Recreational resources and their significance. Recreational resources

Natural recreational resources are territories that have the potential to be used for organizing various types of recreation. The territorial concentration of recreational resources contributes to the formation and development of recreational areas, determines the areas of specialization of these areas and the degree of their economic efficiency.

Recreation is at the intersection of natural and socio-economic systems. When determining the effect of recreation development, it is necessary to take into account natural, environmental, social and economic forces. When recreation allows you to combine different directions relaxation and achieve several goals, it gives the maximum effect (for example, a simultaneous combination of health-improving, therapeutic and cultural-educational activities).

The possibilities and efficiency of using recreational resources largely depend on natural conditions and the saturation of the territory with possible recreational use valuable objects of natural and cultural heritage.

The following main factors influencing the involvement of recreational resources of a particular area in use can be identified:

1) climatic conditions;

2) the availability of water areas, their quality and comfort for use;

3) the presence of mineral springs, medicinal mud and other balneological resources;

Forest landscapes,

River and lake landscapes,

Sea and mountain landscapes.

Cultural and historical recreational resources are the heritage of past years and eras social development. They are important factor for organizing educational recreational trips.

Cultural and historical resources are not only an important prerequisite for the development of recreational activities, but also play an educational role.

Cultural and historical recreational resources are not included in the category natural resources. But in modern society they are increasingly considered together with natural ones. Thus, the UN Culture, Science and Education has compiled a list of the World Heritage of Humanity, which combines natural and cultural heritage sites.

There are 15 cultural and natural world heritage sites in Russia (their list is given in Table 2 of the Appendix),

In Russia, balneological resources and resorts in places where medicinal mineral springs emerge have long been famous.

Balneological resources are available to:

North Caucasus(Mineralnye Vody, Essentuki, Pyatigorsk, Kislovodsk, Zhelsznovodsk);

Central Russia ( Tula region, Tver region - Kashin, Krainka),

North - Republic of Karelia (Marcial Waters),

Volga region,

Primorsky region.

Therapeutic muds, especially peat and silt muds, are of great medicinal value. They are found in the North Caucasus and Siberia, in their salt lakes and estuaries. The combination of mud baths with water baths (sea or mineral) gives a particularly great healing effect.

As a result, the North Caucasus has the most significant natural recreational resources. Good prerequisites for the development of recreation also have Central region, Siberia (especially the area around Lake Baikal and Altai Mountains), Kaliningrad region and some other territories of Russia.

Natural conditions(geological features, relief, climate, natural zoning etc.) are not directly involved in production, but they also largely determine the territorial organization of people’s lives and economic activity.

Most powerful influence natural conditions have an impact on agriculture, the efficiency and specialization of which directly depend on soil fertility, climate, water regime territories.

Natural conditions also influence people’s lifestyles - their needs for housing, clothing, and diet.

As a result, it is natural conditions that often determine the socio-economic feasibility of construction settlements, transport routes, industrial enterprises, development mineral resources.

Geological conditions and relief terrain significantly influences the character production activities and settlement of people.

Main elements geological structure The territory of Russia consists of platforms and plates, as well as the folded (geosynclinal) belts separating them.

Platforms and slabs - stable areas earth's crust, the base of which is composed of hard crystalline rocks. In some places, the base comes out to the surface of the earth in the form of shields, but, as a rule, it is covered with a cover consisting of loose sedimentary rocks.

On the territory of Russia there are the East European and Siberian platforms (the most ancient), connected by the Turanian and West Siberian plates (younger in terms of formation).

Between the platforms there are younger folded areas - geosynclinal belts:

Ural-Mongolian (Urals, Altai, Sayans, Kuznetsk Alatau, Transbaikalia);

Pacific (Verkhoyansk-Kolyma, Primorsky, mountain systems, mountains of Kamchatka, Sakhalin, Kuril Islands, coast of the Sea of ​​Okhotsk).

In these belts, mountain building continues, accompanied by increased seismicity and volcanism.

Geological conditions determine the availability of certain mineral natural resources. Mostly fuel resources lie on platforms and slabs in sedimentary rocks. Mobile geosynclinal areas and shields, as well as the bases of platforms, have deposits of ore minerals. Knowledge of the geological patterns of the distribution of mineral resources is the main prerequisite for the discovery of new deposits.

Today, from a geological point of view, only about 80% of the territory of Russia has been studied - relatively little compared to the global level and the degree of geological knowledge of many foreign countries.

The geological structure determines the dominant forms of relief of the territory. The territory of Russia is dominated by internal plains and plateaus with altitudes up to 1000 m - Russian, West Siberian, Central Siberian plateaus.

In the southern and eastern parts of the country there are mountain ranges, the highest of which are the Caucasus (Mount Elbrus - 5642 m above sea level), the Kamchatka mountains (volcano Klyuchevskaya Sopka- 4750 m), Altai (Mount Belukha - 4499 m).

In general, the country's topography is assessed as favorable for economic activity. Large plains, occupying about 3/4 of the country's territory, are conducive to development agriculture, shipping, construction.

But the relief of Russia also has negative features. There are no significant mountain ranges in the north of the country, which makes it possible for cold arctic air to penetrate into the interior of the country. On the contrary, mountainous regions in the south and east prevent warm air masses from penetrating deep into Russia.

Climatic conditions. Due to its significant size, Russia is quite diverse.

Most of the country's territory is dominated by temperate continental and sub arctic climate, and in the north there is an arctic climate. They are all very different harsh winter and comparatively short summer, which causes a lack of heat, excessive moisture, and the spread of permafrost (occupies more than half of the country’s area). It is here (in the east of Yakutia) that the pole of cold is located Northern Hemisphere Earth.

Conditions in the Far East (temperate sea and monsoon climate near the coast Pacific Ocean) and especially in the west of the country, where in the European part of Russia a temperate temperate continental climate prevails, turning into a subtropical one in the very south. Winters in these climate types are relatively mild, and summers are warm and long. Negative features are excessive moisture in the east, insufficient moisture in the west in areas adjacent to the Caspian Sea.

In general, the country's climatic conditions are assessed as unfavorable for human life and economic activity, especially for crop production. Heat deficiency in Russia reduces the productivity of growing crops by 3-5 times compared to the world average.

On a third of the country's area, cultivation of cultivated plants in open ground almost impossible. In general, about 95% of Russia's area is a zone of risky farming.

Natural zonality in Russia is determined by the characteristics of climate and topography. The most common zones in the country are taiga, tundra and forest-tundra, including mountain taiga and tundra in areas with altitudinal zone. These zones correspond to extremely infertile podzolic, permafrost-taiga and tundra soils. The center of the European part of the country, as well as the south Far East occupied by mixed and broadleaf forests, under which relatively fertile soddy-podzolic, gray forest and brown forest soils were formed.

Significant areas in the south of the European part, as well as in the south of Siberia, are occupied by steppes and forest-steppes with the most fertile chernozem soils. In the southeast of the European part of Russia there is an area of ​​dry steppes and semi-deserts with open sands and other infertile soils. As a result, we can say that the soil conditions of the country are relatively favorable for the development of agriculture, since large areas occupied by soil types with high natural fertility.

Scientists have long found out that for high work efficiency, a person needs regular and proper rest. Without this, one should not expect great labor feats from an employee. But you can also relax in different ways: someone just lies on the couch and watches TV, while others take out their backpack and go hiking. In the latter case, the world's recreational resources, or in other words, resources for recreation and tourism, are of great importance.

What is recreation?

It is believed that the term “recreation” came to us from Latin: recreation - “restoration”. There is such a word in Polish language- recreatja, which means “rest”. It is worth noting that there is still no single and generally accepted scientific definition of this concept in the world.

We can say that recreation is the process of restoring a person’s vital forces (physical, moral and mental), which were spent in the process labor activity. At its core, recreation can be tourist, medical, resort, health, sports, etc. Types are also distinguished according to time frames: short-term, long-term (with or without interruption from work), seasonal. Recreation can also be organized or unorganized (so-called wild recreation).

Basic Concepts

From the definition of the term “recreation” other important concepts can be derived: “tourist and recreational resources” and “recreational activities”. The second term means special kind economic activity aimed at restoring human strength. Moreover, the word “economic” in combination with the word “activity” suggests the possibility of generating income.

The study of these and some other related concepts is carried out by such sciences as recreational science and recreational geography. Among the scientists of these disciplines one can find geographers, biologists, economists, and psychologists, because they were formed at the intersection of several fields of knowledge. In particular, it studies the features of the distribution of recreational resources and facilities across the territory of our planet, as well as individual countries. Recreational resources the world and their study are also within the purview of this science. They will be discussed further.

Recreational World Resources

They began to worry scientists and researchers around the middle of the twentieth century. It was then that the first serious scientific developments in this area began to appear.

Recreational resources of the world are a complex of recreational objects (created by nature or man) that are suitable for the development of recreational activities on their basis.

What can be a recreational facility? Yes, anything, as long as the object has a recreational effect. It could be a waterfall, a mountain peak, a sanatorium, a city park, a museum or an old fortress.

The main properties of such resources include:

• attractiveness;
• geographical accessibility;
• significance;
• potential stock;
• method of use and others.

Classification

The world's recreational resources still do not have a unified classification. Each researcher has his own view on this issue. Still, it is possible to highlight the following types recreational resources:

1. Recreational and therapeutic (treatment).
2. Recreational and health (treatment, health improvement and resort holidays).
3. Recreational sports ( active recreation and tourism).
4. Recreational and educational (excursions, cruises and travel).

This classification seems to be the most successful and understandable. Although there are many others, according to which the world's recreational resources are divided into:

• natural (created by nature);
• natural-anthropogenic (created by nature and modified by man);
• historical and cultural (created by man);
• infrastructure;
• non-traditional.

The last group is very interesting, which combines the resources necessary for the development of unusual or extreme ones. These can be ancient cemeteries, dilapidated castles, underground catacombs, etc.

Recreational and medicinal resources of the world

They are intended to organize, first of all, human treatment. This can be both complex therapy of the whole organism and individual organs and systems.

Recreational and medicinal resources of the world include the following objects:

• healing mud;
• mountain resorts;
• sea ​​coasts;
• salt lakes, etc.

Recreational and health resources of the world

This group includes all resources on the basis of which treatment can be carried out, as well as the recovery of the body (for example, after major operations). Such resources include resorts and resort areas (sea, alpine, ski, forest, etc.).

Among the most popular resort areas in the world are the following:

• Hawaiian Islands;
• Seychelles;
• Canary Islands;
• Bali island;
• island of Cuba;
• (France);
• Golden Sands (Bulgaria), etc.

Recreational-sports and recreational-cognitive resources

Majestic mountain systems (Alps, Cordillera, Himalayas, Caucasus, Carpathians) attract a huge number of active tourists and extreme sports enthusiasts. After all, there are all the necessary recreational and sports resources here. You can go on a mountain hike or conquer one of the peaks. You can organize an extreme descent along mountain river or go rock climbing. Mountains have wide range variety of recreational resources. There are also a huge number of ski resorts here.

Recreational and educational resources include many different objects: architectural, historical and cultural. These can be fortresses, palace complexes, museums and even entire cities. Thousands of tourists annually visit countries such as France, Italy, Spain, Poland, Austria, Switzerland and others.

The most famous museum in the world is, of course, the Louvre, which houses the richest collections of exhibits. Among them you can see ancient Assyrian bas-reliefs and Egyptian paintings.

Peterhof, located near St. Petersburg, is considered one of the largest and most elegant palace complexes in the world. Large quantity tourists go to India to see the wonder of world architecture - or to Egypt to see with their own eyes the famous Egyptian pyramids, or to Croatia to wander the narrow streets of medieval Dubrovnik.

Recreational and tourism potential of Russia

Russia's recreational resources are very rich and diverse. So, the Black Sea, Azov, Baltic coasts, as well as Gorny Altai have enormous potential for the development of resort tourism and therapeutic recreation.

Historical, cultural and educational recreational resources of Russia are also widely represented. In this regard, such regions of the country as the North-West, North Caucasus, Kaliningrad region, as well as the cities of Moscow, St. Petersburg, Kostroma, Tver, Kazan have the greatest potential. In Kamchatka, Sakhalin Island and Lake Baikal, recreation can be successfully developed.

In conclusion

Thus, the world's recreational resources are very diverse and rich. These are ancient cities, amazing architectural structures, high mountains and rushing waterfalls, museums and castles covered in legends.

Each of us is looking forward to the summer, when we can go to a seaside resort, to the mountains or to an ordinary holiday home located in our middle lane. Today there are more than enough leisure options for every taste both in our country and abroad.


When choosing what to do in the summer, we most often don’t even think about the fact that all this is the sea coast, mountains, mineral springs and other resort areas - is a recreational resource of our country, which needs to be developed, protected and increased.

What are recreational resources?

A name that frightens many "recreational resources" denote everything that can be used to organize recreation and tourism. On their basis, many countries create entire recreational industries that satisfy the needs of their own population and foreign citizens for a comfortable and healthy vacation.

Recreational resources usually include:

— territories in which conditions for recreation have naturally developed or artificially created;

- sights of historical or cultural character;

— infrastructure, population and other factors that relate to the economic potential of a particular territory.


These are resources on the basis of which it is possible to form an effectively operating recreational economy, i.e. a complex of natural, socio-economic and historical-cultural factors that will provide conditions for recreation and health improvement of people on a fairly large scale.

Recreational industries in modern world have acquired enormous importance. Entire states are building their recreational facilities to ensure a stable replenishment of the state budget and economic development regions.

The basis of recreational resources, as a rule, are natural landscape components: the sea coast, a mountain range, picturesque banks of a river or lake, forests or steppes, mineral springs, therapeutic mud.

In second place in importance are historical and cultural monuments: palace and park ensembles, museums, memorial sites historical events etc. But all this does not bring the expected effect if it is not supported by a developed infrastructure and adequate service.

Types of recreational resources

The radical change in lifestyle that has occurred over the last century has significantly increased the role of recreational resources and the recreational industry for the population. The scientific and technological revolution took most people away from physical labor and the natural environment, moving them into completely artificial habitats and forcing them to spend entire days sitting, standing at a machine or conveyor belt.


That's why the best views relaxation for many of us is communication with nature - swimming in the sea, walking in the forest or on the river bank, hiking in the mountains or rafting stormy river. For another part of society, recreation is about getting new experiences - educational excursions to historical or cultural attractions are more suitable for them.

We must not forget about health tourism, as well as many other types of recreation. All this together constitutes recreational resources different types.

— Climatic resources – areas with certain types climate: coastal, highland, cold, etc. The most comfortable areas for relaxation are areas with tropical and subtropical climates.

— Water resources- this is a whole range of natural or artificial water objects: seas, rivers, lakes, ponds, etc. As a rule, they form the basis of a recreational complex.

— Forest resources– forests located in accessible areas and suitable for recreation. These can include almost all forest areas, except those located in heavily swampy areas.

— Balneological resources are mineral and thermal springs, ponds with medicinal mud, used for the treatment and prevention of a number of diseases.

— Landscape resources are various types natural or artificially created landscapes of interest for hiking, automobile, horseback riding, cycling, skiing and other types of tourism.

— Excursion tourism resources include historical, architectural and cultural attractions, beautiful and unusual landscapes, ethnocultural, entertainment, industrial and other objects that may be of interest to vacationers.


Russia has enormous recreational potential, which today is beginning to be realized at a qualitatively new level in the most beautiful and environmentally friendly corners of our country.

Objects and natural phenomena, as well as human activity that can be used for recreation, tourism and treatment are called.

Recreational potential Russia is great. Natural recreational resources (seas, rivers, waters, scenic ones, etc.) are very diverse. But climatic conditions, environmental problems, and underdeveloped infrastructure significantly reduce the possibility of their full use. At the same time, large territories in Russia are virtually untouched by civilization. The demand for such territories around the world is constantly growing.

Monuments of Russian history and culture suffered greatly in the 20th century. Their restoration requires large financial investments.

The largest recreational regions of Russia are the North Caucasus, Central and North-West.

The North Caucasus region is primarily the sanatorium-resort complexes of Mineralnye Vody (Kislovodsk, Pyatigorsk, Essentuki, Zheleznovodsk) and (Anapa, Gelendzhik, Sochi), as well as Dombay, Arkhyz, Teberda, etc. The region has favorable natural conditions for summer species recreation, mountaineering, skiing, treatment. For example, Anapa is the most sunny place on Black Sea coast(average annual number sunny days 317), a children's resort of all-Russian significance. Sochi, the largest resort in Russia, stretches across sea ​​coast at 150 km. Pyatigorsk is called a unique natural museum of mineral waters, as it has over 40 mineral springs.

The central region is especially attractive for its numerous historical and cultural monuments. Unique complex cultural and historical objects - " golden ring Russia."

In particular, Sergiev Posad (known since 1340) has been the center of Russian Orthodoxy for many years, Rostov is famous for the Kremlin complex, bells, enamel, Suzdal is a city-museum of world significance, Vladimir has been the most important city of the Russian principalities for more than 150 years.

There are many ancient Russian cities in the area (Smolensk, Murom, Tula, Ryazan, Kolomna, Dmitrov, etc.), Russian monasteries that played a big role in the defense of the country, education, and the development of new lands (Nilova, Serafimo-Diveevsky, Optina Pustyn, Voskresensky New Jerusalem, Savvino-Storozhevsky, Bryansky Svensky, Pafnutyev Borovsky, etc.). Here are the fields of Russian glory - Kulikovo and Borodino, centers of wonderful folk art crafts - Zhostovo, Gzhel, Fedoskino, Khokhloma, Palekh, etc., places associated with the work of cultural figures, art, science - Bolshoye Boddino, Polenovo, Yasnaya Polyana , Konstantinovo, Abramtsevo and many others.

The North-Western region is primarily St. Petersburg and its surroundings - the famous palace and park complexes (Lomonosov, Gatchina, Pushkin, Pavlovsk, Petrodvorets). No less interesting are Pskov, Pushkin places (Pskov region), Veliky Novgorod, Valaam and Kizhi, Solovetsky Islands, Pskov-Pechersk, Alexander-Svirsky and Tikhvin Mother of God monasteries, monuments of Veliky Ustyug, Kargopol and much more.

Of course, Russia's recreational resources are not limited to the three named regions. No less attractive with its unique caves (Divya, Kapova, Kungurskaya), centers of artistic crafts (, Chuysky tract, etc.), Primorsky Territory, Yenisei and much more.

Center World Heritage(consisting of

Territory and its geographical location is a resource for the development of the recreational economy. In addition, each territory has certain specific resources, which are called recreational.

Recreational resources- these are objects, phenomena and processes of natural and anthropogenic origin that are used or can be used for the development of recreation and tourism. They are the material and spiritual basis for the formation of the TRS different types and taxonomic rank.

The main property of recreational resources is that they have the ability to restore and develop a person’s spiritual and physical strength. Such resources are suitable for both direct and indirect consumption, providing various services of a resort, medical and recreational tourism nature.

Recreational resources are divided into two main groups: natural and historical and cultural.

Natural recreational resources include natural and natural-anthropogenic geosystems, natural objects, phenomena and processes that have internal and external properties and characteristic features for organizing seasonal or year-round recreational activities. Within the framework of natural recreational resources, climatic, landscape, orographic, balneological, biotic, mud, water and other resources can be distinguished. In turn, each of these types consists of separate subspecies, for example, balneological resources are divided into mineral waters various chemical composition, and consequently, different therapeutic effects.

Historical and cultural recreational resources include recreationally attractive historical monuments, architecture and archeology, places associated with the life and activities of prominent historical figures, territories where pronounced ethnographic features, places of worship, museums, art galleries, etc. have been preserved. All these recreational resources attract people to satisfy their spiritual needs and are able to satisfy the thirst for knowledge, changing the environment for the psychophysiological restoration of the individual.

Material and technical equipment of recreation and tourism with the latest fixed assets, increasingly clear intervention of economic levers in this area of ​​economic management, design changes in natural and historical-cultural environment, which are systematically carried out by people, necessitate the allocation of socio-economic recreational resources. These include the material and technical base of recreation and tourism, the corresponding transport infrastructure, labor resources, etc., as well as various water parks, swimming pools, stadiums, tennis courts, etc. The share of such man-made recreational resources is constantly growing.

The concept of “recreational resources” is not only geographical, but also historical. Therefore, over time, more and more new types of recreational resources have arisen, are emerging and will continue to emerge. Understanding this fact allowed the famous Ukrainian scientist in the field of recreational geography A. Beydik to identify ufological recreational resources - territories in which anomalous phenomena caused by contacts with extraterrestrial civilizations. Although such contacts have not been proven by science, the recreational and tourism industry is increasingly attracting areas where life forms are likely to be present extraterrestrial origin to tourist sites.

For recreational geography great value has a comprehensive and specialized assessment of the territory's recreational resources. In many ways, it is subjective and depends on the experience, intellectual and educational level of the researchers. Recreational resources are assessed qualitatively, quantitatively, points and costs.

For qualitative assessment, the words “best”, “best”, “worse”, “most”, “more”, “attractive”, “average”, “more profitable” and others are used. Qualitative assessment in recreation always takes place. People have an internal ability to compare. Having visited at least two recreational facilities, they necessarily compare their quality. This qualitative assessment, in all its subjectivity, significantly influences the general opinion about the level of attractiveness of certain recreational facilities and territories.

Quantitative assessment determines the formal characteristics of recreational resources in meters, kilometers, grams per liter, temperature, salinity, level of water pollution, depths coastal waters, amount of precipitation, etc. Assessing the recreational attractiveness of the beaches of Batumi in comparison with the beaches of Odessa, one can qualitatively characterize the Odessa beaches as better, because they have a dry climate in the summer and there is sand, not pebbles, and one can name the amount of precipitation in millimeters in July in Odessa and Batumi, as well as compare air humidity in the corresponding quantitative indicators.

The scoring is somewhere in the middle between qualitative and quantitative. Based on the subjective process of developing rating scales, one or another type or subtype of recreational resources receives a certain score. The most commonly used is the 37-step scale. For example, a 5-step scale corresponds to a qualitative assessment of “best”, “above average”, “average”, “below average” and “worst”.

The valuation of recreational resources currently dominates in the field of their economic development. Investments are directed to the use of the most attractive resources, which, as a rule, have the highest price. The recreational component in the price of one hundred square meters or hectare of land around large cities, in the Crimea, and the Carpathians is overwhelming. The constant rise in prices for recreational resources is the call of the times.

V. Stafiychuk suggests using the following methods for assessing and analyzing recreational resources: normative index, balance, graphic, cartographic, scoring, expert, comparative geographical, statistical and mathematical-statistical (threshold analysis, factor, correlation, regression, cluster methods , potential method, latent structure method, spatial diffusion method, Berry method), modeling, etc.

Questions and tasks

1. Define recreational resources.

2. What is the main property of recreational resources?

3. What groups are recreational resources divided into?

4. What are natural recreational resources?

5. What do historical and cultural recreational resources include?

6. Name the components of socio-economic recreational resources.

7. How are recreational resources assessed?

8. What methods of assessment and analysis of recreational resources do you know?