The manual for passing the exam (test) in the discipline “Family Law” is written on the basis of the Family, Civil and Civil Procedure Codes, Fundamentals of Legislation on Notaries, federal laws, such as the Federal Law of the Russian Federation “On Civil Registration”, “On Guardianship and Trusteeship” "and some others. All main issues of the discipline of family law are considered and analyzed, such as family, marriage, personal non-property and property rights of spouses, children and parents, alimony obligations, forms of placing children in a family and some others.

From the series: Tomorrow is the exam!

* * *

The given introductory fragment of the book Family law (L. V. Kruzhalova, 2009) provided by our book partner - the company liters.

Government support families in Russian Federation

State support for family, motherhood, paternity and childhood is enshrined in Art. 7 and 38 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation.

The family in the Russian Federation is an object of state family policy, which in turn is an integral part of the social policy of the Russian Federation and represents an integral system of principles, assessments and measures of an organizational, economic, legal, scientific, informational, propaganda and personnel nature, aimed at improving conditions and improving the standard of living of the family. The goal of state family policy is to provide the state with the necessary conditions for the family to realize its functions and improve the family’s quality of life.

The main directions of state family policy include: a) providing conditions for overcoming negative trends and stabilization financial situation families, reducing poverty and increasing assistance to low-income families; b) provision for employees with children, favorable conditions to combine work activity with family responsibilities; c) radical improvement in family health care; d) strengthening assistance to families in raising children.

In the Russian Federation, the basic principles of state family policy are proclaimed: a) independence and autonomy of the family in making decisions regarding its development; b) equality of families and all their members in the right to support, regardless of social status, nationality, place of residence and religious beliefs; c) the priority of the interests of each child, regardless of the order of birth and the family in which he is being raised; d) equality between men and women in achieving a more equitable distribution of family responsibilities, as well as in opportunities for self-realization in the labor sphere and in public activities; e) unity of family policy at the federal and regional levels; f) partnership between family and state, sharing responsibility for the family, cooperation with public associations, charitable organizations and entrepreneurs; g) assumption by the state of obligations to unconditionally protect the family from poverty and hardships associated with forced migration, emergency situations natural and man-made, wars and armed conflicts; h) implementation of a differentiated approach in providing guarantees for maintaining a socially acceptable standard of living for disabled family members and creating conditions for economically active family members to ensure well-being on a labor basis; i) continuity and stability of state family policy measures.

The protection of family, motherhood and childhood is complex and is carried out through the adoption of a variety of government measures to strengthen and support the family.

One of the main strategic objectives of the state’s social policy is to create the necessary conditions for the family to realize its economic, reproductive, educational and cultural-psychological functions, and to improve the quality of life of families. In this regard, the Concept of demographic development of the Russian Federation for the period up to 2015, approved by order of the Government of the Russian Federation of September 24, 2001 No. 1270-r, provides for the comprehensive strengthening of the institution of family as a form of harmonious life of the individual, ensuring targeted social protection of the family and creating preconditions for increasing the birth rate based on such priorities as: a) increasing the material well-being, level and quality of life of the family; b) increasing the educational potential of the family; c) creation of socio-economic conditions favorable for the birth, maintenance and upbringing of several children, including conditions for self-realization of young people, including obtaining general and vocational education, work with decent wages, as well as the opportunity to provide the family with appropriate housing conditions; d) providing employees with children with conditions conducive to the combination of work activity and family responsibilities.

In the system of government measures to protect family, motherhood and childhood special place belongs specifically to measures to protect the legal rights and interests of children. The Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation “On federal target programs to improve the situation of children in the Russian Federation for 2001–2002” dated August 25, 2000 No. 625 approved the federal target programs “Disabled Children”, “Development of Social Services for Families and Children”, “ Prevention of neglect and juvenile delinquency", "Orphans", "Gifted children", "Development of All-Russian children's centers "Orlyonok" and "Ocean"", "Children of the North", "Children of refugee and internally displaced families", "Children of Chernobyl" , "Safe Motherhood". The main goal of these federal target programs was to create favorable conditions for the life of children and ensure their social protection during the period of socio-economic transformations and reforms. In 2008, new changes were made to the Family Code, in particular, the Federal Law of the Russian Federation dated June 30, 2008 No. 106-FZ amended paragraph. 1 item 2 art. 115 of the Family Code of the Russian Federation. According to them, the amount of the penalty that must be paid by the guilty person to the recipient of alimony when arrears arise through the fault of the person obligated to pay alimony by court decision has been increased to 0.5% of the amount of unpaid alimony for each day of delay.

IN recent years there is a tendency to single out family policy as a relatively independent direction of social policy, which has its own ideology, management structures, main forms, implementation mechanisms, legislative, personnel, scientific and information bases.

The legislation of the Russian Federation on state support for families in the Russian Federation is based on the Constitution of the Russian Federation, the Family Code of the Russian Federation and consists of this Federal Law, relevant federal laws and other regulatory legal acts of the Russian Federation, as well as laws and other regulatory legal acts of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation in area of ​​state family policy.

The purpose of state support for the family is to provide the state with the necessary conditions for the family to implement its functions and improve the quality of life of the family.

State support for families is based on the following principles:

1. Independence and autonomy of the family in making decisions regarding its development. Economic, legal and other measures of state family policy should contribute to its self-development and provide the opportunity to choose forms of support.

2. Equality of families and all their members in the right to support, regardless of social status, nationality, place of residence and religious beliefs.

3. The priority of the interests of each child, regardless of the order of birth and the family in which he is being raised. Family support measures should be aimed at ensuring the survival and protection of the child, his full physical, mental, intellectual and social development.

4. Equality between men and women in achieving a more equitable distribution of family responsibilities, as well as in opportunities for self-realization in the labor sphere and in public activities.

The main directions of modern state family policy in the Russian Federation are:

1. legal support family policy,

2. economic support for the family,

3. creating conditions for combining family and production functions,

4. ensuring family health,

5. social services for families,

6. support for families who find themselves in particularly difficult circumstances.

State support for families is carried out on the basis of state minimum social standards of the main indicators of the quality of life of families established by the legislation of the Russian Federation and which are an integral part of the state minimum social standards.

State minimum social standards for the main indicators of the quality of life of families include the established minimum volume of social services for:

Social services, social protection of families, including ensuring guaranteed material support through the payment of state benefits to citizens with children in connection with their birth and upbringing, as well as measures for social adaptation and social rehabilitation of families in difficult life situations;

Guaranteed, publicly available free primary general, basic general, secondary (complete) general education, primary vocational, on a competitive basis, secondary vocational, higher vocational education, education in educational institutions, including children's preschool institutions;

Free medical care;

Providing food, including providing children with food in accordance with age-related physiological norms;

Providing free services in the field of culture and physical education;

Ensuring the right to housing in accordance with the legislation of the Russian Federation, establishing standards for payment of utility services;

Providing qualified legal assistance.

However, it can be stated that family policy in our country does not sufficiently affect young families and practically does not deal with youth as a demographic group that forms the family of the future.

Currently, a set of priority measures has been defined for the implementation of the State Youth Policy Strategy in the Russian Federation “approved by order of the Ministry of Education and Science of Russia N39 of January 31, 2007.”

By Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of December 14, 2006. N 765 approved the procedure for providing young scientists with subsidies for the purchase of residential premises as part of the implementation of measures to provide housing for certain categories of citizens of the federal target program "Housing" for 2002-2010.

Thus, in the Russian Federation, about 80% of children are born in families where the spouses are under 30 years of age.

According to sociological surveys, the main reasons why young families postpone having a child or refuse to have children are the lack of prospects for obtaining (purchasing) housing and low income. The practice of state assistance to families in connection with the birth of a child was actively used in Russia in the early 80s.

After the birth of their first child, young spouses had the right to receive an interest-free loan for the purchase of housing in the amount of up to 1.5 thousand rubles for a period of 8 years. At the birth of the 2nd child, the loan amount was repaid by 200 rubles, at the birth of the 3rd - another 300 rubles.

The introduction in the 1980s of a system of child benefits, as well as partially paid ones, included in work experience, parental leave, was aimed at government support for families with children and increasing their income.

According to experts, it was these measures that played a decisive role in the rise in the birth rate in the 80s, as they were beneficial for the family from an economic and psychological points vision. Their introduction made it possible to obtain about 300 thousand additional births annually in 1982-1985.

In 2001, certain measures were taken to improve the financial situation of families with children and stimulate the birth rate. From January 1, 2002, the amounts of benefits were increased: for maternity benefits for women dismissed due to the liquidation of enterprises and organizations, during the twelve months preceding the day they were recognized as unemployed in the prescribed manner from 100 to 300 rubles; a one-time benefit for women registered in medical institutions in the early stages of pregnancy from 100 rubles to 300 rubles; one-time benefit for the birth of a child from 1,500 rubles to 4,500 rubles; monthly benefit for the period of parental leave until the child reaches the age of one and a half years from 200 rubles to 500 rubles (Federal Law of December 28, 2001 No. 181-FZ “On Amendments to the Federal Law “On State Benefits for Citizens with Children”) .

Table. Amounts of state benefits for citizens with children. Table

Types of benefits	Size	Base	Note
Maternity benefit (*)	Average earnings, in other cases - in the amount of 300 rubles, scholarships, allowance	- Article 8 of the Law of the Russian Federation "On state benefits for citizens with children" - Clause 7 of the Regulations on the procedure for assigning and paying state benefits to citizens with children	Maternity benefits are set in the amount of: - average earnings (income) at the place of work (***) - women subject to state social insurance, as well as women from among the civilian personnel of military formations of the Russian Federation located on the territories of foreign states in cases provided for by international treaties of the Russian Federation (****); - 300 rubles - to women dismissed due to the liquidation of enterprises, institutions and organizations, during the 12 months preceding the day they were recognized as unemployed in the prescribed manner; - scholarships - for women studying off-the-job in educational institutions of primary vocational, secondary vocational and higher vocational education and institutions of postgraduate vocational education; - cash allowance for women passing military service under contract, service as private and commanding officers in internal affairs bodies, in the State Fire Service, in institutions and bodies of the penal system, in authorities for control of the circulation of narcotic drugs and psychotropic substances, in customs authorities.
One-time benefit for women registered in medical institutions in the early stages of pregnancy (up to 12 weeks) (*)	300 rub.	Article 10 of the Law of the Russian Federation "On state benefits for citizens with children" - clause 14 of the Regulations on the procedure for assigning and paying state benefits to citizens with children
One-time benefit for the birth of a child (*)	8000 rub.	- Article 12 of the Law of the Russian Federation "On State Benefits for Citizens with Children" - Clause 20 of the Regulations on the Procedure for Assigning and Paying State Benefits to Citizens with Children
Monthly benefit for the period of parental leave until the child reaches the age of one and a half years (*)	700 rub.	- Article 15 of the Law of the Russian Federation "On State Benefits for Citizens with Children" - Clause 27 of the Regulations on the Procedure for Assigning and Paying State Benefits to Citizens with Children	Regardless of the number of children being cared for
Monthly child benefit (**)		- Article 16 of the Law of the Russian Federation “On state benefits for citizens with children”	The amount, procedure for assigning and paying monthly child benefits are established by laws and other regulations. legal acts subject of the Russian Federation

(*) Maternity benefits, a one-time benefit for women registered in medical institutions in the early stages of pregnancy, a one-time benefit for the birth of a child, as well as a monthly benefit for the period of parental leave until the child reaches the age of one and a half years are assigned if their application followed no later than six months, respectively, from the date of the end of maternity leave, from the date of birth of the child, from the day the child reaches the age of one and a half years. In this case, a monthly allowance for the period of parental leave until the child reaches the age of one and a half years is paid for the entire period during which the employee was on parental leave, in amounts determined on the basis of 100 rubles for the corresponding period of leave (Article 17.2 Law of the Russian Federation "On state benefits for citizens with children").

(**) Previously (before January 1, 2005), the amount and procedure for paying monthly child benefits were established at federal level, the amount of the benefit was 70 rubles, and benefits were paid until the child reached the age of 16 years (for a student in an educational institution - until he completed his studies, but no more than until he reached the age of 18 years). It was also found that the amount of the benefit increased - by 100% for children of single mothers, by 50% for children whose parents evade paying alimony or in other cases provided for by the legislation of the Russian Federation, when collection of alimony is impossible, by 50% for children of military personnel, undergoing military service upon conscription. Now the amount, procedure for assigning and paying benefits are established locally - by legal acts of the constituent entity of the Russian Federation. Before January 1, 2006, the benefit amount was 500 rubles, and from January 1, 2006 - 700 rubles.

(***) At the place of work for the last 12 calendar months preceding the month of maternity leave, taking into account continuous work experience and other conditions established by legislative and other regulatory legal acts on compulsory social insurance.

(****) Article 6 of the Federal Law of December 22, 2005 N 180-FZ establishes: “To suspend for 2006 the effect of... Article 8 of the Federal Law of May 19, 1995 N 81-FZ “On state benefits to citizens with children" in terms of calculating maternity benefits for women subject to compulsory social insurance."

However, young families, especially in the first years of marriage, are extremely dependent on the older generation, even if they live separately. It should be noted that only 4.9% of respondents noted that they do not receive help from their parents. 62.0% of young spouses noted that they receive in-kind assistance from their parents (food, interior items), 52.0% - assistance in raising children, 50.0% - financial assistance. Parents also pay for the education of young family members (12.0%) and rent (4.9%).

A participant in the subprogram “Providing housing for young families” of the federal target program “Housing” for 2002-2010 can be a young family, the age of the spouses in which does not exceed 30 years, or an incomplete family consisting of one young parent, whose age does not exceed 30 years, having one or more children in need of improved housing conditions.

In modern conditions, a young family is created, on average, closer to 35 years of age. The Russian Ministry of Education and Science considers it possible to increase the age limit for young families participating in the subprogram to 35 years.

Currently, in accordance with the Address of the President of the Russian Federation to the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation in 2006 and instructions of the Government of the Russian Federation, federal executive authorities, together with executive authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, are implementing a set of measures aimed at preventing social orphanhood, promoting the placement of children left without parental care, for upbringing in families of citizens

Resolution of the Government of the Russian Federation dated December 30, 2006 N 866, Moscow, was adopted on the procedure for financial support for expenses for the payment of monthly child care benefits to persons actually caring for the child and not subject to compulsory social insurance, in accordance with the Federal Law "On state benefits for citizens with children."

Federal Law No. 207 of December 5, 2006 “On Amendments to the Federal Law “On State Benefits for Citizens with Children” was adopted, according to which a new type of benefit is introduced - a one-time benefit when placing a child in a family of at least 8 thousand rubles.

Federal Law No. 238-FZ of December 19, 2006 “On the Federal Budget for 2007” provides, among other things, for the following areas of federal budget expenditures to solve the problems of demographic development of the Russian Federation in terms of facilitating the placement of children left without parental care in education in families of Russian citizens:

Subventions from the Federal Compensation Fund to the budgets of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation for the payment of one-time benefits for all forms of placing children deprived of parental care in a family (in the amount of 677.0 million rubles);

Subsidies from the Federal Fund for Co-financing Social Expenditures for the maintenance of children in families of guardians (trustees) and foster families, as well as for the remuneration of foster parents (in the amount of 6,174.358 million rubles).

The Government of the Russian Federation has approved the procedure for providing these subventions and subsidies (Resolution of the Government of the Russian Federation dated December 30, 2006 N 847 “On the provision of subventions from the Federal Compensation Fund to the budgets of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation for the payment of one-time benefits for all forms of placement of children deprived of parental care, in family" and dated December 30, 2006 N 842 "On the procedure for providing financial assistance to the budgets of constituent entities of the Russian Federation in 2007 in the form of subsidies for the maintenance of children in families of guardians (trustees) and foster families, as well as for the payment of labor of foster parents."

Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation dated December 30, 2006 N 865 approved a new version of the Regulations on the assignment and payment of state benefits to citizens with children, regulating, among other things, the issues of assignment and payment of a one-time benefit when placing a child in a family.

In order to increase the effectiveness of activities to protect personal and property rights children, placement of children left without parental care to be raised in families of Russian citizens, the Ministry of Education and Science of Russia is developing the concept of federal laws “On the general principles of work on guardianship and trusteeship of minors in the Russian Federation” and “On amendments to certain legislative acts of the Russian Federation in connection with the adoption of the Federal Law “On the general principles of work on guardianship and trusteeship of minors in the Russian Federation”.

The youth project “Young Family of Russia” is being implemented within the framework of the State Youth Policy Strategy in the Russian Federation. The target audience of the project is the demographic target groups 6-12 years old

The youth project “Young Family of Russia” is aimed at creating conditions for the social, psychological, pedagogical, material and economic well-being of young families, through the coordination and joint activities of state and non-state structures involved in providing social support for young families.

Main directions of project implementation:

Popularization of the ideas of motherhood and fatherhood as the highest spiritual and moral values ​​of society;

Forming a positive attitude among young people towards marriage, family and responsible parenthood;

Creation of an information database on the needs of a young family for legal, psychological, pedagogical, economic and other consulting services;

Expanding the network of advisory centers to provide services in solving the problems of young families;

Promoting the expansion of the infrastructure of the district, district, region in solving the everyday problems of a young family;

Development and support of an effective model of assistance to young families at all levels of government;

Creation of an interdepartmental expert advisory group (commission) with the aim of disseminating and implementing state policy in relation to young families in all social spheres.

Goals and objectives

Strengthening the institution of the young family, preparing young people to become conscious, responsible parents.

Information and analytical support management decisions in the interests of strengthening young families;

Monitoring the needs of target groups: determining attitudes towards family and marital relations;

Based on research, the creation of a social marketing program that creates positive motivation towards family values ​​and a constructive attitude towards marriage and family;

Conducting a social marketing campaign promoting the values ​​of family, motherhood, fatherhood and childhood with a focus on a prosperous family.

Carrying out an examination of bills of constituent entities of the Russian Federation related to measures of state support for young families. Development of a regulatory legal framework for the activities of youth affairs agencies that provide support to young families. Development of the draft Concept of state support for young families. Development of the concept and technical specifications of the federal target program “Young Family of Russia (2008-2012)”;

Conducting an annual sociological research young families in the Russian Federation, preparation of a report “On the situation of young families in the Russian Federation”;

Preparation of an Analytical Note for the Government of the Russian Federation “Implementation of the main directions of state family policy” in the Russian Federation;

Creation of basic information materials promoting family values. Organization of interaction with the heads of the main federal and regional television channels, printed media and radio stations in order to create and disseminate information based on the affirmation of the values ​​of motherhood, fatherhood, and childhood. Formation of the “Young Family” section within the federal portal for information support for children and youth;

creation of a system of competitive selection of projects from the regions;

Increasing the number of prosperous families in Russia and preventing divorce among young couples.

Development of family networking;

Organization of mutual assistance networks by young families on the main problems of their life;

Support and encouragement of a prosperous young family government agencies, public associations and business communities;

Development of intergenerational connections of a young family in various types settlements;

Stimulating economic mechanisms for creating favorable starting opportunities for the development of a young family.

Organization of research work “Young family: problems and prospects”. Using the scientific potential and methodological developments of state scientific institutions for information support and implementation of state youth family policy in the constituent entities of the Russian Federation (ISEPN RAS, Science Center social technologies of the Russian Academy of Sciences, ISPI RAS, State Research Institute of Family and Education, Department of Youth Sociology of Moscow State University, Department of Family Sociology of Moscow State University, etc.);

Development of proposals for the formation of a state order for the training of specialists in the field of family policy. Development of curriculum options and special course programs for the education system in various areas of state family policy;

Organization of retraining and advanced training courses for youth affairs specialists in working with young families.

Increasing the birth rate in the country and ensuring psychological comfort in the family for raising the younger generation.

Development of family socio-cultural space;

Development of all forms of family education and enlightenment;

Organization of comprehensive counseling for young families on the main issues of their life;

Development of the leisure sector in places where young families live and organization of their family leisure;

Involving public organizations in working with young families to develop their social activity;

Involving public organizations to expand the scope of social services that provide the opportunity for the mother to return to active work.

Shortening the working day for mothers with children of preschool, primary and secondary school age.

Organization of monitoring of the activities of regional and municipal public associations, clubs of young families and other similar organizations;

Activity support public organizations and family associations, young family centers (clubs) in the federal districts of the Russian Federation;

Organization and holding of seminars, conferences on young family issues and festivals of young families in the constituent entities of the Russian Federation. Organization of the All-Russian Competition of effective models of employment services for members of young families.

Project management at the federal, regional and municipal levels.

· development of criteria and performance indicators for the implementation of programs to work with young families;

· management of competitive procedures for project implementation;

· monitoring and evaluation of project implementation in the places of its implementation;

· preparation of proposals for federal target programs to optimize work with young families;

· information support for project implementation at all levels;

The state in modern society is interested in strengthening the family as a social institution. To this end, the governments of a number of countries are taking special measures. State support for families is also provided in Russia: additional leaves have been established (in connection with the birth of a child, to care for small or sick children, etc.); cash benefits have been established (for example, for child care, pregnancy and childbirth); special benefits have been introduced (for example, transfer of pregnant women, as well as women with children under three years of age, in accordance with medical requirements for more light work without reducing wages), etc. At the same time, the funds allocated by the state for these purposes are still clearly insufficient.

Traditional for our country, economic support for families by the state is not the only or even the main type of social (economic in this case) assistance. In economic terms, the main thing is measures aimed at increasing the economic independence of the family, expanding its own capabilities in the production, distribution and use of family income. Generally

The same state support for families in lately includes assistance in meeting the various needs of families, in resolving problems and crisis situations of any nature, not only economic ones.

All families are at different stages of their life path face, for example, social, medical, psychological, legal, educational, etc. problems. Any normal, natural event in the life of a family (marriage, the birth of a child, a child entering school, someone’s death or illness, etc.) d.) inevitably gives rise to certain problematic situations. For example, it is typical for a young family to have financial and housing difficulties, psychological problems communication, difficulties with continuing education, professional growth.

Other family problems are caused by random family events (illness, premature death, long separation, divorce, job loss, etc.) or events external environment (natural disasters, political and economic crises, inflation, military actions, etc.).

Many families are unable to cope with problems on their own and maintain their integrity. Such families should become objects of support from the state and society. Thus, young families who are divorcing, families with one parent, with a stepfather or stepmother, with adoptive parents, families with disabled children, families with small children, families in which there is violence against children or others need support. members, families with teenage children who are prone to crime, families of alcoholics, the unemployed, etc. (Perhaps, based on social experience, you can continue this list.)

Family support is provided at the federal and regional levels. According to the Constitution of the Russian Federation, regional and municipal authorities and local self-government develop economic, medical, psychological, educational and other family support programs.

Family legislation is also developing. It is different in different countries, but its essence is the same - protecting children, encouraging family and long-term marriage, limiting the reasons leading to family breakdown, creating obstacles to divorce.

NI Basic concepts: family and marriage as social institutions. ■MTterms: family role, single-parent family.

Test yourself

1) Why for understanding the family as a social institution great value has an analysis of role relationships? 2) What norms govern family relationships? 3) What is the social purpose of the institution of marriage? 4) What can be attributed to traditional family values? 5) What changes is the family experiencing in modern world? 6) What is state support for families?

Think, discuss, do

1. What are the most important social needs satisfied?
does the institution of family matter?

2. Social institutions are called “reproduction factories”
production public relations" What role-related
decisions reproduce the institutions of family and marriage? What about
does this reproduction happen at the same time?

3. Based on knowledge of the social science course, course
rights and social experience, give examples of social
norms regulating family relations, which are fixed
lena legislatively, and those supported by tra
traditions, customs, public opinion.

4. Do you consider the problem of preparing mo
Ideas for marriage? Is serious attitude to both
interests of future spouses is an indispensable condition for good
happy family?

5. There is an opinion: “Marriage is not a contract between
two people, marriage is a contract between a married couple
swarm and society." Express your opinion on this matter
Denia.

Work with the source

Read a fragment of an article by a modern Russian sociologist.

Teenagers are ready to borrow a model from their parents’ value system family ties(70% of teenagers are ready to accept, 7% are not ready). The rating of such family values ​​as professional interests and attitude to work is also quite high (on average, 62% of adolescents are ready to follow this parental model of behavior; 14% of adolescents reject it). The next family value accepted by children as a model of behavior is extra-family communication, and above all relationships with friends (accepted by 51% of adolescents, rejected by 14%). Slightly less than half of teenagers (46%) approve of the education system adopted in their parents' family.<...>Children do not enjoy the support of emotional relationships between parents: only 17% of adolescents evaluate them positively, with 33% of negative evaluations. Finally, teenagers do not approve at all

Forms of parents spending their free time.<...>

In a changing society, traditional family values ​​often become an obstacle to the assimilation of new life realities. In such a situation, the process of transformation of family values, their adaptation to new living conditions often occurs when active participation younger generation in the family. This social phenomenon is taking place today in Russian society: there is an atypical situation where parents recognize their children’s high competence in a number of issues related to the real values ​​of the new society. Thus, in transitional Russian society we should talk not so much about the traditional transfer of family values ​​from parents to children, but about their multidirectional participation in this process. At the intergenerational level, along with the assimilation of basic values ​​by children, a transformation of the value system of parents occurs.

Dementieva I. F. Transformation of value orientations

in the modern Russian family/RUDN University Bulletin.

Series Sociology. - 2004. - No. 6-7. - pp. 158-159.

1|§1| Questions and assignments to the source. 1) What provision of the paragraph complements and expands the document? 2) Rank the family values ​​of the younger generation based on the text. 3) How does the author understand the multidirectional participation of parents and children in the transfer of values? What would you say are your family's values? What is your personal attitude towards the values ​​of older generations?

In the Russian Federation, family, motherhood and childhood are under state protection (Article 38 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation). In accordance with Part 2 of Art. 7 and part 1 art. 38 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation provides state protection and support for family, motherhood, paternity and childhood. The Universal Declaration of Human Rights of 1948 states: “The family is the natural and fundamental unit of society and has the right to protection by society and the state” paragraph 3 of Art. 16 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (adopted at the third session of the UN General Assembly by resolution 217 A (III) of December 10, 1948) GARANT system: http://base.garant.ru/.. Similar provisions are reflected in the International Covenant on Civil and political rights" 1966 clauses 1, 2 art. 23 of the International Covenant “On Civil and Political Rights” (New York, December 16, 1966) // SPS “ConsultantPlus” http://www.consultant.ru/.. In the International Covenant “On Economic, Social and Cultural Rights " In 1966, the participating States recognized that "the family, which is the natural and fundamental unit of society, should be provided with the widest possible protection and assistance, especially during its formation and while it is responsible for the care of dependent children and their upbringing" p . 1 tbsp. 10 of the International Covenant “On Economic, Social and Cultural Rights” (New York, December 19, 1966) // ATP “ConsultantPlus” http://www.consultant.ru/., as well as “everyone’s right to an adequate standard of living for him and his family, including adequate food, clothing and housing, and for the continuous improvement of living conditions." Norms international treaties oblige Russia to protect the family as a natural and fundamental unit of society, a natural environment for the growth and well-being of all its members, especially children, including during the formation of a family, while it is responsible for caring for dependent children and their upbringing. Both the Constitution of the Russian Federation and international legal norms recognize the need for state support and protection of the family, because one of its most important purposes is the birth and upbringing of children.

Motherhood is a special state of a woman in which she remains both during pregnancy (bearing a child) and after the birth of a child.

Paternity is a blood relationship between a father and his child.

Childhood is a period of age-related development from birth to the age of 18 or another age, with which the law associates the onset of full civil capacity. In accordance with Art. 21 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation, full legal capacity arises when a minor gets married before reaching 18 years of age, as well as due to emancipation under Art. 27 Civil Code of the Russian Federation.

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Russian Chemical-Technological University named after. DI. Mendeleev

Subject: Sociology of family

State family support in the Russian Federation

Completed by: Group student

PR-33 Zapolsky A.E.

Checked: Kozyrev G.I.

Moscow 2003

1. Theory

1.1 The position of the family in Russian society

2. Main part

3. Author's summary

Literature used

Applications

1. Theory

family federal state marriage

1.1 The situation of the family in modern Russian society

The state of the family institution in modern Russian society is determined by two components: the legacy of the past and today’s family policy of the state.

Speaking about the legacy of the past of the “communist” era, first of all, it is necessary to talk about what happened to the institution of the family during the period of early communism, because the goals and attitudes towards the family of this particular period determined the development of the family for the entire remaining period of the dominance of communist ideology. “...the natural process of transformation of the family, the process of intercepting it social functions other institutions... was forcibly accelerated and stimulated by the full power of the totalitarian state (industrialization of the national economy and collectivization). The hypertrophied role of the state was also connected with this, expressed not only in accelerating and “pushing” the processes of family change, but also in the fact that family functions were “intercepted” by the state or its bodies, and not by some social institutions.” [Antonov, Medkov “Sociology of the Family” 242-43].

If in pre-revolutionary Russia the institution of the family was sacred, family education almost completely performed a socializing function and prepared a person for life in society, stimulated the reproduction of the population, fostered patriotic feelings and devotion to power and the homeland, carefully preserved family values ​​and the sacredness of family relationships, then in Soviet Russia the state and its artificially created institutions tried to take over most of these functions. Pioneer, Komsomol, trade union and party organizations took the child from the family from the age of 10. The child was only in the family until this age, but this did not ensure full family socialization, since the function of “parenting” was reduced to a minimum by the social responsibilities of the parents: hard work, social work, labor and social feats, participation in endless meetings separated children from parents, provided their children again to the preschool public education system. Thus, the child was socialized only in the family and received maximum attention until about 3 years old, and this is not at all enough for primary (family) socialization.

As a result of such policies and attitudes towards the family, the sanctity of kinship relationships in the family was destroyed, the authority of parents was reduced, the function of parenthood among fathers and mothers was emasculated, contradictions between representatives of different generations were aggravated, and a slow but sure “mankurtization” of society took place. Such a phenomenon as “Pavlik Morozov” and the general betrayal of parents by children became possible precisely thanks to such state family policy.

This is the legacy that “democratic” Russia inherited from “Soviet” Russia. What has changed since the fall of the communist regime? First of all, the system of public and state education of youth completely collapsed: pioneer, Komsomol and other children's organizations disappeared, socialization in schools came to naught. But has anything appeared to replace state education, to whom has the socializing role been transferred? This question is the main one today. Has the children returned to the family, has the family regained its educational and socializing functions? No, and why on earth, if parents became the generation of people who had long ago lost the idea of ​​how to raise a child, and the state did nothing but “kind” words to help people carry out their parental responsibilities correctly; on the contrary, the state only aggravated the deplorable situation families after the destruction of the system of public-state education: “... the point is, first of all, that reformers practically do not take into account the interests of the family in the process of these (economic - author) transformations. These interests are rather ignored... Almost any decisions made during the transformation proceed from an implicitly accepted premise - the object of these decisions is seen in a separate (“isolated”) individual, devoid of gender characteristics and belonging to any primary social community, the family first of all. Consequently, the spontaneous process of family changes, the process of devaluation of family values ​​continues, and at an accelerated pace.” [Antonov, Medkov “Sociology of the Family”, 243].

Next, I would like to cite, as a professional assessment of the current situation of the family in our country, an article from the website of the Russian Family Planning Organization:

The situation of the family in modern Russian society.

Unemployment, poverty and misery. There is evidence that poverty and destitution affected 60% of the population, registered unemployment - 13%, although in reality this figure is much higher. The fact is that the unemployment rate in Russia is very “variegated”. If in large cities this problem is still more or less solvable, then in small cities people practically cannot find work at all, especially young people. I learned with fear that the very same legal offices and consultations that have been in use since Soviet power existed in children's clinics and maternity hospitals. This is directly related to activities in the field of maternal and child health and reproductive health. I'm not even talking about the legal knowledge of the population on issues of receiving benefits, apartments, getting a job, and relationships with employers. Legal advice services are very expensive and inaccessible to many.

Destruction of the public education system. One can now argue about whether it was good or bad. In my opinion, the issue can be viewed from two sides. On the one hand, this gave the woman and family the opportunity to work and earn money, on the other hand, the public education system actually removed the family’s responsibility for raising children. We did not accept joint vacations, our parents never vacationed with their children in sanatoriums and rest homes, and husband and wife, working at different enterprises, and especially at the same one, could very rarely get vacation at the same time.

What is the difficulty of the situation now? The fact is that in our society the values ​​of family education have not been formed, we are not accustomed to the fact that, first of all, the family is responsible for the birth and upbringing of a child. We still continue to hope for someone. The understanding that children need individual love has not been established in society. And only a family can give it to a child. Many parents now simply do not understand or are not aware of their personal responsibility for raising children.

Drunkenness and drug addiction. According to various sources, up to 30% of families suffer from drunkenness and alcoholism, and 12-15% from drug addiction. There are entire villages and small towns in Russia where the population drinks and uses drugs without being able to get a job.

Finally, what we have begun to forget about are social diseases: tuberculosis, infectious diseases and sexually transmitted infections. Today this has become a difficult problem. Low levels of health, including reproductive health, and the inability to receive adequate medical care are also the realities of our lives.

Having analyzed this situation, we asked ourselves the question: “How can the reproductive behavior of families be formed and what is the purpose of it under these conditions?” And now no one can say when this most difficult period for the country and each of us will end.

The influence of pornography in all information spheres and the promotion of sex and violence. I see this as very serious problem, because television has practically stopped showing films that tell about the life of an ordinary family, ordinary people in modern Russia. But children are still born, and parents love their children, and love exists. Our youth see scenes of violence, then sexual scenes follow, and on a subconscious level an attitude is formed towards sexual life as violence and generally something simply disgusting. Children think that they don’t live differently. And if at this time there are problems in the family - alcoholism, drunkenness, loss of work - the child actually has nowhere to go, he finds himself alone in his family. And, despite this, our teenagers simply respect family values. We were surprised by how they answered the question: “What are values?” family life?. In the first place are love, stability of sexual relationships, prolongation of oneself in children. So all the talk about the promiscuity of young people is not true. Of course, 35-year-olds have slightly different family values. In first place - best opportunities maintaining health, caring for each other, stabilizing the economic situation. Both are true family values. That is why mutual understanding and mutual respect between generations is so important. In the current conditions, we are obliged to think that Russian society must survive, that children must be born in the country and that they must be capable of normal social, work and family life. All these problems are closely related to problems of family planning and reproductive health. In Russia, the incidence of syphilis has increased catastrophically (this is a marker of all other sexually transmitted infections). And most often people from 20 to 29 years old, that is, the most reproductive age, get sick. In Russia now 15-20% of couples are infertile. This is primarily the result of sexually transmitted infections. And there are also a large number of abortions performed by women of the most active reproductive age - 20-29 years. But the roots of this disadvantage go back to adolescence and young adulthood.

I think, first of all, health workers must raise their voices in defense of the reproductive health of young people. High school students need clear and correct information about how to behave in a given situation. I don't understand the sanctimonious voices of protest against sex education. At the age of 18 you can join the army, you can kill and be killed, but you can’t say “condom” and “abortion” to young people... The harm that the opposition causes in this regard is genocide of the Russian people. I would like to say that right now a new generation of youth is being formed and our task is to raise them not just to be obedient and disciplined, but to raise an informed, self-confident, moral generation that consciously makes its choice, and in particular in the field of reproductive health and reproductive behavior.

Numerous studies by the World Health Organization have shown that those countries in which a sex education system has been introduced have a very low level of sexually transmitted infections, and everyone is developing a responsible attitude towards their health.

The “Changes” program, which is carried out by the Russian Family Planning Association, is unprecedented. We work in more than 200 cities, primarily in the field of hygienic education and the psychology of human development during adolescence. And what fierce attacks this program was subjected to from so many organizations, in particular from the newly born organization “Word and Deed”, which is headed by the former director of the well-known commercial company “Alice”.

And in conclusion, I cannot help but remind you that in terms of indicators such as maternal mortality, the number of abortions and sexually transmitted infections, countries where the standard of living is high and family planning and sex education programs have been implemented for decades . These are primarily the countries of Northern Europe.

I would like to give one more figure. In Russia, out of every 3 pregnancies, 2 end in abortion, and 60% of abortions occur in women over 25 years of age. These are quite mature people. They consciously, based on their personal reasons, make the decision to have an abortion. At the same time, recent scientific research suggests that the majority of women in Russia, while not recognizing abortion as a method of birth control, believe that there are situations when a woman should have the right to have an abortion and only she can be her own judge. And the legislation in force in Russia since 1955 gives women such a right. Recently, at a conference, I heard that a woman has an abortion not only because she has an economically difficult situation, but because she is not confident in the man who is next to her at that time. And there is a very large grain of truth in this too. I think it’s time today to recognize the problem of reproductive health as a national and priority one. Now the state does not give families the opportunity to realize their reproductive potential. People want to have children, but they cannot afford it yet; they put it off until later, primarily because a family with one child experiences economic difficulties, and with two or three children often lives below the poverty line. Our task in these difficult conditions is to preserve reproductive health population, then every family will be able to have healthy, desired children when its situation improves and it considers this possible. [Family Planning magazine No. 4/1999] In addition to this article, at the end of the abstract there are graphs taken from the same magazine.

1.2 State policy regarding family and marriage

State support for families is provided through federal and local family legislation, state targeted programs, and a system of state institutions. Indirect support for the family is provided through the implementation of other regulations that regulate other or general areas of public life, but also affect the interests of the family (Civil Code of the Russian Federation, Labor Code, etc.). This will be discussed in the main part of my report, the structure of which almost completely coincides with the components I have listed.

Separately, the State Concept for the Protection of Reproductive Health in Russia for the period 2000-2004 was recently adopted by the Russian government. As the name of the concept suggests, it only indirectly relates to the topic of family support. After reading the main provisions, which will be placed as a table of contents in this abstract, it becomes clear that the state has finally realized that the reproductive function of society is one of the most important factors national security countries. However, the concept does not say a word about the role of the family in this process; the emphasis is on banal medical and psychological assistance and a superficial consideration of the problem. The state does not want to radically change the situation, but wants to eliminate the consequences without going into the underlying reasons that led to such results.

The main emphasis is on material assistance to the population, medical and psychological prevention of abortions, infant/maternal deaths, and the fight against diseases leading to infertility or serious (fatal) complications during childbirth. However, the role of the family in solving these problems is reduced to almost zero. Since the scope of the concept is quite large, I will place it as Appendix 1 to this abstract.

Concept sections

1. Introduction.

2. Main directions of protecting the reproductive health of the population.

3. State policy in the field of reproductive health of the population.

4. System of preventive measures to protect reproductive health.

5. Improving the organization of medical care for reproductive health.

6. Scientific research in the field of reproductive health.

7. System of training and improvement of personnel in the field of reproductive health.

8. Information and educational work with the public and population.

9. Mechanisms and stages of implementation of the Concept.

2. Main part

2.1 Federal legislation on family

Federal legislation regulating family relations and aimed at state support of the family consists of the “Family Code of the Russian Federation”, “Code on Civil Registration of the Russian Federation”, Federal Laws, Decrees of the Government of the Russian Federation, Decrees of the President of the Russian Federation, chapters and parts of other regulations governing common to all citizens of the sphere of life, but affecting the interests of the family. Let's start with the "Family Code"

Family Code. The Family Code establishes the exceptional importance of the family institution for the state and society, therefore family relations are regulated by a special code of the Russian Federation. The following are established as agents of family policy: family - spouse (and) and their children, motherhood, paternity and childhood. Fundamental Principles family policy of the state, extract from the family code: “Chapter 1, stat- 1

1.) Basic principles of family law

Family, motherhood, paternity and childhood in the Russian Federation are under the protection of the state. Family legislation is based on the need to strengthen the family, build family relationships on feelings of mutual love and respect, mutual assistance and responsibility to the family of all its members, the inadmissibility of arbitrary interference by anyone in family affairs, ensuring the unhindered exercise by family members of their rights, the possibility of judicial protection of their rights ...

4.) Any form of restriction of the rights of citizens upon marriage and in family relationships on the basis of social, racial, national, linguistic or religious affiliation is prohibited.”

As we see, on paper the state carefully looks after the interests of the family, protects the institution of the family and protects the interests of all its members. But still, in the context of the topic of my essay, the RF IC is more of a regulatory act than a document whose purpose is to support the family. In this context, some federal laws of the Russian Federation issued in the context of family policy are more interesting for us. The general direction and target orientation of these laws - Federal insurance and social benefits families with children

Federal Law of November 24, 1996 No. 130 “On Amendments and Additions to the Labor Code of the Russian Federation” - Extract

Statement wording	Payment amount	Pickup location
Maternity benefit	Calculated on the basis of average earnings for 70 or 84 calendar days in case of complications of childbirth before childbirth, respectively. and 70/86/110 days after birth in normal/complicated/multiple birth cases	Mother's place of work/study
One-time benefit for women registered at the antenatal clinic for early stages pregnancy (up to 12 weeks)	100% of ILO on the day maternity leave is granted	Mother's place of work/study

Federal Law of May 19, 1995 No. 81. “On state benefits for citizens with children” with subsequent amendments and additions. Extraction

Statement wording	Payment amount	Pickup location
Monthly allowance for a child under 16 years of age		Org. Social protection
Benefit for the adoption of a child (children) under 3 months of age	Paid within 70 calendar. days or 110 in case of adoption of 2 or more children - size - ?	Org. Social protection
Monthly child care allowance	200 rubles are paid. in current 1.5 years	Mother's place of work/study
Monthly allowance for children whose parents evade paying child support or are undergoing military conscription	50% more than in ordinary families	Org. Social protection

Federal Law of December 30, 1996 No. 162 Removed from control

Decree of the President of the Russian Federation No. 1110 “On changing the amount of compensation payments and benefits for certain categories of citizens of the Russian Federation”

The next normative act protecting the interests of the family and its members is the Labor Code of the Russian Federation as amended on September 25, 1992. Extract:

“Code of Labor Laws of the Russian Federation

Occupational safety for pregnant women

As amended on September 25, 1992.

Art. 160 Labor of pregnant women with minor children or caring for sick members of their families.

It is prohibited to use women's labor in heavy work, hazardous work..., underground work (List of heavy work is attached). Women are prohibited from carrying or moving heavy loads that exceed the norm.

Article 161 It is prohibited to hire pregnant women to work at night

Article 163 It is prohibited to involve men/women with children under 14 years of age, disabled children, and workers caring for sick members of their families in overtime work.

Article 163.1. One of the working parents (guardian/trustee) is given 4 additional working days to care for disabled children and disabled children under 18 years of age.

Art. 164 Pregnant women acc. With honey By imprisonment, production standards and service standards are reduced, or they are transferred to another job that is easier and eliminates the impact of adverse production factors.

Article 165 Women are granted maternity leave of 70 (in the case of a multiple pregnancy - 80) calendar days and 70 (in the case of complications of childbirth - 86, in the case of the birth of two or more children - 110)

Article 170 It is prohibited to refuse employment and reduce wages to employees for reasons related to the presence of children, and for women also for reasons related to pregnancy. Refusal to hire may be appealed in court.

Dismissal of pregnant women, women with children under 3 years of age, employees with disabled children or disabled children before they reach the age of 18, single mother or single father with a child under 14 years of age, at the initiative of the employer is not allowed, except in cases of liquidation organizations when dismissal with mandatory employment is allowed

Article 171 Administration of enterprises and organizations in agreement with the corresponding The elected trade union body of an enterprise or organization, if necessary, can issue vouchers to pregnant women to sanatoriums and rest homes, as well as provide them with financial assistance.”

2.2 Federal target programs in support of family, motherhood, paternity and childhood

Federal programs aimed at maintaining and strengthening the institution of family in the Russian Federation, which I will give below, were adopted in accordance with the “Concept for the protection of reproductive health in Russia for the period 2000-2004”, adopted by the joint board of the ministries of education, health and labor and social protection (V.M. Filippov, Yu.L. Shevchenko and S.V. Kalashnikov, respectively).

The state customer and main developer of the program is the Ministry of Labor and Social Development of the Russian Federation.

The goal and objectives are the development in the Russian Federation of a network of institutions providing a variety of social services to families and children who find themselves in difficult life situations, the formation of a modern regulatory, scientific, methodological, personnel and material and technical base of social service institutions for families and children. Improving the management of the system of social service institutions for families and children.

Implementation period: 1998-2000

Implementers of the main activities of the program are the Ministry of Labor and Social Development of the Russian Federation, the Ministry of General and Professional Education of the Russian Federation, the State Committee of the Russian Federation for Youth Affairs

Volumes and sources of sales - 42.595 million rubles from federal budget financing for 1998-2000, including for 1998 - 11.545 million rubles, taking into account denomination from January 1, 1998.

The expected final results of the implementation of the program are the creation in the constituent entities of the Russian Federation of an optimal network of social service institutions for families and children, strengthening their human resources and material and technical base. Formation of prerequisites for increasing the efficiency of social services, strengthening their role in solving current problems family and childhood, strengthening stability and social health of the family.

Monitoring the implementation of the program is the Ministry of Labor and Social Development of the Russian Federation together with the Ministry of Economy of the Russian Federation and the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation.

Characteristics of the problem

The implementation of radical economic reforms and the implementation of adequate social policy required the use of new social technologies, including the creation of a system of social services for the population, providing wide range socio-economic, welfare and other social services to families and children who find themselves in difficult life situations. Large, single-parent and young families, the vast majority of which are low-income, find themselves in especially difficult conditions. The number of families with a negative psychological climate, difficult interpersonal relationships. Violence against women and children in the family is on the rise. All this aggravates the social ill-being of millions of children, hinders their normal development, and negatively affects their physical, mental and moral health. The adoption of the Federal Law “On the Fundamentals of Social Services for the Population in the Russian Federation” stimulated the development of the infrastructure of social services in the regions of the country, the creation of a new type of institutions providing social services to families, women and children: territorial centers of social assistance to families and children, centers of psychological and pedagogical assistance to the population , young family support centers, women's crisis centers and others. However, the real need for such institutions is much higher than their number; the created institutions satisfy the needs for social services of no more than 10 percent of needy categories of families and children. The further development of social services to help families and children is hampered by insufficient legal, scientific, methodological and personnel support, weak management of social services, and a shortage of funds in the constituent entities of the Russian Federation for their equipment, purchase of vehicles and equipment.

Purpose and main objectives of the program

The goal of the federal target program "Social services for families and children" for 1998-2000 (hereinafter referred to as the Program) is to create an optimal system of social service institutions for families and children, the necessary conditions for its effective functioning. The program provides for the solution of the following main tasks: development of the regulatory framework for social services for families and children; implementation of state standards of social services; implementation of state support measures for social service institutions for families and children; scientific, methodological and information support for the activities of social service institutions for families and children; improving the system of professional training, retraining and advanced training of specialists from social service institutions for families and children; improving the management of the system of social service institutions for families and children.

Main directions of program implementation

Improving the legal framework for the functioning and development of social service institutions for families and children

It is planned to prepare proposals to supplement and develop the legislation of the Russian Federation, aimed at creating legal conditions for providing families and children with high-quality social services.

Development of a network of social service institutions for families and children and strengthening of their material and technical base

It is planned to implement measures of state support for social service institutions for families and children to equip and provide them with special equipment, computers, communications, and motor transport.

Development of scientific and methodological foundations for the activities of social service institutions for families and children

It is planned to carry out research work to develop the theoretical and methodological foundations of the activities of social service institutions for families and children. It is planned to develop scientific and methodological recommendations in the field of improving the management of the system of institutions providing social services to families and children, to test forms and methods of management activities in the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, to create scientific basis to monitor social services for families and children, organize scientific and practical conferences and seminars.

Information and methodological support

A series of manuals and special collections on the problems of social services for families and children will be developed, information materials on the experience of social services will be prepared, and a system of statistical indicators characterizing the level of development of social services for families and children will be improved.

Organization of professional training and advanced training of personnel working in the system of social service institutions for families and children

It is expected to organize vocational training and retraining of social work specialists based on educational institutions higher professional education, improving their qualifications, developing appropriate training programs; organize internships for managers and specialists of social services, conduct seminars, workshops, and trainings with the participation of domestic and foreign experts.

Assessing the effectiveness of program implementation

The implementation of the activities provided for by the Program will make it possible to: increase the network of social service institutions for families and children in the constituent entities of the Russian Federation; strengthen their human resources and material and technical base; develop and strengthen a modern legal, scientific and methodological basis for the activities of institutions providing social services to families and children; create the prerequisites for strengthening the role of social service institutions in solving pressing problems of family and childhood, including strengthening family stability. The implementation of program activities with stable state support for social service institutions for families and children will lead to the development of territorial social services, which will increase the coverage of families and children in need of social services from 10 to 30 percent.

2.3 Moscow family legislation

Below are the subsidies and types of financial assistance provided for by the Decree of the Moscow Government (hereinafter in the table PPM) No. 31 and No. 38. All of them were approved with the aim of supporting the family and protecting the interests of all its members. As can be seen from the table, the Moscow Government allocates much more funds to support families than the funds provided for by the federal laws of the Russian Federation.

Particular attention is paid to single-parent families and large families, while young families are at the rear of regulations. These regulations contain only one line allocating any benefits to young and student families - a measly 50 rubles for food, while for the “golden” or diamond anniversary of a married couple 60 (!!!) times more is allocated .

Statement wording	Payment amount	Pickup location	MRP number
One-time benefit for the birth of a child		Social authorities protection
Providing newborns with sets of linen
Additional payments to child benefits for single mothers, for children of wanted parents, parents of conscripted employees in the Armed Forces		Social authorities protection
Additional payments to child benefits if both parents are disabled		Social authorities protection
Free meals for students in grades 1-4, children from large families and social services. vulnerable families
Compensation for meals for students in grades 5-11
Compensation for school uniforms for students from large families
Monthly food subsidy for children under three years of age (single mothers, large families, student families, families with disabled children)		Social authorities protection
Monthly additional payment for benefits for children from large families with 3 or more children under 16 years of age and over 16 years of age if they are students of secondary schools		Social authorities protection
Monthly personalized scholarships of the City Hall
Subsidies for university students in dire need		University (trade union committee)
One-time assistance to married couples who have reached their “golden” and “diamond” jubilees		Social authorities protection
One-time benefit in case of stillbirth after 196 months of pregnancy		Social authorities protection
Financial assistance to the persons who performed the burial of the persons mentioned above		Social authorities protection

Scroll current benefits for Moscow large families

One-time additional payment to state benefits (1500 rubles) at the birth of a child - 615 rubles.

Subsidy for child food - 100 rubles.

Additional payment for each child is 100 rubles.

Free meals for children under 3 years old in dairy kitchens

Free issuance of medications purchased according to doctor’s prescriptions for children under 6 years of age

Admission of children to preschool institutions in the first place

50% discount on child care fees in a preschool institution

Free food

Free school uniform

Free travel for schoolchildren on public transport

Free provision of school textbooks for children

30% discount for heating, water, sewerage and electricity payments

Preferential travel packages for children

One day a month for free admission to museums, exhibitions, cultural and recreational parks, and exhibitions

Free use of sauna services

2.4 PM authorities dealing with family issues

Along with the auxiliary departments of PM (health care, social protection, etc.), there is a specialized department: “Committee for Family and Youth Affairs,” which is designed to guard and protect the interests of the family in the first place. Here is information taken from the committee's website briefly describing the activities and tasks of the committee.

Committee for Family and Youth Affairs of the Moscow Government. Goals and objectives.

Assisting young citizens in the exercise of their rights and freedoms, life self-determination, self-expression and self-organization

Such assistance is provided by the Moscow authorities state power through the implementation of the main directions of youth policy in the Russian Federation on the territory of Moscow, as well as the creation, in addition to all-Russian ones, of economic, organizational and legal guarantees and mechanisms.

Areas of activity of the Moscow Committee for Family and Youth Affairs

Development of directions and methods of activity of city executive authorities in the field of implementation of youth policy, protection of the rights and interests of families, children and adolescents.

Ensuring interaction in the work of departments and committees, public institutions on issues of family and youth policy, providing methodological assistance to territorial authorities in organizing the development of socio-cultural space.

Implementation of measures to improve the living standards of families and improve the social status of women.

Creating conditions for spirituality, intellectual development and meaningful leisure for young people.

Providing comprehensive assistance to youth, student and children's organizations.

Supporting innovative, intellectual and creative activities of young people, promoting the development of their talented representatives.

Development of proposals for financing youth and family programs and initiatives.

Promoting the development of small family and youth entrepreneurship, family forms of employment, employment of minors, graduates of educational institutions, young people with limited ability to work.

Holding city holidays, festivals, exhibitions, concerts for families, children and youth

Organization of international children's and youth exchanges, internships social workers, participation in international intergovernmental agreements.

Propaganda in media mass media ideas for supporting and strengthening the family, the need for social protection of youth.

About 110 universities and more than 280 thousand people a year take part in the events held by the Committee. [official website of the Committee on Family and Youth Affairs of the Moscow Government]

3.1 Assessing the effectiveness and prospects of state family policy

Having examined above the most significant provisions of state support for the family, I came to the conclusion that, as such, family policy is initially focused not on the family - as the most important social institution, but as something impersonal, focused on satisfying purely physiological needs. It seems that for the state the family is a hateful inevitability that cannot be ignored. Those so-called “compensation” payments that the government practices at the local and federal levels cause bewilderment among normal people, to put it mildly. With that kind of money it is impossible to even minimally satisfy the needs or solve the problems that the allocation of these, so to speak, “funds” is aimed at.

“... its (Concept of State Family Policy of the Russian Federation - author) content focuses the activities of the state and its bodies on solving short-term, opportunistic tasks related, as stated in the document, to improving the material living conditions of families, preventing poverty and supporting low-income families...

In fact, what is now called family policy, being in terms of content material assistance to the poor, conceptually and axiologically reflects the political preference of an isolated nuclear family with one or two children.” [Antonov, Medkov “Sociology of the Family”, 244-245].

Standing apart are two federal programs of the Russian Government aimed at supporting families: “Family Planning” and “Safe Motherhood”. Throughout the entire period of these programs, there has been and continues to be a real reduction in the number of abortions and infant/maternal mortality.

The direction of family policy in Moscow stands a little apart. Along with supporting single-parent, socially vulnerable and low-income families, Moscow pays special attention to supporting large families. Material and other assistance to large families in Moscow is allocated as a separate provision, and the content of the local program for supporting large families is much higher quality than in other federal programs and regulations.

But it is still worth noting that both low-income families and large families cannot be the support of the reproductive function of society. A certain small part of the population always agrees to have many children, regardless of material wealth. Therefore, priority attention of state and local family policy should be given, first of all, to young and average families; creating a large family (3-4 children) should become prestigious and, most importantly, honorable for young families; parents should feel support from the state when deciding have children. Until this principled position prevails in the minds of those in power, the prospects for the family in Russia are very, very vague.

I would like to conclude my essay with the definition given by A.I. Antonov and V.M. Medkov in his book “Sociology of the Family” in relation to family policy: “Family policy is the activity of the state, political parties, public organizations, interest groups, etc., aimed at reviving the family, family way of life, lost along a long historical path familistic culture of society, returning to the family its organically inherent social functions, aimed, sociologically speaking, at strengthening the family as a social institution.”

Literature used

1.) Family Code of the Russian Federation, M., Infra-M, 2001

2.) Code of Federal Laws of the Russian Federation, M., Publishing House under the Government of the Russian Federation, 2002

3.) Antonov A.I., Medkov V.M. “Sociology of the Family”, M., Moscow State University Publishing House, 1996.

4.) Official website of the organization “Family Planning”

5.) Official website of the Committee for Family and Youth Affairs of the Moscow Government

6.) Code of Labor Laws of the Russian Federation, M., Publishing House under the Government of the Russian Federation, 1992.

Appendix 1

Concept of reproductive health protection in Russia for the period 2000-2004. and an action plan for its implementation

On April 11, 2000, a joint meeting of the Board of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, the Ministry of Labor and Social Development of the Russian Federation and the Ministry of Education of the Russian Federation took place. The Board reviewed the draft “Concept for the protection of reproductive health of the population of Russia for 2000-2004 and the action plan for its implementation.” The document was approved by the Board and signed by the Minister of Health of the Russian Federation Yu. L. Shevchenko, the Minister of Labor and Social Development of the Russian Federation S. V. Kalashnikov and the Minister of Education of the Russian Federation V. M. Filippov. Considering the importance of the document defining the policy in the field of reproductive health for the coming years, the editorial board decided to publish it in this issue of the journal.

Rationale for the Concept of Reproductive Health Protection of the Population

In conditions economic crisis, falling birth rates and high levels of general mortality of the population, the problems of protecting the reproductive health of the population acquire special social significance.

The population of the Russian Federation in 1999* was 146.3 million people, of which 77.7 million were women, or 53.1%. At the beginning of 1999, the number of women exceeded the number of men by 9.1 million people; There are 1,133 women per 1,000 men in the country.

Life expectancy of the population increased during the period from 1995 to 1998 by 3 years and amounted to 67 years in 1998, including 61.3 years for men and 72.9 years for women.

The demographic situation in 1999 is characterized by the lowest birth rate, which amounted to 8.4 per 1000 population (1994 - 9.6). The total fertility rate (the number of births per woman during a lifetime) in Russia in 1998 was 1.24 versus 2.14 - 2.15 required for simple population reproduction. The current level of fertility under the influence of socio-economic and political factors reflects a significant change in trends in the reproductive behavior of the population: a reduction in the number of women and families wishing to have children.

The overall mortality rate in the country in 1994 was 15.7; in 1998 - 13.6; in 1999 - 14.7, which is mainly due to changes in the age composition of the population.

The state of reproductive health is significantly influenced by the somatic and mental health of the population.

The dynamics of morbidity among various population groups during the period of reforms taking place in the country has unfavorable trends. Despite the fact that the overall morbidity rate in recent years (1991-1999) has generally increased by only 10.5%, the proportion of diseases with a chronic and recurrent course has increased significantly, and the structure of morbidity in the adult population has changed. The proportion of diseases of the circulatory system has increased, nervous system, genitourinary organs, infectious diseases.

Reducing the role of the state in the region social guarantees led to an increase in mental and socially significant diseases.

In 1998, 3.9 million patients with mental disorders were registered in the Russian Federation, of which 1.7 million (44.1%) were women.

Widespread mental illness, alcoholism and drug addiction, which have severe medical and social consequences, puts the prevention and treatment of these types of pathology among the most pressing health problems.

Over the past 5 years, there has been an increase in the incidence of tuberculosis - the number of newly diagnosed patients during this period has doubled. Measures to combat tuberculosis are carried out within the framework of the federal target program "Urgent measures to combat tuberculosis in Russia."

Of great concern is the rise in sexually transmitted infections (STIs) and AIDS. The increase in the number of patients with STIs and AIDS occurs against the backdrop of an increase in substance abuse, drug addiction, and alcoholism.

The incidence rate of syphilis in 1998 compared to 1989 increased by more than 55 times and amounted to 235.1 per 100,000 population. At the same time, the rate of increase in the incidence of syphilis among children and adolescents exceeds the increase in incidence among the adult population. In 1998, the number of sick children and adolescents exceeded 22.6 thousand, of which 14.6% were children under 14 years of age, while 66% were infected through sexual contact. Every 4th sick child in this age group is diagnosed with congenital syphilis. The incidence of syphilis in the age group 15-17 years in 1998 increased by more than 63 times compared to 1989, and by 5.3 times since 1993.

Currently, 10,952 HIV-infected people have been identified in Russia, of which 2,686 are women, 450 are children; There are 357 AIDS patients, of which 102 are women, 115 are children. 248 AIDS patients died, 122 were HIV-infected from various diseases, of the total number of deaths, more than 40% are women and children.

In recent years, the number of HIV-infected pregnant women and women in labor has increased sharply: 1995 - 20; 1997 - 43; 1998 - 182 women. According to the forecast, this situation is expected to increase as drug addiction spreads among young women who, as a rule, do not use contraception. Currently, 78 children born from HIV-infected pregnant drug addicts are registered in Russia.

An unfavorable background is malignant diseases. At the same time, the leading place among women is occupied by malignant tumors of the reproductive system.

Particular attention should be paid to diseases of women of transitional age that occur in the pre- and postmenopausal period. According to special studies, specific menopausal disorders occur in 60-70% of women. They are accompanied by a sharp increase arterial hypertension(7 times more often than in reproductive age), urogenital disorders (50-80%), osteoporosis (the frequency of bone fractures in women over 40-49 years of age increases 4-7 times).

The quality of health of pregnant women continues to deteriorate. Over the past 10 years, the incidence of anemia in pregnant women has increased more than 6 times, and the incidence of kidney disease and cardiovascular diseases in pregnant women has increased significantly. During this period, the number of women suffering from late toxicosis of pregnancy increased by 40: s. The number of normal births has sharply decreased, specific gravity of which in 1998 in Russia as a whole amounted to less than 30%, in 1999 - 30.8%, and in a number of constituent entities of the Russian Federation this figure does not reach 20%.

Unfavorable trends are also observed in the health of newborns. Every third child born has health problems; there is a high percentage of births of premature and immature children, the care of which costs the state 250-300 times more than full-term newborns.

Despite the decrease, the level of infant mortality in the country remains high (in 1999 - 16.5 per 1000 births).

Maternal mortality as one of the most important indicators, characterizing the state of women's health and the level of medical care, in the Russian Federation is more than 2-2.5 times higher than the European average and in 1998 amounted to 44.0 per 100,000 live births.

The most important factor influencing the health of women and newborns is working conditions. IN unfavorable conditions About 1.5 million women work. Among the total number of cases of occupational diseases, every fifth occurs in women. Harmful production factors have a negative impact on the reproductive health of men, often causing infertility and the birth of defective children.

In this regard, it is extremely important to speed up the revision and consideration in the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation Labor Code Russian Federation.

The problems of abortion for Russia are of a national nature, especially against the backdrop of low birth rates: out of 10 pregnancies, 7 end in abortions and only 3 in childbirth, every 10th abortion in the country occurs in persons under the age of 19, more than 2 thousand abortions annually in adolescents up to 14 years old. A high level of complications after abortion remains: more than 70% of women suffer from inflammatory diseases of the female genital area, the level of endocrine disorders, miscarriage, and infertility is high.

Despite the trends that have emerged in recent years as a result of the implementation of the federal targeted program “Family Planning” towards a decrease in the absolute number of abortions in the country, their level remains quite high. Thus, the prevalence of abortions per 1000 women of childbearing age in 1998 was 57.3, in 1999 - 53.0 (1993 - 81.9).

The high level of maternal mortality is largely due to abortions, the share of which in the overall structure of maternal mortality is 1/3 of all cases. It should be noted that the main cause of death of women after abortions are criminal or out-of-hospital abortions, and among them, 2/3 of the total number of deaths are late abortions. Women who resort to criminal intervention usually have social reasons.

One of the main reasons for the high level of abortions and post-abortion mortality is the insufficient use of modern (hormonal) contraception (only 7.4% of women of childbearing age). There is still no hormonal contraception industry in Russia. Since 1997, funding for the centralized purchase of contraceptive drugs has been stopped. Due to rising prices for contraceptives (up to 100-120 rubles per package), they have become practically inaccessible to most women.

The increase in sexually transmitted infections and the high rate of abortions are the cause of infertility in marriage.

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