There are nature reserves, natural (national) parks, sanctuaries, and natural monuments.

- this is a section of territory (water area) within which the entire natural complex is completely and forever withdrawn from economic use and is under state protection.

A reserve is also called a scientific research institution to which the specified territories are assigned. Any activity that violates natural complexes or threatening the preservation of natural objects is prohibited by law both on the territory of the reserve and within the limits established around it security zone. Hunting and catching animals and birds, destroying nests and burrows, fishing, collecting eggs and fluff, cutting and damaging bushes and trees, mining, grazing and haymaking, and construction of various objects not related to the activities of the reserve are prohibited. Travel and passage through the territory of the reserve is permitted only on roads common use and with the permission of the administration.

A special type of reserves are biosphere reserves.

In 1970, at the XVI session of the UNESCO General Conference, the international program “Man and Biosphere” was adopted. This program was approved in connection with the increasing human impact on the natural environment and is designed to provide, on the basis of comprehensive basic research obtaining data necessary for and managing processes occurring in the biosphere. As part of this program, a network of protected natural areas called biosphere reserves has been created.

Biosphere Reserve- a protected area recognized within the framework of the UNESCO Man and the Biosphere program, in which the protection of the most representative natural complexes for a given zone is combined with scientific research, long-term environmental monitoring and education in the field of nature conservation.

It is believed that the territory of the biosphere reserve experiences virtually no local impacts from the surrounding landscapes transformed by humans.

home the purpose of creating biosphere reserves- saving to natural form natural ecosystems and their gene pool, as well as constant and comprehensive monitoring of various changes occurring in the biosphere (ecological monitoring).

Basic objectives of biosphere reserves are to preserve the diversity and integrity of plant and animal communities within natural ecosystems, the diversity of the gene pool, and to conduct long-term scientific research in modified and close to natural conditions.

Any biosphere reserve must meet the following basic requirements:

• to be a typical standard of a given natural area;
• must have on your territory rare species plants or animals or unique complexes;
• present an example of the harmonious development of nature under the historically established traditional economic use this territory;
• have effective protection of the territory and a solid basis for long-term scientific research;
• represent a standard (zero point, reference point) for assessing changes occurring in the biosphere.

Biosphere reserve zones

All biosphere reserves in the world are designed according to a single basic design, which is mandatory for all reserves of this rank. The biosphere reserve model includes three zones.

In the center is core reserve, which protects biological diversity animals and plants. Here the evolution of plant and animal species can occur naturally. This is absolutely protected area, where all types of economic activity. Any human intervention other than scientific research is unacceptable.

A wider zone is formed around the core buffer, or scientifically managed zone. Activities that are compatible with the development of sustainable natural ecosystems are partially permitted in this protected area. Here the structure and functioning of the ecosystem is observed when it is exposed to various types anthropogenic impact and use. Most often, this zone coincides with the boundaries of the reserve.

Goes for the buffer security, or transitional zone, designed to reduce negative influence adjacent economic territories to the natural complexes of the reserve. The mode of farming in the buffer zone is consistent with the administration of the reserve.

The first biosphere reserves were organized in the second half of the 70s. XX century By 1984, their number in 58 countries was 226, by 1985 - 243 (60 countries), and by 1995 - 325 (82 countries). The number of absolutely protected areas on Earth is constantly growing.

Biosphere reserves of Russia

According to 2007 data, there are 529 nature reserves in the world in 105 countries. There are 39 of these in Russia. These are the Central Black Earth, Berezinsky, Caucasian and other reserves. Let's talk in more detail about some of them.

Six tiny islands in Kursk and Belgorod regions lands spread out Central Black Earth Biosphere Reserve them. V.V. Alekhina. This unique monument nature, where colorful meadow steppes miraculously survived plowing and amaze with their pristine beauty, amazing diversity of plants, and wonderful smell of herbs. Just like hundreds of years ago, the gray feather grass trees rustle and shimmer, and the mounds slumber lonely in eternal sleep.

More than 10 types of ancient unique plants who remember the times when mammoths roamed the earth, and today they are found in the Streletskaya steppe, located near Kursk and recognized as a standard untouched nature. This is the only place in Europe where thick virgin chernozems are undisturbed, the thickness of the fertile layer reaching more than 1 m.

Pechora-Ilychsky Biosphere Reserve occupies the western slopes of the Northern Urals in the taiga zone. It is formed to preserve a unique animal and flora Cis-Urals. The reserve is home to about 40 species of mammals (including elk, wolf, wolverine, beaver, sable, marten), and 200 species of birds. Found in rivers valuable species fish - salmon, whitefish, grayling, taimen.

Located on the coast of the Amur Bay biosphere reserve "Kedrovaya Pad", where you can find Korean cedar, reaching a height of 40 m and more than one meter in diameter, Amur velvet, white fir, Mongolian oak, and amazing plant ginseng. The main object of protection of the reserve is the Ussuri tiger.

UNESCO Biosphere Reserves - what are they?

Biosphere reserves were created to solve one of the critical issues challenges facing the modern world: How to adapt the conservation of biological diversity and biological resources with their sustainable use? For a biosphere reserve to be effective, it is necessary for natural and social scientists, conservation and development teams, governments and local communities to work together to address this complex issue.

They are areas of terrestrial coastal ecosystems that have received international recognition under the UNESCO Man and the Biosphere (MAB) Programme. Together they make up the World Wide Web.

When creating a biosphere reserve, priority is given to territories that are, to one degree or another, protected by national legislation. Often the configuration of biosphere reserves depends on local conditions, but all of them must include mandatory parts. Each biosphere reserve must include three elements:

1. Main territory or Core
2. Buffer zone
3. Transition zone

• Core territory→ Must be legally enforceable and provide long-term protection to landscapes, ecosystems and animal and plant species within its boundaries. There should be no human activity except for scientific research and monitoring.
• Buffer zone→ Has clear boundaries, surrounding or adjacent to the core territory. Human activity can be organized in such a way as not to contradict the security goals of the core, but, on the contrary, to contribute to their achievement.
• Transition zone or cooperation zone→ It is located on the outer edge of the biosphere reserve and populated areas may be located within its boundaries. Can be used in various wholes. This is where all interested parties must come to an agreement on working together for the management and sustainable use of resources for the benefit of all people living in a given territory.

There are currently 564 biosphere reserves in 109 countries around the world, including a number of international, or transnational, reserves. In some sources, biosphere reserves are called biosphere reserves.

Russia has a very extensive network of UNESCO biosphere reserves, including 39 state nature reserves and 7 national parks, their geography is from Kursk to Vladivostok, from Taimyr to the Caucasus. Biosphere reserve status has become a sustainable brand (first of all, for state natural reserves due to their legalized special name: the phrase “biosphere reserve” is perceived as a “reserve with a quality mark”). Overall availability international status UNESCO biosphere reserve undoubtedly works for a positive image of the corresponding protected areas, including in the eyes of regional and municipal authorities.

In 1993, the International Coordinating Council of the Man and the Biosphere Program (MAB) awarded the Black Lands Nature Reserve the status of a Biosphere Reserve of World Importance.

The State Natural Biosphere Reserve "Black Lands" was established by: Resolution of the Council of Ministers of the RSFSR dated June 11, 1990 No. 191 "On urgent measures to increase the productivity of forage lands and restore ecological balance in the Black Lands and Kizlyar pastures 1991-95", Order No. 63 dated 07/23/1990 State Committee RSFSR for Nature Conservation “On the organization of the State Reserve “Black Lands”, Resolution of the Council of Ministers of the Kalmyk SSR-Khalmg Tangch No. 272 ​​of December 2, 1991 “On the organization of the complex state reserve “Black Lands”, and its ornithological branch in the Kalmyk SSR.” Expanded by Government Decree Russian Federation dated 05/08/1996 No. 562 “On expanding the territory of the State Natural Biosphere Reserve “Black Lands” of the Ministry of Conservation environment And natural resources RF".

The total area of ​​the reserve is 1219 square kilometers and includes two clusters: the Steppe area in the Chernozemelsky and Yashkul regions, and the Ornithological site in the Priyutnensky and Yashaltinsky regions of the Republic of Kalmykia.

The steppe section of the reserve with an area of ​​943 square kilometers is located: 45 o 40 I – 46 o 09 I northern latitude; 45 o 05 I – 46 o 00 I east longitude;

The ornithological site with an area of ​​276 square kilometers is located: 46 o 12 I – 46 o 27 I northern latitude; 42 o 30 I – 43 o 02 I east longitude.

SPECIAL REGIME FOR PROTECTION OF THE TERRITORY OF THE BIOSPHERE RESERVE

The external boundaries of the reserve, its protective zone and subordinate reserves are marked in nature by boundary signs, notices, signs installed on the routes of probable penetration into their territory.
Compliance with the security regime is mandatory for all persons visiting these territories.
The presence on the territory of the reserve of persons who are not employees of this reserve without the permission of the directorate of the reserve is prohibited Federal Law on protected areas, Federal Law No. 33 of March 14, 1995.
The protection of natural complexes and objects in specially protected natural areas is carried out by special state inspection.
State inspectors and employees of the reserve enjoy the rights provided for by the provisions on the reserve protective zone and the Mekletinsky, Harbinsky, Sarpinsky reserves and the Russian Federation Law “On Specially Protected Natural Territories (SPNA)”.
State inspectors for the protection of protected areas have the right to apply in the prescribed manner special means– handcuffs, rubber truncheons, tear gas and devices for forcibly stopping vehicles.
State inspectors have the right:
— detain violators of the protected regime;
— deliver them to the police station or other office premises (premises of the reserve);
— inspect and confiscate vehicles;
- carry out an inspection belonging to a legal entity or individual entrepreneur premises, territories and seizure of things and documents there;
- confiscate things and documents.

ON THE TERRITORY OF THE BLACK ZEMLI STATE RESERVE IT IS PROHIBITED:

Any activity that contradicts the objectives of the reserve, the regime of special protection of its territory, including:

1. Actions that change the hydrological regime of the land.

2. Exploration work and development of mineral resources, disturbance of soil cover, release of minerals, outcrops and rocks.

3. Blank medicinal plants and technical raw materials, as well as other types of forest management, with the exception of cases provided for by the Regulations on the State Natural Biosphere Reserve "Black Lands".

4. Haymaking, grazing, placement of hives and apiaries, collection and preparation of wild fruits, berries, mushrooms, nuts, seeds, flowers and other types of use of the plant world.

5. Construction and placement of agricultural industrial enterprises and individual facilities, construction of buildings and structures, roads and overpasses, power lines and other communications, with the exception of those necessary to ensure the activities of nature reserves.

6. Commercial, amateur and sport hunting, other types of use of wildlife.

7. Introduction of living organisms for the purpose of their acclimatization.

8. Application of mineral fertilizers and chemical plant protection products.

9. Transit drive of pets.

10. Finding, passage and passage of unauthorized persons and vehicles.

11. Collection of zoological, botanical and mineral collections, except those provided for by the themes and plans of scientific research in the reserve.

12. Damage or destruction of sold-out information boards is punishable in accordance with Art. Criminal Code of the Russian Federation,

13. Other activities that disrupt the natural development of natural processes, threaten the state of natural complexes and objects, and are also not related to the implementation of the tasks assigned to the reserve.

MAIN OBJECTIVES OF CREATION OF A SECURITY ZONE

The protective zone of the state natural biosphere reserve “Black Lands” was created by Resolution of the Council of Ministers of the KASSR No. 338 of December 9, 1992. with the aim of:

— protection of the natural complexes of the reserve from the influence of economic activities in the adjacent territory;

— improving the living conditions of rare animal species, protecting rare and endangered species of flora and fauna;

— strengthening control over compliance with established norms and rules of economic activity in the territory adjacent to the reserve.

ON THE TERRITORY OF THE SECURITY ZONE OF THE RESERVE IT IS PROHIBITED:

— presence of unauthorized persons not engaged in production activities or who do not have appropriate permission to visit the territory;

- finding Vehicle not due to production needs, or during rest without appropriate permission;

— plowing of virgin and fallow lands;

— burning stubble and dry grass, making fires;

— disorderly storage of all types of pesticides and fertilizers;

— collecting flowers, destroying rare and endangered plant species;

- destruction of nests and clutches;

— contamination of the territory with garbage, household and industrial waste;

- any activity that harms wildlife and habitats.

ON THE TERRITORY OF THE SECURITY ZONE OF THE RESERVE, IN CONSENT WITH THE ADMINISTRATION OF THE STATE RESERVE “CHERNYE ZEMLI”, THE following ARE ALLOWED:

— movement of vehicles carrying out economic activities of enterprises;

— production activity;

— mushroom picking, haymaking, livestock grazing by local residents;

- laying roads, constructing residential and production premises;

— organized excursions;

— carrying out research work;

— shooting, catching animals and for scientific purposes (in agreement with the Ministry of Natural Resources of Russia).

Control over compliance with the regime of the protective zone, compliance with established norms and rules for conducting economic activities by land users on the territory is carried out by the Black Lands Nature Reserve.

List of documents required for laying roads, construction of residential, industrial and other buildings in the protective zone of the state reserve, sent for approval to the Ministry of Natural Resources and Ecology of the Russian Federation:

— a letter addressed to the Minister of Natural Resources and Environment of the Russian Federation;

— design and estimate documentation of the facility;

— conclusion of the state environmental assessment;

- contractor.

STATE RESERVES OF FEDERAL SIGNIFICANCE “SARPINSKY”, “HARBINSKY”, “MEKLETINSKY”

Objectives of the Sarpinsky, Harbinsky, Mekletinsky nature reserves:

1. Preservation, restoration and reproduction of fauna and maintaining ecological balance;

2. Preservation of habitats and migration routes of fauna;

3. conducting scientific research;

4. Implementation environmental monitoring;

5. Environmental education.

REGIME OF SPECIAL PROTECTION OF THE TERRITORY OF THE “HARBINSKY”, “SARPINSKY”, “MEKLETINSKY” RESERVES

On the territory of the reserve it is prohibited:

1. Commercial, sport and amateur hunting.

2. Collection of medicinal plants (with the exception of the collection of medicinal plants by citizens for their own needs).

3. Grazing of livestock outside specially designated areas approved by the reserve.

4. Carrying out drainage and irrigation works.

5. Plowing the land.

6. Carrying out haymaking, fencing pastures.

7. Geological study, exploration and extraction of mineral resources, as well as performance of other work related to the use of subsoil (except for the cases provided for in clause 3.5 of these Regulations).

8. Construction, reconstruction and major renovation capital construction projects not related to the implementation of tasks assigned to the reserve.

9. Blasting.

10. Use of pesticides, mineral fertilizers, chemical plant protection products and growth stimulants.

11. Creation of facilities for the disposal of production and consumption waste, radioactive, chemical, explosive, toxic, poisonous and noxious substances.

12. Provision of land plots for individual housing construction, gardening and vegetable gardening.

13. Launching fires.

14. Introduction of living organisms for the purpose of their acclimatization.

15. Carrying out recreational activities (including organizing recreation areas and making fires) outside the areas specially provided for this.

16. Travel and parking of vehicles (except for public roads).

17. Landing aircraft and disembarkation of passengers from them without approval from the reserve or the Russian Ministry of Natural Resources.

18. Being with a firearm, pneumatic or throwing weapon, traps and other hunting tools, including hunting firearms in assembled form on public roads, as well as with the products of obtaining objects of the animal world.

19. Destruction or damage to barriers, full houses, stands and other information signs and signs, as well as equipped ecological trails and places of rest.

20. Keeping dogs loose.

21. Collection of zoological, botanical, mineralogical collections and paleontological objects without approval from the Russian Ministry of Natural Resources.

22. Other types of activities that entail a decrease in the ecological value of a given territory or cause harm to protected wildlife objects and their habitat.

23. On the territory of the reserve, economic activities are carried out in compliance with the requirements to prevent the death of wildlife objects during the implementation production processes, as well as during the operation of transport highways, pipelines, communication and power lines approved by Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of August 13, 1996 No. 997 (Collected Legislation of the Russian Federation, 1996, No. 37, Art. 4290; 2008, No. 12, Art. ISO).

24. On the territory of the reserve, construction, reconstruction and major repairs of linear structures and other capital construction projects are allowed only in agreement with the Ministry of Natural Resources of Russia.

25. Project documentation objects, the construction, reconstruction or major repairs of which are allowed on the territory of the reserve, are subject to state environmental impact assessment at the federal level.

26. On the territory of the reserve, work related to oil production in subsoil areas provided for use in accordance with the legislation of the Russian Federation on subsoil resources is permitted only if the specifics of the special protection regime are observed and in agreement with the Ministry of Natural Resources of Russia. At the same time, subsoil users are obliged, in agreement with the reserve, to develop and implement a set of measures for the conservation and restoration of natural complexes and objects on the territory of the reserve.

27. On the territory of the reserve, shooting and trapping of wild animals and birds for scientific and regulatory purposes is carried out only in agreement with the Ministry of Natural Resources of Russia.

PROTECTION OF NATURAL COMPLEXES AND OBJECTS AND CONTROL OF COMPLIANCE WITH THE SPECIAL PROTECTION REGIME OF THE RESERVE

On the territory of the reserve, the protection of natural complexes and objects is carried out by a special state inspection for the protection of the territory of the state natural biosphere reserve “Black Lands”.

RESPONSIBILITY FOR VIOLATIONS OF RESERVE REGIME
(Article 8.39 of the Code of Administrative Offenses of the Russian Federation)

Violation of the established regime or other rules for the protection and use of the environment natural environment and natural resources on the territory of state natural reserves, its protective zone and subordinate reserves “Harbinsky”, “Sarpinsky”, “Mekletinsky” shall entail the imposition of an administrative fine in the following amounts:

On individuals– from one thousand to two thousand rubles with confiscation of the instruments of committing administrative offense and products of illegal environmental management.

On officials– from two to four thousand rubles.

On legal entities– from thirty thousand to sixty thousand rubles with confiscation of instruments for committing an administrative offense from products of illegal use of natural resources.

The legislation of the Russian Federation provides for criminal liability for violating the regime of specially protected natural areas.
Enterprises, institutions, organizations and individual citizens that caused damage to the natural complex as a result of violation of the established regime of the protective zone are obliged to compensate it in the manner prescribed by the current Legislation.

Biosphere reserves

Biosphere reserves are environmental, research institutions of international importance, which are created with the aim of preserving the most typical natural complexes of the biosphere in their natural state, carrying out background environmental monitoring, studying the natural environment, its changes under the influence of anthropogenic factors.

On practice, biosphere reserves are created on the basis of natural reserves, national natural parks, with the inclusion of territories and objects of natural reserve fund of other categories and other lands, and belong to the global network of biosphere reserves.

World Network of Biosphere Reserves(English: World Network of Biosphere Reserves) was created within the framework of the UNESCO “Man and the Biosphere” program and combines specially protected natural areas, called demonstrate the balanced interaction of nature and man, concept sustainable development environment. The international network is a kind of engine for the exchange of knowledge and experience, for educational and research programs, for monitoring and for making joint decisions.

The program was created in 1971, and already in 1974 the first biosphere reserve was created in the United States. In 1983, the first international congress on biosphere reserves was held, which set an action plan for research and monitoring, as well as interaction with local communities.

B 1995 international Conference opened in Seville (Spain) new era For World Wide Web biosphere reserves. Actions identified at this meeting were included in Seville strategy And Regulations on the World Network of Biosphere Reserves, approved by the General Conference of UNESCO in 1995. In 2000, a meeting was held in Pamplona (Spain) "Seville+5", on which they were determined various actions in accordance with the strategic recommendations formulated in Seville.

Madrid Action Plan was agreed at the Third World Congress on Biosphere Reserves, held in Madrid in February 2008. It builds on the Seville Strategy and aims to realize the strategic benefits of the Seville Documents and enhance the role of biosphere reserves as key internationally recognized areas for sustainable development in the 21st century.

As of 2010, there were 564 biosphere reserves in 109 countries around the world, including a number of international, or transnational, reserves. In some sources, biosphere reserves are called biosphere reserves.

In Ukraine there are 4: Askania Nova (reserve), Danube Delta (Danube Biosphere Reserve, and since 1998 transboundary), Carpathian Biosphere Reserve (Uzhgorod region), Black Sea Biosphere Reserve (Kherson and Nikolaev regions, the largest in Ukraine - more than 100 thousand hectares ).

Biosphere reserves are approved by the International Coordinating Council of the Man and the Biosphere Program at the request of the relevant state.

Regional networks play a significant role in the work of the Man and the Biosphere program. There are five regional networks. They do not have strict boundaries and a number of states participate in the work of several networks, for example, in the program database, the biosphere reserves of Algeria are included in both the regional network of the League of Arab States and the regional network of Africa. Biosphere reserves are distributed across regional networks as follows:

The European Network of Biosphere Reserves is the largest and oldest of the regional networks. It includes 50 European countries, Canada and the USA and represents 262 biosphere reserves. Meetings of representatives of the European network have been held almost every two years since 1986. (The last conference, EuroMAB-2009, was held in the village of Stara Lesna, Slovakia, from October 26 to November 1, 2009).

Definition, criteria, objectives, zoning. The very idea of ​​creating biosphere reserves is associated with the solution of one of the most important modern world questions: how to harmonize the conservation of biological diversity and natural resources of the planet with their use for further socio-economic development of the regions. Those. to the principles of sustainable development.

According to the Regulations on the World Network of Biosphere Reserves, they are zones of terrestrial, coastal and marine ecosystems (or combinations thereof) that have:

Wide spectrum ecosystems representing large biogeographic regions;

Areas sufficient to preserve biodiversity;

Conditions for studying and demonstrating approaches to sustainable development on a regional scale;

Dimensions sufficient to carry out three main tasks: security(conservation of genetic resources, biological species and ecosystems), development(promoting sustainable economic and social development) And logistics(supporting and encouraging research, education, training and monitoring activities at local, national and global levels).

To achieve its objectives, the biosphere reserve must include three functional zones, each of which may consist of one or more sections, united according to the principle of fulfilling a specific role.

First zone – core, i.e. territories not affected by human economic activity and of great interest from the point of view of preserving bio- and landscape diversity and conducting certain types of scientific research in a natural laboratory.

The core, or main area, is the least disturbed ecosystem. It enjoys long-term protection and allows for the conservation of biodiversity. Research and other non-disruptive activities, such as educational activities, are carried out in the core. A biosphere reserve may have one or more core areas.

Located around or near the core buffer zone, which is designed to protect the main territory from the impact of economic activities in the surrounding territory. Environmentally friendly activities are allowed in the buffer zone: fundamental and applied research, experimental and reproduction work, environmental education and ecotourism.

The buffer zone is located around or adjacent to the cores. It is used for environmentally friendly activities such as ecotourism, as well as applied and basic research. The buffer zone must be clearly defined.

Surrounding the buffer zone (or located in close proximity to it) is the so-called transition zone, or cooperation zone - an unprotected territory where settlements can be located, limited agricultural, forestry and craft activities, as well as other types of traditional land use, are possible.

The transition zone, or cooperation zone, allows for human settlements and some agricultural activities. In a cooperation zone, local administrations and other organizations work together for the rational management and sustainable reproduction of resources.

In practice, such a territory structure does not exist everywhere. In some countries of the world, only protected areas (core and buffer zone) are included in the network of biosphere reserves. Such “truncated” reserves also have every right to be included in the biosphere network, since one of the important advantages of the concept of biosphere reserves is its flexibility, which allows a creative approach to its implementation in a variety of conditions.

That is, summing up, the criteria The requirements for a biosphere reserve are:

1. Representation of the diversity of ecosystem types characteristic of the biogeographical region (regions), including anthropogenically transformed ones.

2. The importance of preserving biodiversity.

3. Possibility of research and demonstration of sustainable development on a regional scale.

4. The presence of three functions of a biosphere reserve (protection, development and logistics, see above).

5. Zoning: (A) natural core ( protected area), (B) buffer zone, (C) transit zone.

World Network of Biosphere Reserves in Europe and North America- a regional division of the World Network of Biosphere Reserves, created under the UNESCO Man and the Biosphere program. The European Network of Biosphere Reserves is the largest of the regional networks. Meetings of representatives of the European network have been held almost every two years since 1986. The most recent conference, EuroMAB 2009, was held in the village of Stara Lesna, Slovakia, from October 26 to November 1, 2009. The conference was attended by 113 delegates from 22 countries. At the beginning of 2011, there were 162 biosphere reserves in Europe and North America (Table 5).

Table 5 - Biosphere reserves in Europe and North America

The largest reserves are:

Northeast Greenlandic national park- the only national park in Greenland. It is also the northernmost national park, and the largest national park in the world. Its area - 972,000 km² - exceeds the area of ​​163 countries (individually). It occupies the territory in the north of East Greenland, the east of North Greenland and part of the territory of West Greenland, including the northern and northeastern coast of Greenland with inland lands. In the extreme southwest, near the border with the community of Kaasuitsup, in a strait near several kilometers of the coast of the region, the end of the border with Canada passes. The park was founded on May 22, 1974, and took on its current form in 1988. In 1977, it received the status of an international biosphere reserve. It is not included in the territory of any municipality and is managed by the Greenland Department of Nature and Environment. From 5 to 15 thousand musk oxen live in the park - 40% of the world population. You can also find many polar bears and walruses in coastal areas. Other mammals include arctic fox, ermine, reindeer, lemming and arctic hare. Reindeer and wolves disappeared from the park in 1900 and 1934. accordingly, although wolves periodically visit the park. Among other mammals different types seals, seals, narwhals and whales. Among the birds that breed their offspring in the park are the polar loon, various types of geese, tundra partridge, polar owl, polar falcon, and crows. The flora of the park is quite poor, represented mostly by mosses and lichens. Flowering plants include dwarf willows and birches.

Kronotsky State Nature Biosphere Reserve is one of the oldest nature reserves in Russia. It was established as a state reserve in 1934 on the site of the Soboliny Nature Reserve that existed since 1882. Kronotsky state reserve located in the eastern part of the Kamchatka Peninsula and covers an area of ​​1,147,619.37 hectares, including 135,000 hectares. (1,350 sq. km) of adjacent three-mile water area Pacific Ocean. There are 8 active volcanoes (including the Kronotskaya Sopka, height - 3,528 m), thermal lakes, geysers (the famous Valley of Geysers), and waterfalls. On the territory of the reserve there are forests of stone birch (Erman's birch), thickets of cedar and alder. In the basin of Lake Kronotsky they are common coniferous forests from Okhotsk larch with the participation of Ayan spruce and Tausha white birch. Floodplain forests are distributed along rivers; the main forest-forming species are Maksimovich poplar, choicenia, Sakhalin willow, and hairy alder. In the second tier of floodplains and coniferous forests Asian bird cherry, green hawthorn, and Kamchatka rowan are found. In the undergrowth of stone birch forests, elderberry-leaved rowan, which has large sweet fruits, and blunt-eared rosehip are common; in the extreme south of the reserve, Kamchatka elderberry is found, where northern border distribution of this species. The caldera of the Uzon volcano is a unique area of ​​complex manifestation of modern geological and microbiological processes: thermal springs and ponds create unusual conditions for the development of thermophilic organisms. Lake Kronotskoye is the largest freshwater lake in Kamchatka. The lake is home to a freshwater form of sockeye salmon (kokanee) and three endemic species of mountain char. This unique ecosystem can serve as a reference for monitoring studies. Among the mammals found here are sable, elk, ermine, bighorn sheep, brown bear, lynx, squirrel, fox, wolverine, etc. Pinniped rookeries are also located here. There are no reptiles, there is only 1 species of amphibians - the Siberian salamander. The most important role of the reserve in preserving brown bear: Russia’s largest protected wild population of these animals (more than 700 individuals) lives here, which ensures their stable preservation on the peninsula. Wild reindeer are currently preserved only on the territory of the reserve, and the fate of this species depends on the safety of the population in the reserve area.

Polesie is a national park in eastern Poland. Created in 1990 with an area of ​​48.13 km². Currently, the area of ​​the park is 97.62 km², of which 47.8 km² are occupied by forests. Polesie National Park and surrounding areas form the Western Polesie Biosphere Reserve, recognized by UNESCO in 2002. The park is also adjacent to the reserve on the Ukrainian side of the border. The park is recognized as an important wetland by the Ramsar Convention. The territory of the park is flat, with numerous lakes and peat bogs. The fauna includes 21 species of fish, 12 species of amphibians, 6 species of reptiles and 150 species of birds. Of the 35 species of mammals, we can distinguish moose, otters, beavers and bats.

Among the reserves in separate group stand out biosphere reserves- strictly protected natural areas of significant size that do not experience direct anthropogenic impacts.
Biosphere reserves are protected, most characteristic, standard areas of the biosphere, created in various geographical areas Earth.
It is believed that the territory of the biosphere reserve experiences virtually no local impacts from the surrounding landscapes transformed by humans.

They are located in the most typical natural attitude regions of the Earth and form, as it were, a global network of standards of the biosphere before the advent of man. The main purpose of biosphere reserves - preservation of natural ecosystems and their gene pool in their natural form, as well as constant and comprehensive monitoring of the state and progress of various changes occurring in the biosphere (ecological monitoring).

The main objectives of biosphere reserves are to preserve the diversity and integrity of plant and animal communities within natural ecosystems, the genetic diversity of the gene pool, and conduct long-term scientific research in modified and close to natural conditions.
Any biosphere reserve must meet the following basic requirements:
- to be a typical standard of a given natural area;
- be sure to “keep rare species of plants or animals or unique complexes on your territory;
- present an example of the harmonious development of nature with the historically established traditional economic use of a given territory;
- have effective protection of the territory and a solid basis for long-term scientific research;
- represent a standard (zero point, reference point) for assessing changes occurring in the biosphere.
All biosphere reserves in the world are designed according to a single basic design, which is mandatory for all reserves of this rank. The biosphere reserve model includes three zones.

In the center is the core of the reserve, which protects the biological diversity of animals and plants. Here the evolution of plant and animal species can occur as naturally as possible. This is an absolutely protected area where all types of economic activity are prohibited. Here the natural development of natural processes is ensured. Any human intervention other than scientific research is prohibited.

A wider zone is formed around the core buffer, or scientifically driven, zone. Activities that are compatible with the development of sustainable natural ecosystems are partially permitted in this protected area. Here, the structure and functioning of an ecosystem is monitored as it is subjected to various types of anthropogenic influences and uses. Most often, this zone coincides with the boundaries of the reserve.

After the buffer zone there is a security, or transition, zone to reduce the negative impact of adjacent economic territories on the natural complexes of the reserve. The mode of farming in the buffer zone is coordinated with the administration of the reserves.
The first biosphere reserves were organized in the second half of the 70s. By 1984, their number in 58 countries of the world was 226, by 1985 there were 243 (60 countries), and by 1995 - 325 (82 countries). As you can see, the number of absolutely protected areas on Earth is constantly growing.

On January 30, 1925, 120 km north of the city of Minsk, in the upper reaches of the Berezina River, the Berezinsky State Nature Reserve was created. This was the first officially approved protected area in Belarus. In the location of the reserve, where the Berezina and its many tributaries flow, hard-to-reach forest and swamp areas with natural populations of elk, bear, beaver, otter, European mink and other animals have been preserved. This is one of the few places in Europe where natural tracts of black alder-ash forests and vast swamps have been preserved;
There are 73 rivers and streams on the territory of the reserve. Most of them originate here, feeding from vast swamps that occupy 46 thousand. Unlike Bialowieza, there are lakes here. The largest of them are Olshitsa, Plavno; Manets, Domzheritskoe - connected to each other by the Serguch River. The lakes are mostly shallow. Their banks are flat and almost everywhere swampy.

Rivers, lakes and canals in the reserve with thickets of willows, alders, and aspens are inhabited river beaver. Sometimes a beaver builds its huts at a distance from a reservoir, connecting them with canals. Often a whole network of canals extends from a beaver lodge. Very interesting beaver dams, built by them to regulate the water level. Some of them are tens and even hundreds of meters long.
The reserve has a museum displaying skillfully made stuffed birds and animals. There is a scientific herbarium.
In 1979, among the first reserves former USSR received biosphere status and was included in the global network of biosphere reserves. In 1983, the first International Congress on Biosphere Reserves was held on the basis of the Berezinsky Nature Reserve.