Krupskaya young. Krupskaya Nadezhda Konstantinovna

Krupskaya Nadezhda Konstantinovna. Every person is familiar with this name. But most only remember that she was the wife of Vladimir Ilyich Lenin. Yes, that's true. But Krupskaya herself was an outstanding political figure and teacher of her time.

Childhood

Her date of birth is February 14, 1869. Nadezhda Konstantinovna’s family belonged to the category of impoverished nobles. Father, Konstantin Ignatievich, former officer(lieutenant), was an adherent of revolutionary democratic concepts, shared the ideas of the organizers of the Polish uprising. But he didn’t particularly care about the well-being of the family, so the Krupskys lived simply, without excesses. Father died in 1883, when Nadezhda was in adolescence. Konstantin Ignatievich did not leave behind his fortune to his wife and daughter, but, despite the lack of funds, his mother, Elizaveta Vasilievna, always surrounded her daughter with love, tenderness and care.

Krupskaya Nadezhda Konstantinovna studied at the gymnasium named after. A. Obolenskaya, where she received a prestigious education at that time. Her mother did not particularly restrict her freedom, believing that every person should choose their own path in life. Elizaveta Vasilievna herself was very devout, but when she saw that her daughter did not gravitate towards religion, she did not try to convince her and force her to believe. The mother believed that the only guarantee of happiness could be a husband who would love and take care of her daughter.

Youth

Nadezhda Konstantinovna Krupskaya in her youth, after graduating from high school, often thought about the injustice that reigned around. She was outraged by the arbitrariness royal power, oppressor ordinary people, bringing them poverty, pain and suffering.

She found comrades in a Marxist circle. There, having studied the teachings of Marx, she realized that there was only one way to solve all the problems of the state - revolution and communism.

The biography of Nadezhda Konstantinovna Krupskaya, like her whole life, is now inextricably linked with the ideas of Marxism. It was they who determined her future life path.

She taught the proletariat for free at an evening Sunday school, where workers came to gain at least some knowledge. The school was located quite far away, beyond the Nevskaya Zastava, but this did not frighten the desperate and brave Nadezhda. There she not only taught the working people writing and arithmetic, but also propagated Marxism, actively participating in the unification of small circles in single organization. V.I. Lenin, who arrived in St. Petersburg, completed this process. This is how the “Union of Struggle for the Liberation of the Working Class” was formed, where Krupskaya occupied one of the central places.

Meeting V.I. Lenin

They met at the beginning of 1896 (February). But at first, Vladimir Ilyich showed no interest in Nadezhda. On the contrary, he became close to another activist, Apollinaria Yakubova. After talking with her for some time, he even decided to propose to Apollinaria, but was refused. Lenin did not have the same passion for women as he did for the ideas of revolution. Therefore, I wasn’t upset at all because of the refusal. Nadezhda, meanwhile, increasingly admired his loyalty to revolutionary ideas, his passion and leadership qualities. They began to communicate more often. The subject of their conversations were Marxist ideas, dreams of revolution and communism. But they also sometimes talked about personal and secret things. For example, only Nadezhda Konstantinovna Krupskaya knew the nationality of Vladimir Ilyich’s mother. Lenin hid the Swedish-German and Jewish roots mother.

Arrest and exile

Nadezhda Konstantinovna Krupskaya was arrested in 1897 along with several other members of the union. She was expelled from St. Petersburg for three years. At first she was exiled to the village of Shushenskoye, located in Siberia. V.I. Lenin was also in exile there at that time.

They married in July 1898. The wedding ceremony was more than modest. The newlyweds exchanged wedding rings made from copper coins. The groom's family was against this marriage. Vladimir Ilyich's relatives immediately disliked his chosen one, believing that she was dry, ugly and unemotional. The situation was further aggravated by the fact that Krupskaya and Lenin were never able to have children. But Nadezhda Konstantinovna put her whole soul into love for her husband, becoming his comrade, ally and true friend. She, together with Vladimir Ilyich, stood at the origins of communism and took an active part in organizing party affairs, paving the way to the revolution.

While in exile, Nadezhda Konstantinovna Krupskaya (see photo below in her youth) writes her first book. She was called "Woman Worker". This work, permeated with the ideas of Marxism, tells about a working woman, about how hard her life is now, and how it would be if she managed to overthrow the autocracy. In the event of the victory of the proletariat, women would be liberated from oppression. The author chose the pseudonym Sablina. The book was published illegally abroad.

Emigration

The exile ended in the spring of 1901. Nadezhda Konstantinovna Krupskaya spent her last year in Ufa, from where she left to join her husband. V.I. Lenin was abroad at that time. His wife followed him. Even abroad, party work did not stop. Krupskaya is active in propaganda activities, working as a secretary in the editorial offices of well-known Bolshevik publications (Forward, Proletary)

When the revolution of 1905-1907 began, the couple returned to St. Petersburg, where Nadezhda Konstantinovna became secretary of the party's Central Committee.

Beginning in 1901, Vladimir Ilyich began to sign his printed works with the pseudonym Lenin. Even in the history of his pseudonym, as in his entire life, his wife, Nadezhda Konstantinovna Krupskaya, played an important role. Real name The “leader” - Ulyanov - was already known in government circles at that time. And when he needed to travel abroad, due to his political position, justified concerns arose about the issuance of a foreign passport and leaving the country. A way out of the situation was found unexpectedly. Krupskaya’s longtime friend Olga Nikolaevna Lenina responded to the request for help. She, driven by social-democratic ideas, secretly took a passport from her father Nikolai Yegorovich Lenin and helped falsify some data (date of birth). It was with this name that Lenin went abroad. After this incident, the pseudonym stuck with him for the rest of his life.

Life in Paris

In 1909 the couple decided to move to Paris. There they met Nadezhda and Inessa; they had slightly similar characters, both confidently followed the communist canons. But, unlike Krupskaya, Armand was also a bright individual, a mother of many children, a wonderful housewife, the life of the party and a dazzling beauty.

Nadezhda Konstantinovna Krupskaya is a revolutionary to the core. But she was also a wise and sensitive woman. And she realized that her husband’s interest in Inessa went far beyond party activities. While suffering, she found the strength to accept this fact. In 1911, she, showing maximum feminine wisdom, herself suggested to Vladimir Ilyich to dissolve the marriage. But Lenin, on the contrary, unexpectedly ended his relationship with Armand.

Nadezhda Konstantinovna had so many party affairs that she had no time to worry. She threw herself into her work. Her duties included exchanging data with underground party members in Russia. She secretly sent them books, helped them organize revolutionary activities, pulled their comrades out of troubles, and organized escapes. But at the same time she devoted a lot of time to studying pedagogy. She was interested in the ideas of Karl Marx in the field of education. She studied the organization of school affairs in such European countries, like France and Switzerland, became acquainted with the works of great teachers of past years.

In 1915, Nadezhda Konstantinovna completed work on the book “Public Education and Democracy.” For this she received high praise from her husband. This first Marxist work, which came from the pen of Krupskaya, talked about the need to create educational institutions where ordinary workers could receive polytechnic education. For this book, Nadezhda Konstantinovna Krupskaya (her photo is presented in the article) received the title of Doctor of Pedagogical Sciences.

Return to Russia

The return to Russia took place in April 1917. There, in Petrograd, mass agitation and propaganda work occupied all her time. Speeches at enterprises before the proletariat, participation in rallies together with soldiers, organization of meetings of female soldiers - these are the main activities of Nadezhda Konstantinovna. She propagated Lenin's slogans about the transfer of all power to the Soviets, talked about the desire of the Bolshevik Party to socialist revolution.

At that hard time When Vladimir Ilyich was forced to hide in Helsingorfs (Finland) from persecution by the Provisional Government, Nadezhda Konstantinovna, posing as a housekeeper, came to visit him. Through her, the Party Central Committee received instructions from its leader, and Lenin learned about the state of affairs in his homeland.

Krupskaya was one of the organizers and participants of the Great October Socialist Revolution, being involved in its immediate preparation in the Vyborg region and Smolny.

Death of V. I. Lenin

Despite the fact that Armand Lenin broke off his relationship with Inessa several years ago, his feelings for her never cooled. But work has always been the most important thing for him. important priority in life, and his relationship with Armand dragged on and distracted him from party activities, so he did not regret his decision.

When Inessa died from suddenly developing tuberculosis, Vladimir Ilyich was struck by it. This was a real blow for him. His contemporaries claim that the mental wound greatly worsened his health and brought the hour of death closer. Vladimir Ilyich loved this woman and could not come to terms with her leaving. Armand's children remained in France, and Lenin asks his wife to bring them to Russia. Of course, she could not refuse her dying husband. He died in 1924. And after his death, Nadezhda Konstantinovna was no longer the same. Her “god” was no longer there, and life without him became an existence. Nevertheless, she found the strength to lead further work for the promotion of public education.

People's Commissariat of Education

Nadezhda Konstantinovna worked in the People's Education Committee immediately after the revolution. She continued the struggle for the creation of a labor polytechnic school. Raising children in the spirit of communism became the central link of her entire life.

Nadezhda Konstantinovna Krupskaya, whose photo surrounded by pioneers is located below, doted on children. She sincerely tried to make their lives happier.

Krupskaya also made a great contribution to the education of the female half of the population. Actively attracted women to participate in socialist construction.

Pioneerism

Nadezhda Konstantinovna stood at the origins of the creation and made a great contribution to its development. But at the same time, she not only coordinated the activities of the organization, but also participated in direct work with children. It was the pioneers who asked her to write an autobiography. Krupskaya Nadezhda Konstantinovna, short biography which she herself outlined in her work “My Life”, she was writing it with great excitement. She dedicated this work to all the pioneers of the country.

Last years of life

Nadezhda Konstantinovna’s books on pedagogy today have historical value only for those few researchers who are interested in the views of the Bolsheviks on issues of raising children. But Krupskaya’s true contribution to the history of our country is the support and assistance that she provided throughout her life to her husband Vladimir Ilyich Lenin. He was her idol and ally. He was her "god". After his death, Stalin, who came to power, tried with all his might to remove her from the political scene. Lenin's widow was for him whom he tried in every way to get rid of. Enormous psychological pressure was put on her. In the touching biography, prepared by order of Stalin, many facts of her life, both political and personal, were distorted. But she herself could not change the situation. Nadezhda Konstantinovna begged everyone who could to bury her husband. But no one heard her. The realization that the body of her loved one would never find peace, and that she herself would never rest next to him, completely broke her.

Her death was strange and sudden. She announced her decision to speak at the XVIII Party Congress. No one knew exactly what she wanted to talk about in the speech. Perhaps in her speech she could offend Stalin’s interests. But be that as it may, on February 27, 1939, she passed away. Three days before everything was fine. She received guests on February 24th. The closest friends came together. We sat at a modest table. And in the evening of the same day she suddenly felt ill. The doctor, who arrived three and a half hours later, immediately diagnosed: “acute appendicitis, peritonitis, thrombosis.” It was necessary to urgently operate, but for reasons that have not been clarified to this day, the operation was not performed.

If you ask random person, what he knows about Nadezhda Krupskaya, most will only remember that she was Lenin’s wife. Meanwhile, she was outstanding personality of its time.

Nadezhda Konstantinovna was born into a family of impoverished nobles on February 14, 1869 in. The daughter of a lieutenant and governess graduated from the Gymnasium with a gold medal. A. Obolenskaya and already 3 years after her graduation she became interested in the ideas of Marxism. This later determined her path as a Russian revolutionary, cultural and party figure, and an active participant in the preparation and implementation of events.

Nadezhda and Vladimir met in February 1896. And at first he became interested not in Krupskaya, but in another activist, Appolinaria Yakubova. Vladimir even proposed to her, but was not very upset when he heard the refusal. His main passion was not women, but the Revolution. It is this passion and leadership qualities hit Nadezhda. And she tried to interest the “visiting Volzhanian”, mainly with Marxist conversations and delicious home-cooked food prepared by her mother.

The efforts yielded results and Vladimir Ilyich made an offer to Nadezhda, sending it by mail. The wedding was very modest, but wedding rings were made from copper coins. Lenin's family did not approve of his choice, considering Nadezhda Konstantinovna dry, unemotional and ugly. The situation was also darkened by the fact that the marriage was childless. But Krupskaya was able to become for her husband best friend and a close ally, helping in life and in party affairs.

In 1909, after weighing all the pros and cons, the couple moved to Paris. There they met Inessa Armand. Nadezhda and Inessa had common features, both were convinced revolutionaries who shared the ideas of Lenin, but Armand had many virtues that Krupskaya was deprived of. Bright personality, mother of many children and a wonderful hostess, Inessa was the life of any company and, unlike Nadezhda, she was dazzlingly beautiful...

Krupskaya understood perfectly well that her husband’s interest in his new acquaintance went far beyond the scope of party affairs. Hardly, but with dignity, she accepted it. In 1911, Nadezhda herself suggested Lenin to divorce and even tried to help him and Inessa find new apartment. Vladimir Ilyich did not agree to the divorce and, suddenly, broke off his relationship with Armand.

The reason was that this relationship became so involved in his life that it began to harm his work. And work was a clear priority for Lenin. Inessa came to terms with the breakup, but, as it turned out, the relationship would have ended soon anyway: Armand developed tuberculosis, and she died suddenly during treatment in the Caucasus. Her death was a blow for Vladimir Ilyich. A number of historians believe that the break with Armand and her imminent death Lenin's death was also hastened. Loving this woman, he could not bear her leaving. Before his death, Lenin asked his wife to take Inessa Armand's children out of France. And Nadezhda Konstantinovna fulfilled his last wish.
After Lenin's death, Krupskaya offered to bury him next to Inessa Armand, but forbade this. Nadezhda Konstantinovna outlived her husband by 15 years, in recent years she collaborated with the opposition because she did not approve of Stalin's repressions. After her death in 1939, her ashes were buried in the necropolis near the Kremlin wall.

Nadezhda Konstantinovna Krupskaya (1869–1939) - the most prominent party and statesman, professional revolutionary, comrade-in-arms, wife and friend of the great Lenin.

Nadezhda Konstantinovna’s entire life was devoted to the party, the struggle for the victory of the working class, the struggle for the construction of socialism, for the victory of communism.

Youth

Nadezhda Konstantinovna was born and studied in St. Petersburg. As a very young girl, she began to think about the injustice that reigned around, about the arbitrariness of the royal power that oppressed the working people, about the poverty and suffering of the people.

What to do?- this question worried Nadezhda Konstantinovna and did not give her peace. Only after joining a Marxist circle and becoming acquainted with Marx’s teachings did she understand what needed to be done, which path to follow.

“Marxism,” she later wrote, “gave me the greatest happiness that a person can wish for: knowledge of where to go, calm confidence in the final outcome of the matter with which I connected my life.” This unshakable confidence in the correctness of Marxism, in the victory of communism, distinguished Nadezhda Konstantinovna all her life. Neither arrests, nor exile, nor long years of emigration could break her.

Nadezhda Krupskaya in her youth. 1890s.

Nadezhda Konstantinovna goes to the workers, works for free as a teacher at an evening and Sunday school for workers behind the Nevskaya Zastava in St. Petersburg. She combines teaching writing and arithmetic with the propaganda of Marxism, actively participates in the work of the Marxist organization created after the arrival of V.I. Lenin in St. Petersburg, who united disparate Marxist circles into a single coherent organization, which later received the name "Union of Struggle for the Liberation of the Working Class". Nadezhda Konstantinovna is part of the central core of this organization.

Arrest and exile

In the case of the Union of Struggle, Nadezhda Konstantinovna was arrested in 1897 and then expelled from St. Petersburg for three years. She first served her exile in the village of Shushenskoye, in Siberia, where at that time V.I. Lenin was in exile, whom she married in July 1898. “From then on,” she later wrote, “my life followed his life, I helped him in his work in whatever way I could.”

And, indeed, Nadezhda Konstantinovna was V.I. Lenin’s most faithful friend and ally. Together with him, under his leadership, she participated in the creation and organization of the party. Nadezhda Konstantinovna wrote her first book in exile "Woman Worker". This was the first Marxist work on the situation of female workers and peasants in Russia. In it, Nadezhda Konstantinovna showed that a working woman can achieve liberation only in a joint struggle with the working class for the overthrow of the autocracy, for the victory of the proletariat. This book was published illegally abroad. Nadezhda Konstantinovna could not put her last name on it, and she went under a pseudonym "Sablina".

Nadezhda Konstantinovna served her last year of exile in Ufa. At the end of her exile in the spring of 1901, she went abroad to visit V.I. Lenin. By this time he had already organized the publication of a party newspaper "Spark", and Nadezhda Konstantinovna becomes the secretary of the Iskra editorial board.

Emigration

Abroad, Nadezhda Konstantinovna always carried out enormous party work, being the editorial secretary of Bolshevik newspapers "Forward" And "Proletarian", foreign bureau of the Central Committee and others central organizations our party. During the years of the first Russian revolution (1905-1907), she and Lenin returned to Russia, to St. Petersburg, and worked as secretary of the party's Central Committee. In December 1907, Nadezhda Konstantinovna again had to go abroad. She actively participates in the party’s struggle on two fronts - with liquidators And otzovists, establishes connections with Russia, with the newspaper Pravda and the Bolshevik factions of the III and IV State Duma.

Correspondence with Bolshevik party organizations and with party comrades who were underground about Russia, sending party literature, sending comrades to illegal work, assistance in case of failures and escapes - all this lay with Nadezhda Konstantinovna.

During the years of emigration, Nadezhda Konstantinovna, along with enormous party work, was very passionate about pedagogical issues: she studied the statements of Marx and Engels on issues of education, became acquainted with the organization of school affairs in France and Switzerland, and studied the works of the great educators of the past.

The result of this work was the book she wrote in 1915 "Public education and democracy", which was highly valued by V.I. Lenin. This work was the first Marxist work in the field of pedagogy. Nadezhda Konstantinovna raised the question of the need for polytechnic education, the creation of a labor school, and the connection between school and life. (For this work, Nadezhda Konstantinovna was awarded the academic degree of Doctor of Pedagogical Sciences in 1936).

Return to Russia

In April 1917, Nadezhda Konstantinovna, together with V.I. Lenin, returned to Russia, to Petrograd, and immediately plunged headlong into mass propaganda work. She often spoke in factories in front of workers, at rallies in front of soldiers, at meetings of female soldiers, explaining to them the party's policies, promoting Lenin's slogan of the transfer of all power to the Soviets, explaining the Bolshevik Party's course towards a socialist revolution.

Nadezhda Konstantinovna, recalling this time, said that before she was very shy, “but I had to defend the party’s policy, I forgot that I didn’t know how to speak.” She had an extraordinary gift for simple, heartfelt conversations with workers. No matter what audience she spoke to - a small one, where there were 15-20 people, or a large one - 1000 people - it seemed to everyone that she was talking to him so intimately.

During that difficult time, when Vladimir Ilyich was forced to hide in Finland from persecution by the Provisional Government, Nadezhda Konstantinovna disguised herself as a worker Agafya Atamanova I went to see him in Finland, in Helsingfors. She conveyed to him instructions from the Party Central Committee, informed him about the state of affairs, and received the necessary instructions for transmission to the Central Committee.

Nadezhda Konstantinovna took an active part in the preparation and conduct of the Great October Socialist Revolution, working in the Vyborg region and Smolny.

People's Commissar of Education

After the victory of October, the party entrusted Nadezhda Konstantinovna with the work of public education. The largest Marxist teacher, the founder of Marxist pedagogy, Nadezhda Konstantinovna is fighting for the creation of a labor polytechnic school. The connection between school and life, the communist education of the younger generation and the broad masses of the people is constantly at the center of her concerns and attention.

Krupskaya among the pioneers, 1936.

Nadezhda Konstantinovna was the “soul of Narkompros,” as she was called then. Deep knowledge of theoretical and practical issues pedagogy, closeness to the workers, knowledge of their interests and demands, vast experience in party work helped her immediately outline the path to follow.

Nadezhda Konstantinovna devoted a lot of effort and attention to working among young people, fighting for the education and real emancipation of women, for their participation in all areas of socialist construction.

Nadezhda Konstantinovna loved children very much and did a lot to make their lives happy. “Children have the right to happiness,” she said.

She was one of the creators pioneer organization, followed the work of the pioneers, helped them in everything. In his biography "My Life", written for the pioneers, she wrote:

“I always really regretted that I didn’t have guys. Now I don't regret it. Now I have a lot of them - Komsomol members and young pioneers. They are all Leninists, they want to be Leninists. This autobiography was written at the request of young pioneers. I dedicate it to them, my dear, dear children.”

And the guys paid Nadezhda Konstantinovna with passionate love. They wrote letters to her, told her how they were studying, wrote that they wanted to be like Vladimir Ilyich Lenin. They sent Nadezhda Konstantinovna works they had done themselves.

Proceedings

Nadezhda Konstantinovna wrote many articles and books on issues of party and Soviet work, communist education, work among women, youth, and everyday life issues.

A special place is occupied by the works of Nadezhda Konstantinovna about V.I. Lenin, recreating the living image of our great leader.

Nadezhda Konstantinovna was a passionate propagandist of Leninist ideas and Leninist traditions in the party.

Krupskaya's character

Basic distinctive feature Nadezhda Konstantinovna was her integrity, party spirit, and determination. Having become a Marxist in her young years, devoting all her thoughts to the cause of the victory of the working class, to serving the party, she is always with the party in joy and in sorrow.

Krupskaya with her husband Vladimir Lenin in Gorki. 1922

Extraordinary courage distinguished Nadezhda Konstantinovna. In those difficult, difficult days when she lost her very close friend, Vladimir Ilyich Lenin, she, despite the greatest grief, found the strength to speak at the funeral meeting of the Second All-Union Congress of Soviets with such a wonderful, heartfelt speech that everyone was shocked. She spoke about Lenin, about his behests, called on the working people to rally under the banner of Lenin, under the banner of the party. In order to make such a speech in days of great personal grief, extraordinary courage was needed. Only the one whom the great Lenin chose as his life partner could do this, the one who for many years fought hand in hand with him for the victory of the working class, the one who went with him through all the storms and hardships, who was his comrade-in-arms, his faithful friend.

Nadezhda Konstantinovna, both at home and at work, was a simple, warm-hearted, modest, sympathetic person. Extremely efficient, organized, demanding of herself and others, she worked tirelessly.

The pure, bright and courageous image of Nadezhda Konstantinovna Krupskaya is always kept in the hearts of our people. It is extremely unfortunate that this image has not yet been sufficiently reflected in the works of our artists.

Interesting facts about Nadezhda Konstantinovna Krupskaya!!!

Name of an outstanding politician Nadezhda Konstantinovna Krupskaya is always mentioned when we talk about the leader of the world proletariat V.I. Lenin. She was not only a faithful comrade in the struggle, but also a wife who shared bold ideas and brought people back to life after dangerous illnesses. But few people know that Nadezhda Konstantinovna was also a teacher, left a lot of work on educating the younger generation, and dealt with the development of literature. February 26, on the 145th anniversary of the birth of N.K. Krupskaya, I suggest you familiarize yourself with 20 interesting facts from her biography.

1. Nadezhda Konstantinovna Krupskaya was born on February 26, 1869 in St. Petersburg into a noble family. Her father, Konstantin Ignatievich, after graduating from the cadet corps, received the position of head of the district in the Polish Groets. Mother Elizaveta Vasilievna, a graduate of the Institute of Noble Maidens, worked as a governess. Her father died when Nadya Krupskaya was 14 years old, but it was he who captivated the girl with the ideas of the populists.

2. In 1887 N.K. Krupskaya graduated from the Obolenskaya private women’s gymnasium with a gold medal, was friends with A. Tyrkova-Williams, future wife P. B. Struve. She adhered to the views of L.N. Tolstoy. Having received a diploma as a home tutor, Nadezhda successfully teaches, preparing students of Princess Obolenskaya’s gymnasium for exams. In 1889, she entered the Bestuzhev courses, but after studying for only a year, she left this prestigious educational institution- She was fascinated by the Marxist environment.
3. Nadezhda studies the heritage of K. Marx and F. Engels, specially mastered for these purposes German language, since August 1891, Krupskaya has been teaching at a men's evening and Sunday school, promoting social democratic ideas.
4. In January 1894, 24-year-old revolutionary Vladimir Ulyanov arrived in St. Petersburg, behind whom were the execution of his older brother Alexander, surveillance, arrest, and exile. Nadezhda met Vladimir Ilyich at a meeting of St. Petersburg Marxists in February 1894. They were introduced to each other by Lenin's longtime acquaintance Apollinaria Yakubova (a classmate of Ilyich's sister Olga). Vladimir flirts with both of them, and visits the Krupskys’ house. Despite the fact that Nadezhda was a year older than her chosen one, he had a more sober, adult outlook on life.

5. In 1895, Ilyich was arrested. “When they (the prisoners) were taken for a walk, from one window of the corridor a piece of the Shpalernaya sidewalk was visible for a minute. So he (Lenin) came up with the idea that we - me and Apollinaria Aleksandrovna Yakubova - would come at a certain hour and stand on this piece of sidewalk, then he would see us. For some reason, Apollinaria couldn’t go, but I walked for several days and stood for a long time on this piece.”
Perhaps such devotion and responsiveness forced Ulyanov not only to have a comradely attitude towards Nadezhda, but when his relationship with Yakubova came to naught, Vladimir Ilyich, sentenced to exile in Siberia, in one of his notes invited Krupskaya to become his wife. According to another version, Nadezhda herself invited Lenin to formalize the marriage when Siberia loomed over him. Vladimir Ilyich hesitated for a long time, but was forced to give up - after all, the “lovers” could be settled nearby, which is what happened later. According to the third version, Krupskaya went to Shushenskoye not only as a bride, but also as a propagandist distributing revolutionary ideas and related literature. In 1898, Nadezhda Konstantinovna and Vladimir Ilyich got married, and got married, although they held the same views free love" Krupskaya’s mother insisted on holding a church ceremony.

N.K. Krupskaya(right) with mother on the eve of exile

6. Krupskaya’s party pseudonyms were Sablina, Lenina, N.K. Artamonova, Onegina, Ryba, Lamprey, Rybkina, Sharko, Katya, Frey, Galileo.

7. In 1899, N.K. Krupskaya wrote her first book, “Woman Worker,” where she described the living conditions of working women in Russia and, from a Marxist perspective, highlighted the issues of raising proletarian children.

After the end of her exile, N.K. Krupskaya went abroad, where Vladimir Ilyich was already living at that time, and accepted active participation in the process of creating Communist Party and preparation for the future revolution. Returning from V.I. Lenin in 1905 to Russia, Nadezhda Konstantinovna, on behalf of the Central Committee of the Bolshevik Party, carried out propaganda work, which she then continued abroad, where she emigrated again with V.I. Lenin in 1907. She was faithful assistant and secretary of her husband, participated in the work of the Bolshevik press.
8. During the years of forced emigration, Krupskaya had to survive Lenin’s infatuation with Inessa Armand. Already in those days, Nadezhda Konstantinovna suffered from Graves' disease (or, as the common people say, goiter) - her bulging eyes made the already unattractive person more frightening. Lenin called his wife a “herring.” A thyroid disease deprived Krupskaya of motherhood, and she devoted her entire life to the revolutionary struggle.

9. Nadezhda Konstantinovna had a fantastic ability to work: she shoveled through piles of literature, sorted out correspondence, answered a variety of questions, delving into the essence of problems, and wrote her own articles.
10. After the victory of the October Revolution, Nadezhda Konstantinovna, together with activists, stood at the origins of the Socialist Union working youth, Komsomol, pioneers, was a member of the State Commission on Education, issues of communist education of children.
11. When Lenin was seriously wounded, Krupskaya, using all her teaching talent, brought him back to life, re-teaching him to speak, read and write. She managed the almost impossible - to return her husband to active work again. But a new stroke brought all efforts to naught, making Vladimir Ilyich’s condition almost hopeless.

12. After the death of V.I. Lenina Krupskaya is a member of the board of the People's Commissariat of Education of the RSFSR; together with Lunacharsky and M.N. Pokrovsky, she prepared the first decrees on public education, and is engaged in political and educational work. Nadezhda Konstantinovna organizes such voluntary societies as “Down with Illiteracy”, “Friend of Children”, and is the chairman of the society of Marxist teachers.
13. Since 1929 - Deputy People's Commissar of Education of the RSFSR. Contributed major contribution in development the most important problems Marxist pedagogy - defining the goals and objectives of communist education; connection between the school and the practice of social construction; labor and polytechnic education; determination of the content of education; issues of age-related pedagogy; basics organizational forms children's communist movement, education of collectivism, etc.

14. Great value Nadezhda Konstantinovna attached importance to the fight against child homelessness and neglect, the work of orphanages, preschool education, and did not share the views of A.S. Makarenko. She edited the magazine “People's Education”, “ People's teacher", "On the way to new school”, “About our children”, “Help to self-education”, “Red Librarian”, “School for Adults”, “Communist Education”, “Reading Hut”, etc. She was a delegate to the VII-XVII party congresses. The author of numerous books about Lenin, she contributed to the development of Leninism in the country, in particular, she helped with the publication of the book by M. Shaginyan.

15. Nadezhda Konstantinovna Krupskaya was awarded the Order of Lenin (1935) and the Order of the Red Banner of Labor. For more than 20 years she led public education, was the secretary of the Glavpolitprosvet, was the leader of the women's movement in the country, the organizer of teachers' trade unions, movements for the socialization of the disabled and for the education of all peoples of the country in their native language, and many newspapers and magazines in Russia that still exist today. Her direct merit was the social orientation of Soviet education at all levels: kindergarten, school, library, children's art house, recreation camp, school site. And although her cherished ideas of labor high school were never fully implemented, the USSR became the first state in the world with a widely developed network of institutions vocational education. Krupskaya was not only the first doctor of pedagogical sciences in the history of Russia, but also the permanent and uncomplaining deputy of three people's commissars of education.
16. Krupskaya played a very unseemly role in creative destiny K.I. Chukovsky, she considered his poems to be disrespectful to the child’s personality. Her article “About Chukovsky’s Crocodile” ended with the words that these poems “You don’t need to give it to our boys...” The speech of the leader's widow in the press at that time actually meant a ban on the profession. In order to remain in children's literature, Chukovsky had to publicly “renounce” fairy tales for some time (until 1942).

17. Krupskaya was disliked by Stalin because she was going to publish Lenin’s posthumous letter, which said that another candidate should be considered for the role of leader. In addition, she opposed the policy of terror, although she defended Kamenev, Bukharin, Trotsky and Zinoviev to no avail, and protested against the persecution of children by “enemies of the people.”

18. Joseph Vissarionovich, in retaliation against the old Bolshevik, threatened that in history textbooks he would present Lenin’s wife as a completely different person (for example, E.D. Stasova), and showed disrespect for Nadezhda Konstantinovna in every possible way.
19. On February 26, 1939, Nadezhda Konstantinovna Krupskaya celebrated her 70th birthday. Old Bolsheviks gathered to celebrate with her. Stalin sent a cake as a gift - everyone knew that Lenin’s comrade-in-arms loved sweets. A few hours after the celebration, Krupskaya became ill. Nadezhda Konstantinovna was diagnosed with purulent appendicitis, which soon turned into peritonitis. She was taken to the hospital, but could not be saved. The day after the anniversary, Krupskaya died.
20. Her body was cremated. The urn with the ashes is placed in the Kremlin wall.

Nadezhda Krupskaya to Maria Ilyinichna Ulyanova:

Still, I feel sorry that I’m not a man, otherwise I’d be hanging around ten times more.

(Venedikt Erofeev, “My Little Leniniana”)

Mom and Dad

Elizaveta Vasilievna Krupskaya, née Tistrova, was very worried that her only daughter was not at all pretty and did not look like her handsome father. The former governess, who successfully married Lieutenant Konstantin Ignatievich, was afraid that Nadenka would not be able to find someone who would covet her exceptional mental abilities and will forgive the mediocre appearance.
However, marriage with Krupsky can only be considered a relative success. Having met during his service in Kielce (Poland), the young people fell in love at first sight. There was nothing surprising in this: orphans from impoverished noble families, raised at public expense, she was in the Pavlovsk Military Orphan Institute for Noble Maidens, he was in the Konstantinovsky Cadet Corps, they were similar in their views on life, in their attitude towards the world , in their aspirations and had a common value system.
The girl Tistrova was distinguished by her cheerful disposition, playfulness and homeliness. Krupsky, with his intelligence and literary abilities, was considered the life of the party. In general, many members of this family were noted for their literary abilities. Here is an excerpt from a petition written by Krupsky to his superiors, in which he insists on his transfer from rebellious Poland. He, a member of the First International, was disgusted by the service obliging him to suppress the national liberation uprising: “From the age of nine, the service separated me from everyone close to my heart, and together with my dear native land, leaving in my soul sweet memories of the happy years of childhood, the picturesque places of my native nest !. About everything that is so dear to everyone! From such circumstances of life, some unbearable melancholy oppresses the soul - my whole body, and the desire to serve native land day by day it takes greater hold of my feelings, paralyzing my thoughts.” Not an official note, but a poem! Elizaveta Vasilievna published the book “Children's Day” in 1874. She devoted 12 quatrains with pictures to discussions about the benefits of work, without once mentioning God.
He managed to escape from Poland by entering the St. Petersburg Military Law Academy. Here, on February 26, 1869, the Krupskys’ daughter Nadezhda was born. After graduating from the academy, Krupsky received the position of head of the district in Grojec (Poland). The family lived in prosperity for three years. But all this time the landowners-latifundists were denouncing the administrator, who was known for his revolutionary-democratic views. And the matter ended sadly - resignation, trial, ban on living in the capital. An appeal was filed, the consideration of which lasted until 1880. All this time, Nadenka was considered the daughter of a person under investigation, and this greatly complicated her life: her father could not find a job, and her mother wrote in the sources of payment for her daughter’s education, shameful for that time, “from own funds Krupskaya E.V. " And although Konstantin Ignatievich was acquitted, emotional stress led to a sharp deterioration in his health, weakened by tuberculosis. And the daughter, who was strongly attached to her father, fell ill with symptoms nervous disorder. This is how her thyroid gland made itself known for the first time.
Having moved to St. Petersburg, the parents sent their daughter to the most advanced educational institution for girls at that time - the Obolenskaya gymnasium, where brilliant representatives of the Russian intellectual elite taught: physicist Kovalevsky, mathematicians Litvinova and Bilibin, collector of Russian folklore Smirnov. And here she was the best student.
The family lived a difficult life - due to the deplorable state of health, the father practically did not work. Friends who were participants in the revolutionary democratic movement helped. Nadya grew up listening to their conversations about the great future of Russia, free from the oppression of tsarism.
On February 26, 1883, Krupsky died. On the birthday of his daughter, who loved him so much.
To make ends meet, Elizaveta Vasilyevna rented a large apartment and rented out rooms to telephone operators, seamstresses, students, and paramedics. They lived on the difference. 14-year-old Nadya gave mathematics lessons. In 1887 she graduated from the 8th pedagogical class and received a diploma as a “home tutor”.
A prosperous life did not suit the young girl; she dreamed of continuing her father’s work in the struggle for universal happiness and equality. I even wrote a letter to Lev Nikolaevich Tolstoy. At this mirror of the future revolution, Nadenka asked about what she should do with herself next, how to benefit the fatherland. I received the answer not from Himself, but from Tatyana Lvovna (interestingly, in just ten years she herself will play the same role at the torch of the future revolution) - the volume of “The Count of Monte Cristo”. What did the writer’s daughter want to say by this, into what abysses should she send her young soul thirsty for social achievement? Nadezhda Konstantinovna approached the matter in detail: she checked the original text with the abridged and simplified Sytin edition for the people, corrected it, removed illogicalities and sent the result of her efforts back to Tolstoy. However, there was no answer.
In 1889 she entered the Bestuzhev courses. She joined the Marxist circle of Mikhail Brusnev.
In spring and summer, mother and daughter Krupsky rented a hut in the Pskov region. They lived on what the peasants gave for the fact that Nadenka worked with their children during field work.
Returning to St. Petersburg, she left her lucrative position as a gymnasium teacher and went to teach for free at a school for working youth behind the Nevskaya Zastava.
At the end of February 1894 at pancakes At the engineer Robert Eduardovich Klasson, St. Petersburg workers met with the famous Marxist nicknamed “Old Man”, the author of the brochure “What are “Friends of the People””, which was sensational in their circles, Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov. Teacher Nadya was also here. It was these girls who served as conductors of revolutionary ideas from the heated heads of commoners to the souls and hearts of workers who attended charity classes.

Thank you
Thanks to Nadezhda Konstantinovna, education in our country was genderless for 80 years: boys and girls ran races, threw hammers, chopped coal in mines, and solved trigonometry problems. As a result, Russia lost its men. But they still don’t want to do housework.

Ulyanov and Nadezhda began dating. He asked in detail about the life of the working people, their way of life and morals. One day, in order to answer some of the questions, Nadenka dressed up as a weaver and with a friend staged a spy raid into a workers’ dormitory. The oldest member of the “Union for the Liberation of Workers,” in which Ulyanov and Krupskaya were members, Mikhail Silvin, assessed the role of Nadezhda Konstantinovna this way: “She maintained and renewed connections, was the core of our organization.” Ilyich greatly appreciated the information she provided.
When he got sick, the girl looked after him. Her friends cooked, washed, cleaned for the young leader, while she sat by his bed, read aloud, and told the latest news.
Three years have passed. Mom was worried in vain. Having been rejected from the gate when courting Nadyusha’s friend, also a socialist and teacher, Apollinaria Yakubova, Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov asked for his hand in marriage in a letter from prison faithful comrade Nadi. “A wife, a wife! “- the revolutionary girl happily agreed.

Curious
Krupskaya did not just write pedagogical projects. She meticulously participated in their implementation. Sarkis Nanushyan, a famous Moscow architect who was entrusted with
to design standard buildings for children's institutions, recalled that Nadezhda Konstantinovna specifically met with him several times to discuss the smallest details of the layout of kindergartens and schools.

Volodya

Before the wedding, Nadya was arrested. There were almost no materials for it, but one of the student workers pawned the entire team. Krupskaya received three years of exile in Ufa.
Her mother petitioned for her release, writing in her petition: “My daughter is generally in poor health, very nervous, and has suffered from catarrh of the stomach and anemia since childhood.” The prison doctor also confirmed the deplorable state of the convict’s body, finding it “extremely unsatisfactory.” But this had no consequences.
Ilyich and Krupskaya sent a petition asking them to serve their exile together in Shushenskoye. To get money for long journey, Elizaveta Vasilievna sold the plot next to her husband’s grave at the Novodevichy cemetery.
The groom found the appearance of the arriving bride “unsatisfactory,” which he wrote to his sister about. Nadenka’s mother was also worried about her unhealthy “paleness.” The girl reassured: “Well, mom, I match northern nature, there are no bright colors in me.”
At the insistence of the mother-in-law, the wedding took place not according to revolutionary, but according to church canons on July 10, 1898.

Facts
Shushenskoye, like Kokushkino, were family estates of the Ulyanov family. Annual income from them ranged from 8 to 17 thousand rubles.
Once a week for the master, the future leader of the revolution, they slaughtered one ram (sheep), one adult wild boar, and 3-5 poultry (turkeys and chickens). From the memoirs of Nadezhda Konstantinovna: “True, lunch and dinner were simple - one week they killed a sheep for Vladimir Ilyich, which they fed him day after day, until he had eaten everything, as soon as he had eaten - they bought meat for the week, the worker in the yard in a trough ... chopped bought meat for cutlets for Vladimir Ilyich, also for a week... In general, the exile went well... In my opinion, he has gotten terribly healthy, and he looks brilliant... One local Polish resident says: “Mr. Ulyanov is always cheerful.” He is terribly interested in hunting, and everyone here is generally an inveterate hunter.”
The exile was paid, according to some sources, 9 rubles. 24 kopecks, according to others - 8 rubles. 17 kopecks per month. During these years in Siberia, a ram cost from 20 to 30 kopecks.

Krupskaya recalled life in Shushenskoye as one of the happiest periods in her life. The mother, who took on all the household chores (and diligently performed them until death), hired a 15-year-old au pair. The funds received by two exiles and the pension of the widow of a collegiate assessor were quite enough for a comfortable existence: books and beloved Volodya were ordered from the capitals mineral water(which, by the way, he received in prison). Nadenka worked in the morning - she corresponded with her comrades who remained in freedom, read newspapers, and prepared excerpts for her husband’s articles. She edited his translation of “The Theory and Practice of English Tradeunianism” by Sidney and Beatrice Webb (translation commissioned, from the publisher, paid). During the day we walked a lot, Ilyich taught his wife to do gymnastics, went boating, cycling, and swam. We went hunting, picked mushrooms and berries. From evening until late at night, my husband sat at his desk.
Throughout their life together, he treated her with the same warmth, tenderness and care as his suddenly deceased beloved sister Olga. There is a lot of evidence of this, especially in Lenin’s correspondence with his relatives. The parents of Ilyich and Krupskaya, who adhered to Narodnaya Volya views, were supporters of the same educational system. It’s not surprising that their children found them so quickly common language and throughout their entire life together they understood each other in half a glance, half a word, no. Nadezhda was very friendly with Ilyich’s mother, before last days was best friend his sister Maria.
Neither of them were people without passions. There is evidence that in her youth, Krupskaya accepted the advances of a member of her revolutionary circle, the worker Babushkin, and in exile she became interested in the handsome revolutionary Viktor Konstantinovich Kurnatovsky. But when Lenin was reported about this, and even sister Anna wrote an indignant letter about this, he brushed it off: “This is not the time, Annushka, to engage in all sorts of gossip. We are now faced with grandiose tasks of a revolutionary nature, and you come to me with some kind of womanish talk.”

Ilyich himself once became seriously interested in the beautiful Inessa Armand, the daughter of a French opera singer and the wife of a very rich man. A beauty, she was the complete opposite of Nadezhda Konstantinovna. It happened in Lanjumeau, at a school for revolutionary workers. It was a beautiful, passionate romance. Krupskaya offered Lenin a divorce. But he refused, rejected Armand and returned to his revolutionary girlfriend. Do not forget that the beauty had five children from two marriages, and Krupskaya had a mother with a pension as the widow of a collegiate assessor.
There are rumors that the fruit of love between Armand and Lenin, the boy Andrei, was secretly raised and lived his life in the Baltic states. The beauty's relatives even deny the fact of the affair, but letters have been preserved indicating the opposite. After the breakup, from Paris, Inessa wrote to Lenin: “We broke up, we broke up, dear, you and I! And it hurts so much. I know, I feel, you will never come here! Looking at familiar places, I was clearly aware, as never before, of what great place You were still here in Paris, occupying a place in my life that almost all activities here in Paris were connected by a thousand threads with the thought of you. I wasn’t in love with you at all then, but even then I loved you very much. Even now I would do without kisses, just to see you, sometimes talking to you would be a joy - and it would not hurt anyone. Why was I deprived of this? You're asking if I'm angry that you handled the breakup. No, I think you didn’t do it for yourself...”
Only one thing is known for sure: supporting Vladimir Ilyich, who was losing consciousness in grief, at the coffin of Inessa, who died in Beslan from cholera (Lenin, knowing her problems with tuberculosis, recommended going to the Caucasus. So she went), Nadezhda Konstantinovna vowed to take care of her young children. And she kept her oath: for some time the younger girls grew up in Gorki. Later they were sent abroad. Until her last day, Krupskaya was in intimate correspondence with them. She especially loved the youngest, Inessa, and called her son “granddaughter.”

Teacher

In Shushenskoye, Krupskaya, at the insistence of Ilyich, wrote her first brochure: “Woman Worker.” Here are the lines from it: “A working woman or a peasant woman has almost no opportunity to raise her children, leaving them to fend for themselves all day long.” People's wolf Vera Zasulich highly praised this work, telling Ilyich that it was written “with both paws.” The book was published without the author's signature. And in 1906 it was declared anti-state and publicly destroyed.
Nadezhda Konstantinovna believed: the problem is not to free women from the need to work on an equal basis with men, but to create a system in which maternal, family education is replaced by public education. She devoted a significant part of her pedagogical works to this, which by the end of her life amounted to 11 weighty volumes, and her efforts: after the revolution, being deputy people's commissar of education Lunacharsky, it was she who laid the foundations Soviet system children's educational institutions: nurseries, kindergartens, camps, boarding schools, schools, work schools. She also took a direct part in the creation of youth—pioneer and Komsomol—organizations. For the latter, by the way, I wrote the charter.

Educational program
Graves' disease is an autoimmune disease, diffuse toxic goiter. This disease was named after German doctor Karl Adolf von Basedow, who gave him a complete and accurate description.
Graves' disease is accompanied by an increase in the size of the thyroid gland and an increase in its function due to autoimmune processes occurring in the patient's body.
The main causes of Graves' disease include:
long-term chronic foci of infection in the body;
hereditary predisposition;
chronic sore throats.
People of all ages are susceptible to the disease, but young and middle-aged women are most often affected. Various viral infections also contribute to the occurrence of toxic goiter.
A specific symptom for Graves' disease is changes in the eyes. When looking down at open eyes appears white stripe above the pupil, although normally the eyelid usually drops with the eyeball. The eyeball appears enlarged and protruded. The eyes shine, they are wide open, blinking is rare. The eyelids may be swollen. Due to malnutrition of the eyeball, various types infections and conjunctivitis occurs.

Emigration

After exile, Lenin emigrated to Austria. Nadezhda Konstantinovna and her mother went to Ufa to serve out their sentence. Here she again ended up in the hospital, where the doctor diagnosed “a disease of the endocrine system.”
The first Social Democratic newspaper Iskra began publication. It was published abroad, but money for this was collected in Russia. Notes made in Ilyich’s hand have been preserved: “427 marks 88 pfenings received from Russia (from Ufa).” This money was collected through the efforts of his wife, treasurer of the local Social Democratic organization Krupskaya.
Living in Ufa, Nadezhda Konstantinovna prepared for life in exile. Attended courses French(3 times a week for an hour, 6 rubles per month). For comparison, her own lessons to students were paid much more: for 6 hours she charged 62 rubles.
The couple united in 1901 in London. The first period of emigration lasted until 1905, the second - from 1907 to 1917.
They lived in Geneva, Lausanne, Vienna, Munich, Longjumeau, and Paris. We spent some time in remote Russian territories– in Finland and Poland. All this time, Krupskaya played the role of an entire secretariat: she corresponded with compatriots, prepared and held congresses, conferences, edited printed publications, acted as a translator and personal assistant for her husband. She gave lectures to French hatmakers about the role of women in the revolution. Years later, speaking at an evening dedicated to Ilyich’s 50th birthday, the famous revolutionary Olminsky assessed Krupskaya’s performance as follows: “. She did all the menial work, so to speak, she left the cleanest work to him, and all the secret communications, encryption, transport, relations with Russia, she did everything herself. And therefore, when we say that Lenin is a great organizer, I add that Lenin, with the help of Nadezhda Konstantinovna, is a great organizer.”
The couple usually spent their summers in European mountain resorts: the Alps, the Tatras. This was required by Krupskaya’s poor health: she was tormented by attacks of arrhythmia. In 1912, the situation worsened, and the question of an operation arose. The funds made it possible to do this with the best European specialist - Dr. Kocher Berne. For a while the disease subsided.
In 1915, Krupskaya’s mother died, and the family faced an acute crisis. financial issue. For many years It was her pension that served as the main source of livelihood. I had to look for lessons and translations. But in her letters, Krupskaya refutes rumors both about fattening at public expense and about a hungry existence: “We didn’t know the need when you don’t know what to buy bread with.”

In power

The Bolsheviks learned about the revolution that would bring them to power from the morning Parisian newspapers. The return to Russia was triumphant, but the holiday did not last long. And although a few months later the party took the leadership of the country into its own hands, all subsequent years were complicated not only by wars, famine and devastation, but also by intra-factional struggle.
The main problem for Krupskaya during these years was Ilyich’s health. Beginning in 1918, doctors periodically forbade him to work altogether - the general overwork of his weak body increasingly worsened and affected his health. intellectual abilities. And then ridiculous notes from him flew to the authorities. 1919: “Inform the Scientific and Food Institute that in 3 months they must provide accurate and complete data on the practical success of producing sugar from sawdust.” 1921, to Lunacharsky: “I advise you to put all theaters in a coffin.” Taking care of her husband, and herself tormented by attacks of chronic illnesses, Nadezhda Konstantinovna foresaw the end and last minute life of a beloved comrade held his hand in hers.
After Lenin's death, she devoted herself entirely to government work. The productivity of this elderly, unhealthy woman is amazing: in 1934 she wrote 90 articles, held 90 speeches and 178 meetings, viewed 225 letters and responded to them. One month was lost due to hospitalization, one month due to restorative rest.

Death

The year 1939 came - the year of her 70th birthday. At the next party congress, she was preparing to speak out condemning the punitive policies of Stalinism.
She celebrated her birthday in Arkhangelskoye. Stalin sent a cake - it was known that after Ilyich’s death, Nadezhda Konstantinovna stopped playing sports, did not take too much care of her appearance and often spoiled herself with cakes. There is a version that the cake was poisoned. But it is refuted by the fact that the old Bolsheviks in Arkhangelskoye ate it together with the birthday girl.
At night she became ill - her appendicitis worsened. They called the doctors, but the NKVD arrived. Only a few hours later, Krupskaya was examined by specialists and urgently hospitalized. Appendicitis was complicated by peritonitis, inflammation of the peritoneum. General condition health and age did not allow surgical intervention. On the night of February 26-27, a fateful date for her fate, Nadezhda Konstantinovna died.
The urn with ashes was carried personally by Comrade Stalin to the burial place - the Kremlin wall.

Elena Kurasova

P.S. Krupskaya replaced Lenin's deceased sister Olga, with whom they dreamed of making a revolution together. That’s why he was so faithful to her. I understood one thing for sure: a woman even made a revolution in this country.