In accordance with the legislation to objects cultural heritage(monuments of history and culture) of the peoples of the Russian Federation include objects of real estate with associated works of painting, sculpture, decorative applied arts, objects of science and technology and other objects of material culture that arose as a result of historical events, representing value from the point of view of history, archeology, architecture, urban planning, art, science and technology, aesthetics, ethnology or anthropology, social culture and being evidence of eras and civilizations, authentic sources of information about the origin and development of culture.

• Monuments- individual buildings, buildings and structures with historically established territories, including religious monuments - churches, bell towers, chapels, cathedrals, churches, mosques, Buddhist temples, pagodas, synagogues, houses of worship and other objects specifically intended for worship.
• Memorial apartments.
• Mausoleums, separate burials.
• Works of monumental art.
• Objects of science and technology, including military ones.
• Traces of human existence, including all movable objects, the main or one of the main sources of information about which are archaeological excavations or finds (hereinafter referred to as objects of archaeological heritage).
• Ensembles- clearly localized in historically established territories, groups of isolated or combined monuments, buildings and structures for fortification, palace, residential, public, administrative, commercial, industrial, scientific, educational, religious purposes, including fragments of historical plans and developments of settlements that may be classified as urban planning ensembles.
• Works of landscape architecture and gardening art(gardens, parks, squares, boulevards), necropolises.
• Places of interest- creations created by man, or joint creations of man and nature, including places where folk arts and crafts exist;
• Centers of historical settlements or fragments of urban planning and development;
• Memorable places, cultural and natural landscapes related to the history of the formation of peoples and other ethnic communities on the territory of the Russian Federation, historical events, and the lives of outstanding historical figures.
• Cultural layers, remains of buildings of ancient cities, settlements, settlements, sites.
• Places of religious ceremonies.

In the lists of protected cultural heritage sites they are classified as follows:
• Monuments of architecture and urban planning
• Historical monuments
• Archeological monuments
• Art monuments

Historical cities and settlements.

The list of historical settlements was approved in 1990 by a resolution of the board of the Ministry of Culture of the RSFSR, the board of the State Construction Committee of the RSFSR and the presidium of the Central Council of the All-Russian Society for the Protection of Natural and Cultural Monuments (VOOPiK).

Historical cities and settlements include:

Total:
• 539 - settlements

Including:
• 427 - historical cities
• 51 - urban village

The rest are rural settlements, divided into 4 categories.

Categories of historical cities and settlements: Category I- historical cities of international (world) significance, the heritage of which is recognized by the international community unique character and requires special measures and procedures for its preservation. Category II- historical cities of national (national) significance, the heritage of which is of an outstanding nature and its preservation requires the development of comprehensive programs and special projects for the reconstruction and revival of the historical environment. Category III- historical cities of regional significance, the heritage of which justifies their selection from the general list and needs to be preserved and used as an urban heritage. Category IV- other historical cities.

Museum-reserves and national parks

In Russia, not only historical and cultural monuments are placed under state protection, but also especially valuable territories where the entire cultural, historical and natural heritage complex, unique cultural and natural landscapes are preserved. Russian museum-reserves are a unique type of cultural institution. A modern museum-reserve is defined as a cultural institution created to ensure the preservation, restoration, study and public presentation of integral territorial complexes of cultural and natural heritage, material and spiritual values ​​in their traditional historical (cultural and natural) environment. The difference between museum-reserves and other cultural institutions is that they are in charge not only of museum objects and collections, but also of immovable objects of cultural heritage, as well as the territory surrounding them. Museum-reserves are institutions that are complex in their functions; they are designed to preserve intact not only architectural, archaeological or memorial monuments, but also the historical territory itself, including unique cultural and natural landscapes, historical urban and rural settlements, and the way of life of those living on historical territories population.

Museum-reserves play a vital role in shaping an attractive image of Russia abroad. The cultural heritage sites they contain represent Russia on the UNESCO World Heritage List. Of the 13 world cultural heritage sites in Russia, 12 are part of museum-reserves. At the same time, it should be especially emphasized that Russia, thanks to its museum-reserves, is represented in the world cultural space not only by its capitals, but also by its provinces.

Museum-reserves are centers of international and domestic tourism. These are the most attractive sites for visiting by Russian and foreign citizens. The total attendance of museum-reserves exceeds 18 million people a year. Representing only 6% of total number museum institutions in the country, museum-reserves contain 11% of museum funds and provide 25% of attendance at museum institutions in Russia.

There are 104 museum-reserves and 37 estate museums in Russia. They are organized on the basis of places of interest associated with historical settlements, historical events, life outstanding personalities. Most of them are concentrated in the European part of Russia. 35 have been created in Russia national parks, many of which preserve not only natural heritage, but also unique historical and cultural objects. National parks:

• Kenozersky" (Arkhangelsk region)
• "Russian North" (Vologda region)
• "Pleshcheyevo Lake" (Yaroslavl region)
• "Valdaisky" (Novgorod region)
• "Meshchersky" (Ryazan region)
• "Ugra" (Kaluga region)
• "Sochi" (Krasnodar region)
• "Samara Luka" (Samara region)
• "Pribaikalsky" (Irkutsk region)

IN national parks the entire historical, cultural and natural environment is preserved. For example, national park"Kenozersky" is not only protected forests and beautiful lakes, but also a place where wooden churches and chapels, sacred groves, votive crosses, villages with a vibrant traditional culture.

Thanks to the institute of museum-reserves and national parks, it is possible to preserve cultural and natural heritage sites as integral historical, cultural and natural complexes, historical buildings of ancient cities, historical landscape of a place of interest, spiritual shrines and ethnographic specificity of ethnocultural territories.

Museum Fund of the Russian Federation

In Russian federation 1940 museums of all departments (as of 2008), with 555 branches.
95,5% Of all the museums, museums are run by cultural bodies.
Of them:
104 - museum-reserve
37 - museum-estate
81 belong to ethnographic museums.

The total composition of the museum fund is 81.53 million museum objects.

In 1854 Russian museums stored around 70 million museum objects and museum collections (25% of them in museums under the jurisdiction of the Ministry of Culture of Russia), which are part of the Museum Fund of the Russian Federation. More than 90% of the indicated number of museum objects and museum collections belong to the state part of the Museum Fund of the Russian Federation and are federal property. Museums in the form of independent legal entities have at least 20 various ministries and departments in particular:

• The Russian Academy of Sciences
• Russian Academy of Arts
• Russian Academy of Education
• Russian Academy of Agricultural Sciences
• Moscow State University
• St. Petersburg State University
• Kazan State University
• Tomsk Polytechnic University
• Ministry of Transport of the Russian Federation
• Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia
• FSB of Russia
• Ministry of Communications and Mass Communications of the Russian Federation and a number of others.

Archival Fund of the Russian Federation

The Archival Fund of the Russian Federation is 233 million cases, including 42 million cases in federal archives. About 4.3% of them are materials that have a restrictive or prohibitive regime of access (in Russia as a whole, 2% of cases have such restrictions).

The structural diagram of the organization of the Archival Fund is determined by the network of federal, state and municipal archives and other institutions that store documents of the Archive Fund of the Russian Federation in a legally defined manner, as well as by the network of archives of ministries, departments, organizations, including non-governmental ones, the documents of which in the prescribed manner are classified as composition of the Archival Fund of the Russian Federation.

The most valuable part of the Archival Fund - 42.0 million storage units - is concentrated in 14 federal archives.

• Over 129 million storage units are stored in 201 state archives of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation
• More than 43.0 million storage units - in 2.5 thousand municipal archives.
• About 2.3 million storage units are in the Archive Russian Academy Sciences
• Over 7 million storage units are in museums and libraries.

Every year, the volume of documents in the Archival Fund of the Russian Federation increases by an average of 1.6 million storage units.

The National Library Fund, consisting of the Legal Deposit Fund and the Book Monuments Fund.

The library system of the Russian Federation has, according to expert estimates, 130,000 libraries, falling under the jurisdiction of ministries, departments, state and municipal authorities of various levels, enterprises, organizations, institutions. The most numerous library networks:

• Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation - 66,000 school and more 3000 libraries of secondary special and higher education educational institutions.
• Russian Academy of Sciences - 379.
• In the field of industry, transport and communications - 3500.
• In area Agriculture - 720.
• In medicine and healthcare - 1500.

The Russian Ministry of Defense and other law enforcement agencies also have an extensive network of libraries.

Quantity public (public) libraries- near 49.5 thousand, including:

• regional - 264 (85 universal, 35 youth, 74 children).
• 70 - special libraries for the blind
• 46.8 thousand municipal (of which 36.1 thousand are rural).

In addition, the Ministry of Culture of Russia includes a network of museum and theater libraries, libraries of departmental educational institutions, as well as a network of book chambers headed by the Russian Book Chamber, which carries out archival storage printed publications Russia and administering the receipt of the national free legal deposit in state libraries.

General data on the entire library network of the country are approximate, since The last all-Russian census of libraries was carried out more than 20 years ago, namely in these years the number of libraries decreased significantly, at the same time new ones appeared, and some libraries merged.

The quantitative composition of the country's library collections as of January 1, 2009 amounted to 942.1 million copies, including the fund of book monuments - 7.866 million copies(according to the All-Russian Code of Book Monuments, maintained by the Russian State Library on the basis of data provided by fund holders, allocation of the fund book monuments in Russian libraries is carried out on the basis of GOST 7.87-2003).

And other objects of material culture that arose as a result of historical events and are valuable from the point of view of history, archeology , architecture , urban planning , art, science and technology, aesthetics , ethnology or anthropology, social culture and are evidence eras And civilizations, authentic sources of information about the origin and development of culture.

Types of cultural heritage sites

Objects of cultural heritage are divided into the following types:

• monuments- individual buildings, buildings and structures with historically established territories (including religious monuments: churches , bell towers , chapels , churches , churches , mosques , Buddhist temples , pagodas , synagogues, houses of worship and other facilities specifically designed for worship); memorial apartments; mausoleums, separate burials; works of monumental art; objects of science and technology, including military ones; traces of human existence partially or completely hidden in the ground or under water, including all movable objects related to them, the main or one of the main sources of information about which are archaeological excavations or finds (hereinafter referred to as objects of archaeological heritage);
• ensembles- groups of isolated or combined monuments, buildings and structures clearly localized in historically established territories fortification , palace, residential, public, administrative, trade, industrial, scientific, educational purposes, as well as monuments and buildings for religious purposes (temple complexes, datsans , monasteries , farmstead), including fragments of historical layouts and developments of settlements that can be classified as urban planning ensembles;
• works of landscape architecture and gardening art (gardens , parks , public gardens , boulevards), necropolises ;
• places of interest- creations created by man, or joint creations of man and nature, including places where folk arts and crafts exist; centers of historical settlements or fragments of urban planning and development; monuments, cultural and natural landscapes related to the history of the formation of peoples and other ethnic communities on the territory of the Russian Federation, historical (including military) events, the life of outstanding historical figures; cultural layers, remains of buildings of ancient cities, fortifications , settlements , parking lots; places of religious ceremonies.

Categories of cultural heritage objects

Objects of cultural heritage are divided into the following categories of historical and cultural significance:

• objects of cultural heritage of federal significance- objects with historical, architectural, artistic, scientific and memorial valuable, having special meaning for the history and culture of the Russian Federation, as well as objects of archaeological heritage;
• objects of cultural heritage of regional significance- objects that have historical, architectural, artistic, scientific and memorial value, which are of particular importance for the history and culture of the subject of the Russian Federation;
• objects of cultural heritage of local (municipal) significance- objects of historical, architectural, artistic, scientific and memorial value, which are of particular importance for the history and culture of the municipality.

Literature

• Federal Law “On objects of cultural heritage (historical and cultural monuments) of the peoples of the Russian Federation” (No. 73-FZ of June 25, 2002).

Wikimedia Foundation.

2010.

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Objects of cultural heritage of local (municipal) significance- objects that have historical, architectural, artistic, scientific and memorial value, which are of particular importance for the history and culture of the municipality... Source: Federal Law of June 25, 2002 N 73 FZ (as amended on November 12, 2012) About... ... Official terminology

Objects of cultural heritage of regional significance- objects that have historical-architectural, artistic, scientific and memorial value, which are of particular importance for the history and culture of the constituent entity of the Russian Federation;... Source: Federal Law of June 25, 2002 N 73 FZ (as amended on November 12, 2012)... ... Official terminology

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Books

• Objects of cultural heritage of the Chuvash Republic. Book 2, Nikolai Ivanovich Muratov. This book is integral part consisting of two books of a special scientific and reference publication 'Objects of cultural heritage of the Chuvash Republic'. The second book shows...

What the official State report “On the state of culture in the Russian Federation in 2015” was silent about

"Keepers of the Legacy"

Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of June 29, 2015 No. 646 “On approval of the criteria for classifying cultural heritage objects included in the unified state register of cultural heritage objects (historical and cultural monuments) of the peoples of the Russian Federation as objects of cultural heritage, ";

Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation dated July 23, 2015 No. 740 “On over the condition, maintenance, preservation, use, popularization and state protection of cultural heritage objects";

Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation dated September 11, 2015 No. 966 “On approval of the Regulations on unused cultural heritage objects included in the unified state register of cultural heritage objects (historical and cultural monuments) of the peoples of the Russian Federation, which are in unsatisfactory condition and are federal property, and on the termination of lease agreements for such cultural heritage objects";

Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation dated September 12, 2015 No. 972 “On approval objects of cultural heritage (historical and cultural monuments) of the peoples of the Russian Federation and on the recognition as invalid of certain provisions of regulatory legal acts of the Government of the Russian Federation";

Order of the Ministry of Culture of Russia dated April 23, 2015 No. 1149 “On approval of the Regulations on the procedure federal significance";

Order of the Ministry of Culture of Russia dated June 4, 2015 No. 1745 “On approval of requirements for drawing up objects of cultural heritage";

Order of the Ministry of Culture of Russia dated July 1, 2015 No. 1887 "On the implementation of certain provisions of Article 47.6 of the Federal Law of June 25, 2002 No. 73-FZ "On objects of cultural heritage (historical and cultural monuments) of the peoples of the Russian Federation";

Order of the Ministry of Culture of Russia dated July 2, 2015 No. 1905 “On approval of the procedure for carrying out work on that have the characteristics of a cultural heritage object, and state registration of objects that have the characteristics of a cultural heritage object";

Order of the Ministry of Culture of Russia dated July 2, 2015 No. 1906 “On cultural heritage site";

Order of the Ministry of Culture of Russia dated July 2, 2015 No. 1907 “On approval of the procedure for creating and maintaining a list of identified objects of cultural heritage, the composition of information included in this list”;

Order of the Ministry of Culture of Russia dated August 5, 2015 No. 2150 “On amendments to the Regulations on objects of cultural heritage (historical and cultural monuments) of the peoples of the Russian Federation, approved by order of the Ministry of Culture of the Russian Federation dated October 3, 2011 No. 954”;

Order of the Ministry of Culture of Russia dated August 14, 2015 No. 2218 “On approval of the form of assignment for carrying out measures to monitor the condition of cultural heritage objects and systematic monitoring of objects of cultural heritage of federal significance, the powers of state protection of which are exercised by the Ministry of Culture of Russia”;

Order of the Ministry of Culture of Russia dated September 1, 2015 No. 2328 “On approval of the list of certain information about objects of archaeological heritage that are not subject to publication”;

Order of the Ministry of Culture of Russia dated November 27, 2015 No. 2877 “On the procedure for transferring to the state archaeological objects discovered by physical and (or) legal entities as a result of survey, design, earthwork, construction, reclamation, economic work specified in Article 30 of Federal Law No. 73-FZ of June 25, 2002 “On objects of cultural heritage (historical and cultural monuments) of the peoples of the Russian Federation”, work on use of forests and other works."

In 2015, the Russian Ministry of Culture also developed and adopted regulatory legal acts regulating:

The procedure for issuing assignments to carry out work to preserve a cultural heritage site (approved by order of the Ministry of Culture of Russia dated June 8, 2016 No. 1278);

The procedure for issuing permission to carry out work to preserve a cultural heritage site (Order of the Ministry of Culture of Russia dated October 21, 2015 No. 2625);

Procedure for preparation and approval project documentation to carry out work to preserve a cultural heritage site (order of the Ministry of Culture of Russia dated June 5, 2015 No. 1749);

Composition and order on the performance of work to preserve a cultural heritage site, the procedure for accepting work and preparing an acceptance certificate for work performed to preserve a cultural heritage site (Order of the Ministry of Culture of Russia dated June 25, 2015 No. 1840).

Also adopted was the order of the Ministry of Culture of Russia dated November 20, 2015 No. 2834 “On approval of the Procedure for disabled people, cultural heritage sites included in the unified state register of cultural heritage sites (historical and cultural monuments) of the peoples of the Russian Federation."

In addition, in 2015, 4 of the Russian Federation in the field of preservation of cultural heritage objects, developed on the initiative of the Ministry of Culture of Russia by the Technical Committee for Standardization "Cultural Heritage" under Federal agency on standardization and technical regulation:

GOST R 55945 - 2014 " General requirements to engineering-geological surveys and research for the preservation of cultural heritage sites";

GOST R 56200 - 2014 "Scientific guidance and supervision when carrying out work to preserve cultural heritage sites. General provisions";

GOST R 56198 - 2014 "Monitoring technical condition objects of cultural heritage. Immovable monuments. General requirements";

GOST R 56254 - 2014 " Technical Supervision at cultural heritage sites. Basic provisions".

Certifications and licenses

Experts. According to the State Report, as of January 1, 2016, there were 375 certified experts in Russia to conduct state historical and cultural examinations. In 2015, 4 meetings of the certification commission were held. Of the 210 candidates applying for the title of state experts, 161 experts were certified. The remaining 49 were denied assignment or extension of expert status “due to insufficient experience in the field of preserving cultural heritage sites or due to unfounded conclusions of the historical and cultural examination carried out by the applicants.”

Restorers. Since January 1, 2015, the law has made it mandatory to certify workers performing restoration and conservation work at cultural heritage sites.

According to the State Report, the Ministry of Culture has formed an attestation commission with 6 sections (architects and engineers, manufacturing specialties, decorative and applied arts, easel painting, monumental painting, archival and library materials and graphic works).

2,276 specialists were certified: 170 in easel and monumental painting, 685 architects and engineers, 235 in decorative and applied arts, 151 in graphics, 1,035 in production specialties.

Firms. The Ministry of Culture of the Russian Federation issued 3,139 licenses for carrying out activities to preserve cultural heritage sites - with an indefinite validity period and 436 - the validity of which expires in 2016.

In 2015, 1,552 applications for the provision and renewal of licenses were considered, 1,190 were satisfied. Decisions were made to refuse 362 applications.

Control and supervision

In 2015, territorial bodies of the Ministry of Culture of Russia carried out 548 inspections, during which 535 protocols were drawn up administrative offenses. The total amount of administrative fines imposed was 15,968,000 rubles (in 2014, respectively - 520 protocols and 9,806,600 rubles).

As the State Report assures, “the total amount of fines imposed compared to the previous year increased by almost 1.6 times, which indicates an increase in the quality of the work being carried out to identify and suppress offenses within the competence of the Russian Ministry of Culture.”

At the same time, “there is a significant decrease in the facts of identified violations in the territories of cultural heritage sites directly protected by the Ministry of Culture of Russia.”

As part of licensing control, 177 inspections were carried out (133 scheduled, 44 unscheduled. The total amount of administrative fines in this regard increased from 393 thousand rubles in 2014 to 1,668 thousand rubles in 2015.

“In 2015, one gross violation of licensing requirements was revealed, which resulted in damage to a cultural heritage site of regional significance “Borodkin House, 1861,” located at the address: Krasnoyarsk Territory, Yeniseisk, Raboche-Krestyanskaya St., 62.”

Register and accounting

According to the State Report, as of December 31, 2015, there were 157,557 cultural heritage sites in Russia (including monuments in ensembles). Thus, the Ministry of Culture of the Russian Federation still counts monuments in the country , and the discrepancy in data is tens of thousands (!) of objects.

According to the Ministry of Culture of the Russian Federation, 84,330 are objects of cultural heritage of federal significance (including 59,204 objects of archaeological heritage), 71,057 are objects of cultural heritage of regional significance, 2,170 are of local significance. If we count without monuments as part of ensembles and archaeological objects, then there are 98,353 objects: monuments - 92,813, ensembles - 4,623, places of interest - 917.

In addition, 105,114 identified monuments (including archaeological heritage sites) were taken into account.

35,547 objects of cultural heritage are registered in the Unified State Register, and registration numbers are assigned to more than 54 thousand historical and cultural monuments. By mid-2015, when the Ministry of Culture at a meeting of the Government of the Russian Federation, in Unified register About 11 thousand objects were registered, 26 thousand had registration numbers, and by the end of the year it was planned to register 50 thousand monuments.

Condition of the monuments

According to the State Report, regional monument protection authorities provided information on the condition of 69,746 cultural heritage sites (excluding archaeological sites). Of these, in 2015, 9,950 (14.27) were in good condition, 39,800 (57.06) were in satisfactory condition, 14,437 (20.7) were in unsatisfactory condition, 4,098 were in emergency condition (5. 88%), in ruined - 1,461 (2.09%). Data on the condition of 28,607 (29.09%) cultural heritage sites were not provided by regional monument protection bodies.

For comparison: in 2012, 15% of cultural heritage sites were in good condition, 61% were in satisfactory condition, 18% were in unsatisfactory condition, 4% were in disrepair, and 2% were in ruins. There was no information about the condition of 28% of cultural heritage sites.

Conservation work

In 2015, according to the State Report, work to preserve cultural heritage sites was carried out at 5,848 “above-ground” sites and at 408 archaeological sites.

In total, 42,380,609.8 thousand rubles were allocated for work on the preservation of cultural heritage sites in 2015, including from the federal budget - 19,803,075.4 thousand rubles, from regional budgets - 18,304,168.8 thousand. rubles, from municipal -
763,119.5 thousand rubles, from other sources - 3,510,246.1 thousand rubles.

Of the total amount of allocations, 2,534,561 thousand rubles were allocated for design and survey work, for production work - 29,506,130.6 thousand rubles, for the development of projects for protection zones - 144,836.8 thousand rubles, for the development of draft territory boundaries and items for the protection of historical settlements - 107,490.6 thousand rubles.

The volume of disbursed funds amounted to 38,781,736.7 thousand rubles (91.5% of allocations). The share of disbursed investments from the federal budget is 92.8 percent.

For activities on state protection and preservation of objects archaeological heritage in 2015, 483,139.8 thousand rubles were spent, of which 240,353.37 thousand rubles came from the federal budget, 122,662.1 thousand rubles from the budgets of the constituent entities of the federation and 120,598 thousand rubles from extra-budgetary sources. According to data provided by the regions, in 35 constituent entities of the Russian Federation, measures to preserve archaeological heritage were not funded.

In 2015, work on the preservation of cultural heritage sites was most active in the following areas: regions: Moscow (530 objects), St. Petersburg (524 objects), Kaliningrad region(144 objects), Astrakhan region (140 objects), Kostroma region (121 objects), Perm region (116 objects), Rostov region (102 objects).

Number of cultural heritage sites that have the boundaries of the territories have been approved, as of January 1, 2016, amounted to 21,651. In 2015, 7,752 monuments were provided with the boundaries of the territories.

Security zones in 2015, 3,903 cultural heritage sites were provided. Total objects requiring protection zones, as of December 31, 2015, amounted to 91,304 objects.

In 2015, orders of the Government of the Russian Federation recognized especially valuable objects cultural heritage Spaso-Preobrazhensky Cathedral in Pereslavl-Zalessky and St. George's Cathedral in Yuryev-Polsky.

The Ministry of Culture made decisions on moving objects"Residential House", 1926 (Barnaul) and "Zamiatin's House", 1880s. (Irkutsk) “to the territory of land plots with favorable hydrogeological conditions.”

Also, “in order to preserve the cultural heritage site of federal significance “Barbarian Church (wooden)”, 1656 (village of Yandomozero, Karelia), use it for its original purpose and involve it in tourism by order of the Ministry of Culture of Russia dated October 26, 2015 No. 2677 allowed from the non-residential village of Yandomozero to the village of Tipinitsy, Medvezhyegorsk district of the Republic of Karelia, where the conditions necessary for the restoration and preservation of the monument exist.”

Restoration

Based on the results of 2015 restoration completed at the expense of the federal budget, 56 cultural heritage sites, including: the Ascension Military Cathedral in Novocherkassk, Naryn-Kala, M.D. Palace Butin in Nerchinsk, Astrakhan Kremlin, Vladimir Church in Balovnevo, Epiphany Cathedral in Tula.

“The most important projects of 2015 were the completion of the second stage of restoration at 23 sites of the Holy Trinity Sergius Lavra, the restoration of the Church of the Nativity of the Virgin in the village. Podmoklovo, Serpukhov district, Moscow region, Cathedral of the Resurrection of the Holy Cross Jerusalem Monastery in Leninsky district, Moscow region, Kolokolny temple complex in the town of Shuya, Ivanovo region, the Church of the Three Saints in the village of Karachelskoye, Kurgan region, etc. The restoration of another 30 churches has been completed.”

“In pursuance of Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of March 6, 2009 No. 245 “On measures to recreate the historical appearance of the Resurrection New Jerusalem stauropegial monastery Russian Orthodox Church"The Ministry of Culture of Russia provides a subsidy from the federal budget to the Charitable Foundation for the restoration of the Resurrection New Jerusalem Stauropegial Monastery. The total amount of allocations for 2009 - 2015 amounted to 8,405.0 million rubles. In 2015, restoration works were completed and handed over to the Department of the Ministry of Culture of Russia for the Central Federal District work on 16 objects of the monastery ensemble.”

“As part of repair and restoration activities for preservation of monumental painting work was carried out on the following objects: “Church of Elijah the Prophet with a bell tower, 1650” (Yaroslavl); "Church of the Savior on Nereditsa, 1198" (Novgorod region); "Ensemble of the Kirillo-Belozersky Monastery, XV - XVII centuries, Assumption Cathedral" (Vologda region, Kirillov); Assumption Cathedral on Gorodok" (Zvenigorod); "Church of St. Nicholas Nadein, 1621" (Yaroslavl), "Church of the Nativity of the Virgin Mary of the Snetogorsk Monastery" (Pskov) and "Preobrazhensky Cathedral of the Spaso-Evthymius Monastery, 1567 - 1594 "(Vladimir region, Suzdal).

Conservation and restoration work was also carried out on fragments of ancient painting by Andrei Rublev and Dionysius at the following objects: “Assumption Cathedral with a bell tower, 1158 - 1194, 1408.” (Vladimir), “Ensemble of the Ferapontov Monastery” (Vologda region, Ferapontovo village).”

Historical settlements

In 2015, the boundaries and objects of protection of six historical settlements of federal significance were approved: ; ; ; Zaraysk; ; Kasimov.

Within the framework of the Agreement between Russia and the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD), preparation of the project “Preservation and Use of Cultural Heritage in Russia” began in January 2014. The project provides for a set of targeted activities to develop the tourism, cultural and institutional potential of historical settlements. The estimated investment volume of the project is 200 million US dollars. The project implementation period is 6 years.

To participate in the project 9 historical settlements in 7 regions of the Russian Federation: Suzdal, Rostov the Great, Staraya Russa, Arzamas, Tutaev, Torzhok, Vyborg, Gorokhovets, Chistopol.

Preservation of archaeological heritage

In 2015, 2,041 permits (open sheet) were issued to carry out work to identify and study archaeological heritage sites.

Within the framework of the Federal Target Program "Culture of Russia (2012 - 2018)" 44 projects related to the preservation, study and popularization of archaeological heritage sites were completed, totaling 39,884,419 rubles. The work was carried out in 24 constituent entities of the Russian Federation.

World Heritage Sites

In 2015, the State Report reports, “The Russian Ministry of Culture continued to work to ensure the effective implementation of UNESCO requirements and recommendations in relation to Russian World Heritage sites, in particular:

Prepared and ensured approval at the session of the World Heritage Committee of the formulations of outstanding universal value of six Russian World Heritage sites - "Moscow Kremlin and Red Square", " Historical center St. Petersburg and related groups of monuments", " Historical monuments Veliky Novgorod and the surrounding area", "Ensemble of the Novodevichy Convent", "Ensemble of the Ferapontov Monastery" and "Architectural ensemble of the Trinity-Sergius Lavra in Sergiev Posad";

Orders of the Russian Ministry of Culture on the approval of protection zones for cultural heritage sites of federal significance included in the World Heritage List were issued and registered with the Russian Ministry of Justice:

Ensemble of the Trinity-Sergius Lavra, 1540 - 1550" (Moscow region, Sergiev Posad), order of the Ministry of Culture of Russia dated April 29, 2015 No. 1341;

"Ensemble of the Kazan Kremlin, XVI - XVIII centuries." (Kazan), order of the Ministry of Culture of Russia dated September 8, 2015 No. 2367;

"Church of the Savior in Nereditsy, 1198." (Veliky Novgorod), order of the Ministry of Culture of Russia dated September 1, 2015 No. 2322;

"Ensemble of the Ferapontov Monastery, XV - XVII centuries, end of the XVIII century, XIX century, beginning of the XX century." (Vologda region) order of the Ministry of Culture of Russia dated December 23, 2015 No. 3206.

It is also reported that “in 2015, the practice of inviting international UNESCO experts to Russian World Heritage sites not as a emergency measure responding to ultimatums of the World Heritage Committee, and in order to prevent possible disagreements with UNESCO at the planning stage.

Thus, international missions were invited in 2015 to familiarize themselves with the project of the Zaryadye Park, the implementation of which is planned in close proximity to the Moscow Kremlin and Red Square, to develop acceptable solutions on the issue of installing a monument to Prince Vladimir on Borovitskaya Square, to monitor the condition of the Historical and Cultural complex of the Solovetsky Islands and monitoring the progress of the restoration of the Church of the Transfiguration of the Lord (Kizhi Pogost). In each case, international experts noted the Russian side’s readiness for constructive dialogue and the desire to ensure compliance with the provisions of the 1972 Convention for the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage.”

“In accordance with what was voiced by the President of the Russian Federation V.V. Putin’s strategy to strengthen the Russian presence on the World Heritage List, as part of the implementation of subparagraph “d” of paragraph 3 of the list of instructions of the President of the Russian Federation dated January 22, 2015 No. Pr-93, the Ministry of Culture of Russia organized work with the regions of the Russian Federation to identify new promising objects for inclusion to particularly valuable ones and their further promotion to the World Heritage List.

Initially approximately half of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation declared the absence of such monuments, and the rest submitted proposals that were analyzed Russian Institute cultural and natural heritage named after D.S. Likhachev and a working group of leading government experts certified in working with World Heritage sites.

Based on the results of the analysis, the proposals of 32 constituent entities of the Russian Federation were supported, the rest were recommended to finalize or revise their proposals...

Having set itself the goal of adding at least two new sites to the World Heritage List in 2017 - 2018, the Russian side in 2015 prepared two nomination dossiers - “Monuments of Ancient Pskov” and “Assumption Cathedral of the island-city of Sviyazhsk” - and submitted them to World Heritage Center for further assessment, scheduled for 2016.”

Official conclusions

“2015 was marked by significant positive results in the field state protection cultural heritage sites: a regulatory framework has been formed; work has intensified to register cultural heritage objects in the unified state register of cultural heritage objects; conditions have been created for the preservation of historical buildings in ancient Russian cities - historical settlements of the Russian Federation; Large-scale work is being carried out to preserve cultural heritage sites; “Interaction with international organizations is developing, aimed at preserving UNESCO World Heritage sites, fulfilling the international obligations of the Russian Federation, in accordance with the 1972 UNESCO Convention for the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage.”

Official goals

“In order to protect cultural heritage sites, it is necessary to continue:

improving the legal regulation of relations in the field of conservation, use, popularization and state protection of cultural heritage objects;

increasing the volume of information about cultural heritage sites in most constituent entities of the Russian Federation, including their presence and condition;

increasing the number of cultural heritage sites for which items of protection, territory boundaries and protection zones have been approved;

carrying out activities to find an effective user (owner) of cultural heritage objects;

registration of data on the boundaries of the territory of cultural heritage sites and their protection zones in the state real estate cadastre;

increasing the staffing and material support of executive authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation authorized in the field of conservation, use, popularization and state protection of cultural heritage objects;

development of regional targeted programs for the preservation of cultural heritage in the constituent entities of the Russian Federation.”

The concept of a cultural heritage object (historical and cultural monuments)

The concept of “cultural heritage objects” has been included in legal circulation relatively recently. One of the first legislative acts where this term appears is the Fundamentals of the Legislation of the Russian Federation on Culture (Article 41), adopted by the Supreme Council of the Russian Federation in 1992. At the same time, in the RSFSR Law “On the Protection and Use of Historical and Cultural Monuments,” as well as in industry-specific regulatory legal acts issued before the collapse of the USSR, the term “historical and cultural monuments” was used. Currently, the concepts of “cultural heritage objects” and “historical and cultural monuments” are used in Russian legislation as identical to designate real estate that has historical and cultural value. Along with the indicated concepts in federal legislation terms that are close in meaning but have independent meaning are used: “cultural values”, “cultural heritage”, “cultural property”, “identified objects of cultural heritage”, “objects that have the characteristics of a cultural heritage object”, “objects representing historical cultural value”, “objects of archaeological heritage”.

In the Constitution of the Russian Federation, which enshrines cultural human rights and freedoms, the terms “cultural values”, “historical and cultural monuments”, “historical and cultural heritage” are used to designate values ​​created by people (Articles 44, 72).

The essence of the term “cultural heritage”, as follows from dissertation research and published scientific works, is of less interest to scientists than the essence of cultural values. As an independent concept, it is relatively rare in national legislation and is used mainly in relation to movable and immovable cultural property created in the past and belonging to the peoples of the Russian Federation. In rare cases, Russian legislation provides for the classification of intangible assets as cultural heritage. Thus, according to the preamble and Article 11 of the Federal Law of December 18, 1997 N 152-FZ “On the names of geographical objects,” the names of geographical objects are an integral part of the historical and cultural heritage of the peoples of the Russian Federation. As a rule, the term “cultural heritage of the peoples of the Russian Federation” is used in regulatory legal acts in combination with the word “objects”.

In the legal literature, the point of view has been repeatedly expressed about the identity of the concepts “cultural values” and “cultural heritage” used in existing international legal documents. Boguslavsky M.M. Cultural values in international circulation: legal aspects. M.: Yurist, 2005. P. 17; Potapova N.A. International legal problems of protection of cultural property and legislation of the Russian Federation: Author's abstract. dis. ...cand. legal Sciences: 12.00.10. M., 2001 However, this conclusion cannot be extrapolated to national legislation. In our opinion, cultural heritage occupies an intermediate position between cultural values ​​and objects of cultural heritage. The difference between cultural heritage and cultural values ​​is that cultural heritage always has the property of antiquity. The relationship between these concepts can be presented as follows: not every cultural value can relate to cultural heritage, but everything that belongs to cultural heritage is a cultural value.

It should be noted that many researchers studying the problems of legal protection of cultural heritage give their own scientific definitions this concept and propose to use them as legal definitions. So, E.N. Pronina proposes to understand cultural heritage as “the totality of material and spiritual cultural values ​​created in the past, inherited and adopted from previous generations and important for the preservation and development of the identity of the people, regardless of their origin and owner.” Pronina, E.N. Technical and legal study of the legislative definition of “cultural heritage objects” / E.N. Pronina.//Law and State. -2009. - No. 6. - P. 138 -140

A number of scientists have examined cultural heritage from cultural and philosophical points of view. K.E. Rybak believes that cultural heritage should be understood as “a set of objects of material culture and joint creations of man and nature, regardless of their location, as well as objects of spiritual culture that are significant for the preservation and development of local cultures that have universal value for culture (art, science ) and promoting respect for cultural diversity and human creativity.” Rybak K.E. Convention for the Protection of the Underwater Cultural Heritage and Protection of Cultural Values ​​// Culture: management, economics, law. - 2006. According to A.A. Kopsergenova, cultural heritage is the totality of all cultural achievements of a society, its historical experience, preserved in the arsenal of social memory. “The essence of cultural heritage,” she notes, “are those values ​​that were created by previous generations, are of exceptional importance for the preservation of the cultural gene pool and contribute to further cultural progress.” Kopsergenova A.A. Cultural heritage: philosophical aspects of analysis: Dis. ...cand. Philosophy: 09.00.13. Stavropol, 2008. 184 p. From the point of view of A.P. Sergeev, cultural heritage forms “the totality of material and spiritual cultural values ​​inherited from past eras to humanity, subject to preservation, critical assessment, revision, development and use in accordance with the specific historical tasks of our time.” Sergeev A.P. Civil protection of cultural property in the USSR. L.: Publishing house Leningr. Univ., 1990. pp. 16 - 17. A.A. Mazenkova considers cultural heritage as an information subsystem of culture that has significance (positive or negative) and is based on the experience of previous generations. “Within the framework of a systemic approach,” she notes, “cultural heritage is a sociocultural system of values ​​that preserves sociocultural experience based on the characteristics of collective memory.” Mazenkova A.A. Cultural heritage as a self-organizing system: Author's abstract. dis. ...cand. Philosophy: 24.00.01. Tyumen, 2009. P. 12. S.M. Shestova understands cultural heritage as a set of historical and cultural monuments. Shestova S.M. Historical and cultural analysis of normative regulation of the protection and use of historical and cultural monuments in Russia: Author's abstract. dis. ...cand. cultural Sciences: 24.00.03. St. Petersburg, 2009. P. 16

In general, we can agree with what was proposed by E.N. Pronina's definition of cultural heritage. This concept can be used in relation to any cultural values ​​(tangible and intangible, movable and immovable) created in the past, regardless of whether these values ​​are included in special lists (registers). Such cultural values ​​may have a certain cultural significance, both for individual nations, municipalities, states, as well as other state entities within states and for the entire world community.

In modern Russian legislation in relation to immovable cultural assets created in the past, the term “objects of cultural heritage (historical and cultural monuments) of the peoples of the Russian Federation” is used. This term is relatively new. The 90s of the last century were characterized by instability of concepts used in regulatory legal acts to designate immovable monuments of history and culture. In a number of acts, along with this concept, other terms were used: “objects of historical and cultural heritage”, “objects of historical and cultural heritage”. A special category included “particularly valuable objects of the cultural heritage of the peoples of the Russian Federation.”

Since 2001, the term “cultural heritage objects” has already been firmly rooted in Russian legislation. This is due to the fact that in 2001 several important federal laws were adopted, which already took into account the new conceptual apparatus of what was considered in State Duma The Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation of the draft sectoral Federal Law “On objects of cultural heritage (historical and cultural monuments) of the peoples of the Russian Federation.” With the adoption of Federal Law No. 73-FZ in June 2002, we can talk about the final renewal of the conceptual apparatus that was formed in the Soviet era. New concepts and their definitions were included in the legal circulation. It should be emphasized that the modern understanding of the term “historical and cultural monument” does not correspond to its understanding in the meaning defined by the 1976 USSR Law “On the Protection and Use of Historical and Cultural Monuments” (later - the 1978 RSFSR Law of the same name).

Unlike the previous definition, the modern definition of this concept, enshrined in Article 3 of Federal Law No. 73-FZ, excludes movable and intangible cultural assets. Some researchers see this as a drawback and propose to include movable things in the legal definition of the concept “objects of cultural heritage (historical and cultural monuments) of the peoples of the Russian Federation.” Alexandrova M.A. Civil legal regime cultural values ​​in the Russian Federation: Author's abstract. dis. ...cand. legal Sciences: 12.00.03. St. Petersburg, 2007. P. 11. Others consider it necessary to separate movable and immovable property into separate legal categories. So, K.A. Dikanov proposed to understand “cultural values” only as movable property, and “historical and cultural monuments” as real estate. In his opinion, the unifying (generic) concept should be the term “objects of cultural and historical heritage.” Dikanov K.A. Combating criminal attacks on cultural values: criminal legal and criminological aspects: Abstract of thesis. dis. ...cand. legal Sciences: 12.00.08. M., 2008. P. 13. From our point of view, the allocation of immovable cultural property to a special legal category is justified. First of all, this is due to the fact that in relation to immovable and movable things, due to their natural properties, a different legal regime is established. Also, public relations that develop regarding real estate have their own characteristics and are regulated not only by civil, administrative and criminal legislation, but also by land legislation, legislation on urban planning and architectural activities. Accordingly, legal regulation public relations settlements regarding movable and immovable cultural property must be carried out separately. However, we cannot agree that cultural values ​​should be understood only as movable things. This approach does not correspond to the modern doctrinal interpretation of cultural values.

The main drawback of the scientific definitions of the concept of “historical and cultural monuments” formulated in the literature is that monuments are considered exclusively as special kind property that has a set of specific characteristics, properties and is therefore subject to savings in the interests of a particular society, regardless of the will of a person.

The legal definition of the concept of “cultural heritage objects”, enshrined in Article 3 of Federal Law N 73-FZ, has been deservedly criticized by scientists and practitioners. Some of them came to the conclusion that this definition does not reflect the necessary essential features of the objects under study and, in general, is amorphous and artificial in nature. Aleksandrova M.A. Op. op. pp. 10 - 11. It’s hard to disagree with this. However, consideration this issue will not be complete without an analysis of other terms close in meaning that make up the conceptual apparatus of Federal Law N 73-FZ.

Article 3 of this Law establishes the definition of “cultural heritage objects (historical and cultural monuments) of the peoples of the Russian Federation” and a new classification of these objects by type: monuments, ensembles and places of interest. Objects of cultural heritage (historical and cultural monuments) of the peoples of the Russian Federation are understood here as objects of real estate with associated works of painting, sculpture, decorative and applied art, objects of science and technology and other objects of material culture that arose as a result of historical events, representing value from the point of view of history, archaeology, architecture, urban planning, art, science and technology, aesthetics, ethnology or anthropology, social culture and being evidence of eras and civilizations, authentic sources of information about the origin and development of culture.

A detailed examination of Part 1 of Article 3 of Federal Law N 73-FZ gives grounds to believe that the term “cultural heritage objects” can be applied in relation to any real estate objects of historical and cultural value, including in relation to identified cultural objects heritage. However, their legal status is different.

Thus, we can conclude that the use in the text of Federal Law N 73-FZ of various concepts that are similar in content indicates the internal inconsistency of the document, the provisions of which are difficult to understand and interpret. Often such inconsistency of the conceptual apparatus leads in practice to legal disputes, adoption by authorities state power and local governments made wrong decisions.

It is obvious that the definition of “cultural heritage objects (historical and cultural monuments) of the peoples of the Russian Federation”, enshrined in Article 3 of Federal Law No. 73-FZ, needs to be revised.

Summarizing the definitions of authoritative scientists indicated above, and taking into account all the inaccuracies of the definitions, taking as a basis the authoritative opinion of A.N. Panfilov, we can conclude that objects of cultural heritage should be understood as a set of immovable cultural values ​​created by man or subjected to his purposeful influence in the past, included in the Unified State Register of Cultural Heritage Objects (historical and cultural monuments) of the peoples of the Russian Federation on the basis of the normative legal act authorized public authority. Only in relation to a real estate object registered in the register, the state should establish a special protection regime that ensures its authenticity in the interests of society. A.N. Panfilov “Cultural values ​​and objects of cultural heritage: the problem of unification of concepts” / “Law and Politics”, 2011, N 2