Presentation on the topic of guardianship. Presentation on the topic of characteristics of trusteeship countries

Ministry of Education and Science of Ukraine

Odessa State Economic University

Individual work on the topic:

“Analysis of the activities of OPEC as an international and supranational regulator of world trade”

Odessa-2010

INTRODUCTION

Currently, there are more than 4,000 international intergovernmental organizations. Their role in the global economy is difficult to overestimate.

Sooner or later, states are faced with the task of their interaction, the purpose of which is mutual assistance, as well as the solution common problems in various fields of activity: political, economic, cultural, legal, scientific and technical and others.

For example, to solve problems related to the simplification of international trade, the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade - GATT (WTO) was created, to solve the world food problem - the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), and to solve problems of international payments - the IMF.

Thus, at the end of the 50s, the formation of the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) was a natural path for the development of the world economy. OPEC is a voluntary intergovernmental economic organization whose task and main goal is to coordinate and unify the oil policies of its member states. OPEC is looking for ways to ensure stabilization of prices for petroleum products on the world and international oil markets in order to avoid fluctuations in oil prices, which have harmful effects for OPEC member states. The main goal is also to return to Member States their investment capital in the oil-producing industries with a profit. OPEC in modern conditions has a significant impact on the regulation of the world oil market by setting prices for it.

MAIN GOALS AND OBJECTIVES OF THE ORGANIZATION OF OIL EXPORTING COUNTRIES

With the beginning of oil production in the countries of the Middle East and Africa, the fields of these regions found themselves in the category of the best. Extremely favorable natural production conditions (small depth, presence of flowing wells, etc.) along with low wages labor force led to a very low level of production costs in these regions.

By 1960, oil production in capitalist countries reached 885 million tons, of which 496 million tons were in developing countries. 53% of this amount was provided by the countries of the Middle East, specific gravity of which in world capitalist oil production increased from 17% in 1950 to 30% in 1960.

However, the great influence on the world economy from the International oil cartel, which was formed in 1928 by seven major oil companies: “Gulf oil”, “Standard oil”, “Mobil oil”, “Texaco”, “British petroleum”, “ Royal Dutch” and “France petrol”, did not allow these states to fully develop.

For a long period of time, mineral and agricultural raw materials were siphoned off from developing countries largely by methods left over from the colonial period. Chief among them was direct control foreign capital over the production and export of raw materials in the form of concessions that are strictly unprofitable for developing countries and monopoly low purchase prices for exported raw materials.

For example, since the mid-50s, an ever-increasing amount of oil produced in the Near and Middle East was sent to the United States, where the cost of producing its own oil was more than 10 times higher than that of Middle Eastern countries. The influx of cheap oil, allowing monopolies to make excess profits from differences in production costs, contributed to the rapid growth of unused production capacity in the United States. American oil could not withstand the competition of cheap fuel imported from the Middle East and Africa. This prompted US governments to impose quantitative import restrictions starting in 1959 equal to 12.2% of the previous year's production. Under these conditions, the prices of actual oil transactions began to move further away from the reference prices. To bring reference prices into line with the market situation, as well as to reduce payments to the governments of oil-producing countries, the monopolies in 1959 lowered reference prices for oil in Venezuela and the Middle East. Venezuela alone lost $140 million in 1959.

These and other actions of the international oil cartel caused sharp discontent in the Arab world and Venezuela, which contributed to the rapprochement of oil exporting countries.

It was necessary to radically change the entire situation on the world market. Exactly real threat further stabilization of the incomes of developing countries was a decisive factor that persuaded oil-producing countries to create a special body for the purpose of collectively protecting their interests. At a conference convened at the initiative of the Iraqi government in September 1960 in Baghdad, the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries was formed.

Currently, OPEC includes 11 countries: Algeria (since 1969), Indonesia (since 1962), Iraq (since 1960), Iran (since 1960), Kuwait (since 1960), Lebanon (since 1962), Nigeria (since 1971), Qatar (since 1961), Saudi Arabia(since 1960), United United Arab Emirates(since 1967) and Venezuela (since 1960).

OPEC is organized by oil exporting countries to achieve the following main goals and objectives:

1. coordination and unification of the oil policy of the member countries;

2. determining the most effective collective and individual means of protecting their interests;

3. using the necessary means and methods to ensure price stability on the world oil market;

4. protecting the interests of oil-producing countries by providing them with sustainable income;

5. ensuring efficient, regular and cost-effective supply of oil to consumer countries;

6. ensuring that investors receive fair returns from investments in the oil industry;

7. ensuring environmental protection;

8. cooperation with non-OPEC countries in order to implement initiatives to stabilize the world oil market.

The highest body of OPEC is the Conference, consisting of delegations representing member states, headed by the ministers of the oil production industry or energy. Meetings of the Conference are held twice a year at the OPEC headquarters located in Vienna (Austria).

OPEC AND THE WORLD OIL MARKET

To weaken competition and conquer the world oil market in 1928, seven largest oil companies: Gulf oil, Standard oil, Mobil oil, Texaco, British petroleum, Royal Dutch and France petrol formed a cartel that controlled almost the entire world oil market (as of 1965, the cartel had 79% of reserves and 60% of oil production in the capitalist world at its disposal). The basis of their dominance was control over oil sources in developing countries in the form of ownership of concessions. They not only ensured the profits of the monopolies, but also guaranteed an uninterrupted supply of liquid fuel to the imperialist states. By setting low prices, the cartel achieved expansion of sales markets and reorientation of the world economy towards liquid fuel.

By dividing the sales markets, sources of raw materials among themselves and coordinating the size of production, the cartel participants for a long time almost single-handedly regulated prices on the world market, forcing other competitors to follow them. In addition, oil corporations controlled not only oil production, but also transportation, refining and marketing operations. liquid fuel.

For a long period until the end of the 40s of the 20th century, oil prices were maintained by the cartel at a level corresponding to the highest global production costs - at the worst fields in the United States.

However, after World War II, the colonial system began to disintegrate, after which developing countries began to fight against their imperialist exploitation by the United States and Western countries. Important integral part This struggle is the movement of developing countries to conquer and strengthen national sovereignty over its most important natural wealth.

The struggle of this group was aimed, first of all, at changing the terms of concession agreements, which served as a serious brake on the economic development of oil-producing countries.

Provisions on mandatory reduction of concession areas began to appear in the mid-50s. But only after the formation of OPEC did developing countries exporting petroleum fuel come to realize the need, first of all, to change in their favor the terms of foreign concessions, which are the basis for the exploitation of these countries.

The first step taken by the governments of these countries was the organization of state oil companies. In 1960, a national company was established in Kuwait, 1962 in Saudi Arabia, 1963 in Algeria, 1964 in Iraq. But oil monopolies still maintained low prices on the world market. Then the leadership of oil-producing countries moved to more decisive actions. Early 70s extracting countries and processing enterprises of foreign monopolies were fully or partially nationalized on a reimbursable basis. In January 1973, agreements between Saudi Arabia, Qatar and Kuwait with nine oil monopolies came into force stating that the state would own 25% of the shares in subsidiaries producing on their territory, and after 10 years - 50%.

The real result was already visible in 1974, when in most of the oil-exporting countries the concession system was eliminated and state control, albeit incomplete, was established over the oil industry.

According to various scientists, in mid-1974, 59% of all oil produced in them was under state control in OPEC countries. It is characteristic that during that period, as a result of nationalization, control was established over 32% of all production and through the acquisition of equity participation in concessions - over 26%.

Having achieved a significant increase in oil prices, developing countries have increased their income many times over. Due to this, existing oil production and oil refining enterprises were re-equipped and new ones were built, and other sectors of the economy were developed.

Two major centers began to operate on the world oil market - the West and the East.

This structure of the oil market has been preserved to this day, however, as a result of the coordinated policy of the OPEC member countries, the states of the Eastern Hemisphere currently have a significantly larger share in the world oil market than the countries of the Western Hemisphere.

Despite this, OPEC is not able to cope with the difficulties that still arise from time to time. Countries such as the USA, Mexico, Russia and others also play an active role in the global oil market today. OPEC is forced to reckon with these countries and negotiate cooperation in order to stabilize oil prices.

ROLE OF OPEC IN THE WORLD ECONOMY

In modern conditions the volume industrial production in the structure of world GDP - 60%, and industrial products in the structure of world trade - 70%. From this it is clear that the development of the world economy directly depends on the development of industry. At the same time, global industry depends on oil, as one of the cheapest and most common sources of energy in industrial enterprises. Oil is also of great economic importance; the operation of road, air, sea and a significant part of railway transport depends on it. Therefore, we can safely say that the oil factor is essential in maintaining the stability of the functioning of the world economic system.

However, despite the importance of the oil factor, not every country that produces this type of raw material can really influence the world economy.

Currently, in the world oil market, the real force capable of making full use of this factor is OPEC. By strictly regulating oil production and exports, OPEC countries have the real ability to dictate world oil prices, taking into account primarily their national interests. This possibility is a consequence of many factors.

First, OPEC countries have the richest oil reserves, accounting for more than three-quarters of all proven world reserves.

Secondly, today OPEC produces about 24 million barrels of crude oil per day, providing about 40% of the world supply.

Thirdly, the cost of oil production in OPEC fields is significantly lower than in other regions of the planet, so OPEC can quite easily change the level of oil production, both downward and upward. According to EIA (Energy Information Administration) estimates, without attracting significant investments, the oil cartel can increase oil production to 35 million barrels per day. At the same time, investments in increasing production levels by 1 barrel/day. are only about 2.8 dollars.

So, OPEC is really capable of influencing the level of oil prices; its role in the world economy comes down to maintaining stability in oil prices, balancing supply and demand by increasing or decreasing oil production.

However, to more fully understand its role in the global economy, it is necessary to consider the functioning of the cartel in crisis situations.

In October 1973, the fourth Arab-Israeli war began. In response, OPEC first reduced and then completely imposed an embargo on oil exports to Israel's allies: the USA, Holland, Portugal, and South Africa.

These actions of OPEC, along with such factors as the rise in the capitalist economy, which caused a sharp increase in demand for oil, speculative transactions of monopolies with oil reserves, increasing imbalances between supply and demand - all this inevitably led to the first energy crisis, which lasted five months until March 18, 1974, while the cartel embargo against the United States was in effect. During this time, prices soared from 4.5 to 12 dollars per barrel.

The second crisis, which broke out in 1979, was even more dangerous. There was a revolution in Iran, and from April 1, OPEC increased prices by 14.5%. This caused the market price to rise to $14.6 per barrel. Since July, the cartel has increased prices by another 15%. Then came Iran's seizure of Western hostages and the severance of relations with the United States. At the same time, the actions of Saudi Arabia led to an increase in prices from 19 to 26 dollars per barrel. In 1980, the situation worsened with the Iran-Iraq War. Saudi Light blend rose to $34 a barrel, reaching its all-time high.

The first and second energy crises showed the low efficiency of OPEC and the poor coordination mechanism of the oil policy of its member countries. In both cases, the market situation developed spontaneously, with the participation of OPEC member countries, but not under the control of the organization as such.

But speaking about the inability or at least weak impact of OPEC on the world economy during crises, it should be noted that its role in stabilizing oil prices in subsequent years is enormous. During the period of rising prices, the total volume of supplies from these countries remained virtually unchanged. It was this aspect that made it difficult for OPEC to intervene in the rapid development of energy crises. But in those moments - 1975 and the end of 1980, respectively - when the reduction in demand caused by the rise in price of liquid fuel began to be felt, members of the association of oil exporters significantly reduced production and thereby established a new price level.

For 5 years there was calm and a gradual decline in oil prices, but when in December 1985 OPEC sharply increased oil production to 18 million barrels per day, a real price war began, provoked by Saudi Arabia. OPEC announced its abandonment of its role as a market “regulator” and decided to defend a higher market share. OPEC member countries sharply increased oil production in their countries. However, the new strategy did not bring the expected success: within a few months, crude oil fell in price by more than half from 27 to 12 dollars per barrel - the capitalist market was hit by another crisis - a crisis of overproduction.

The fourth oil crisis occurred in 1990. On August 2, Iraq attacked Kuwait, prices jumped from $19 per barrel in July to $36 in October. However, then oil prices fell to their previous level even before the start of Operation Desert Storm, which ended with the military defeat of Iraq and the economic blockade of the country that continues to this day.

After the crisis in Southeast Asia in 1997. There was a collapse of stock markets around the world. However, OPEC did not pay attention to the alarming symptoms. Moreover, at the November meeting it was decided to increase production by 10% - to 27.5 million barrels per day. The inopportuneness of this step became evident in 1998, when an increase in oil supply against the backdrop of a reduction in its consumption in Asia led to an increase in industrial oil reserves and a collapse in prices. For a whole year, OPEC could not turn the situation around, and this called into question the very existence of the cartel. Twice in March and June OPEC decided to cut production, but poor discipline within the organization significantly undermined market confidence. By December 1998, prices dropped to $10 per barrel, and industrial reserves in the United States reached 330 million barrels. Only in March 1999, the cartel not only made a decision to reduce production, but also managed to implement it. Decrease in oil production from 25.5 million barrels per day. to almost 23, along with the recovery of the economies of Southeast Asia, did their job. Almost the entire year after the historic decision, oil prices rose continuously, and if in February 1999 Brent cost about 10 dollars per barrel, then in March 2000 it was all 30.

Current situation shows that OPEC is more interested than ever in maintaining stability in the global oil market, firstly because the economies of some countries, which have not fully recovered from the last crisis, will not be able to endure another crisis. The existence of not only OPEC, but also the countries included in it, depends on the competent policy of this organization.

CONCLUSION

By uniting, oil exporting countries were able to resist the international oil cartel, fight against imperialist exploitation by the United States and Western countries, and ultimately oust the cartel from the world oil market and begin to manage their national wealth themselves, setting a “fair” price for it. However, having real power in the world oil market, OPEC not only failed to prevent oil crises, but also contributed to their growth through its actions.

Currently, OPEC continues to play a huge role in the functioning of the world economy, but it is obvious that its role in the international arena is becoming lower and lower every year. This is due to many factors. Here are the main ones. Firstly, due to the fact that today OPEC is not able to independently cope with the fall in oil prices, it has to seek support from other oil exporting countries, i.e. its dependence on other countries is increasing. Secondly, intensified in lately rationalization in the use of natural resources and the transition to the use of alternative energy sources leads to a reduction in demand for oil. In these conditions, OPEC is pursuing a policy of reducing the production of “black gold”. But, with a reduction in oil production in OPEC member countries, non-member countries, on the contrary, are striving to increase production, gradually displacing OPEC from the world oil market.

In the long term (80–100 years), in my opinion, OPEC faces a much more serious problem: the depletion of natural resources. The economies of most OPEC countries are predominantly dependent on the oil factor. These states receive most of their income from oil sales. Therefore, the economies of this group of countries should be in urgently diversified, otherwise when completely exhausted natural resources there will be a threat to their continued existence.

In addition, I believe that the collapse of the economies of states that depend more than 70% on oil will occur much earlier than the actual depletion of natural resources. This is explained by the fact that in the near future (20–40 years) oil will cease to play the role of an energy source. And in this case, the need for liquid fuel on the world market will disappear.

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Description of the presentation by individual slides:

PRESENTATION ON THE TOPIC: “ORGANIZATION OF PETROLEUM EXPORTING COUNTRIES”

HISTORY OPEC is a permanent intergovernmental organization. It was created by five founding countries (Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia and Venezuela) in September 1960 during a conference in Baghdad. September 2015 — 55 years old Opek

Currently, 12 countries are members of the organization: Saudi Arabia Iran Iraq Kuwait Qatar Libya UAE Algeria Nigeria Ecuador Venezuela Angola The already mentioned founding countries were joined by: Qatar (in 1961), Libya (in 1962), United Arab Emirates ( in 1967), Algeria (in 1969), Nigeria (in 1971), Ecuador (in 1973), Angola (in 2007). At one time, this organization also included: Indonesia (from 1962 to 2009) and Gabon (from 1975 to 1994). Compound

OPEC STRUCTURE: Chief Secretary President Conference of Ministers of States (Governing Council) Secretariat (three departments) Economic Commission

OPEC'S TASK OPEC member countries control about 2/3 of the world's oil reserves. They account for 40% of world production or half of world oil exports. Peak oil has not yet been passed only by OPEC countries and Canada (among the major exporters).

The goal of OPEC is to coordinate and unify the oil policies of the organization’s member countries in order to ensure fair and stable oil prices on the world market, effective economically justified and regular supplies of oil to consumer countries, as well as to provide investors who have invested their capital in the development of the oil industry , fair return on investment.

GOALS OF OPEC ORGANIZATION Coordination and unification of the oil policies of member states. Determining the most effective individual and collective means of protecting their interests. Ensuring price stability on world oil markets.

GOALS OF THE OPEC ORGANIZATION Attention to the interests of oil producing countries and the need to ensure: 1. Sustainable incomes of oil producing countries; 2. Efficient, cost-effective and regular supply of consumer countries; 3. Fair income from investments in the oil industry; 4. Environmental protection in the interests of current and future generations. 5. Cooperation with non-OPEC countries in order to implement initiatives to stabilize the world oil market.

OPEC BASKET The term OPEC "basket" was officially introduced on January 1, 1987. Its price value is the arithmetic average of spot prices for types of oil produced by the organization's members. Arab Light (Saudi Arabia) Basra Light (Iraq) Bonny Light (Nigeria) Es Sider (Libya) Girassol (Angola) Iran Heavy (Iran) Kuwait Export (Kuwait) Merey (Venezuela) Murban (UAE) Oriente (Ecuador) Qatar Marine ( Qatar) Saharan Blend (Algeria)

WORLD OIL RESERVES

WORLD OIL RESERVES

PROBLEMS OF OPEC COUNTRIES Problems of large-populated countries Irrational investment of money Lack of OPEC countries from the leading countries of the world Insufficient qualifications of national personnel.

THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION! ?

• Bakhmetova Elena Viktorovna
• 07.07.2016

Material number: DB-139652

Certificate of publication of this material the author can download it in the “Achievements” section of his website.

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Presentation about guardianship

Presentation for a geography lesson (1. Presentation on the topic.

Presentation on the topic: “Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries.” OPEC'S TASK OPEC member countries control about 2/3 of the world's oil reserves. They account for 40% of world production or half of world oil exports. Presentation of the 10th grade on the topic: ‘The international organization OPEC. The work was completed by a student of class 10 “B” Lipantieva Evgenia.’. OPEC) The Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries; abbreviated OPEC, English.

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Presentation about guardianship

Student 1.0 "b" class Batyarkin Alexander. Download for free and without registration. Members of this organization are countries whose economies largely depend on revenues from oil exports. OPEC member countries control about 2/3 of the world's oil reserves. They account for 4. These five countries that founded the organization were later joined by nine more: Qatar (1. Indonesia (), Libya (1.

United Arab Emirates (1. Algeria (1. 96. 9), Nigeria (1. Ecuador (, 2. 00.

Gabon (), Angola (2. OPEC currently includes 1. At these meetings, decisions are made on the actions that need to be taken to stabilize the market. Decisions on changes in oil production in accordance with changes in market demand are made at OPEC conferences.

To download this presentation, please recommend it to your friends on any social network. After which the download will start automatically! Here you can study and download a lesson presentation on the topic Characteristics of OPEC countries for free. Presentation for class on various topics contains 18 slides.

The Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries; C Published 09.25.2013 - 18:16 - Latko Irina Ivanovna. Slide 18 OPEC, or the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC, The Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries) is a cartel. Presentation 'International Organization OPEC'. International organization OPEC, Lipantieva E., 10th class.

OPEC (presentation) download. OPEC is an international intergovernmental organization (also called a cartel) created by oil-producing countries to stabilize oil prices. Presentation of the 10th grade on the topic: ‘The international organization OPEC. The work was completed by a student of class 10 “B” Lipantieva Evgenia.’. OPEC) The Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries; abbreviated OPEC, English. Abstract to the presentation. Presentation work on geography on the topic: 'OPEC oil industry and Russia', created by a student. Thanks to this work we will learn what petroleum geology studies. OPEC includes 12 countries: Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, Venezuela, Qatar, Libya, United Arab Emirates, Algeria, Nigeria, Ecuador Slide 17 from the presentation “International cooperation” for economics lessons on the topic. " International organizations».

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Presentation about guardianship

Presentation 'International Organization OPEC'.

Lesson presentation for interactive whiteboard in geography (1. OPEC countries. Animated stencil. Dalnerechensk Primorsky Krai Slide 2.

Instructions The table shows the names of the countries of the world. According to the task, you need to click on the names of those states that are members of OPEC. When clicked, the color changes from black to red. To check the correctness of the completed task, click on the “Check” button. The resulting rectangle will cover the table. In small windows, the names of countries in red will show the correct answers, in black - those not indicated by the student. Slide 3. Ecuador USA Algeria Russia Angola Kazakhstan Nigeria Brazil Kuwait Italy UAE Libya Egypt France China Qatar Norway Argentina Mexico Iraq Venezuela Canada Indonesia Brunei Denmark Saudi Arabia India Germany Japan Iran Check Slide 4.

Resources used Astvatsaturov G. O. Reception STENCIL http: //rupresentations. Templates-fruit/1.

• OPEC includes 12 countries: Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, Venezuela, Qatar, Libya, United Arab Emirates, Algeria, Nigeria, Ecuador. Slide 17 from the presentation “International Cooperation” for economics lessons on the topic “International Organizations”.
• Abstract for the presentation. Presentation work on geography on the topic: 'OPEC oil industry and Russia', created by a student. Thanks to this work, we will learn what petroleum geology studies.
• Published 09.25.2013 - 18:16 - Latko Irina Ivanovna. Slide 18 OPEC, or the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC, The Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries) is a cartel.
• OPEC (presentation) download. OPEC is an international intergovernmental organization (also called a cartel) created by oil-producing countries to stabilize oil prices.

Presentation on the topic: OPEC oil industry and Russia. Download this presentation. OPEC) The Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries; abbreviated OPEC, English. Presentation for a geography lesson (grade 11) on the topic: Centers of economic power in Asia. You can read and download the OPEC Presentation. The presentation contains 12 slides. Presentations for any class can be downloaded for free. If you liked the material and our presentation site.

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Presentation about guardianship

Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries - Wikipedia. Not to be confused with APEC.

Organization. The Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries; Abbreviated as OPE. OPEC is an international intergovernmental organization created by oil-producing countries to control oil production quotas. Often viewed as a cartel.

Abstract for the presentation. Presentation work on geography on the topic: 'OPEC oil industry and Russia', created by a student. Thanks to this work, we will learn what petroleum geology studies. The Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries; S. OPEC (presentation) download. OPEC is an international intergovernmental organization (also called a cartel) created by oil-producing countries to stabilize oil prices. Presentation on the topic: “Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries.” OPEC'S TASK OPEC member countries control about 2/3 of the world's oil reserves. They account for 40% of world production or half of world oil exports. OPEC includes 12 countries: Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, Venezuela, Qatar, Libya, United Arab Emirates, Algeria, Nigeria, Ecuador. Slide 17 from the presentation “International Cooperation” for economics lessons on the topic “International Organizations”.

OPEC consists of 1. Headquarters are located in Vienna. General Secretary (from 0.

Mohammed Barkindo. OPEC member countries control about 2/3 of the world's oil reserves. Their share is

Presentation 'International Organization OPEC'. OPEC) The Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries; abbreviated OPEC, English. Presentation for a geography lesson (grade 11) on the topic: Centers of economic power in Asia.

The Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries was founded at a conference in Baghdad 1. Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia and Venezuela. The 1.96.0s were characterized by the process of decolonization and the formation of new independent states. During this period, world oil production was dominated by seven major transnational companies, the so-called “Seven Sisters”: Exxon, Royal Dutch Shell, Texaco, Chevron, Mobil, Gulf Oil and British Petroleum. OPEC was established after the Seven Sisters cartel unilaterally reduced the purchase prices for oil, based on which they paid taxes and rents for the right to develop natural resources to oil-producing countries.

In the 1960s, there was an excess supply of oil on world markets, and therefore one of the goals of creating OPEC was to prevent a further fall in prices. OPEC developed its collective vision of oil production and created the Secretariat of the organization, which was initially located in Geneva, and from September 1, 1. Vienna. In 1.96.8, OPEC adopted the Declaration “On the Oil Policy of OPEC Member Countries,” which emphasized the inalienable right of all countries to exercise permanent sovereignty over their natural resources in the interests of their national development. During 1.96.0s, the number of OPEC member countries doubled due to the accession of five more oil-producing countries: Qatar (1. Indonesia (1.96. Libya (1.96. 2), United Arab Emirates (1.

Algeria (1.96.9). In November 1.96.2 OPEC was registered with the UN Secretariat as a full-fledged intergovernmental organization. B 1. 96. 5 OPEC established official relations with the UN Economic and Social Council and became a participant in the UN Conference on Trade and Development. This was facilitated by two major events in the world: the Arab oil embargo in 1. OPEC expanded its powers, starting with the first summit of heads of state and government in Algeria in 1. OPEC called for new era cooperation in international relations in the interests of global economic development and stability. This led to the creation of the OPEC Fund for International Development in 1.

Member countries have undertaken ambitious socio-economic development schemes. During the period 1.97.0s, the number of OPEC member countries increased to 1. Nigeria (1.97.1), Ecuador (1. Gabon (1.97.5). OPEC was captured by a group of six armed terrorists led with Carlos the Jackal. Three people were killed: an Austrian policeman, a member of the Libyan delegation and an Iraqi security officer.

This was achieved through the agreement and establishment of oil production quotas for OPEC member countries and the establishment of a pricing mechanism based on the OPEC basket. During these same years, it was possible to establish dialogue and establish cooperation with countries that are not members of OPEC. Prices have moved less dramatically during this decade compared to the previous one. Thanks to the timely actions of OPEC, it was possible to avoid an oil supply crisis due to military events in the Middle East. 1 However, excessive volatility and general price weakness prevailed in this decade due to the economic downturn in South Africa. East Asia and a mild winter in the Northern Hemisphere in 1. However, the world experienced a stable recovery, which arose due to greater integration of the oil market, which took into account the changes that occurred in the world after the collapse of the USSR and the collapse of the socialist system.

This period was also characterized by growing processes of globalization, a revolution in communications and other high-tech areas. Serious changes have occurred in issues of dialogue between oil producers and consumers, as well as in issues of relationships between member countries OPEC and non-OPEC members. After Earth Summit 1.

United Nations negotiations on climate change are gaining momentum. In these conditions, OPEC seeks to balance oil supplies to the world market. During this decade, there was a change in the composition of OPEC: Gabon left OPEC, and Ecuador suspended its membership in the organization until October 2. In 1.99.8, Russia became an observer in OPEC. OPEC's innovative pricing mechanism helped strengthen and stabilize oil prices in the early years of this decade. But a combination of market forces, speculation and other factors changed the situation in 2. Prices soared to record levels in the middle of 2.

OPEC has become a prominent organization in supporting the oil sector as part of global efforts to combat the economic crisis. Thanks to the second and third OPEC summits in Caracas and Riyadh in 2. During these years, Angola joined OPEC (2. Indonesia since January 2.

Indonesia continues to export light oil but imports significantly higher volumes of sour oil. This approach is economically justified, since the price of light oil is higher. At 2.00.8, Russia announced its readiness to become a permanent observer in OPEC. In 2.01.5, Indonesia again submitted an application to return to OPEC.

However, on December 1, 2. This means that the Organization currently has a total of 1. At these meetings, decisions are made on the actions that need to be taken to stabilize the market. Decisions on changes in oil production volumes in accordance with changes in market demand are made at OPEC conferences. The highest body of the organization is the Conference of participating countries, convened, as a rule, 2 times a year. The Conference decides on the admission of new members, approves the composition of the Board of Governors, the budget and financial report, appoints the Chairman of the Board of Governors, the Secretary General, his deputies and the auditor.

The Governing Council prepares issues for the Conference and manages the work of the Secretariat, which is a permanent body. The Secretariat conducts research and prepares proposals for the Board of Governors and the Conference, monitors the implementation of decisions made, and draws up draft annual OPEC budgets. Its composition includes administrative, economic, legal, information and technical departments.

The orange line is the inflation-adjusted price (in dollars 2. The term "OPEC Reference Basket of crudes" was officially introduced on January 1 1. The price of the "basket" is defined as the arithmetic average of the physical prices of the following grades of oil: Arab Light ( Saudi Arabia), Basra Light (Iraq), Bonny Light (Nigeria), Es Sider (Libya), Girassol (Angola), Minas (Indonesia), Iran Heavy (Iran), Kuwait Export (Kuwait), Merey (Venezuela), Murban (UAE), Oriente (Ecuador), Qatar Marine (Qatar), Saharan Blend (Algeria). Since January 2, 01, 6, Indonesia has been included in the basket again. Thus, the OPEC basket price is currently determined as an arithmetic average. physical prices 1.

Data for OPEC countries as of March 2. Since this period, Russia has been participating in sessions of the OPEC Conference, as well as in expert meetings and other events of the organization with representatives of countries outside of it.

Regular meetings are held Russian ministers with OPEC leaders and colleagues from OPEC countries. Russia has taken the initiative to organize a regular Russia-OPEC Energy Dialogue, to conclude an Agreement (Memorandum) on the Energy Dialogue, the authorized representative of which on the Russian side will be the Ministry of Energy Russian Federation. Out of fear that Russia will increase its market share, OPEC refuses to reduce production unless Russia does the same. This situation is the main obstacle to the recovery of world oil prices. Saudi Arabia and other countries on the Arabian Peninsula are sparsely populated, but have huge oil reserves, large foreign investments and very close relations with the Seven Sisters. Other OPEC members, such as Nigeria and Venezuela, have high populations and poverty. These poorest countries are pursuing expensive economic development programs and are heavily indebted.

They are forced to produce and sell significant volumes of oil, especially if the price of crude oil declines. Also in 1.98.0s, Iraq and Iran, which went to war with each other, increased oil production to pay for military expenses. Saudi Arabia pressured Iran and Iraq to return to quota compliance. Although OPEC countries successfully negotiate oil production quotas, there are no mechanisms within OPEC to monitor and regulate compliance with them. Therefore, quotas are often not met. OPEC countries produced an average of 3. Iranian representatives have repeatedly stated their intention to increase oil production by 1 million barrels per day after the likely lifting of economic sanctions, despite the fact that OPEC quotas have already been exceeded.

This was due to large-scale oil production by non-OPEC countries: Russia (1. USA (1.2%), China (5%), Canada (4%), Brazil (3%), Kazakhstan (2%). Partially the success of these countries in production is due to the development of so-called “unconventional oil” (shale oil in the USA, oil sands in Canada). economic crisis at 2.

Despite the excess supply and a two-fold drop in oil prices, OPEC members are not cutting production, fearing that their market share will be taken by competitors. As a result, some OPEC countries are faced with declining revenues, while others face budget deficits even with high levels of oil production. Another problem for OPEC is political instability in some countries of the organization.

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What is it?

Crude oil is a highly flammable liquid found in deep sedimentary deposits and is well known for its use as a fuel and a feedstock for chemical production.

Slide 3

Oil and gas have been known to mankind for several thousand years. Even in ancient times, oil and gas seeps were discovered in the basins of the Black and Caspian Seas and were used for heating, cooking, lubrication, as a cementing material and road surface, for sealing cracks and tarring ships.

A little history

Slide 4

Several centuries BC. In China, drilling was carried out using bamboo pipes. However, systematic oil production in the world began only 2000 years later.

Petroleum geology emerged as a recognized science at the beginning of the twentieth century. Since that time, a rapid increase in the number of specialists in oil and gas exploration began; Thousands of geologists around the world are busy searching for oil and gas today.

Slide 5

What is it measured in?

In 1 barrel (on average) 0.1360 t Russian Urals-33 0.1365 t Iranian Heavy-31 0.1381 t Iranian Light-34 0.1356 t Chinese Daqing-32 0.1373 t British Brent Blend-38 0.1324 T

Slide 6

OPEC (OPEC, Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries) is an organization of oil exporting countries.

OPEC was established after the Seven Sisters, a cartel that united British Petroleum, Chevron, Exxon, Gulf, Mobil, Royal Dutch Shell and Texaco and controlled the processing of crude oil. oil and the sale of petroleum products throughout the world - unilaterally reduced purchase prices for oil, on the basis of which they paid taxes and interest for the right to develop natural resources to oil-producing countries. In the 1960s, there was an oversupply of oil in world markets, and the purpose of creating OPEC was to prevent prices from falling further.

Slide 7

OPEC was formed at an international conference in Baghdad, held on September 10-14, 1960. Initially, the organization included five countries: Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia and Venezuela. Between 1960 and 1975 8 more countries were accepted: Qatar, Indonesia, Libya, United Arab Emirates, Algeria, Nigeria, Ecuador and Gabon. In December 1992, Ecuador left OPEC, and in January 1995, Gabon was expelled from it.

Slide 8

• Algeria
• Venezuela
• Indonesia
• Qatar
• Kuwait
• Libya
• Nigeria
• Saudi Arabia

Currently, OPEC includes 11 countries:

Slide 9

Oil-producing countries of the world (2005 data)

Slide 10

Despite its enormous influence on the oil market, OPEC produces only 40% of global oil production. However, OPEC countries own 77% of all proven world oil reserves. As a result, non-OPEC countries - Canada, Great Britain, Norway, Mexico, China, Russia and the USA - produce about 60% of oil, but at the same time their own reserves are quickly depleted. As a result, in recent decades the need to develop alternative energy sources has become increasingly felt.

Slide 11

At the same time, oil production in Saudi Arabia increased most significantly compared to the previous month - from 9.438 million to 9.540 million barrels per day, noted in the report of OPEC experts.

The price of the OPEC oil “basket” as of October 21 was 52.47 (-0.38) dollars per barrel. This is the lowest point in the last 13 weeks. Cheaper than now, "basket" last time cost on July 25, 2005. Then its price was officially $52.07 per barrel.

Slide 12

Currently, the actual oil production by the member countries of the world oil cartel is exactly 30.3 million barrels per day, although the total official quotas allocated by the decisions of the 130th Vienna Conference on March 31 of this year are determined at 23.5 million barrels.

Slide 13

World oil prices in January-September 2005 were at extremely high levels, and recent months reached a historical maximum in nominal terms. On average, over the nine months of 2005, the level of world oil prices was 75% higher than the average level of the previous three years.

High growth rates of the world economy, in particular, the economies of the USA and China

Low level of available production capacity for oil production

Slide 14

Hurricanes Katrina and Rita have recently had an increasing impact on global oil prices, leading to production shutdowns and damage to energy infrastructure in the Gulf of Mexico region.

Slide 15

At the March (2005) OPEC conference, it was announced that oil production by member countries of the organization would increase by 500 thousand barrels per day, but this measure did not have any visible impact on the dynamics of oil prices.

Russian oil industry

Slide 16

Purnomo Yusgiantoro, OPEC Secretary General:

“OPEC alone is not able to achieve stability in global energy markets and bring the current high oil prices back to normal. Without such countries - large oil producers and oil exporters as Russia, Norway, Mexico, Kazakhstan, Angola, Oman, the world cartel will not cope with the problem of achieving stability in world oil markets. But there is no progress from these states yet, although cooperation and coordination of many tactical actions is developing normally.”

Slide 17

According to Federal service According to state statistics, in 2004 Russia produced 458.7 million tons of oil, which is almost 9% more than in the past. This absolute record throughout the history of the domestic oil industry, including Soviet period. More than half of the extracted raw materials were exported.

According to NIKOIL FC analyst Alexey Kormshchikov, by the end of this year Russia will extract 5-6% more oil from the subsoil than in the past, but then the growth will stop altogether. “The problem is that exploration of new deposits is being carried out in insufficient quantities, so there will be nothing to increase production from,” the expert believes.

Slide 18

The development of the oil and gas sector of the Russian economy in January-September 2005 was characterized by the continuation of the growth trend in the production of oil and petroleum products that developed in 2000-2004, however, the growth rate of oil production in 2005 fell sharply.

Slide 19

Slide 20

Russia exports the most oil.

He also “exports” the money received for it.

Slide 21

Oil complex of Prikamye

LLC "LUKOIL-PERM" carries out search, exploration and production of oil and gas in 23 administrative districts of the Perm Territory.

The most active oil production is carried out in the Usolsky, Solikamsky, Kuedinsky, Chastinsky, Chernushinsky and Bardymsky districts. In total, the LUKOIL-PERM LLC group has 127 fields on its balance sheet.

Slide 22

Oil production of the LUKOIL-Perm group for 2004 - 2005

Slide 23

Oil production by LUKOIL-Perm enterprises in October 2005

Slide 24

In total, for the period until 2010, LUKOIL-PERM LLC plans to produce 68 million tons of oil.

The use of the most modern technologies and the latest equipment allows LUKOIL-PERM LLC to carry out work to tap oil reserves located in nature protection zones Oh. The involvement of fields in environmental protection zones will make it possible to additionally produce more than 3.2 million tons of oil by 2010.

Slide 25

Forecast for 2006

As an analysis of the situation on the global oil market shows, a number of factors will contribute to maintaining high levels of world oil prices in the near future.

Growth in global oil demand is projected to be quite high. According to the forecast of the US Department of Energy in 2006, global oil demand will increase by 1.9 million barrels. per day, or by 2.2% compared to 2005.

Slide 26

As predicted, an increase in oil production in non-OPEC countries will not satisfy global demand. Oil production outside OPEC in 2006 is forecast to increase by 0.9 million barrels. per day compared to the previous year.

Slide 27

Free oil production capacity, which has declined recently, is expected to remain low.

Tensions in the refining and freight transport sectors are expected to continue due to limited available capacity.

Slide 28

Geopolitical risks, such as instability in Iraq and possible problems in Nigeria and Venezuela, will keep the level of uncertainty in the global oil market high.

Significant growth in oil demand will be driven by at a fast pace growth of the world economy.

Slide 29

Literature/Resources

Weekly "Everything is clear"

Weekly "Russian Newsweek"

Information and analytical newspaper "Money"

"Oil and Capital", No. 9-10, 2005.

OJSC LUKOIL

Portal "Polit.ru"

Financial company "Profit House"

“The economic and political situation in Russia. October 2005." Journal of the Institute for the Economy in Transition.

Encyclopedia "Around the World"

Slide 30

OIL (petroleum - from the Latin petra oleum, literally meaning "rock oil"): a flammable oily liquid that varies in color from yellow to black and is a liquid mixture of various natural hydrocarbons formed in layers of sedimentary rocks of the earth's crust.

Slide 31

The term OPEC "basket" (OPEC Reference Basket of crudes) was officially introduced on January 1, 1987. The price value of the “basket”, in accordance with the decision of the 136th (extraordinary) session of the OPEC Conference, held on June 15, 2005. in Vienna, is defined as the arithmetic average of physical prices for the following 11 grades of oil produced by the cartel countries: Saharan Blend (Algeria), Minas (Indonesia), Iran Heavy (Iran), Basra Light (Iraq), Kuwait Export (Kuwait), Es Sider (Libya), Bonny Light (Nigeria), Qatar Marine (Qatar), Arab Light (Saudi Arabia), Murban (UAE) and BCF 17 (Venezuela).

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“International economic organizations” - Place of international organizations. Organization economic cooperation and development. UN specialized agencies. Title in Russian. Major regional (multilateral) development banks. Informal economic organizations. International organizations. Auxiliary organs. World Bank Group.

“International Exhibitions” - An approach to the areas of assessing the international exhibition activities of an industrial enterprise. Methods for assessing exhibition activity reserves. Methodology for assessing the effectiveness of an international exhibition for the organizer. International exhibitions as a factor in the formation and implementation of the export potential of industrial enterprises.

“International organizations” - 6. Functions of international organizations. The concept of international regime. 6. Functions of international organizations. The procedure for creating and terminating the activities of MOs. 2. The emergence and historical development of international organizations. The role of international relations in world politics. International organizations: History, classification.

"Forum in Davos" - Gazprom. Greenpeace activists. Russia. Alexey Repik. World Economic Forum. European Management Forum. Oleg Deripaska. Pope. World Economic Forum in Davos. Historiography of the forum. Forum participants. Annual meetings. Opinion of the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan. Klaus Schwab.

“International financial organizations” - IMF member country quota. The role of international monetary and financial organizations. Executive Council. IBRD governance structure. Accounting monetary unit. Financial organizations. IMF stabilization programs. International Bank. Special credit mechanisms. Quota structure. IMF loans.

“World Trade Organization” - Table of the main rounds of GATT\WTO. General Agreement on Tariffs. Uruguay round. Prerequisites for the creation of GATT\WTO. Initial rounds. Worldwide trade organization. Countries that have signed the GATT. International trade organization. Negotiating rounds of GATT\WTO. Creation of an international trade organization.

There are 7 presentations in total

Coordination and unification of the oil policies of the member states. Determining the most effective individual and collective means of protecting their interests. Ensuring price stability on world oil markets. Attention to the interests of oil-producing countries and the need to ensure: sustainable income for oil-producing countries; efficient, cost-effective and regular supply of consumer countries; fair returns from investments in the oil industry; environmental protection in the interests of present and future generations. Cooperation with non-OPEC countries to implement initiatives to stabilize the global oil market.

OPEC as a permanent organization was created at a conference in Baghdad on September 1014. Initially, the organization included Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia and Venezuela (the initiator of the creation). These five countries that founded the organization were later joined by 9 more: Qatar (1961), Indonesia (withdrew from OPEC on November 1, 2008), Libya (1962), United Arab Emirates (1967), Algeria (1969), Nigeria (1971), Ecuador (2007), Gabon (), Angola (2007). Indonesia left the organization in 2008 after becoming an oil importer but said it would likely rejoin if it became an exporter again. Currently, OPEC has 12 members, taking into account the composition changes that occurred in 2007: the emergence of a new member of the organization, Angola, and the return of Ecuador to the fold of the organization. In 2008, Russia announced its readiness to become a permanent observer in the cartel. The headquarters of OPEC was initially located in Geneva (Switzerland), then on September 1, 1965 it moved to Vienna (Austria). The energy and oil ministers of OPEC member states meet twice a year to assess the international oil market and forecast its development for the future. At these meetings, decisions are made on the actions that need to be taken to stabilize the market. Decisions on changes in oil production volumes in accordance with changes in market demand are made at OPEC conferences.

The highest body of OPEC is the Conference of Ministers of the states that are members of the organization; there is also a Board of Directors, in which each country is represented by one delegate. As a rule, it attracts the closest attention not only from the press, but also from key players in the global oil market. The conference determines the main directions of OPEC policy, the ways and means of their practical implementation and makes decisions on reports and recommendations submitted by the Board of Governors, as well as on the budget. It instructs the Council to prepare reports and recommendations on any issues of interest to the organization. The Conference is also formed by the Governing Council itself (one representative per country, usually the ministers of oil, mining or energy). She also elects the president and appoints the general secretary of the organization. The Secretariat carries out its functions under the guidance of the Board of Governors. The Secretary General is the highest official of the Organization, the plenipotentiary representative of OPEC and the head of the Secretariat. He organizes and directs the work of the Organization. The structure of the OPEC secretariat includes three departments. The OPEC Economic Commission is dedicated to promoting stability in international oil markets at fair price levels so that oil can maintain its importance as the primary global energy source in accordance with OPEC's objectives, closely monitoring changes in energy markets and keeping the Conference informed of these changes .

Multilateral assistance institutions OPEC Arab General Directorate of Agricultural Investment and Development (Sudan) Arab Gulf Program for United Nations Development Organizations (Saudi Arabia) Arab Monetary Fund (United Arab Emirates) Arab Fund for Economic and Social Development (Kuwait) Arab Trade Finance Program ( United Arab Emirates) Arab Bank for Economic Development of Africa Islamic Development Bank Fund for International Development OPEC bilateral development assistance institutions OPEC Arab Economic Development Fund (UAE) Organization for Investment, Economic and Technical Assistance of Iran - Organization of Iran (Saudi Arabia) Iraqi Overseas Development Fund - Iraqi Fund (Iraq) Kuwait Fund for Arab Economic Development - Kuwait Fund (Kuwait) Saudi Development Fund - Saudi Fund (Saudi Arabia) Venezuelan Investment Fund (Venezuela) OPEC Trust Funds Arab Petroleum Fund (Ivory Coast) Nigeria Trust Fund African Bank Development (Côte de Ivoire) Venezuelan Trust Fund Inter-American Development Bank

The OPEC oil basket is a conditional mixture made up of the grades of oil that the cartel countries supply to the world market. Its price value is the arithmetic average of stop prices for types of oil produced by the organization's participants. The term OPEC "basket" was officially introduced on January 1, 1987. The composition of the basket changes periodically, with the latest changes being made in January 2009. In March 2008, Oriente (Ecuador) was added to the basket. In January 2009, Minas (Indonesia) was excluded from the basket, and instead of BCF 17 (Venezuela), Merey (Venezuela) was included in the basket. Currently (December 2011) the basket includes 12 types of oil.

OPEC's charter requires the company to promote stability and prosperity for its members in the global oil market. OPEC coordinates the production policies of its members. One of the ways of such a policy is the establishment of quotas for the trading activities of black gold. If the demands of consumers of black gold are growing, and the market cannot be saturated, then it is necessary to increase the level of oil production, for which a higher quota is established. Legally, raising the quota is only possible in the event of a rapid rise in oil prices in order to avoid a crisis similar to the crisis of 1978, when oil prices quadrupled. A similar measure is provided for in the charter in the event of a rapid drop in prices. OPEC is very involved in worldwide sales and its leadership recognizes the need for fundamental reform of the international commerce system.

In the 12 months ending January 31, 2012, OPEC countries' net investment in US debt increased by 20%, or $43.3 billion. The amount of investment amounted to $258.8 billion, compared to $215.5 billion for the same period ended January 31, 2011, and $211.9 billion a year earlier. At the same time, investments from countries outside the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries increased by 13% during the reporting period. The main reason for this dynamics is the rise in oil prices. Thus, according to Bloomberg, due to an increase in oil prices by an average of $26 since September 2011, OPEC countries receive an additional $780 million every day.

Ukraine is interested in intensifying relations with the Organization of Petroleum Transporters (OPEC) in connection with the increase in the volume of oil transit through the country. In 2010, Ukraine invited the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries OPEC to consider the possibility of granting it observer status with the organization. But in 2012, Iran's representative to OPEC, Muhammad al-Khatibi, said that cartel members "should not cooperate with European countries and the United States."