in the north-central and north-western parts of the country, in the south-eastern and coastal regions, on the islands. Dabanchen is the largest wind farm in China today. According to official estimates, wind energy is estimated at 253 million kW. China deservedly occupies one of the leading positions in the world economy in energy production and electricity generation.

The country's energy sector is coal-based, the share of coal in the fuel balance is 75%, oil and gas (mostly artificial) operate equally. Most electricity is produced in thermal power plants, mostly coal-fired. Hydroelectric power plants account for a quarter of the electricity generated.

Recreational resources

China is a beautiful country with many natural recreational resources for recreation and health. Thus, the island of Hainan, located in the South China Sea, is rightly called the pearl of China due to its sandy beaches under the shade of palm trees and amazing tropical landscapes. Approximately 6% are landscaped and protected areas of the country. There are more than 400 such reserves with a total area of ​​about 56 million hectares.

The most famous natural sites are considered to be the Dinghushan Mountain Reserve in Guangdong Province and the exquisite Xishuang Nature Reserve in Yunnan Province, which is home to many giant pandas.

Cropland problems in China

They currently make up less than ten percent of the world's arable land. The rapid development of industry led to the decline of arable areas. It is worth saying that the remaining lands are in places suffering from water shortages, soil erosion and salinity. Re-harvesting throughout the year helps stabilize the situation a little. Nevertheless, it is worth talking about this; this issue should be raised to the level of the authorities, because the lack of land can slow down economic development countries.

Food industry

China's natural resources and economy create conditions for the functioning of the food industry. Food industry for such a population-rich country is an extremely important issue. China is actively engaged in grain processing, and pork production is developed. Pork forms the basis of China's entire meat industry.

The only real cumulative assessment of China's natural resources that will be carried out government agencies, can help identify agricultural problems, determine the value of resources, their social significance and find timely solutions that will benefit the preservation of the raw material base.