Biosphere reserves of the Krasnoyarsk region. Nature reserves of Krasnoyarsk

Dear friends! We present to you a convenient and simple tool - interactive map. This map of nature reserves in the Krasnoyarsk Territory will help you quickly determine where the nature reserve you are interested in is located. In addition, it indicates the location of visitor centers and administrations of the region’s reserves and adjacent territories.

How to use the card

Like any other Yandex map, the map of reserves is easily scaled. This can be done using the slider located in its upper left part. You can also change the scale by turning the mouse wheel. The scale itself is indicated in the lower right corner of the map.

If necessary, you can expand the map of natural biosphere reserves to full screen. To do this, simply click on the corresponding symbol in the upper right corner of the map. The “Layers” button located next to it allows you to change the display mode (circuit, satellite or hybrid). This greatly simplifies linking the map to the area.

You can also move the map of reserves in the window by moving the mouse while holding down the left button.

Important! When you hover over an interactive map element, the cursor changes its appearance.

How to read a map of nature reserves

Reserves designated by areas different color(blue, pink, orange, etc.), outlining their boundaries. To find out the name of the reserve, just left-click on it. To close the banner that appears, click on the cross in its upper right corner.

"Commas" of blue color marked on the map administrative buildings reserves. By left-clicking on them, you will see the name of the reserve and the exact address of the administrative building. To close the banner that appears, click on the cross in its upper right corner.

A red circle with a red dot inside marks the map visitor center one or another reserve. To find out which nature reserve the visitor center belongs to, click on the symbol indicating it with the left button. To close the banner that appears, click on the cross in its upper right corner.

Green circles on the territory of the Central Siberian Nature Reserve and in the adjacent areas indicate attractions. By clicking on one of them, you will see the name and photo of this place. You can close the banner that appears by clicking on the cross in its upper right corner.

Reserve "Central Siberian": what is worth visiting?

The starting point for any traveler will be central estate reserve. This is where all the administrative buildings are located and where the Museum of Nature of the State Natural Resources is located. biosphere reserve(village Bor).

Everyone has heard about Krasnoyarsk Pillars. But at the mouth of the cleanest river, Stolbovaya, a tributary of the river. Podkamennaya Tunguska, has its own picturesque rocks, pristine untouched nature. On the rocky spits of the river you will find fossilized marine sediments from the Paleozoic era. Be sure to take time and visit this place. The Sulomai pillars on the river will also make a breathtaking impression on you. Podkamennaya Tunguska, somewhat reminiscent of Lensky.

Protected area– these are special areas of territories where endangered species of flora and fauna grow and live. The entire area of this territory retains its pristine habitat: soil, topography, reservoirs, natural landscape. This is an inspected and protected area where hunting and picnics with bonfires are prohibited. Any activity: deforestation, planting crops, fishing, etc. is prohibited here. Often in nature reserves it is not possible and impossible to simply move around on your own, but there are certain areas where you are allowed to walk and admire the wildlife. In order to do something like this, you must obtain permission from the Ministry of Natural Resources Russian Federation or management of the protected area. Our country is rich in beautiful, untouched natural places, one of which is the Krasnoyarsk Territory.

Great Arctic Nature Reserve, which is located in the Krasnoyarsk Territory

The protected area was founded in 1993 and is the leader in Eurasia among protected natural areas. The area of the territory is 2,007.069 thousand hectares. The reserve includes part of the Taimyr Peninsula, nearby wild islands, sea spaces, bays, rivers and bays in this area. Shares protected area for 35 circuits.

The reserve has two natural sides: arctic deserts, as well as arctic tundra, in which the majority is occupied by permafrost from 0.200 to 0.900 km. For nine months, the Great Arctic is covered with snow, which falls in October and completely thaws only in June.

Over 162 species of higher wild plants, 89 varieties of mosses, fifteen species of mushrooms, among which white-skinned fiber is found, and seventy species of lichens grow here. The fauna is also diverse, but in terms of species it lags behind the flora.

Putorana Reserve Krasnodar Territory

The area of the Putorana Nature Reserve is 1,887,000 hectares, it is located in the Arctic Krasnodar region, in the northwestern part of the Central Siberian Plateau, which is south of the Taimyr Peninsula. The territory of the reserve is named after the Putorano plateau. It was created to preserve the beauty of nature in its natural form. Lives here, recorded in the Red Book of the Russian Federation bighorn sheep. These places are also known for the incredibly large population of reindeer. The reserve is listed as a natural monument of the UNESCO World Heritage Site, thanks to the richest and most beautiful combination of taiga, arctic desert, mountain range, forest-tundra, virgin lakes, rivers and waterfalls in one place.

Protected area Stolby of the Krasnoyarsk Territory

The territory is relatively small in area - 47.2 thousand hectares. The reserve was created at the request of Krasnoyarsk residents who wanted to preserve the pillars - rocks of unusual shape.

The pillars are allowed to be visited by tourist groups. You are allowed to spend time among the indescribable beauty of wild nature, and even go rock climbing. Fresh air, the beautiful surroundings provide excellent communication and new acquaintances. This type of tourism even has a name - “stolbism”. In this reserve, deep in the forest, there are also “Wild Pillars”, to which access is prohibited.

The protected area is also rich in various species of animals, birds and plants, some of which are listed in the Red Book of the Russian Federation. Someone will certainly be lucky enough to see the rarest birds and mammals in a wild natural environment.

The Krasnoyarsk Territory is rich in nature reserves, there are eight of them:

Central Siberian Nature Reserve;
Pillars;
Putorana State Natural Reserve Zone;
National Park "Shushensky Bor";
Krasnoyarsk Great Arctic Reserve;
Taimyr conservation area;
Biosphere Reserve "Sayano-Shushensky" on a state basis;
Tunguska Nature Reserve.

The Krasnoyarsk region is unusual and beautiful, rich in natural resources, flora, and fauna. In the reserves of this region, nature has preserved its pristine beauty. Everyone should visit these luxurious, untouched places at least once in their life.

Introduction

1. Specially protected natural areas of the Krasnoyarsk Territory

2. Nature reserves of the Krasnoyarsk Territory

2.1 State Nature Reserve "Stolby"

2.2 Sayano-Shushensky State Natural Biosphere Reserve

2.3 Taimyr State Natural Biosphere Reserve

2.4 Central Siberian State Natural Biosphere Reserve

2.5 Putorana Nature Reserve

2.6 Great Arctic State nature reserve

2.7 Tunguska Nature Reserve

2.8 National Park "Shushensky Bor"

2.9 Natural Park "Ergaki"

Bibliography

Introduction

Since 1600, about 150 species of animals have become extinct on our planet, more than half in the last 50 years. In the 20th century, it became obvious that it was necessary to take special measures to save the animal and plant world. There is no longer any need to prove to anyone how destructively modern man can influence living nature. Fewer and fewer untouched corners of nature remain. Every year the Red Book is replenished with endangered representatives of the animal and plant world.

A reserve is a form of protected area specific to the USSR/Russia, which has practically no analogues in the world; only in Russia a reserve is not only a protected area, but also a scientific institution. The formation and activities of state natural reserves are regulated by Section 2 of the Federal Law on Protected Natural Areas, according to which (Article 1, 2) “on the territory of state natural reserves, specially protected natural complexes and objects (land, water, subsoil, plant and animal world), having environmental, scientific, environmental and educational significance as examples of natural natural environment, typical or rare landscapes, places where the genetic fund of flora and fauna is preserved.

State nature reserves are environmental, research and environmental educational institutions aimed at preserving and studying the natural course of natural processes and phenomena, the genetic fund of flora and fauna, individual species and communities of plants and animals, typical and unique ecological systems. Land, water, subsoil, flora and fauna located on the territories of state natural reserves are provided for use (ownership) to state natural reserves with the rights provided for by federal laws."

In this work, we will consider the main protected areas of the Krasnoyarsk Territory and the features of their situation.

1. Specially protected natural areas of the Krasnoyarsk Territory

To protect wild animals, they are created protected areas- nature reserves, sanctuaries, national parks. Here animals are protected by law.

Nature reserves (reserves) are one of the most effective forms of preserving landscapes intact and are areas of land or water where all human activity is prohibited. In the reserve, all natural objects are subject to protection, ranging from rocks, reservoirs, soil and ending with representatives of the animal and plant world.

Nature reserves serve as unique standards of wild nature, and also allow us to present its unique phenomena or rare species of animals and plants in their original form.

Nature reserves play a huge role in saving nature, including rare animals. They also act as scientific centers for the study of nature. They develop methods for the conservation, restoration and rational use of valuable game animals (sable, beaver, deer, elk).

State nature reserves are territories that are of particular importance for the preservation or restoration of natural complexes or their components and maintaining the ecological balance. By status they are divided into reserves of federal and regional significance, by profile into;

complex (landscape) designed for the preservation and restoration of natural complexes (natural landscapes);

biological (zoological, botanical), intended for the conservation and restoration of rare and endangered species of plants and animals, as well as valuable species in economic, scientific and cultural terms;

paleontological, intended for the preservation of fossil objects;

hydrological (marsh, lake, river, sea), designed to preserve and restore valuable water bodies and ecological systems, and geological.

To save the fauna, in addition to nature reserves and reserves, a national (or natural) park is created, which, unlike a nature reserve, opens part of its territory to tourists and vacationers, but the park has completely protected areas.

Krasnoyarsk Territory is a huge territory located in the East Siberian region of Russia. Geographical position Our region can be called unique in many respects. On its territory is the geographical center of Russia - Lake Vivi, located in Evenkia. The location of the center of Russia has been approved by the Federal Service of Geodesy and Cartography of Russia. The northernmost point of the Krasnoyarsk Territory - Cape Chelyuskin - is the extreme polar tip of Eurasia and the northernmost point of Russia and the continental parts of the planet.

There are six reserves organized on the territory of the Krasnoyarsk Territory, three of them are biosphere, i.e. work under a special United Nations program; these are the Sayano-Shushensky and Central Siberian and Taimyr nature reserves; nature reserves state standard also are: Stolby and Putoransky. The most modern reserve is the Great Arctic.

In total, seven nature reserves have been created in the Krasnoyarsk Territory (Table 1), as well as the Shushensky Bor National Park, natural Park"Ergaki".

In total, three state nature reserves of federal significance and 27 state nature reserves of regional significance have been created in the region. It is planned to create 39 more state natural reserves.

On the territory of the Krasnoyarsk Territory, 51 objects have the status of a natural monument of regional significance.

Table 1 - State natural reserves of the Krasnoyarsk Territory

2. Nature reserves of the Krasnoyarsk Territory

2.1 State Nature Reserve "Stolby"

Target. Preservation of unique geological formations and natural complexes around them. The most valuable and famous natural complexes around picturesque rock formations - syenite outcrops - “pillars” that gave the reserve its name, as well as karsts and caves.

Currently, its area is 47,154 hectares.

The reserve is located on the right bank of the Yenisei, on the northwestern spurs of the Eastern Sayan, bordering the Central Siberian Plateau. The natural boundaries of the protected area are the right tributaries of the Yenisei River: in the northeast - the Bazaikha River, in the south and southwest - the Mana and Bolshaya Slizneva rivers. From the northeast the territory borders on the suburbs of Krasnoyarsk

A tourist and excursion area has been allocated on the territory of the reserve to meet the recreational needs of Krasnoyarsk residents and city guests, for which the regulations on the reserve establish a special regime.

The vegetation of the reserve is diverse. On the northern edge of the reserve, steppe vegetation gives way to forest vegetation. At the northern borders of the reserve, in a very small area, several specimens of the Siberian linden, the pride of Stolbov, have been preserved. Fir and cedar also grow in the reserve. Cedar is a precious tree of the Siberian taiga, but, unfortunately, its regeneration is weak. Heavy pine nuts are not carried by the wind, but fall from ripe cones right there, under the tree, but when they fall on a thick moss cover, they, as a rule, cannot germinate without outside help. The cedar's helper turns out to be a bird - the Siberian nutcracker. During the ripening period of the nuts, she knocks down a cone, flies with it to a log or stump, husks the seeds and, with a crop filled with nuts, flies to hide them. The nutcracker prefers to hide its reserves in places with shallow snow cover, which is quickly cleared of it in the spring. Thus, nutcracker helps the spread of cedar throughout the reserve.

The Stolby Nature Reserve is located at the junction of three botanical and geographical regions: the Krasnoyarsk forest-steppe, the mountain taiga of the Eastern Sayan Mountains and the sub-taiga of the Central Siberian Plateau. The flora of the reserve includes 1037 species of higher vascular plants, of which 260 species are bryophytes, more than 150 species are classified as specially protected.

22 species of fish, 130 species of birds and 45 species of mammals have been recorded on the territory of the reserve. The precious predator of the taiga is the sable. By the time the reserve was established, it was completely exterminated in these places, but in the 60s it again became a common inhabitant of the reserved taiga. The reserve is very rich in wild ungulates. Exclusively favorable conditions Red deer and musk deer are found here. The bird kingdom in the reserve is represented by such birds as hazel grouse, wood grouse, three-toed woodpecker, nutcracker, deaf cuckoo, warbler, blackbirds, bluetail, Far Eastern and blue nightingales, starling, lesser and white-backed woodpeckers, white-capped bunting, lentils, and chaffinch. Among the fish in the reserve, whitefish, grayling, chebak, dace, spikefish, perch, pike, burbot, crucian carp and others live.

In addition to flora and fauna, the reserve is famous for its rocks. Pillars are the pride of Krasnoyarsk. Almost all the rocks of the reserve have names - their outlines resemble birds, animals and people, which is reflected in the names: Sparrows, Golden Eagle, Musk Deer, Grandfather, Monk. The height of the rocks forming 80 groups reaches 104 m in some places. Some individual stones and fragments (parts) of rocks are also named. Rocks can be single or form groups. A rock mass always has several named individual peaks.

The rock called “Feathers” consists of 4 majestic forty-meter steep stone slabs adjacent to each other. Each slab, pointed at the top, resembles the feathers of a gigantic bird. On the western side, the rock is a fairly flat sheer wall. At a height of 15-20 meters, a horizontal gap formed. When tourists rise into it and their heads stick out like teeth, the gap becomes like the mouth of a predatory animal, hence the name Lion's Mouth.

Fifteen meters from the Feathers there is a low rock. It resembles a large lion's head. On the western side there are two colossal stone pedestals, covered in space by a huge monolithic stone. When you look at them, you get the impression that the stone is under the influence own weight is about to part the rocks and collapse to the ground. This rock was called the Lion Gate. The climb to the top of the Lion Gate is easy. Crevices, ledges and flat slabs can be easily overcome.

Five hundred meters from Feathers, across a ravine, rises the massive cliff “Grandfather” - an amazing work of nature. If you look at the pillar from above, you can see the head of a courageous and stern old man, thinking about something, with an open forehead, over which his cap is pulled down. A straight nose and a beard hanging down to the chest enhance the impression. On the opposite side, the rock looks like a laughing grandfather.

2.2 Sayano-Shushensky State Natural Biosphere Reserve

The Sayano-Shushensky Reserve was founded in 1976 in the south of the Krasnoyarsk Territory in the central part of Western Sayan instead of the former Sayan Reserve. The history of the creation of the reserve is connected with the need to preserve the sable as the most valuable fur-bearing animal.

In the 1970s, the rapid development of industry (the Sayan TPK, which unites the Sayano-Shushenskaya hydroelectric power station and a number of factories) and the growth of population, and therefore the number of settlements, became an environmental shock for the region. Therefore, in one of the few corners of Siberia where human influence has so far had almost no effect, it was decided to create a reserve. And nine years later, in 1985, the reserve, by decision of UNESCO, was included in the international network biosphere reserves. The area of the reserve is 3904 km.

Target. Preservation and study of typical and unique natural complexes, landscape and biological diversity of the central part of the Western Sayan, located in the contact zone of the boreal forests of Siberia with the dry steppe and semi-desert plateaus of Central Asia.

This area is the only one in Russia where it is possible to preserve snow leopard, Siberian ibex, golden eagle, osprey, as well as populations of plants listed in the Red Book.

The impact of the Sayano-Shushenskoye Reservoir on natural ecosystems is also being studied in the reserve.

Since the reserve is located at the point where the Siberian taiga and the Central Asian steppe meet, and the terrain is mountainous (the highest point is 2735 m), the vegetation is very diverse: from the Lady's slipper, listed in the Red Book, to huge deciduous and cedar forests. The flora of the reserve includes more than 1000 species of higher plants alone. The vegetation of the forest, forest-steppe, steppe, and subalpine zones is represented here. Among the herbaceous plants there are many relict ones: Krylov's bedstraw, Altai anemone, Siberian bluegrass, Siberian princess, Siberian kandyk, Sayan beautiful flower. Of particular value are Siberian borena, leafless browgrass and Rhodiola rosea. Among the trees, Siberian cedar is of particular value in the protected taiga. Siberian larch and, to a lesser extent, Siberian fir, spruce, pine, birch, and aspen also grow in the reserve.

The fauna of the Sayano-Shushensky Nature Reserve includes more than 50 species of mammals, 300 species of birds, 18 species of fish, 5 species of reptiles and 2 species of amphibians. Of these, about 100 species are rare, endangered and included in the Red Book.

The wildlife of the reserve is diverse. Thus, next to the wise reindeer and partridges, you can also find the extraordinary Altai snowcock, the agile Siberian mountain goat, an agile hamster, a snow leopard, and also a sable, brown bear, musk deer, which are characteristic of the Siberian taiga.

The main representative of the bird kingdom of the reserve is the thrush. Within the region there are two subspecies - black-throated and red-throated. Bluetail and ruby-throated nightingale are also common in the reserve.

The reserve's security service also controls the Sedye Sayany biosphere site with a total area of 218.8 thousand hectares, created by a decree of the Ermakovsky district administration in 2000.

2.3 Taimyr State Natural Biosphere Reserve

The Taimyr State Nature Reserve was created in 1979, and in 1995 it was given biosphere status. It is an environmental, research and environmental educational institution. This is one of the largest nature reserves in Russia, located in the north of the Krasnoyarsk Territory, on the Taimyr Peninsula - the most northward continental part of the land in the world. Therefore, the organizers of the reserve sought to cover the greatest variety of zonal natural landscapes - arctic, typical and southern tundra, as well as forest-tundra.

The territory of the reserve represents standard areas of the earth's surface, which represent almost all natural zones of Taimyr: arctic ("Arctic Branch"), typical ("Main Territory"), southern ("Ary-Mas" site) tundra and forest-tundra ("Lukunsky" site "), as well as the unique mountain tundra of the ridge. Byrranga (Table 1).

The Taimyrsky Nature Reserve is the most visited nature reserve in Russia. Every year thousands of scientists from all over the world, environmentalists, tourists and fishermen visit Eastern Taimyr. What attracts them most are the fossil mammoth excavations and the musk ox population. Also, the center of the reserve, the village of Khatangu, is used as a springboard to reach the North Pole.

Table 1 - Reference areas of the Taimyrsky Nature Reserve

On the territory of the reserve there are 430 species of higher plants, 222 species of mosses and 265 species of lichens. One of the most common lichens in the tundra zone is Cladonia (reindeer moss or moss). Reindeer moss occupies vast polar territories, but is often found in dry forests located significantly south of the tundra strip. Among the plants growing on the territory of the reserve, there are those that are listed in the Red Book, arctosiberian wormwood, braya capsicum, hard sedge, Polye and Taimyr grains, oblique oysterwort, Gorodkovaya and Byrrangskaya wormwood, woolly-stamened mytillaria, Rhodiola rosea.

Countless lakes and small reservoirs cover the tundra, located on permafrost, with stagnant moisture. The permafrost thickness is up to 500 meters. In Ary-Masa, the southernmost part of one of the three sections of the reserve, the northernmost larches can be observed. The trees here barely reach the height of a man in several centuries.

We will begin our acquaintance with the fauna of the Taimyr Nature Reserve with one of the smallest, but very important inhabitants of the reserve - the lemming (Siberian and ungulates). The hoofed lemming got its name due to the fact that in winter, two middle claws on the front paws grow and resemble a hoof. The next representative of the reserve's fauna is the reindeer. The reindeer population in Taimyr is the largest in the world.

In status security zone The reserve is under the management of the district subordination reserve "Bikada". The area of the reserve is 937,760 hectares; it is a separate cluster that is not in contact with the territory of the reserve. On its territory, employees of the Research Institute of Agriculture of the Far North are conducting an international program for the re-acclimatization of the North American musk ox. Musk oxen have been preserved since prehistoric times: they lived at the same time as mammoths, but unlike the latter they continue to thrive to this day. The musk ox was brought to Taimyr in 1974 from the Arctic regions of Canada and the USA. Currently, he has “mastered” a very significant territory.

Snowshoe hares in the reserve coexist with such common polar predators as the Arctic fox and the wolf. Particularly numerous in the Taimyr Nature Reserve polar wolves. This is due to the fact that the region has the largest Taimyr population of reindeer, which are the main prey of these predatory animals. Among the representatives of mustelids, the ermine and wolverine live in the reserve. Among the marine mammals that live here are beluga whales, ringed seals and walruses. In the Taimyr Nature Reserve there are 116 species of birds belonging to 9 orders. Shorebirds and waterfowl nest here in greater numbers than anywhere else in the tundra areas of the earth. Breeding eiders, black-throated and white-billed loons, tundra swans, and bean goose nest. From rare species Birds include the little swan, red-breasted goose, white-tailed eagle, golden eagle, gyrfalcon, and peregrine falcon.

2.4 Central Siberian State Natural Biosphere Reserve

The reserve was created in 1985. The reserve is located in the Turukhansky district of the Krasnoyarsk Territory on an area of 424.9 thousand hectares and the Baykitsky district of the Evenki municipal district on an area of 595.0 thousand hectares. The total area of the protected area is 1019.9 thousand hectares. The reserve is located on the territory that includes the middle reaches of the river. Yenisei between the rivers. Podkamennaya Tunguska and Bakhta, Yenisei parts West Siberian Plain and the Tunguska-Bakhtinsky trap plateau of the Central Siberian Plateau.

The main goal of organizing the reserve is to preserve and study the various terrestrial and aquatic natural complexes of central taiga Siberia in its central part, the landscapes of the floodplain and valley of the Yenisei, the river itself and its tributaries. The Yenisei section within the reserve is of great value as a spawning area for many valuable commercial species fish, and also as a wintering area for sturgeon and sterlet. This is the only nature reserve in Russia where both banks of one of the great rivers of Eurasia are protected over a long distance (60 km). Its floodplain is swampy and has many oxbow lakes. The river network consists of tributaries of the Yenisei and Podkamennaya Tunguska.

The reserve is characterized by mid-taiga vegetation. Among the plants listed in the Red Book, the following are typical: large-flowered slipper, true and bulbous calypso.

Among the representatives of avifauna, the black stork, peregrine falcon, osprey, golden eagle, white-tailed eagle and gyrfalcon are listed in the Red Book. The Yenisei section within the reserve is of great value as a spawning area for many valuable commercial fish species, as well as a wintering area for sturgeon and sterlet.

The state ecological and ethnographic reserve is under the jurisdiction of the Central Siberian State Nature Reserve. federal significance"Eloguysky". Ethno-ecological research is carried out at the biosphere reserve site, where Special attention small people North - Ketam. Turukhansk Kets - the last representatives of the ancients paleo-asian tribes who settled on the banks of tributaries Yenisei. They once lived on south, V Minusinsk Basin, as well as on the territory of modern Khakassia. Ket names of rivers and mountains have been preserved there to this day. Then the Kets were gradually pushed north and settled southern part Turukhansk region, in the 17th century advanced to Lower Tunguska, later - until Kureika River. The origin of the Kets is not fully understood. Linguists pay attention to the similarity of the Ket language with certain isolated language groups: for example, a number of languages Caucasian highlanders, Spanish Basques And North American Indians. Some see the Kets as descendants of the ancient Tibetan population from which they descended North American Indians - Athabascans. The Kets are of great interest to science due to their isolated linguistic position and the peculiarities of anthropological data. A large collection of Ket culture items is located in local history museum Yeniseisk.

2.5 Putorana Nature Reserve

The reserve was founded in 1988 to protect unique mountain-lake-taiga landscapes and rare species of flora and fauna. The Putorana Nature Reserve is located in the north of Central Siberia, on the territory of the Dudinsky and Khatanga districts of the Taimyr Autonomous Okrug and the Ilimsky district of the Evenki Autonomous Okrug: its main part, the Putorana Plateau, lies south of the Taimyr Peninsula and occupies most of the rectangle between the rivers Yenisei, Kheta, Kotuy and Lower Tunguska (650 km from north to south and from west to east). This is the most extreme nature reserve in Russia. The total area of the reserve is 1887.3 thousand hectares.

The purpose of creating the Putorana State Nature Reserve is to preserve the most unique mountain biocenoses of the north of Central Siberia, unique flora and rare animal species, restore the historical range of the Putorana subspecies of snow sheep, as well as protect the world's largest Taimyr population of wild reindeer.

As a result of the movement of glaciers, the Putorana plateau is dissected by long flat-bottomed canyons, the height of the walls of which reaches several hundred meters, and narrow lakes, the deepest in Russia after Lake Baikal (Khantaiskoye Lake - up to 520 m deep); mountain rivers- rapids, the height of some waterfalls reaches 100 m. The highest density of waterfalls per unit area on the planet is noted on the territory of the reserve.

Of the historical and cultural objects, the most interesting are the remains of the attributes of shamanism on the ancient temples of the Tungus (Evenks) and the Dolgan chapels more than a century ago. On the territory of the Putorana Nature Reserve there are unique outcrops of columnar basalts (natural open-air mineralogical museums).

The landscape is dominated by mountain tundra and open forests. Numerous rivers and lakes. In total, there are 381 species of plants, 35 of mammals, and 140 of birds on the territory of the reserve.

The plateau is the only habitat of one of the largest little-studied mammals on the planet - the bighorn sheep. The protection of the lesser white lesser is of international importance. It is Russia that bears a significant share of responsibility for the conservation of this type of geese.

In 2003, the Putorana Plateau was classified as a UNESCO World Cultural and Natural Heritage Site. There are very few tourists here due to the high cost and increased complexity of the routes. An excursion boat route along the lake comes directly to the border of the reserve. Lama.

In the buffer (protection) zone, together with the State Scientific Research Institute of Agriculture of the Far North with the active material support of the Polar Branch of the Norilsk MMC, Norilskgazprom and a number of other organizations, the reserve built a background monitoring station - the Keta (Lake Keta) and Mikchanda (Lake . Lama) for a comprehensive study of the unique biocenoses of the plateau. Since 2007, work has been underway under a grant from the Global Environment Facility (GEF): “Conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity on the territory of the Taimyr Peninsula, Russia: maintaining landscape connectivity.”

2.6 Great Arctic State Nature Reserve

The Great Arctic Nature Reserve, the largest in Russia and Eurasia and the third largest in the world (4,169,222 hectares, including 1 million in the Arctic seas), was created in 1993. It is located on the Taimyr Peninsula and on the North Islands Arctic Ocean. Its shores are washed by the Kara Sea and the Laptev Sea. This is the most large nature reserve Russia.

The purpose of creating the reserve is to preserve and study in their natural state the unique Arctic ecosystems, rare and endangered species of plants and animals of the northern coast of the Taimyr Peninsula and adjacent islands. On islands Severnaya Zemlya there are “maternity hospitals” for Taimyr polar bears, and herds of wild reindeer escape from midges in the coastal tundra. Preserve the nesting grounds of birds that migrate along the North Atlantic route: brant goose, sandpiper, etc. - and have the opportunity to study unique Arctic ecosystems in their natural state.

A significant part of the reserve is practically not visited by people, but recently routes have been developed (rafting, fishing, ethnographic tours) that will allow tourists to get to know the Arctic nature better.

The Great Arctic Reserve consists of seven cluster areas (Table 2) and two reserves: the state nature reserve of federal significance "Severozemelsky", located within the boundaries of the reserve, and the state nature reserve of regional significance "Brekhovo Islands".

The main type of vegetation in the tundra is lichens. They withstand the harsh conditions of the Arctic, painting the tundra in various colors from bright yellow to black. Since the conditions of this northern region are not easy, annual flowering is impossible for a number of higher plants. In this regard, there are no bulbous plants and practically no annuals. Among the shrubs, the most striking representative is the polar willow. Herbaceous plants are represented by sedges, cotton grass, grasses; a significant role in the vegetation of the reserve is played by dryad, or partridge grass, various types of saxifrage, various polar poppies, and forget-me-nots.

Table 2 - Cluster sections of the Big Arctic gas processing plant

The bird fauna of the Great Arctic Reserve includes 124 species, 16 of which are listed in the Red Book. Typical inhabitants of the tundra are the snowy owl and the tundra partridge. Rare species of gulls are found in the reserve: pink, fork-tailed and white.

The pink gull is a rare, little-studied species listed in the Red Book. Only one breeding colony of these birds of 45-50 pairs is known in Eastern Taimyr. The white gull is a rare Arctic species listed in the Red Book. Breeds on the islands Kara Sea. It does not nest on the mainland, but regularly flies to the Arctic coast of Taimyr. Among the gulls, the herring gull, glaucous gull and arctic tern are also the most widespread. But one of the main objects of protection is waterfowl. Four species of geese, a small swan (a rare species included in the Red Book) and four species of ducks nest here. Among the birds there are also predators: peregrine falcon, ruffed buzzard, gyrfalcon and merlin.

If you go for a walk around the reserve at night, you can hear the calls of the red-throated, black-throated or white-billed loon. Also in the reserve you can find long-tailed, gray and short-tailed skuas, white and short-eared owls, sparrows (the most numerous order of birds in the reserve - 41 species), horned lark, red-throated pipit, and white wagtail. And finally, one of the representatives of the bird kingdom of the reserve is the snow bunting, which is rightly considered a symbol of the Arctic spring. Sometimes this herald of spring arrives even in March, although mostly at the beginning, or even in the middle of May.

Among the mammals of the reserve one can note such animals as lemmings (Siberian and ungulate), arctic fox, woolly buzzard, skua, wild reindeer (a unique island population of these animals lives on Sibiryakova Island), polar bear (listed in the Red Book) and seal.

In the water area - habitats polar bear, walrus, bearded seal, ringed seal, beluga whale. On the ocean coast and in river deltas, places of mass nesting and molting of the white-fronted goose, black and red-breasted geese, ducks and waders have been taken under protection.

The territory of the reserve also includes historical and cultural monuments associated with the names of polar research - A.F. Middendorf, F. Nansen, V.A. Rusanova, E.V. Tolya, A.V. Kolchak, etc.

2.7 Tunguska Reserve

The Tunguska Nature Reserve is located at the site of the fall Tunguska meteorite. The reserve is located in the Evenki municipal district of the Krasnoyarsk Territory. The total area of the reserve is 296,562 hectares.

The purpose of creating the reserve is to study the unique natural complexes of Evenkia and the consequences of the global cosmic-ecological disaster.

The reserve is an environmental, research and environmental educational institution. It was created to study the consequences of a meteorite fall. The highest peak of the reserve is located on the spurs of the Lakursky ridge - 533 m above sea level. The second highest peak, Mount Farrington, is located near the site of the Tunguska phenomenon.

The territory of the reserve is a typical region of the northern East Siberian taiga, practically unaffected by local anthropogenic influences, with its characteristic landscapes and biozenoses; at the same time, the territory of the reserve is unique, as it preserves the imprints of the mysterious “Tunguska catastrophe” of June 30, 1908. On this day, in the interfluve of the Podkamennaya Tunguska and its right tributary Chuni (South Evenkia), 70 km northwest of the village of Vanavara, a super-powerful (10-40 megatons) explosion of a space object of unknown nature, known as the “Tunguska meteorite,” occurred.

Larch and pine forests. As a result of the fall of the supposed meteorite, the taiga over an area of more than 2 km was felled and burned, but over the last century it has completely recovered. The Evenki taiga to this day keeps the secret of one of the miracles of our century, called the Tunguska meteorite. In the animal world, elk, bear, sable, capercaillie are common, and badger and lynx are also found. Podkamennaya Tunguska is home to about 30 species of fish, most of which are valuable species.

A protective zone 2 km wide has been formed along the boundaries of the reserve, with an area of 20,241 hectares. The protective zone is entrusted with such tasks as improving the living conditions of the protected animals of the reserve, carrying out measures for the protection and restoration of valuable wild and rare plant species growing in protected areas, creating demonstration sites, showcases, stands and other forms of promoting the activities of reserves for the purpose of environmental education.

The echo of the Tunguska disaster sounded across the globe. In a vast space limited to the east Yenisei, from the south line Tashkent - Stavropol - Sevastopol - northern Italy - Bordeaux, With west- west coast Atlantic Ocean , the night has disappeared. For 3 days, from June 3 to July 2, 1908, there were bright nights here, reminiscent of white nights in the northern regions of Europe. It was possible to read newspaper text, read a clock or a compass, and the main illumination came from extremely bright clouds located at an altitude of about 80 km. A huge field of these clouds hovered over the expanses of Western Siberia and Europe, in addition, other anomalous events were observed in this territory. optical phenomena- bright “variegated” dawns, halos and crowns around the sun, and in some places - a decrease in the transparency of the atmosphere, which reached California in August and is apparently explained by the dustiness of the atmosphere with the products of the Tunguska explosion. There is reason to think that the fall of the Tunguska meteorite even affected the Southern Hemisphere: in any case, it was on this day that an aurora of unusual shape and power was observed in Antarctica, described by members of Shackleton’s English Antarctic expedition.

The nature of the Tunguska phenomenon remains unclear to this day, which is of exceptional interest to the only globe an area that makes it possible to directly study the environmental consequences of space disasters. Research into the consequences of an explosion of a cosmic body of unknown nature began in the mid-twenties of the twentieth century by expeditions by L.A. Kulik, who first described the consequences of the explosion, and continued by scientists from Tomsk (Complex Amateur Expedition) under the leadership of Academician N.V. Vasilyeva and doctors biological sciences G.F. Plekhanov, expeditions of the RAS Committee on Meteorites, and many prominent domestic and foreign scientists. Monitoring of post-catastrophe changes is still being carried out. The following historical and cultural sites are located on the territory of the reserve:

expedition base for the study of the "Tunguska meteorite", better known as "Kulik's Zaimka" or "Kulik's Huts";

expedition base for the study of the Tunguska meteorite - a monument to the history and culture of the Krasnoyarsk Territory.

According to the existing Regulations on Russian nature reserves, tourism is prohibited in them. In the Tunguska Nature Reserve, due to the uniqueness of the event, as an exception, limited tourist activities are allowed for the purpose of environmental education of the population, familiarization with the beautiful natural sites of the reserve, the site of the fall of the Tunguska meteorite. There are three environmental education routes. Two of them are by water, along the picturesque rivers Kimchu and Khushma, the third is on foot along the “Kulik trail” - the famous route of the discoverer of the site of the Tunguska meteorite disaster. A lot of explanatory work is carried out with tourists on routes.

2.8 National Park "Shushensky Bor"

National Park "Shushensky Bor" was formed in 1995. The national park is located in the south of the Krasnoyarsk Territory, on the lands of the Shushensky district, at the junction of two large geomorphological systems - the Minusinsk foothill basin and the Western Sayan mountain system, almost in the very center of the Asian continent. The territory of the national park consists of two separate areas with an area of 4.4 thousand hectares and 34.8 thousand hectares, all lands are owned by the national park.

The organization of a national park in the south of the Krasnoyarsk Territory was caused by the need to find a compromise between the protection unique nature region, human economic activity and recreational use of natural resources. "Shushensky Bor" was formed in order to preserve unique, essentially unchanged natural ecosystems, representing a wide range of latitudinal zonality - from alpine meadows to forest-steppe and steppe - and having scientific, educational and recreational significance.

The northern part of the park is represented by a flat forest-meadow-steppe landscape. The forests here are dominated by pine. The southern part of the territory includes mountain-taiga landscapes, where vertical zonality is clearly expressed. In the foothills there is a belt of coniferous and mixed forests, represented by aspen, pine, and sometimes cedar. Above is the belt of black taiga with a predominance of fir. Even higher is the belt of dark coniferous taiga. The tops of the ridges are occupied by subalpine meadows.

The ecosystems of the black taiga are of particular interest from a conservation point of view, since they are relict communities. The list of rare and endangered plant species in the Shushensky district includes 27 species, including vernal adonis, sibirica brunnera, Altai anemone, Pallas primrose, Maryin root peony, and male shieldweed.

The richness of the park's fauna is associated with the diversity of the natural conditions of the territory and the complex history of the formation of the fauna.

2.9 Natural Park "Ergaki"

Ergaki is the name of a natural park located in the south of the Krasnoyarsk Territory. The park is named after the ridge of the same name, which by the 1990s had become very popular among tourists, artists, and the local population. In addition to the Ergaki ridge, the park covers part or all of the Kulumys, Oysky, Aradansky, Metugul-Taiga, and Kedransky mountain ranges. The basins of the largest rivers in the park are Us, Kebezh, Oya, Taigish, Kazyrsuk.

Ergaki is a mountain node, a ridge in the Western Sayan. Located at the source of the rivers Bolshoy Kebezh, Bolshoi Klyuch, Taigish, Upper Buiba, Srednyaya Buiba and Nizhnyaya Buiba.

Bibliography

1. Baranov, A.A. Specially protected animals of the Yenisei Siberia. Birds and mammals: textbook. - method. allowance / A.A. Baranov. - Krasnoyarsk: Publishing house of KSPU named after V.P. Astafieva, 2004. - 264 p.

2. Baranov, A.A. Specially protected natural areas Krasnoyarsk Territory: textbook. - method. Benefit / A.A. Baranov, S.V. Kozheko. - Krasnoyarsk: Publishing house of KSPU named after V.P. Astafieva, 2004. - 240 p.

3. Vladyshevsky, D.V. Ecology and us: textbook. allowance / D.V. Vladyshevsky. - Krasnoyarsk: State Publishing House. University, 1994. - 214 p.

4. Red Book of the Krasnoyarsk Territory. - Krasnoyarsk: State Publishing House. University, 2004. - 246 p.

5. Nature and ecology of the Krasnoyarsk Territory: program school course. - Krasnoyarsk, 2000.

6. Savchenko, A.P. Appendix to the Red Book of the Krasnoyarsk Territory. / A.P. Savchenko, V.N. Lopatin, A.N. Zyryanov, M.N. Smirnov and others - Krasnoyarsk: Publishing house. center of Krasnoyarsk State University, 2004. - 147 p.

The Putorana State Nature Reserve is located on the territory of two districts of the Taimyr Autonomous Okrug - Khatanga and Dudinsky, as well as in the Ilimsky district. The center of the reserve is completely occupied by the Putorana mountain system. The protected areas have a total area of approximately 1.8 million hectares.

This protected area today includes 3 cordons: Lake Dyupkun, Lake Dog and Lake Manumakli. And also 2 hospitals for scientific purposes: Lake Ayan and Lake Kutaramakan.

History of the reserve

The Putorana Nature Reserve (map above) was formed from a reserve with the same name only in 1988, despite the fact that the issue of its organization was considered back in 1970. In 2001 it happened significant event- the reserve received a nomination for assignment of status, allowing it to be included in one of the natural and cultural heritage world organization UNESCO.

Putorana Nature Reserve: climate

In the Putorana Nature Reserve, the climate is sharply continental with a high temperature range. This figure in the east is 100 °C, and in the north - 86 °C. The polar day lasts 74 days (May 16 - July 29), and the polar night lasts 56 days (November 25 - January 13).

On the Putorana Plateau, geographic zoning is very clearly visible, which cannot be said about other regions of Russia. IN different parts The plateau has formed its own landscapes, which differ significantly from each other, despite the fact that this territory has the same geological and morphological structure. The plateau is located at the intersection of longitudinal and latitudinal natural zones. Its southern part is characterized by temperate and subarctic climatic zones, which means that the main boundary of two types of landscapes belonging to the highest taxonomic rank passes here.

Human activity

The Putorana mountain system, especially if we talk about its southern, northern and eastern parts, was very widely used in the past by the indigenous inhabitants of the region for fishing, hunting and reindeer breeding. Such uses natural resources, traditional for the Far North, have always influenced in a certain way on the flora and fauna of the mountain plateau. This anthropogenic impact very clearly affected the change in the number of vulnerable species, which primarily applies to the Putorana snow sheep population.

Negative impacts of human activities

In the Putorana Nature Reserve, the charming wild has never been subjected to strong impact person, which allowed the surrounding living natural world leave almost untouched. In this region, human activity was manifested only in the activities of the indigenous inhabitants in fishing, hunting and reindeer breeding.

Nevertheless, as a result of this influence, the number of local endemics - the Putorana bighorn sheep - has significantly decreased; the population of elk, wild reindeer, wolverines, ermines, sables, wolves and arctic foxes has become slightly smaller.

There are few industrial enterprises in this region. Among them, the main object that negatively affects the nature of the surrounding protected area is a large mining and metallurgical plant located in Norilsk. It is located near the western border of the Putorana Nature Reserve, at a distance of approximately 150-200 kilometers from it. This enterprise is engaged in the extraction of metal ores and smelting of metals, so there are always emissions of dirty air, which contain oxides of heavy metals, sulfur, carbon and dust.

All this has a very negative impact on nature and ultimately leads to a change in vegetation cover in the western part of both the Putorana Nature Reserve and the protected zone. In the scientific literature you can find a lot of information about the impact of industrial emissions on local plants, while the reserve staff themselves do not conduct their own research. The exact size of the area that is exposed to harmful industrial emissions has not yet been definitively established. According to some preliminary estimates, the work of the mining and metallurgical plant in Norilsk negatively affects approximately 1/10 of the area of the Putorana Nature Reserve and 1/3 of the protected zone.

Natural objects

In the reserve central natural object The vast Putorana plateau, which covers an area of about 2.5 million hectares, is considered. In Central Siberia it is considered the largest trap basalt plateau. On post-Soviet space Relief of this type is not observed anywhere else. It is worth noting that on the plateau economic activity has never been carried out in all history.

Hydrological objects are represented in the reserve by the intersecting basins of the Khatanga, Pyasina and the largest rivers, the Yenisei.

Puritan Reserve has many waterfalls that give it incredible beauty. Here is the highest waterfall in Russia (108 meters).

The numerous lakes of the Putorana Nature Reserve are famous for their uniqueness and great depth, within 180-420 meters.

Vegetation

In the Putorana Nature Reserve, where wild nature Russia reveals itself in all its glory, there are 398, which is 61% of the entire flora of the plateau. Among them, it is worth noting rare plants, for example, white-haired poppy, spotted slipper, Rhodiola rosea and Asian swimmer. There are also endemics of Putorana - variegated poppy, late marigold and Putorana jasmine, among the endemics mountain systems Byrranga and Putoran are eared fescue, and the endemics of the Siberian north are represented by long-horned dandelion, Taimyr grasshopper and long-nosed sytem.

Land animals

The Putorana Nature Reserve unites vertebrates of taiga, tundra, forest and other widespread animals living in the mountains. The plateau is the northern limit of the distribution of many species, including sable, lynx, common squirrel, elk, goshawk, wood lemming, hazel grouse, wood grouse and wood grouse, woodpeckers, hawk owl, deep and common cuckoo, many species from the orders of passerines, shorebirds and other animals.

This region of the northern part of Central Siberia is the main nesting site for the white-tailed eagle and gyrfalcon. The southeastern part is characterized by nesting sites of the little curlew, and the center of the Putorana plateau is home to most of the population of Putorana bighorn sheep. Bears, wolves and wolverines are found here in large numbers, playing an important role in the local biocenoses.

Seasonal migrations are considered a unique and very striking phenomenon of the animal world of the Putorana Nature Reserve. large quantities wild reindeer. An important part of the area of migration routes is the Putorana Plateau, through which almost the entire population of Taimyr deer passes (about 450-480 thousand individuals). They stay on the plateau for about 5-6 months throughout the year. They pass in a narrow front, ranging from 100 to 150 kilometers, so we can conclude that there is a so-called migration channel here, allowing up to 220 thousand wild reindeer to pass through each year.

Amphibians: Siberian salamander

This is the only animal from the amphibian class represented on the Putorana Plateau. A characteristic species for the entire taiga region of Russia, distributed to the northern regions of the forest-tundra zone, almost to its northern borders. Nevertheless, the Siberian salamander is very rare for the northern part of the Krasnoyarsk Territory and is often found only in the upper reaches of the Podkamennaya Tunguska River in pine forests.

In the center of the Putorana Nature Reserve, this representative of amphibians was discovered back in July 1982 on Lake Kharpicha. Therefore, the very case of finding a Siberian salamander in the amount of four individuals in the center of the Putorana Mountains at an altitude of 481 meters is very important event and is of some interest from the point of view of zoogeography.

The reserve's endemic species is the Putorana bighorn sheep.

The Putorana Nature Reserve is the only region home to one of the largest little-studied animals in the world - the Putorana bighorn sheep. It is identified here as a separate subspecies and included in the Red Book of the Soviet Union, and now Russia. Its habitat is the central region of the Putorana Mountains, at a distance of hundreds of kilometers from the region of distribution of the remaining subspecies of bighorn sheep.

Water world of Putorana

In the Putorana Nature Reserve, 36 species of fish live in the river waters. Many endemic species have been recorded here, such as Siberian grayling, whitefish and char. Most of them have not yet been sufficiently studied, and their taxonomic status has not been determined. The presence of many intraspecific forms greatly increases the diversity of fish in this protected area.

Main protected species

Of the mammals, the following species are most carefully protected: bighorn sheep, elk, ermine, reindeer, muskrat, sable, lynx, brown bear. Birds include the gyrfalcon, the lesser lesser white-fronted lesser white-fronted lesser hawk, the white-tailed eagle, the gray owl, the rock owl, the black crane, the goshawk, and the little swan.

The most protected fish species are represented by Siberian grayling, muksun, Ussuri whitefish and Arctic char, and as for amphibians, only the Siberian salamander is protected.

Nature reserves of the Krasnoyarsk Territory

In total, seven nature reserves have been created in the Krasnoyarsk Territory. Last August, the Russian Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment decided to unite the Krasnoyarsk nature reserves. The Putoransky, Taimyrsky, and Great Arctic Nature Reserves of the Krasnoyarsk Territory were united.

Taimyr nature reserves have a lot of tourist attractions. These are lakes, gorges, plateaus and mountain caves. Despite the remoteness of this place, the number of visitors is constantly growing. The Directorate of Taimyr Nature Reserves has developed the following projects of tourist excursions: environmental, event, educational and ethnotourism.

Target. Preservation of unique geological formations and natural complexes around them. The most valuable and famous natural complexes are around picturesque rock formations - syenite outcrops - "pillars" that gave the reserve its name, as well as karsts and caves.

Currently, its area is 47,154 hectares.

22 species of fish, 130 species of birds and 45 species of mammals have been recorded on the territory of the reserve. The precious predator of the taiga is the sable. By the time the reserve was established, it was completely exterminated in these places, but in the 60s it again became a common inhabitant of the reserved taiga. The reserve is very rich in wild ungulates. Red deer and musk deer find exceptionally favorable conditions here. The bird kingdom in the reserve is represented by such birds as hazel grouse, wood grouse, three-toed woodpecker, nutcracker, deaf cuckoo, warbler, blackbirds, bluetail, Far Eastern and blue nightingales, starling, lesser and white-backed woodpeckers, white-capped bunting, lentils, and chaffinch. Among the fish in the reserve, whitefish, grayling, chebak, dace, spikefish, perch, pike, burbot, crucian carp and others live.

Fifteen meters from the Feathers there is a low rock. It resembles a large lion's head. On the western side there are two colossal stone pedestals, covered in space by a huge monolithic stone. When you look at them, you get the impression that the stone, under the influence of its own weight, is about to move apart the rocks and collapse to the ground. This rock was called the Lion Gate. The climb to the top of the Lion Gate is easy. Crevices, ledges and flat slabs can be easily overcome.