Research work "waste paper as the revival of paper." Research work "paper - a second life" Project second life of paper at school

Municipal educational institution

"Pomarskaya average secondary school»

Volzhsky municipal district

Republic of Mari El

Research work

"The second life of old paper"

The work was completed by: Yakovleva Ekaterina,

Yakovleva Elizaveta

1st grade students

Supervisor :

Stepanova I.I.,

primary school teacher

With. Pomars, 2016

Introduction 2 - 4

Main part

1.1. What is waste paper? 5

1.2 . What does waste paper recycling give us? 6

1.3 . Our research 6 - 7

Practical part

2.1. What can you make from old newspapers? 8

2.2. Making paper from recycled materials at home 8 - 9

Conclusion 10

Literature 11

Application 12 - 18

People! Don't throw away old paper.

You can make a lot of useful things out of it.

And this will save the life of our forests.

Introduction

One day we were visiting our grandmother. One evening, my grandmother was reading a newspaper, marked something in it with a pencil and put it on the shelf in a small pile. And on the closet lay another large foot. I asked my grandmother why she divides the newspapers into two piles?

She replied that there was a lot of valuable information in the small pile: culinary and medical recipes, tips on how to be beautiful. And she will use the other foot: for cleaning mirrors, for drying shoes, or folding a Panama hat for working in the garden.

My grandmother also told me that many specialists work on the publication of one newspaper: journalists, photographers, editors. And only when the newspaper is read and studied completely does it become unnecessary. But before you throw it away, you can give it a new life. Grandma also said that you can give a second life to any old paper...

This is how the topic of our research work appeared.: “The second life of old paper ».

The relevance of our the themes are that withevery year the need for paper increases, and the reserves of wood from which it is obtained decrease

Everyone has a lot of used paper at home. But not everyone knows where it can be useful.

We decided to conduct a study of ourpurpose was to find out whether there is a second life for old newspapers and old paper? We have set ourselvestasks:

get acquainted with the concept of waste paper and study the areas of its application;

What does waste paper recycling give us?

conduct a survey of classmates to find out where their parents use old newspapers;

find out where waste paper is used in industry;

Find out what interesting things can be made from old newspapers?

try to make recycled paper at home

We have put forward hypothesis : there is still a second life for waste paper and let’s assumethat making crafts from old magazines and newspapers saves our forests.

Object research: are waste paper.

Item research: opportunity recyclable waste paper.

Participants research: our family, teacher.

Place research: home, school,Mari Pulp and Paper MillVolzhsk, procurement warehouse.

Time research: December-January.

In our work we used the followingmethods:

studying literature on the research topic;

student survey;

interviewing;

demonstration (development of a presentation of research results)

1. Main part

1.1. What is waste paper?

From encyclopedias we learned that waste paper(from lat.macula- I get dirty)– these are end-of-life paper and cardboard products, paper waste from printing enterprises, etc., used as secondary raw materials in paper mills.

Nowadays, recycling waste paper is necessary from an environmental point of view. From 100 kg of waste paper, you can save 1 tree, which grows for several decades.

Thanks to the recycling of paper and cardboard, it is possible to obtain products that are not inferior in quality to those made directly from cellulose.

Having visited Mari Pulp and Paper Mill(appendix 2 ), we found out that waste paper is divided into 3 groups depending on its composition, color, degree of contamination and quality:

group A is waste paper high quality,

group B – average quality

group B – low quality

Group A waste paper

This includes waste from the production of white paper, paper with black and white or colored stripes, packaging, electrical insulation, as well as paper packaging bags.

Group B waste paper

This group includes various types of printing products made on white paper, as well as cardboard production waste.

Group B waste paper

The group includes the most popular types of waste paper, such as newspapers, laminated paper bags and sacks, as well as molded pulp products.

1.2. What does waste paper recycling give us?

By recycling waste paper, paper gets a second life. In addition to paper, waste paper is used to make:

Disposable tableware

Construction materials

Personal care products

Technical paper

Cardboard

Printing products

Car accessories

Papier-mâché for creativity

Furniture

1.3. Our research

Questioning students.

At the first stage of our research, our teacher Inga Ilinichnaya and I conducted a questionnaire for parents and children (Appendix 1 )

We found that 35% use old newspapers and paper at home, just like my grandmother. And the rest are simply thrown away or burned.

At the second stage research, we asked dad where else we could

use paper no longer needed by anyone?

He said that when he was a schoolboy, they had competitions to collectwaste paper . Everyone tried to collect as much as possible in order to be in first place. And most importantly, by doing this they saved many trees from being cut down.

We also felt sorry for the trees. From encyclopedias and Internet sources we learned that the most in an effective way To save forests from deforestation is to collect waste paper. We decided to conduct a study to find out if this is really true?

We invited the guys to collect waste paper.Almost everyone brought waste paper to school the next day. My dad and I took her to a procurement warehouse in Volzhsk (Appendix 1 ). They weighed her there,it turned out to be 150 kg. UsThey even paid 240 rubles for it!

The manager of the waste paper warehouse is Sergey Viktorovich Fedotov. He said that in 2014 only 80 tons of waste paper were produced. These raw materials are sorted by type in the warehouse and, after pressing, sent for further paper processing. Waste paper is supplied to paper mills. And he also said that100 kg of waste paper produces 75 kg of clean paper. This means that 345 kg of paper can be made from our waste paper.And 100 kg of waste paper will save the life of 1 spruce tree.This means that we saved about 4 trees from being cut down.

From various literature we learned that from 100 kg of waste paper 75 kg of paper or 1500 notebooks or 570 rolls of toilet paper are made,To make 2 books you need one tree. But to grow a full-fledged tree, it takes 50-80 years.

If we donate waste paper, we will cleanse nature of garbage and save trees!

2. Practical part

2.1. What can you make from old newspapers?

At the fourth stage of our research, we asked my mother what she would make of old newspaper? She remembered that at school they made crafts from papier-mâché.

So my sister and I made a vase, plate, and cup out of papier-mâché.Dad and I made a hat out of newspaper (Appendix 3 )

2.2. We also decided to make paper from waste paper at home (Appendix 4 ).

To do this you need:

Tools: bowl, sieve, gauze, old towel or any other unnecessary cloths, household sponge, mixer, iron.

Materials: old newspapers, PVA glue, paints.

Most likely, you have all this at your fingertips.

They tore the old paper into shreds. They poured boiling water from a kettle over it all, and immediately the older sister Nastya went through with a mixer. The paper turned into a homogeneous mass - “porridge”.

Now add to it a little PVA glue and some filler (scraps of thread, or pieces of colored paper). Mix the filler into the mass. If necessary, add water so that the mass resembles batter or sour cream.

Cover the tray with gauze in several layers, place the prepared mass on the gauze and spread it out in a thin layer. Align.

Cover the workpiece with a layer of gauze. We remove excess water: for this we need a sponge, which we will use on top, through gauze, to squeeze out the water. When the sponge almost stops getting wet, place a cloth on top of the gauze and continue removing the water. When the cloth remains almost dry, you can remove the top gauze and look at what happens.

Now we need to dry our sheet of paper. The fastest way is to iron the work with an iron and place it under a heavy object so that the sheet is straight.

The sheet is ready. If you wish, you can color it, adding bright touches with gouache or acrylic paints. Here are the sheets we got.

After doing this experiment, we found out what difficult work papermaking. How much patience is needed...! Now we understand why mom says we need to take care of books.

In this way you can give a second life to used paper. We can present the manufactured samples themselves.

Conclusion

As a result of our research, we came to conclusion :

It’s worth considering that it takes many years to grow a tree, butPaper production is growing rapidly every year. This means that the forest area on our planet is also rapidly declining. And this cannot be allowed!

This means that in order to use less wood to make paper, we need to use more waste paper. It will bemost the right way to save forests from deforestation.

As a result of the work done, we studied the possibility of using waste paper and suggested that the school children give paper a second life.

Thus ourthe hypothesis was confirmed : waste paper still has a second life andMaking crafts from old magazines and newspapers is possible.

Practical significance. The material presented in the work broadens the horizons of students, replenishes theoretical and practical knowledge.This material can be used both in extracurricular activities and in OOM and technology lessons.

Hand over waste paper - save the life of a tree!

List of sources used

Gurin Yu. V. School of entertaining sciences. – “OLMA Media Group” 2007.

Encyclopedia "Everything about everything", Moscow, Art-Press, 1999

Encyclopedia "What is it? Who is it?", Volume I, Moscow, "Enlightenment", 1989.

Encyclopedia “What? Where? When?" Moscow, “Enlightenment”, 2000.

Internet information.

Applications

Appendix 1

Survey results.

Is waste paper accumulating in your home?

How do you dispose of unwanted paper?

Do you think burning waste paper is harmful to the environment?

How can you use old paper at home?

Appendix 3

Our works.

Appendix 4

Making paper from waste paper at home.

They tore the old paper into shreds. They poured boiling water from a kettle over it all.

and immediately the older sister Nastya passed by with a mixer. The paper turned into a homogeneous mass - “porridge”.

Older sister Nastya poured boiling water from a kettle over it all, and then dad used a mixer.

Now add to it a little PVA glue, starch and some filler (scraps of thread, or pieces of colored paper).

Mix the filler into the mixture.

Place the prepared mass on gauze and spread it out into a thin layer. INleveling. Remove excess water.

Now we need to dry our sheet of paper. The fastest way is to iron the work with an iron.

Our work!

Municipal budgetary educational institution

city of Kostroma

"Gymnasium No. 15"

Research work

“The second life of paper. Transforming waste paper into exclusive items""

Completed by: Stepanova Ekaterina Alekseevna,

student of 5th grade

Tsypina Polina Alexandrovna,

Student of 5th grade

Lipatova Svetlana Anatolyevna

Student of 5th grade

Head: Varava Irina Vasilievna,

technology teacher

Stepanova Elena Pavlovna

Science teacher

Kostroma city

2014

So that the joy of tomorrow
Did you manage to feel
The land must be clean
And the sky will be clear.
And this land, without sparing,
Tormented by century after century
And he took everything just for himself
"Reasonable" person.
Now they rushed to save
Natural environment.
Through the factories and factories the smoke
It's hard for us to see
All the suffering on earth
We have to be patient!
How long will we have enough water?
What if there is poison dissolved in it?
How long will those forests last?
Where are the axes knocking?
Save fields, forests, meadows
And the clear expanse of rivers - the whole Earth
Only you can
Reasonable man!

Annotation

The work “The Second Life of Paper” is devoted to the study of practical recycling of waste paper and the creation of necessary and useful objects from it in everyday life.

In our case, we are considering the issue of processing glossy magazines, postcards, booklets into exclusive jewelry and interior items, this is whatrelevance Andnovelty of this study.

Target research – show the practical use of waste paper (magazines, postcards).

Tasks research:

Study the impact of waste paper on ecology and the environment.

Study methods of industrial recycling of waste paper.

Learn one of the ways to manually recycle waste paper.

Practical significance : the work can be used by teachers and school students in technology lessons, fine arts and in extracurricular activities.

Content

Introduction………………………………………………………………………………3-4

Main part……………………………………………………………………...…….......4-9

2.1. The impact of waste paper on the environment……………………………………...4-5

2.2. Industrial processing waste paper……………………………...5-8

2.3. Manual recycling of waste paper (magazines, postcards, booklets)…..8-9

3. Conclusion……………………………………………………………......9-10

4. List of sources used and literature………………………11

5. Applications……………………………………………………………………………….11-17

Introduction

Paper occupies an exceptional place in people's lives. Its discovery, like the invention of the wheel, is a miracle, one of greatest conquests humanmind. Having appeared once, paper firmly established itself on Earth and, without knowingcompetitors, goes on victoriously through the centuries. The friendship that began with paper in childhood does not stop throughout life, at home, at school, on the street, in the store, at work with our parents, we are happy about thismeeting. The paper comes to our apartment with a fresh newspaper, a new issuemagazine, letter. At school there are textbooks on the desk, notebooks from which welearning. Most of the home furnishings are paper related,shelves with books, wallpaper on the walls, shoe boxes, etc.

We do not always comprehend the great significance of paper. Sheet of paper -smooth, clean, of excellent whiteness - we consider it as some small thing, ordinary, imperceptible, even seemingly not a thing or an object, but just like that -leaf, and that’s all. And hardly anyone thought about where, how, from what, by the labor of which people this sheet was created. And this blank sheet became dirty, written on, crumpled, and wethrow it away. Old newspapers, magazines, torn books, textbooks, how manyeverything unnecessary can be found around us. People sell on the street and after themselvesthey leave boxes that get wet in the rain and no one cleans them up. This makes the streets and squares dirty.

A planet poisoned by human waste is one of possible scenarios apocalypse.People often not only change nature, but destroy their habitat, bringing it to the point that they themselves can no longer live in new conditions. Such stages human history, when a person “cuts the branch on which he sits” are called “ecological crises”, and they have occurred repeatedly throughout history. The desire to take from nature more than it can give has accompanied man for thousands of years, and therefore his entire history is a path from one environmental crisis to another.

ButThe choice of the path that human civilization will follow is still up to us. The only important thing is to do it on time. It seems to us that our planet - Earth - has the potential in the foreseeable future to turn into one big dump. To prevent this from happening, you need to act as in A. Saint-Exupery’s book “The Little Prince”: “... got up in the morning, washed, put yourself in order - and immediately put the planet in order.”

2. Main part.

2.1. The impact of waste paper on the environment.

The end of 2011 was marked by the birth of the seven billionth inhabitant of the Earth, and every year there are more and more people on Earth, and natural resources There are fewer and fewer left. In order to continue to enjoy the benefits of civilization, it is necessary to collect, process and use secondary raw materials. The most common type of secondary raw material is waste paper. It makes up approximately 2/5 of all solids formed household waste. The use of waste paper allows you to save wood, which is used to make paper, and the result of this is the conservation of forests. It is estimated that 54 kg of newsprint can save one tree, and a ton of waste paper replaces four cubic meters of wood.
In China alone, about 10 thousand trees are cut down annually for the production of greeting cards, but how many of these cards are produced around the world? Imagine how many trees can be saved by using paper as a secondary raw material.
IN Soviet times waste paper collection was carried out in various ways. Active participation In this case, schools were accepted, for which annual norms for the collection of waste paper were established. The population also took an active part in collecting waste paper.As of 2009, the level of waste paper collection in Russia was 12%, in the world 49%, in the USA 50%, in Europe 59.4%. Most high level waste paper collection was in Germany and amounted to 73.6%. As of the beginning of 2010, Europe is still the world leader in waste paper collection with a level of 64.5%

Nowadays, the main sources of waste paper are industrial enterprises, printing houses, and large retail chains.

LThe EU can be saved not only by protecting it from cutting down, unauthorized dumping and fires, but also by economically using its resources and recycling used raw materials. The problem of waste recycling is acute throughout the world and is periodically discussed by environmentalists. As for paper waste (waste paper), their second life allows us to save a considerable number of trees, and this is very important for the natural environment around us, which is clean and safe in given time cannot be named.

By obtaining the paper we all need from waste paper, people not only save forests, but also save water and energy. This means that the amount of hazardous waste is reduced and overall pollution is reduced. environment. If a person grows up in a society that cares about the environment and also consciously and responsibly treats the environment and its problems, then there is no doubt that he will always adhere to the appropriate rules. Recycling waste paper allows you to reduce the amount of technical and household waste and save forests on the planet. It is known that 1 ton of paper made from waste paper saves 17 trees, 30,000 liters of water, 2000 kWh of electricity.

2.2. Industrial recycling of waste paper.

When does waste paper stop being waste paper and become useful things? Is it worth collecting it, storing it and then handing it over? Of course, it’s worth it, because from it you can get many useful household products and even use it as a non-standard material for creative ideas. The first thing that comes to mind when we hear about products made from waste paper is toilet paper and cardboard. But this is not the limit for waste paper. Here's what we and the West have learned to make from waste paper:

Disposable tableware

Construction materials

Insulation materials

Kraft bags

Personal care products

Technical paper

Cardboard

Fabrics for tailoring

Printing products

Car accessories

Papier-mâché for creativity

Furniture

Ecowool

Cardboard

4 types of cardboard are produced from waste paper . The type of cardboard depends on the raw material from which it is produced and its intended purpose.

Packaging cardboard (container): This includes chrome cardboard made from cellulose for containers with subsequent color printing, boxboard for the manufacture of containers without subsequent printing, chrome ersatz glued and regular for containers with printing in one or more colors.

Technical cardboard used in construction for cladding, gaskets, and in the construction of roofs. Roofing cardboard is produced in rolls and is used in construction as a cushioning material between the roof and the sheathing. Interlining cardboard is used in mechanical engineering and for furniture transportation. Cladding cardboard is involved in the creation of building boards.

Cardboard pipes are widely used as a basis for storing paper, fabrics, carpets and other materials that can be packaged by coiling. These tubes are made by layering paper on top of each other to form cardboard tubes.

Ecowool (cellulose)

Ecowool - a special composition of cellulose mass used as a heat and sound insulating material.This mixture protects building structures from fire, rot and mold . In the ecowool production process, waste paper is dry shredded, in contrast to the corrugated cardboard production process, which uses wet waste paper preparation.

Corrugated cardboard

A multilayer type of cardboard, which consists of liners (flat layers) and flutings (wavy layers). The layers are connected to each other with glue.The strength of corrugated cardboard depends on the number of layers , of which it consists. So, for example, seven-layer corrugated cardboard can be used to make especially strong boxes or boxes.

Paper products for sanitary and hygienic purposes

This includes the well-known toilet paper, paper napkins and tablecloths, children's and feminine hygiene products, etc. The price of such products directly depends on the number of layers used in the manufacture of this product. The thinner the layers and the more of them, the higher quality such products are considered. For single-layer products, low quality waste paper is used, for multi-layer products - correspondingly higher quality.

Paper dishes

These cups and plates are easy to recycle and do not pollute the environment. The manufacturing technology begins with the same waste paper used as the basis of a paper sheet. Sometimes an image is applied to the sheet, sometimes it is left blank, after which it is wrapped around a metal cone blank and a paper bottom is inserted. This creates a paper cup. Plates are also made by molding and can be decorated with various textures.

Kraft bags

Paper bags are considered environmentally friendly and easily biodegradable. Often such bags are used for packaging bakery products, for packaging tea, coffee and other food and non-food products. To make Kraft bags, durable wrapping paper based on Kraft cellulose is used. Sometimes such paper is covered with a thin layer of polyethylene to protect it from moisture.

Furniture

Making furniture from waste paper is relatively new technology , but at the same time quite environmentally friendly. So, for example, if you mix paper pulp with glue and resin, you can make a rather interesting and non-standard designer cabinet or other piece of furniture.

As you can see, there are a great many areas of application for waste paper. Reusing paper is a relevant and forward-thinking activity that helps preserve the environment by developing an eco-friendly approach to consumer goods.

2.3. Manual recycling of waste paper (magazines, postcards, booklets).

In addition, used paper can be used to make wonderful souvenirs and crafts, as well as paper, which is in great demand in many countries. Nowadays, products self made are valued very highly, because they store warm human hands and have no analogues.

Man's eternal desire to surround himself with beautiful things prompted new solutions. Old newspapers and magazines that have accumulated in your desk drawers can be recycled, but you can also give them a second life, and a bright, beautiful and creative one. Undoubtedly, the second option will appeal to all people with “skillful hands.” Of course, why throw away things that could be useful? This is a great opportunity to create something original and add variety to your leisure time - after all, creative process always captivates, gives positive emotions, and also relieves stress and nervous tension.

Old glossy magazines and postcards become original (Appendix 2). Such paper beads are an excellent material for creating original interior items and decorations.

Paper beads

To do this, we only need scissors or an office paper cutter, any paper, pencil or pen, ruler, toothpicks or canapé sticks, glue or varnish. You can paint the beads with any means, be it watercolor paint or nail polish.

So, we take paper, cut it into long triangles, or rather cones.

We need glue - preferably a regular glue stick - and canapé sticks or any other thin and long sticks. We take a cone, apply glue to one side of it and carefully wind it onto a stick - from the base of the triangle to the tip. As a result, we should get an oval or round bead, depending on the length and width of the cut cylinder.

You can experiment with the form. To get even cylinders, you can cut the paper into strips. To do " hourglass", cut out a double cone - with two vertices. To make the “turrets,” we first cut out the strips, and then cut them diagonally in half to make triangles with right angles.

Finally, when the beads are ready, they can be decorated according to at will. If you took the regular one white paper, you can decorate it either before you cut it or after you have the beads. You can use a simple ballpoint pen, colored pencils, felt-tip pens, paints, nail polishes, acrylic varnishes, etc. Whatever seems acceptable to you will do. What's the result? Bright colorful beads! (Appendix 3, 7, 8)

From many such beads we made:

Necklace (Appendix 9, 11)

Curtain (Appendix 10, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16)

Hot stand (Appendix 17)

3. Conclusion

Recycling waste paper is a very clear example of environmental protection at the same timesaving valuable natural raw materials.Careful collection of waste paper and its judicious use not only preventlittering our habitat with paper residues, but also saving valuable wood.In Germany, for example, a significant proportion of paper and cardboard is produced from waste paper, and thanks to this1,500 hectares of forest are preserved annually.

From an economic point of view, it is advisable to use waste paper forproduction packaging materials, corrugated and plain cardboard, etc. We must not forget that cellulose is a valuable chemical raw material for the production of artificial fibers, explosives, artificial leather, film and artificial silk.

Each hectare of forest allows you to obtain about 45 tons of wood pulp per year, and withWith proper breeding and care, this figure can be doubled. You just need to always rememberthat the forest gives us an additional 1.3 tons of oxygen for every ton of wood mass. A hectare of forest annually produces about 45,000 m 3 this vital element, colossal quantities of which we spend on burning oil, gas and coal. Through long time this should lead to an overall decrease in oxygen levels on Earth. In the air of large cities during rush hours and now, the oxygen content often decreases so much that it corresponds to an altitude of 5000 m above sea level, and this has a harmful effect on people’s health. Forests are also favorite place rest, good protection from dust and noise. Cities are trying to be surrounded by green belts, which at the same time contributes to the fight againstair depletion of oxygen.

Waste paper is one of the important types of renewable resources. To replace the cut downIt takes 25-30 years to grow a new tree. Paper is virtually harmless to the environmentenvironment. Decomposition time2-3 years, but sometimes in landfills without oxygen entering the garbage layer, paper can lie for up to 30 years without decomposing. However, the paint that is applied to the paper releases toxic substances, and when burning some types of paint, dioxides can be formed.According to statistics: In Russia, only 0.1% of paper is produced from waste paper. In Europe this figure reaches 50%, and in Japan - 65% new paper made from old waste paper.

We can also make our contribution to environmental protection. In our opinion, the use of waste paper to make beautiful and useful household and interior items not only preserves our natural resources and helps improve environmental situation in our region, but also makes us more thrifty! Moreover, the end result is such unique and original things! (Appendix 1, 4, 5, 6)

4. List of used sources and literature

1. Great Soviet Encyclopedia. (In 30 volumes).

/ Ch. ed. A.M. Prokhorov, Ed. 3rd - M.: “Soviet Encyclopedia”. 1974.

2. Dal V. Dictionary living Russian language: vol. 1-4 - M.: Russian

Language, 1978.- vol.2. I-O. 1979. 749 pp.

3. Magazine “Ecology and Life” No. 5 - 2003.

4. Magazine “Science and Life” No. 7 - 2004.

5. Ozhegov S.I. “Dictionary of the Russian language”

6. A word about paper. N.Yu. Yakovlev. M. 1988

7. Paper technology, M., 1992.

8.Internet resources: Wikipedia

5. Applications

9.
10.

11.

12.

13.

14.

15.

16.

17.

State educational institution

"Basic school No. 10 in Novopolotsk"

Completed

Leshchenko Anastasia Anatolyevna

4 "B" class

Scientific supervisor:

Leshchenko Victoria Nikolaevna

GPD teacher

Novopolotsk, 2012

Introduction………………………………………………………………………………..…...3

Main part

1 Theoretical substantiation of the topic…………………………………………….5

History of the origin of paper……………………………5

What is paper………………………………………………………………..7

Purpose and types of paper……………………………….7

Properties of paper…………………………………………......9

1.5 Paper making…………………………………………...9

2 Case studies…………………………….………………….....11

2.1 Description practical work“We make paper ourselves.”…......11

2.2 Booklet “15 interesting facts about ordinary paper”...12

Conclusion…………………………………………………………………………………13

List of sources used……………………………………………………..14

Application.

Collection of paper samples from various materials……………………....15

Introduction

Relevance of the problem

Every person is special world with your feelings, knowledge and ideas. It is vitally important for him to be able to pass them on to other people, his contemporaries and descendants. The entire history of mankind is the history of human communication. A universal tool of communication is a sign that has special meaning. Signs are used to transmit and store information. People are constantly discovering new ways to transmit and store information. Over hundreds and thousands of years, many inventions and discoveries have been made in this area, but none of them can compare with the emergence of writing and paper!

Why didn't the predictions that electronics would replace paper come true? International Paper put forward this proposal: “People want access to information in more than just a few keystrokes. They also want to touch her. In addition, they are accustomed to holding what they read in their hands. They like to touch the pages, fold them, make notes.”

Currently, due to the development of paper production and the increasing use of paper for various purposes, huge areas of forest are being destroyed for paper production. There is less and less green space left, and great harm is caused to nature, so we need to treat the forest with care and stewardship. In addition, the environmental problem of recycling paper waste is very acute. About 25% of the world's waste is paper.

This project is dedicated to the study of paper, its history, properties, types, as well as the practical creation of paper from recycled materials.

Object of study

The history of paper, its properties, types, manufacturing technology, including at home.

Subject of research

Paper and recycling as a solution environmental problem recycling paper waste.

Project goal

Study of the properties of paper, its history, manufacturing technology. Self-production of recyclable paper.

Research objectives

1) analyze literature and Internet sources on the history of paper;

2) select research methods that allow you to confirm or refute the hypothesis;

3) carry out practical work on the production of paper from recycled materials, process the results, analyze and draw conclusions.

Research methods

1) work with literature and Internet sources;

2) creating a video “It’s easy, let’s do it together!”;

3) creation of a booklet “15 interesting facts about ordinary paper;

4) performing practical work “Making paper ourselves”, creating a collection.

Hypothesis

The use of recycled materials preserves and expands the green area and protects trees. In addition, recycled paper made by yourself not only saves energy resources, but also brings creative inspiration.

Making paper from waste paper is a solution to an environmental problem.

Main part 1 Theoretical justification of the topic.

1.1 History of the origin of paper.

The time and place of the invention of paper are not precisely known. Chinese records report that paper was invented in the second century BC Tsai Lunem.

Until the 3rd century BC. in China they wrote on bamboo slats tied with ropes like blinds and rolled into a roll. There is information that Emperor Qin Shihuang weighed 1 dan (about 50 kilograms) of documents on the scales every day and did not go to bed until everything was worked out. Then silk began to be used as a writing material. Only it was too expensive to completely replace the bulky bamboo slats.

Around 200 BC With Meng Tian's invention of the hair brush, something similar appeared on paper. This “paper” was made from hemp tow; it had a rough texture and uneven surface, so it was of little use for writing and was mainly used as wrapping material. In 105, the official responsible for supplying household items to the imperial court, Cai Lun, managed to improve paper-making technology. When making paper, he used tree bark, rags, hemp tow and obsolete fishing nets. Paper made using his technology had a smooth surface and low cost. Besides new way turned out to be very productive. The Chinese appreciated this invention so highly that over time they ranked Tsai Lun among the gods - he became the divine patron of paper production - and erected temples in his honor.

However, there is a legend according to which paper was not invented by Tsai Lun, but by a certain slave from East Turkestan. Chinese Emperor ordered that the name of the inventor be kept secret and that he himself be executed. An honorable execution was prepared for the inventor. He was forced to swallow a gold plate with the emperor's gratitude engraved on it.

The oldest known example of a paper book, the Buddhist sutra “Piyu Jing,” dates back to the mid-3rd century. By the 4th century, paper had become the main writing material in China. Papermaking techniques were transferred from China to neighboring Korea, then to Vietnam, Japan and India. In the 8th century, the Arabs became acquainted with it. At the end of the 12th century, the crusaders brought the secret of its manufacture to Germany, from where it spread throughout Europe.

Since the 10th century, writing paper from bamboo began to be made in China. Rice or wheat straw was used in the production of paper for household purposes. Refined types of paper also appeared - for example, fragrant paper made from sandalwood bark.

Already in the 8th century the Chinese used toilet paper. At the same time, the Chinese invented paper money.

The history of paper production is divided into two periods: the production of rough, soft, loose, shaggy paper, the so-called bombitsina, and the production of smooth, hard, dense paper from linen rags, actually writing paper.

In the 17th and 18th centuries. Paper production in Europe has reached significant levels. In Venice, France and other countries, decrees were issued prohibiting the export of rags and old paper. Straw, rye, wheat, and oats began to be used as substitutes for rags, which had become very expensive. In Italy, one of the factories used hemp straw; in Budapest, high-grade paper was produced in large quantities exclusively from nettle fibers. It was also proposed to use peat, leaves, moss, algae, matting, pine, spruce, cedar and much more as raw materials for paper production. In the end, everything was replaced by cellulose.

The appearance of writing paper in Russia dates back to the reign of Ivan Kalita. The first paper mill was built in the 16th century.

Nowadays, most paper is made from wood pulp and cellulose. Almost all of us, one way or another, have to deal with the collection of waste paper. A good deed was invented with the aim of preserving our green wealth - the forest. Scientists are not complacent either. So that our descendants can experience the joy of communicating with a book, special types of paper are created that can convey the Word through the centuries. Substitutes for wood pulp are being sought using past experience. If they once wrote on palm leaves, then why can’t they be made into paper? Iranian engineers have solved this problem and are producing paper from date palm leaves. Italian experts offer plastic paper. There are individual copies of books whose pages are made of... sea sand. There are no limits to human thought!

1.2 What is paper.

Paper– a fibrous material consisting mainly of a layer of specially processed plant fibers, closely intertwined and connected by the adhesion forces that arise between the fibers during their processing. Paper is produced either from plant fibers alone, or with the addition of mineral substances (kaolin, chalk, etc.), sizing materials (making the paper less permeable to ink), dyes and other substances, depending on the name of the paper. Paper can be given different mechanical strength, smoothness, any color, the ability to absorb water, printing inks and various liquids, waterproofness and greaseproofness, varying degrees of transparency and various special properties. In terms of shape, the paper is produced in the form of individual sheets and continuous strips (wide rolls or narrow reels).

1.3 Purpose and types of paper.

Initially, paper was intended exclusively for writing and, as it spread, it gradually replaced the various materials used for this purpose: tree bark, palm leaves, wooden and clay tablets, etc., as well as parchment and papyrus, which before the invention of paper were the most convenient and common writing material. With the development of paper production, paper began to be used for other purposes, primarily for wrapping goods. In addition, thick paper has found application as a building material. Waste paper is a substitute for such types of primary raw materials and semi-finished products as cellulose, wood pulp, paper pulp. Used for the production of: toilet paper, cardboard containers, writing paper, heat-insulating material such as “Ecowool”; lumpy gaskets and molded products; fiber boards, polymer-paper boards, heat-insulating boards. Fiber boards made from waste paper are used for cladding walls, ceilings, partitions of residential, industrial and warehouse premises for the manufacture of containers, lining for linoleum, and the back wall of furniture. Currently, various types of containers, household items (napkins, tablecloths, curtains, etc.), machine parts, tapes for writing instruments, etc. are made from paper. But the main use of paper on a mass scale is printing, writing, drawing and various types of insulation.

Types of paper. Paper differs in its appearance and in its physical and mechanical properties. Total number types of papers issued, in accordance with the variety of requirements placed on them. Such diversity is achieved by proper selection of source materials and changes in production conditions, allowing the basic parameters of paper to be varied within a wide range. Indicators such as smoothness, color, absorbency, transparency, ash content, air permeability, etc. can also vary widely.

Certain types of paper are given special properties: grease resistance, high breakdown strength, filtering ability, water resistance, etc. At the same time, depending on the required mechanical strength and resistance to all kinds of external factors, various grades of cellulose are used. Wood pulp is used only in cases where paper does not require high mechanical properties, and it is not intended for long-term use or storage. Waste paper is also widely used for paper production, i.e. paper used for its intended purpose and returned back to the paper industry for recycling. This also includes scraps and waste from paper recycling. Paper factories produce different types and compositions of papers. Here are some types of paper that we come across more frequently:

1.4 Paper properties.

Paper is a material created by man. Like any other material, it has certain properties. You need to know them in order to use them in the manufacture of various products. From experience with a sheet of paper, we can understand what properties paper has.

1.5 Paper making.

Process The production of paper and cardboard consists of mechanical, thermal and chemical processing of plant fibers. The starting material for paper production is rags - in the form of old, worn clothes, scraps from sewing factories, cellulose, wood pulp, straw pulp and waste paper. Cellulose and wood pulp are supplied to the paper mill from pulp and wood mills in dry form - in sheets, in raw form - in rolls and packs, and in liquid form - containing factories, waste from the primary processing of flax and hemp, old ropes, ropes, nets.

Paper production consists of several sequential processes.

Preparation of paper pulp, including:

a) Grinding of fibrous semi-finished products, wood pulp is usually not ground, but the required degree of grinding is obtained;

b) Sizing, filling and coloring of paper pulp with the preparation of suspensions and solutions of sizing agents, fillers and dyes;

c) Recycling of returnable scrap and waste paper.

The listed work is usually carried out by a preparatory workshop or department of the factory, which includes two main departments - roller and mineral-adhesive.

Paper casting including:

a) formation of paper web;

b) wet pressing;

d) primary finishing.

All these processes are performed continuously and sequentially.

2 Case studies.

2.1 Description of practical work: “We make paper ourselves.”

We will need: used white writing paper (you can use old newspapers), washing powder, PVA glue, mixer, pieces of multi-colored paper, foil, wool threads, small dry plants, colander, bowl, cotton cloth, board, weight, sponge, any water-soluble paints (gouache, watercolor or acrylic).

Technology:

Tear the paper into small pieces and place it in a large bowl of water. Add a little washing powder and a little PVA glue to the water. Let's leave it all wet for at least 3 hours, and even better for a day.

Now the wet paper pulp needs to be crushed. This can be done using a mixer. Fill the mixer glass one third with water and add the squeezed paper pulp. Mix in short bursts at low speed for 2-3 minutes.

If you don’t have a mixer, grind the mixture with your fingers until you get a thick porridge.

You can add small pieces of colored paper, foil, woolen threads, dry plants, etc. to the finished mass. Place the mixture in a colander over the sink and let the water drain. Place the mixture in a bowl and add a little PVA glue.

On the floor in the bathroom we place a large piece of polyethylene, on it - a stack of old newspapers, and on them cotton fabric. Place a wad of paper pulp on the fabric.

Level the mixture with your fingers so that it lies in an even thin layer. The smoother and thinner we lay it out, the better the paper will be. Then slap the surface with your palm or roll it a little with a rolling pin.

Wrap the fabric so that it completely covers the layer of paper pulp. Place another piece of fabric on top and repeat the entire operation. And so on until we run out of mass.

Cover the resulting stack (newspapers, layers of paper pulp, fabric) with a board on top and place a weight on it. We collect the released water with a sponge.

We leave all this to dry overnight. In the morning, we unwrap our “sandwich” and carefully transfer the finished pieces of homemade paper onto a dry surface. Let's wait until the paper is completely dry. Trim the edges of the paper evenly.

2.2 Booklet “15 interesting facts about ordinary paper.”

1. Most large number paper is produced in the following countries: USA, Canada, Finland, Japan, Sweden. This is logical, since 20% of the population living in the most industrialized developed countries ah, consume more 85% of world volume paper products (press, packaging).

2. Research shows that the paper industry is at 4th place by the release of gases that cause global warming.

3. If the US reduced paper consumption by 10%, it would reduce emissions. greenhouse gases on 1.6 million tons. Reducing the vehicle fleet by 280 thousand cars would have the same effect.

4. About a quarter of all trash on the planet (about 25%) is paper waste and paper products.

5. Americans receive 4 million tons of various paper by mail every year - that’s more than ten kilograms of waste paper for every American, including the elderly and children. If everyone switched to emails, it would save 150 thousand trees annually.

6. Recycling saves tons of paper. 17 trees.

7. China and India are rapidly increasing their demand for paper, but they are still a long way from industrialized countries. For example, the average European consumes about quarter ton of paper, and the Australian – 130 kilograms.

8. Medium British family Every year so much paper is thrown into the trash that it had to be cut down to make it. 6 trees.

9. Paper production is a complex process consisting of seven or eight various technological operations.

10. You can save money by recycling a ton of paper. 17 mature trees, 26 thousand liters of water, 3 cubic meters of fertile land, 240 liters of fuel, 4000 kilowatt-hours of electricity. This electricity alone is enough to power an average family for a year.

11. For recycling paper requires almost half the energy than its primary production from wood, while harmful emissions are reduced by more than 70%.

12. A million tons of paper take up 14,000 railway cars.

13. Over the past 20 years, global paper consumption has increased from 92 to 208 million tons per year – growth amounted to 126% ! The emergence of computers and various systems electronic document management and others modern technologies this trend has not changed.

14. 60 kg waste paper saves from cutting down 1 tree.

15. You can make a ton of waste paper 25,000 notebooks.

Conclusion.

If we use recycled materials to make paper, the green area in nature will be preserved and expanded. The area occupied by landfills is decreasing. Recycling paper will prevent contamination groundwater toxic printing ink left over from paper biodegradation in landfills.

As a result of the research, I learned the history of the origin of paper and its types. I learned how to produce different types of paper myself. I've collected a collection.

Everything you do with your own hands not only forces you to work hard, but also brings satisfaction from the result.

Make paper yourself and the world will become cleaner!

List of sources used:

Characteristics of sources
Series of magazines "Children's Encyclopedia"	Children's Encyclopedia, "China", No. 12-2007, educational magazine for girls and boys, JSC "Arguments and Facts", pp. 63-65.
"Everything about everything"	Likum A. Everything about everything. Popular encyclopedia. 1 volume, Minsk: Krasiko-Print, 2002. – 510 p. – P.200-201
Educational and methodological literature	Yudin A.V. With a book on life. - M.: Knowledge, 1989. – 48 p., ill. – (Ser. “Your Profession”; No. 3). P. 6-7 “About stone, paper and... sand”
Internet sources

Problem
Hypothesis
The purpose of the work is: learning how to make paper at home

Research paper abstract

"The second life of paper"

pupils of the senior "A" group

State educational institution

“Nursery-garden No. 3 “Praleska”, Volozhin

Minsk region. Belarus

Mintyuk Veronica

Scientific supervisor:

teacher

Trepashko Marina Mefodievna

Research topic

"The second life of paper"

I love to draw and draw a lot. I was interested in the question: “What is paper made of and where is it produced? And what, in general, do I know about paper?”

Problem: Is it possible to use waste paper to give paper a second life?
Hypothesis: Is it possible to make paper at home?
The purpose of the work is: learning how to make paper at home from different types paper waste.

Tasks:

Study specialized literature

Learn how to make paper from waste paper

Try out some ways to make paper at home.

Carry out comparative characteristics various types of papers, draw conclusions about the work done.

Object of study- paper.

Our research will allow us to obtain homemade paper.

To solve the problems, the following methods were used:

Working with literature, obtaining information on the Internet;

Experiment;

Comparative analysis, systematization of material in the form of work and presentation.

Literature review By this issue helped find ways to obtain paper.

An experiment was conducted. The reliability of the research results is ensured by the fact that the paper samples were prepared practically, with the introduction of our own changes.

Results obtained show that it is possible to obtain paper that does not require large expenditures. The whole family, my friends and the teacher can participate in its production. kindergarten. Homemade paper can be used for drawing, making appliques, postcards, and beautiful packaging.

Conclusions

In the course of the work, the goal was fully realized and the assigned tasks were solved: I studied the literature, found the necessary recipes for making paper, fantasized a little about its production and analyzed the results. In the process of the work done, I confirmed the hypothesis that you can make paper with your own hands at home.

Offers:

1. Participate in the collection of waste paper.

2. The forest is the second treasure - it must be protected.

3. Give paper a second life

A few shots from the presentation:

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Presentation: A second life for paper.pdf

INTRODUCTION

Paper takes great place in people's lives. Over hundreds and thousands of years, many inventions and discoveries have been made, but none of them can compare with the emergence of paper. Many of us, having read newspapers and magazines, throw them away, without thinking that it takes seventeen trees to make one ton of paper.

Relevance of the problem : every year the need for paper increases, and the supply of wood from which it is obtained decreases. After that, I wanted to make paper at home from waste paper. Therefore, we can give paper a second life.

Purpose of the study : collect information about paper and make paper suitable for recycling at home.

Research objectives :

1. Study the history of the origin of paper.

2.Learn about the properties, types of paper and its purpose.

3. Make paper from recycled materials.

4. Conduct a survey of students and make paper crafts.

5. Create a booklet, collect a collection of types of paper.

6. Draw conclusions based on the results of the research work.

Object and subject of research : paper.

Hypothesis : let's assume that paper is not only valuable material and an indispensable assistant in the sphere of human life, but also interesting material for experiments, observations and creativity. Recycled paper is a solution to an environmental problem.

Research methods :

1. Studying literature, searching for information on the Internet.

2. Experiment, observation, interviewing, questioning.

3. Generalization and systematization of material on this topic.

CHAPTER 1. THEORETICAL BACKGROUND OF THE TOPIC

1.1. History of the origin of paper------------

The time and place of the invention of paper are not precisely known. Chinese chronicles report that paper was invented in the second century BC, before the third century BC new era. In China they wrote on bamboo strips tied with ropes. In 105, the official Cai Lun managed to improve paper technology (see Appendix 1). When making paper, he used tree bark, rags and disused fishing nets as raw materials. Paper made using his technology had a smooth surface and low cost. In addition, this new method turned out to be very productive. The Chinese appreciated this invention so highly that over time they ranked Tsai Lun among the gods. Cai Lun became the patron god of paper making, so that temples were built in his honor. However, there is a legend according to which paper was not invented by Tsai Lun, but by a certain slave from East Turkestan. The Chinese emperor ordered that the name of the inventor be kept secret and he himself be executed. An honorable execution was prepared for the inventor. He was forced to swallow a gold plate with the Emperor's Gratitude engraved on it. In the tenth century, writing paper was made from bamboo in China (see Appendix 1). Rice or wheat straw was used in the production of paper for household purposes. Later, exquisite types of paper began to appear, such as fragrant sandalwood bark paper. Already in the eighth century, the Chinese were using toilet paper, and at the same time they invented paper money. (see Appendix 1). In Russia, people wrote on birch bark (see Appendix 1). Birch bark letters are still found during excavations. The appearance of writing paper in Russia dates back to the reign of Ivan the Terrible. The very first paper mill was built in the sixteenth century (see Appendix 1). And Peter the Great gave a powerful impetus to the development of paper production in Russia (see Appendix 1).

1.2.WHAT IS PAPER?

Why didn't the predictions that electronics would replace paper come true? “People want information to be accessible not only with a few keystrokes, but they also want to touch it. In addition, they are accustomed to holding what they read in their hands. They love touching the pages, reading them, making notes.”

The friendship that began with paper in childhood does not stop throughout our lives, at home, at school, on the street, in a store, at our parents’ work. The paper comes into our apartment as a fresh newspaper, a letter. At school there are textbooks on the desk, notebooks from which we study. Most of the home furnishings are related to paper, shelves with books, wallpaper on the walls. We always reflect on the great significance of paper. A sheet of paper is smooth, clean, of excellent whiteness, and we look at it as some kind of tomfoolery, ordinary, imperceptible, and even seemingly not a thing or an object, but just a sheet, and that’s all. And hardly anyone thought about where, how, from what, and with what labor this sheet was created. And the question arises, what do we know about paper?

According to the explanatory dictionary of S.I. Ozhegova: “Paper is a writing material made from wood or rag pulp.” Currently, paper is made from shredded wood. The logs are taken to the factory. There they are ground into small pieces and crushed in a machine (crusher). The resulting crumb is mixed with a special liquid and used to make paper. I often ask myself the question, what is paper? What is it intended for, and what types of paper are there? For answers to my questions, Olga Mikhailovna and I went to the printing house of the city of Svobodny, where I learned a lot of new and interesting things.

Comment from a printing house employee: Natalya Fedorovna Kireeva.

From the words of Natalya Fedorovna, I learned about the types of paper, its purpose, and that paper is a fibrous material that consists of a layer of waste fiber (see Appendix 2).

1.3.TYPES AND PURPOSE OF PAPER

Security paper - this is paper for making money and securities.

Newsprint- it does not have a bright white color, it is frankly gray, applicable in printing for newspapers and mass brochures. High density is clearly not its strong point, which, accordingly, entails a short service life.

Sanitary paper - these are napkins, toilet paper.

Wrapping paper - its main advantage is high strength.

Digital printing paper - intended for photographs.

writing paper- used for the production of forms, notebooks, diaries, notepads, unified documentation systems.

Coated paper - used in printing for the production of postcards, calendars, posters, photographs. It has a glossy surface and is distinguished by excellent appearance, bright pictures.

Offset paper- used for the production of illustration and text publications (magazines, books, documents).

Landscape paper or uncoated - denser than writing pads and is used for drawing and drawing small projects.

Parchment- translucent paper. In the old days, books were printed and letters were written on it. Nowadays it is mainly used for wrapping goods and food products as it is environmentally friendly.

Cardboard- the thickest paper, used for layouts, crafts, and applications.

Whatman- very thick paper. Used for drawings, advertisements.

Cover paper used for making covers.

Label paper used for printing labels.

Paper is created by man, and like any other material it has certain properties, and these properties need to be known in order to use them in the manufacture of various products.

2. PRACTICAL STUDY

2.1. Studying the properties of paper

To study the properties of paper, I conducted experiments.

For the experiments, I chose two types of paper: newsprint and writing paper.From the experience with a sheet of paper we can understand what properties paper has.

Experience 1 .

Target: Determine color, smoothness and strength.

1. Newsprint has gray, it is rougher and softer.

2. Writing paper is white, smooth and denser.

3. Newsprint breaks easily and is not durable. 2 sheets are difficult to tear.

4. Writing paper is more difficult to tear, more durable, 2 sheets of paper are more difficult to tear.

5. Newsprint paper wrinkles easily and bends lengthwise and crosswise.

6. Writing paper wrinkles and bends more easily.

7. Crumpled newspaper paper is less durable than smooth writing paper (see Appendix 3).

Experience 2.

Target: Determine absorbency.

By wetting the paper, you can make sure that it has a fibrous structure.

1. The fibers in it are located in different directions.

2. When paper is moistened, it elongates more in the transverse direction and less in the longitudinal direction.

3. Wet paper becomes even more fragile.

4. Writing paper is harder to tear and is more durable.

5. Writing paper absorbs water longer than newsprint (see Appendix 3).

Conclusion: pissing paper is stronger and denser than newspaper, and newsprint is softer than writing paper. It absorbs water better and faster.

2.2. PRACTICAL WORK

“We make paper ourselves”

Equipment: old unwanted newspapers, PVA glue, multi-colored paper, woolen threads, dry plants, foil, colander, board, sponge, polyethylene, brilliant green and any paints. Based on experiments that newsprint It absorbs water better and is softer, so we took old unnecessary newspapers and crushed them into small pieces, putting them in a basin (see Appendix 4).

Pour warm water from a kettle into a basin and add a little PVA glue (see Appendix 4).

We leave all this to soak for a day. The next day, we crushed the wet resulting mass. You can do this with a mixer, or if you don’t have one, you can grind the mass with your hands. We rubbed the mass with our fingers to make a thick paste. We added pieces of colored paper, dry plants, scraps of woolen thread, and a few drops of brilliant green to the resulting mass. We transfer the resulting mass from the basin into a colander and let the water and other things drain (see Appendix 4).

Place the mixture in a bowl and add a little PVA glue, mix everything. Place the lump of paper pulp on the polyethylene and carefully smooth it out with your fingers so that it lies in an even layer. Then, pat the surface a little with our palms and then roll it with a rolling pin (see Appendix 4).

Wrap the resulting cake in a towel so that it completely covers the paper mass. Cover the top with a board and place a load on it. We collect excess water with a sponge. We leave all this to dry overnight. In the morning, unwrap it and transfer it to a dry surface. Leave the resulting mass until completely dry. The paper pulp dried for more than three days. I decorated the result I received (see Appendix 4).

I present the practical part of my research work in the form of an application “Mushroom clearing” (see Appendix 5).

2.3. QUESTIONNAIRE

“What do you know about paper?”

Target: Learn about the possibilities of recycling paper in order to preserve forest resources.

Equipment: questionnaires.

We conducted a survey among students in grades 5, 6, 7, who had to answer five questions (see Appendix 7).

Questionnaire

1. Do you know what paper is made from?

2. Do you think it is possible to recycle old paper?

3. What do you do with used newspapers?

4. Do you think newspaper trash is harmful?

5. Are you careful with paper?

The results of the survey were as follows:

3% of all respondents do not know what paper is made of.

12% of survey participants indicated that old paper is recycled.

20% of the guys do not know the use of old newspapers.

35% of children do not know why newspaper trash is harmful.

30% of guys do not save paper.

None of the students surveyed noted that recycled paper can be used for crafts .

CONCLUSION

At the beginning of the research work, we assumed that paper is not only a valuable material and an indispensable assistant in the sphere of human life, but also an interesting material for experiments and observations. Handmade recycled paper brings creative inspiration, and making paper from recycled paper is a solution to an environmental problem. Having summed up the work done, I found answers to the questions that interested me.

After studying literary sources, I learned the history of the origin of paper. During my research work, I learned to ask questions to adults and work on the Internet. After interviewing a printing house employee, I learned about the types and purposes of paper.

The experiments we conducted helped us gain practical research skills. In the course of my work, I collected a collection of types of paper, created a booklet, and conducted a survey. The survey results showed that my peers do not know about the possibility of using recycled paper.

The goal of my work was to produce paper suitable for recycling at home. Paper can really be made at home; it is significantly inferior to factory paper, but it has its advantages, it is exclusive and is used for beautiful applications and crafts.

After conducting research, I found out that if we use recycled materials to make paper crafts, the green area will be preserved and expanded.

The practical significance of this work lies in the fact that the collected materials can be used by students and teachers for additional classes, both classroom and extracurricular activities.

Thus, the objectives of the research work were solved, the goal was achieved, the hypothesis put forward was clarified.

Let's be careful and economical with everything related to paper!

Make paper yourself and the world will become cleaner!

LIST OF REFERENCES USED

1. Akim E. L. Paper processing text - M. 1979, - 230 p.

2. Great Russian Encyclopedia, volume 4, Moscow.

3. Magazine “Science and Life” No. 7, 2004.

4. Ivanov S. N. Paper technology. - M.: Lesnaya.Prom-st, 1970. - 696 p.

5. IstrinV.A. The emergence and development of paper. - M, 1965, -62s.

6. Lyubeshkina, E.N. Reverse side packaging. Science and Life 2007.-No. 3. p.44-51.

7. MikhailovaG. N. Method of project-based learning in the classroom 2005.

8. Ozhegov, Explanatory Dictionary of the Russian Language, Moscow, 2014.