Climatic zones of the earth map. Climatic zones and climatic regions of the Earth

Remember

What do you know from your 6th grade geography course about the conditions that determine climate?

The climate is determined by the latitude of the area (angle of incidence sun rays), the nature of the underlying surface, general circulation atmosphere.

This I know

1. List the main climate-forming factors. What is the most important factor?

The main climate-forming factors are geographic latitude, general atmospheric circulation and the nature of the underlying surface. Most main factor– geographical latitude of the area.

2. Explain how the underlying surface affects the climate of the territory?

Firstly, different temperature conditions and humidity are formed over the surface of the oceans and land. Above the oceans there is greater humidity and less temperature fluctuations. On land, the climate changes as you move further inland from the coasts. At the same time, temperature fluctuations are increasing, cloudiness and precipitation are decreasing. Climate is influenced by currents. Cold currents off the coast make the climate of the coasts cool and very dry. Warm currents make the climate milder. Relief and absolute altitude play a major role in climate formation.

3. Give examples of the influence of distance from the oceans on the climate of the territory.

A striking example of the influence of distance from the oceans on climate is the difference between the climate of the coasts and interior regions of Eurasia. The coasts of the continents have a mild climate with warm summer and mild winters with frequent thaws. Up to 800 mm of precipitation falls here. Inland areas are characterized by dry, hot summers and very frosty winters with little snow.

4. How does the main climate zone differ from the transition zone?

In the main climate zone, one dominates throughout the year. air mass. In transition zones, two air masses replace each other.

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5. According to the map " Climate zones and regions of the Earth” name the main and transitional climatic zones.

Transitional belts have the prefix “sub-” in their name.

6. Determine the climate type based on a set of characteristics: January temperature -10...-150C, July +20...+250C. precipitation occurs throughout the year, but with a summer maximum. The annual precipitation is 250-300 mm. Which continents have this type of climate?

It's moderate continental type climate. It is represented in Eurasia and North America.

7. Using the climate diagram (see Figure 35), determine the type of climate.

The climate is characterized by small temperature fluctuations. The air temperature does not drop below 10 0C in winter, summer temperatures are +20...+250C. Precipitation has a winter maximum. The subtropical Mediterranean type of climate may have these characteristics.

8. Fill out the table

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9. Which climate zone would you like to go on vacation in the summer? What clothes will you especially need while traveling?

For a summer vacation, I would go to the subtropical Mediterranean climate zone. The Mediterranean climate is extremely favorable for human life, which is why the most famous summer resorts are located here. Valuable subtropical crops are grown here: citrus fruits, grapes, olives.

When traveling, you will need light clothing made from natural fabrics that does not leave the skin exposed, beachwear and hats.

Climatic zones and regions The lands extend in the latitudinal direction in accordance with the zonality of the climate. The main climatic zones are identified based on the predominance of air masses certain type. In each hemisphere - Northern and Southern - there is one tropical, one temperate and one polar (Arctic or Antarctic) zone. Equatorial belt- one for both hemispheres.

Between the main climatic zones there are transition belts- three in each hemisphere - subequatorial, subtropical And subarctic (subantarctic).

In transitional climate zones, air masses change according to the seasons of the year.

Together with the Sun, air masses shift in summer and winter, either north or south. Transition belts do not have their own air masses. In summer, masses come here from the neighboring main belt, closer to the equator (Fig. 34, A), and in winter - from the more “polar” neighboring belt (Fig. 34, B).

In the Northern Hemisphere subequatorial belt in summer equatorial air masses arrive, and hot weather with the rains. In winter, tropical air comes from the north and it becomes hot and dry.

On Saturday tropical zone tropical air “rules” in the summer (hot and dry), and in the winter the air comes temperate latitudes— the temperature drops, it rains. For example, a type of climate with hot, dry summers and cool, rainy winters is called Mediterranean. There are other types of subtropical climates.

In the subarctic zone in summer there is air of temperate latitudes, and in winter, which is long and harsh, there is arctic air.

When talking about the climate of any territory, the words most often used are: warm, cold, wet, dry. Indeed, the conditions for the provision of heat and moisture are very diverse and depend on combinations of climate-forming factors. The boundaries of climate zones do not run strictly along parallel lines. In addition, within the belts there are region With different types climate (Fig. 33). This is the result of different distances of territories from oceans and seas, as well as, to some extent, the action of atmospheric circulation and ocean currents. Material from the site

There are areas in tropical, subtropical and temperate zones sea And continental climate. Climate areas are also highlighted Western And eastern coasts of the continents. For example, on the eastern coast of Eurasia in the subtropical zone monsoon climate with hot, humid summers and cold, dry winters. And on the western coast of Eurasia in the subtropics there is a Mediterranean climate. Despite its name, it exists on other continents, including the Southern Hemisphere.

It is also necessary to note that cold currents pass along the western coasts from high to low latitudes. They cool and dry the climate. Along east coasts On the contrary, warm currents flow from low to high latitudes, contributing to an increase in temperature and humidity in the surrounding areas.

There are seven main and six transitional climatic zones on the globe. Different combinations of climate-forming factors determine the presence of areas within climatic zones. The main one is distance (proximity) from the ocean.

Our planet is extremely unique. Only on Earth are temperature and weather conditions suitable for human life. The climate map of the world is divided into 4 main and 3 additional climate zones, each of which is unique due to its temperature regime, precipitation rate and wind direction. It is thanks to this diversity of climate that a huge number of plants can grow on our planet: tiny daisies and giant sequoias and eucalyptus trees. Let's see what is remarkable about these climatic zones.

Basic belts

Within these climatic zones the same air masses prevail throughout the year. The equatorial belt extends along the equator. Further, other belts adjoin it from the north and south. Closes climate map the world's Arctic and Antarctic belts. Now a little more about each of them.

Equatorial climate zone

The smallest of all. It reigns in the southern part of the Indochina peninsula, some islands of Indonesia, in the center of Africa and in a small part South America. It rains most often here. They are so frequent and abundant that the moisture does not have time to evaporate. Therefore, these areas are often swampy. Temperature all year round stays at around 24-28 degrees.

Impenetrable multi-tiered jungles are an integral part of this climate. They are home to a huge number of species of animals, many of which live only here, and some of which have not even been studied. It is in this belt that the tallest and most powerful trees in the world grow - 100-meter eucalyptus trees.

Tropical zone

This type of climate is varied. Thus, on land, high Atmosphere pressure, and precipitation is extremely rare. average temperature in summer it rises to 40 degrees, and in winter it drops to +10. During the day the fluctuation can be 35-40 degrees. Such temperature changes destroy rocks, turning them into sand. That is why the majority of the continental tropical zone lies sandy deserts. Sahara is a prime example of this. It occupies almost half of the African continent. At sea tropical climate very similar to the equatorial one. Only clear skies and slight seasonal temperature variations distinguish it.

Temperate zone

This type of climate can also be divided into marine and continental. Morskaya has cool summers and mild winters, thanks to the westerly winds that blow all year round. This belt extends along the western coast of America and Eurasia. Moderate continental climate not so mild, since cyclones rarely pass deep into the continent. That's why summer is hot here and Cold winter. For example, in some areas of Siberia, in summer the air warms up to +30, and in winter it cools down to -40 degrees.

Polar belt

It dominates the Arctic and Antarctic regions globe, forming the belts of the same name, it is frosty here all year round. This is where phenomena such as the northern lights, polar day, polar night and permafrost appear. Clear skies, weak winds, ice fields and terrible cold - this is what makes this uninhabitable climate remarkable. Only penguins can live here.

Characteristics of climatic zones (the table below) is the topic of this article. We will talk about what types of climate exist on our planet, and also consider each of them in detail. To do this, let us recall that climate is the weather regime established over the years, which depends on a specific territory and its geographical location.

Equatorial belt

This climate zone is characterized by low pressure, as well as the year-round presence of air masses. There are no separate climatic regions within the belt. Concerning temperature regime, then it's hot here. There is a lot of precipitation throughout the year and there is plenty of moisture. The weather here changes very dramatically during the day. The first half is sultry, and the second half begins with heavy rains.

The names of climate zones are associated with their characteristics. The equatorial belt is located near the equator, which is why it has this name.

The subequatorial belt is characterized by changes in air masses that occur seasonally. In summer, equatorial air masses predominate, and in winter, more tropical ones. Weather conditions in summer fully correspond to the equatorial type of climate, while the weather in winter resembles the conditions of the tropical zone. Winter is dry and slightly colder than summer.

Tropical zone

As we already know, the names of climate zones are associated with their location. This type of climate is characterized by tropical air masses all year round. The air is continental. Real weather tropical zone - high pressure and temperature, a big difference temperatures not only throughout the year, but also throughout the day. Water is very scarce in this climate. It is very hot and dry here, and dry winds often occur. There is almost no rain. The weather is usually dry and sunny.

However, the tropical belt is deceptive. The eastern shores of the continents, which are washed by warm currents, are also in this zone, but have a different climate. Marine tropical air, heavy rainfall, monsoons. Climatic conditions similar to the equatorial climate.

Subtropical zones are characterized by changes in air masses. The climate is tropical in summer and temperate in winter. Pressure surges in summer and winter are quite high. In winter the pressure is low and in summer it is high. Despite the strong differences in temperature and precipitation throughout the year, the thermometer is above zero the entire year. Sometimes the temperature can even drop to negative values. During such periods snow falls. In flat areas it melts quickly, but in the mountains it can remain for several months. As for the winds, the trade winds rule in winter and the trade winds in summer.

Temperate zone

The temperature of climatic zones largely depends on the air masses that prevail over the territory. IN temperate zone, as the name suggests, a temperate climate. But not always. Sometimes tropical or arctic air masses invade. Temperate climate characterized big difference temperatures Summers are hot, and winters are cold and long. Relatively low pressure, cyclonicity, instability weather conditions in winter. Westerly winds blow throughout the year, with occasional trade winds in summer and north-easterly winds in winter. Massive snow cover every winter.

Arctic and Antarctic belts

In the characteristics of climate zones in the table, you can see what temperatures prevail in these zones. The features of these belts are low temperatures all year round, strong winds and cold summers. There is very little precipitation.

Subarctic and subantarctic belts

These zones are distinguished by the fact that in summer a temperate climate prevails here. Because of this, a large amplitude of temperature fluctuations occurs. There is a lot of permafrost in these belts. In winter, north-east and south-east winds predominate, and in summer - westerlies. The belts have 2 climatic regions, about them below.

Territories of climate zones

Each belt is characteristic of certain territory. Natural climatic zones have been formed on the planet for a long time, so we can confidently identify certain areas in which the climate of the zone is pronounced.

The equatorial climate is characteristic of Oceania, South America and Africa. Subequatorial climate characteristic of Northern Australia and South-East Asia. Central Australia and North Africa- This is a tropical zone. Subtropics are typical for internal regions continents. A temperate climate prevails in the western part and eastern outskirts of Eurasia. the belt predominates in North America and northern Eurasia. Arctic and Antarctic belt characteristic of Australia and the Arctic Ocean.

Table of climate zones

The table shows the characteristics of the zones.

Belt	Average temperature in January	Average temperature in July	Atmosphere
Equatorial			Moist warm air masses
Subequatorial			Monsoons prevail
Tropical
Subtropical			Cyclonicity, high atmospheric pressure
Moderate			Western winds and monsoons
Subarctic
Arctic (Antarctic)			Anticyclones

Climatic regions of the belts

Subtropical zones have three climatic regions:

1. Mediterranean climate. Prevails in the northern hemisphere, on the southern and western shores of continents. In summer there is a continental climate, and in winter there are continental and maritime air masses. Summers are dry and warm, and winters are relatively cool and wet. Insufficient hydration.
2. Monsoon climate. Distributed on the eastern shores of continents. The summer monsoons produce intense heat and heavy rainfall, while the winter monsoons produce cool, dry conditions. Humidity in this area is moderate. Precipitation is typical for the winter season.
3. Marine climate. Distributed on the continents of the southern hemisphere. Marine air masses are characteristic. Summer and winter are warm. There is enough moisture, it is distributed evenly throughout the year.

The temperate zone consists of 5 climatic regions:

1. Moderate Prevails on the western shores of continents. The weather is shaped by warm currents and western winds. Winters are quite mild and summers are warm. There will be a lot of precipitation throughout the year. Winter is characterized by heavy and frequent snowfalls. There is more than enough moisture. The geography of the climate zone contributes to weather instability.
2. Continental temperate climate. Characterized by warm summers and cold winter. Arctic air masses sometimes provoke a sharp cooling, and tropical air masses - warming. There is little precipitation, it is uniform (cyclonic and frontal).
3. Continental climate. Applies only to North hemisphere. Moderate air masses prevail here throughout the year. Sometimes arctic air masses appear (in this area their invasion is possible even in summer). In the warm season there is more precipitation, but in general it is insignificant. A small amount of snow and the predominance of low temperatures contribute to the existence of permafrost.
4. Sharply continental climate. Typical for internal areas North America and Eurasia. The territory is practically isolated from the influence of seas and oceans and is located in the center high pressure. Sometimes summer is hot, winter is always frosty. There is a lot of permafrost. Weather type - anticyclonic. There is little precipitation and little moisture.
5. Monsoon climate. Distributed on the eastern side of continents. Characterized by the seasonality of air masses. Summers are humid and warm, while winters are dry and cool. Summer precipitation is more numerous and there is excess moisture.

The subarctic and subantarctic belts have two regions:

• continental climate (harsh, but short winter, little rainfall, swampy area);
• oceanic climate (fog, high rainfall, mild winters and cool summers).

The characteristics of climatic zones in the table do not include two areas of the Arctic and Antarctic zones:

• continental (little precipitation, temperatures below zero all year);
• oceanic climate (cyclones, little precipitation, negative temperatures).

Temperatures in oceanic climates can rise to +5 during the polar day.

To summarize, let's say that the characteristics of climatic zones (in the table) are necessary for every educated person.

Characteristics of climatic zones (table)
There are 7 types of climate zones on the planet. They are divided into two types: permanent (main) and transitional.
Constant climate zones- belts where one single air mass dominates throughout the year.
Transitional- written with the prefix “sub”, two air masses change in them during the year: in the summer there comes more hot (the one closer to the equator), in winter - colder (the one closer to the pole). In December-February airthe masses are shifted to the south, and in June-August - to the north of the planet.
Name of climate zones: 1) Equatorial climate zone-type: permanent-main - location: located on both sides of the equator from 5°-8° northern latitude to 4°-11° south latitude, between subequatorial belts.-description: The predominance of equatorial air masses throughout the year. Constantly high temperatures(on the plains 24° - 28°C). Weak, unstable winds. Characterized by the presence of a stripelow pressure with a constant influx of trade winds into it and a tendency to general upward movements air andrapid transformation of tropical air into humid equatorial air. Heavy rainfall throughout the year.Constantly hot and humid equatorial climate, caused by a large influx of solar radiation.
2) Tropical climate zone-type: permanent-primary -location: The belt is located in tropical latitudes. The northern and southern tropical zones of the Earth can be clearly distinguished. - description: In the tropical zone, one single air mass dominates all year round - the tropical air mass. She, in her turn, forms a zone above the climate zone constantly high blood pressure with clear weather throughoutof the year. Thus, the weather in the tropics depends entirely on the height of the sun above the horizon. IN summer months, Whenthe sun rises to its zenith, the temperature in the tropics rises above +30°C. In winter, when the sun is abovethe horizon is no longer so high, the temperature in the tropics is falling, and the cold winter nights can even go down tonegative temperatures. Sharp changes from hot to cold throughout the day and throughout the year, as well as low amountsprecipitation has led to the formation of a natural zone of deserts and semi-deserts in the tropical climate zone withvery sparse flora and fauna.
3) Temperate climate zone-type: permanent-primary- location: It is located between 40 and 60 latitudes, bordering on the subtropical and subarctic (in the southern hemisphere - subantarctic) climatic zones.-description: There are northern and southern temperate zones on the planet, however, in Southern Hemisphere he practically doesn't affects continents. since the temperature of the moderate air mass varies with the seasons of the year, in the temperateclimatic zone there is a clear change in them. All seasons are clearly expressed: snowy winter gives way to spring, which is replaced byhot summer comes and autumn comes again. Temperature differences in the temperate zone are very significant. Actuallythe border with the subtropics practically coincides with the winter isotherm of 0°C. In the temperate zone there are negativetemperature. Over a large area of ​​the belt in winter time snow cover is established.
4) Arctic (Antarctic) climate zone-type: permanent-primary -location: The belt occupies the polar regions of the Earth. The belt occupies the largest area in Antarctica, spreading almost the entire continent. In the Northern Hemisphere, it is located in the very north of Eurasia and North America, includingyourself to Baffin Island, Greenland, Taimyr Peninsula, New Earth, Spitsbergen, islands of the Arctic Ocean.-description: All year round, one single Arctic (in the Southern Hemisphere - Antarctic) air dominates here. weight. Almost the entire year in the Arcticclimate zone, the air temperature does not rise above0°C, and with further removal to the poles it always remains negative. Especially harsh winters observed inAntarctica. There is very little precipitation. Belt busy natural area arctic and Antarctic deserts. Bigpart of it is covered by a multi-kilometer-long shell of cover glaciers. So much low temperatures these areasare explained by the fact that the sun never rises high above the horizon in subpolar latitudes, its rays “slide”on the surface of the earth and do not warm it up even in polar day conditions, when the polar night comes (and onAt the poles they last for six months) the surface of the planet does not receive any heat from the sun and cools to -70 -80°C.