Third-party materials: “The state and Russian society at the beginning of the 20th century. The state and Russian society at the end of the 19th and beginning of the 20th in a presentation for a history lesson (grade 9) on the topic

Territory and population of the Russian Empire

At the beginning of the 20th century. The Russian Empire was one of the largest countries in the world. In terms of territory size - more than 22 million km (almost 17% of the inhabited landmass) - it took second place, second only to British Empire.

  • Show on the map the territories that were part of the Russian Empire at the beginning of the 20th century.

The Russian Empire was divided into provinces and regions. Only the Grand Duchy of Finland retained its autonomy. The Khanate of Khiva and the Emirate of Bukhara were dependent on Russia.

According to the 1897 census, more than 128 million people lived in the country (third place after the British Empire and China).

The Russian Empire was a multinational country. More than 100 peoples and nationalities lived in it.

All major religions coexisted in the vast expanses of the country. The majority of the population, and primarily Russians, professed Orthodoxy. A considerable part of the Russian population considered themselves to be Old Believer Church. In Poland, the Baltic provinces and Finland, the majority of the population professed Catholicism and Protestantism. Large group peoples - Tatars, Bashkirs, many mountaineers of the Caucasus, Azerbaijanis, peoples of Central Asia - were Muslims. Kalmyks and Buryats were followers of Buddhism. Part of the population professed Judaism. Many indigenous peoples of the North and Siberia retained pagan beliefs.

Features of Russian modernization

At the beginning of the 20th century. The process of modernization continued in Russia.

Rice. One of the first tram lines in Moscow. Beginning of the 20th century

Modernization has covered all leading countries, but Russian modernization had its own characteristics. Let's look at the most important ones. Let's start with the economy.

You know that Russia entered the path of capitalist development relatively late (when?). Catching up with the countries that had gone ahead, it had to move as quickly as possible, move to an industrial society in short terms. Modernization of the economy required the exertion of all the forces of society. It took place on the initiative and under the control of the state. At the beginning of the 20th century. modernization covered mainly those sectors of the economy on which the military and political power of the country depended. (Guess which ones.)

Political system. State symbols

Modernization is not limited to the economy. It also consists of transforming political and social relations. The political system of the Russian Empire at the beginning of the 20th century. has not undergone significant changes.

The Russian Empire remained an autocratic monarchy. All the fullness was concentrated in the hands of the emperor state power- legislative, executive, partly judicial.

The advisory body under the emperor was the State Council. He had the right to “submit opinions to the emperor on matters of legislation.” But the emperor was not at all obliged to listen to these opinions. The monarch led the country through the Committee of Ministers, which was the highest executive body of the empire. The ministers were responsible only to the emperor. The Emperor was the head not only of the state, but also of the Russian Orthodox Church, officially recognized as “primary and dominant” in the country. Control Orthodox Church the king carried out through the Synod. The highest government institutions included the Senate, which monitored the legality of the actions of senior officials and had the right to promulgate laws.

The coat of arms of the Russian Empire was double headed eagle With royal regalia- crowns, scepter and orb. National flag was a panel with white, blue and red horizontal stripes. The national anthem began with the words: “God save the Tsar...”

Social structure

Modernization of the economy at the beginning of the 20th century. accompanied important changes in the social structure of society.

According to the law, the entire population of Russia was traditionally divided into classes - hereditary and personal nobles, honorary citizens, merchants of the 1st, 2nd, 3rd guilds, burghers, peasants, Cossacks, etc. Remember which feature is the main one when distinguishing classes - economic or legal (legal) .

Modernization destroyed class barriers. The traditional division into estates was supplemented and replaced by division into classes.

As in other countries that embarked on an industrial footing, the most powerful class in Russian society from an economic point of view was the bourgeoisie. The number of the big bourgeoisie (that is, those with incomes exceeding 10 thousand rubles per year) was insignificant. At the beginning of the century it was approximately 25 thousand people (with family members 125 thousand), in 1910 - about 30 thousand (with family members 200 thousand). The Russian bourgeoisie did not have a strong support in society, since there were practically no middle strata of the population, that is, small owners. She was closely associated with the government and had no political rights. There was merciless exploitation of wage workers in factories and factories.

Many representatives of the Russian bourgeoisie were educated people, were engaged in charity, philanthropy and educational activities. Textile manufacturer P. M. Tretyakov donated to Moscow unique collection Russian national painting and the magnificent building in which it was housed. With the financial assistance of S. T. Morozov, the Moscow Art Theater was created.

By the beginning of the 20th century. in Russia there were approximately 13 million wage workers, of which 2.8 million were hereditary workers, the rest were first-generation workers, usually from the countryside. According to the law adopted on June 14, 1897, the working day was 11.5 hours. Earnings were barely enough to make ends meet. A coal miner in the Donbass in 1902 could earn no more than 24 rubles. per month, and the minimum expenses, not counting housing fees, for a family of 4 people were 30 rubles. The families of many workers lived from hand to mouth. Enterprises had a draconian system of fines - they took up to 30% of wages. As a rule, workers huddled in barracks built at factories, the entire furniture of which consisted of two-story bunks and long dining tables and benches. The workers did not have basic civil rights, and this particularly outraged them. They could not create organizations even to protect their economic interests. Participation in strikes was punishable by imprisonment from 2 to 8 months. The lack of rights was aggravated by police brutality.

Rice. Construction workers. 1904

The highest social group in Russia was the local nobility. The landowners owned vast land properties, but changes were taking place here too. Land ownership ceased to be exclusively noble. In 1905, more than a third of large estates belonged to non-nobles. Only a few noble landowners were able to transfer their farms to capitalist lines, transform them into model estates using agricultural machines and hired labor. In 1905 there were no more than 3% of such estates. The vast majority of landowners were unable to adapt to the new conditions. Their expenses, as a rule, exceeded their income. Lands were mortgaged and remortgaged and sold.

Among the peasants it was wealth stratification. People appeared in the village whose main source of wealth was the exploitation of hired labor, trade, and usury. It was they, and not all wealthy owners, who were called kulaks. By the beginning of the 20th century. kulaks made up 2-3% of the peasant population. Approximately 15% of wealthy peasants joined them. The main measure of prosperity is the presence of a certain number of livestock - more than four horses, the same number of cows. At the other extreme of the village are horseless farms (approximately 25%). The extreme manifestation of poverty was the absence of a cow - such farms numbered up to 10%. The peasantry was suffocating from acute land shortages. There was not enough land, many peasants were forced to rent land from landowners.

They paid for the land with money or work in favor of the landowner (working off). The peasants continued to pay the state money for their liberation from serfdom.

They remained the most powerless category of the population. Class courts and corporal punishment were preserved. Village life was under the control of zemstvo chiefs.

An important role in public life Russia was played by the intelligentsia. By the beginning of the 20th century. in Russia, 2.7% of the population was engaged primarily in mental work: scientists, teachers, doctors, liberal professions (lawyers, journalists, writers, artists, etc.). By 1917, their number doubled and amounted to 1.5 million people.

Lifestyle

Over 80% of the Russian population lived in rural areas. At the same time, the urban population grew rapidly. At the same time, a third of the townspeople were concentrated in major cities.

The lifestyle of the urban population of European Russia, Finland, Poland, the Baltic, and southwestern provinces was increasingly approaching the level of the industrial era. Multi-story building has expanded widely housing construction. Electricity, elevators, running water and telephones became commonplace in the homes of wealthy citizens. Trams ran quickly along the streets next to cab drivers, and cars were no longer a rarity.

The country's rural residents adhered to the traditional way of life, age-old rules and norms of behavior, although urban trends also penetrated into the villages. At the same time, many peoples of the Russian Empire were practically not affected by the influence of civilization. Their life, way of life, culture and beliefs were at the level of tribal relations.

In terms of population literacy, Russia occupied one of the highest last places in Europe. In 1897, 21.2% were literate: 29.3% among men, 13.1% among women. The literate population lived mainly in large cities. Higher education had one person out of a hundred, the average was four people. Only among the nobility and clergy there were practically no illiterate people. The state spent 43 rubles per year per capita on educational needs, while England and Germany spent about 4 rubles, the USA - 7 rubles.

Thus, the Russian Empire at the beginning of the 20th century. was a multinational power with a huge territory that had embarked on the path of industrial modernization, but retained traditional political foundations.

Expanding vocabulary

Autonomy- self-government, the right to independently resolve internal issues by any part of the state, a separate institution.

Industrial society- a society in which the process of creating a large, technically developed industry, predominant over agriculture, has been completed.

Patronage- patronage of any business, science, culture.

Modernization- process of transition from traditional society to industrial society.

Self-test questions

  1. What territories were part of the Russian Empire at the beginning of the 20th century?
  2. What religions did the subjects of the Russian Empire profess? What religion was the state religion?
  3. What is modernization? What are the features of Russian economic modernization?
  4. What changes took place in the social structure of Russian society?
  5. What new challenges did Russia face at the beginning of the 20th century? How are they related to modernization?

Express your point of view on the question: “What problems facing the country at the beginning of the 20th century do you consider the most important, acute, and why?”

Slide 2

Slide 3

Territory.

The Russian Empire is one of the largest countries in the world. Territory - more than 22 million km² (almost 17% of the inhabited landmass; second place after the British Empire).

Slide 4

Slide 5

Slide 6

Population.

According to the 1897 census - 128.2 million people ( III place after the British Empire and China) Multinational country: more than 100 peoples and nationalities. Multi-confessional state: Orthodoxy (Old Believers, Catholicism and Protestantism); Islam; Buddhism; Judaism; Paganism.

Slide 7

Features of Russian modernization

Russia entered the capitalist path of development relatively late; 2nd echelon of capitalist development Modernization was of a “catch-up” nature; It took place on the initiative and under the control of the state. At the beginning of the 20th century, it covered mainly those sectors of the economy on which the military and political power of the country depended.

Slide 8

Slide 9

Political system.

Russia - autocratic monarchy. All power (legislative, executive, and judicial) was concentrated in the hands of the emperor.

Slide 10

Slide 11

Local government

  • Slide 12

    Slide 13

    Nicholas II (1894-1917)

  • Slide 14

    Emperor with family

  • Slide 15

    Symbolism

    Coat of arms Flag Hymn "God Save the Tsar."

    Slide 16

    Slide 17

    Social structure: bourgeoisie

    The most powerful class from an economic point of view is the BOURGEOISIE - a social stratum of the Russian Empire that owned property in the means of production, that is, plants and factories. The numerical composition is 40 thousand large and 400 thousand medium, which is 0.02 and 0.2% of the population.

    Slide 18

    Social structure: patrons of the arts from the bourgeoisie

    TRETYAKOV Pavel Mikhailovich Russian merchant-entrepreneur, collector of works of domestic art, founder of a public private art gallery. Donated to Moscow the collection and the building in which it was housed Savva Timofeevich MOROZOV Russian entrepreneur, who provided financial assistance to create the Moscow art theater

    Slide 19

    Social structure: workers

  • Slide 20

    Number: 13 million hired workers, of which 2.8 million are hereditary workers, the rest are first-generation workers, usually from the village. Position: see textbook page 8

    Slide 21

    Social structure: landed nobility

    Nobility - highest social group in Russia, which gradually lost the centuries-old privilege of monopoly ownership of land. In 1905, more than a third of large estates belonged to non-nobles. Only 3% of estates were model farms using agricultural machines and hired labor of agricultural workers.

    Slide 22

    Social structure: peasantry

    There was property stratification. There appeared: kulaks (2-3%), whose main source of wealth was the exploitation of hired labor, trade and usury. wealthy peasants (more than 4 horses, the same number of cows) - 15%; Horseless people – 25%; Poor (lack of cows) – up to 10%. Problems: Land shortage; Payment for liberation from serfdom; Lack of rights; Corporal punishment; Control of zemstvo chiefs.

    The presentation presents illustrative, statistical material to characterize Russia at the turn of the century. Video material from the encyclopedia "Cyril and Methodius" is used (due to limitations in the size of the uploaded file, video is not included in the work)

    Download:

    Preview:

    To use presentation previews, create an account for yourself ( account) Google and log in: https://accounts.google.com


    Slide captions:

    State and Russian society V late XIX- beginning of the 20th century. For the lesson in grades 9 and 11

    Territory. The Russian Empire is one of the largest countries in the world. Territory - more than 22 million km² (almost 17% of the inhabited landmass; second place after the British Empire).

    Population. According to the 1897 census - 128.2 million people (III place after the British Empire and China) Multinational country: more than 100 peoples and nationalities. Multi-confessional state: Orthodoxy (Old Believers, Catholicism and Protestantism); Islam; Buddhism; Judaism; Paganism.

    Features of Russian modernization Russia entered the capitalist path of development relatively late; 2nd echelon of capitalist development Modernization was of a “catch-up” nature; It took place on the initiative and under the control of the state. At the beginning of the 20th century, it covered mainly those sectors of the economy on which the military and political power of the country depended.

    Political system. Russia is an autocratic monarchy. All power (legislative, executive, and judicial) was concentrated in the hands of the emperor.

    Local government

    Nicholas II (1894-1917)

    Emperor with family

    Symbols Coat of Arms Flag Hymn “God Save the Tsar.”

    Social structure: bourgeoisie The most powerful class from an economic point of view is the BOURGEOISIE - a social stratum of the Russian Empire that owned property in the means of production, that is, plants and factories. The numerical composition is 40 thousand large and 400 thousand medium, which is 0.02 and 0.2% of the population.

    Social structure: patrons of the arts from the bourgeoisie TRETYAKOV Pavel Mikhailovich Russian merchant-entrepreneur, collector of works of Russian art, founder of a public private art gallery. The collection and the building in which it was housed were donated to Moscow by Savva Timofeevich MOROZOV, a Russian entrepreneur who provided financial assistance for the creation of the Moscow Art Theater

    Social structure: workers

    Number: 13 million hired workers, of which 2.8 million are hereditary workers, the rest are first-generation workers, usually from the village. Position: see textbook page 8

    Social structure: landed nobility The nobility is the highest social group in Russia, which gradually lost the centuries-old privilege of monopoly ownership of land. In 1905, more than a third of large estates belonged to non-nobles. Only 3% of estates were model farms using agricultural machines and hired labor of agricultural workers.

    Social structure: peasantry There was property stratification. There appeared: kulaks (2-3%), whose main source of wealth was the exploitation of hired labor, trade and usury. wealthy peasants (more than 4 horses, the same number of cows) - 15%; Horseless people – 25%; Poor (no cows) – up to 10%. Problems: Land shortage; Payment for liberation from serfdom; Lack of rights; Corporal punishment; Control of zemstvo chiefs.

    Social structure: Intelligentsia. Number: about 870 thousand. Mental work: scientists, teachers, doctors, lawyers, journalists, writers, artists, etc. Played an important role in public life.

    Lifestyle Over 80% of the population lived in rural areas. Growth of cities (urbanization) Two capitals: St. Petersburg (more than 2 million) and Moscow (slightly less) See textbook pp. 11-12

    Urban population of Russia

    THE STATE AND RUSSIAN SOCIETY AT THE END OF THE 19TH AND BEGINNING OF THE XX CENTURY. For the lesson in grades 9 and 11

    Territory. The Russian Empire is one of the largest countries in the world. Territory - more than 22 million km² (almost 17% of the inhabited landmass; second place after the British Empire).

    Territory and administrative structure of the Russian Empire. At the beginning of the 20th century. The territorial formation of the Russian Empire ended. In addition to Great Russia, it included: the Baltic states, Ukraine, Belarus, part of Poland, Finland, Bessarabia, North Caucasus and Transcaucasia, Kazakhstan Central Asia. The Emirate of Bukhara and the Khanate of Khiva were vassals. In 1914 under the protectorate of Russia

    The ratio of urban and rural population in Russia and some largest countries(1908-1914) Urban population in % Rural population in % 15.0 85.0 European Russia 14, 4 85, 6 Privislinsky lips. 24.7 75.3 Caucasus 14.5 85.5 Siberia 11.9 88.1 Central Asia 14.5 85.5 By population ratio Finland 15.5 84.5 urban and rural population England and Wales 78.0 22. 0 Russia occupied one of the last places Norway 72, 0 28, 0 places in the row largest states Germany 56, 1 43, 9 USA (USA) 41, 5 58, 5 France 41, 2 58, 8 The rural population of the empire The country significantly prevailed over the urban population. From total number inhabitants 174,099,600 people, 24,648,400 people lived in cities, i.e. only 14.2% (1913 data). beginning of the 20th century. Russia

    Population density The entire population of the empire, i.e. 174,099,600 people (1913), lived in an area of ​​19,155,588 square meters. versts A significant part of the population was concentrated in cities, if we take only rural population, then there were 7 or 8 people per square verst. The most densely populated region of the empire was the Vistula region, where per square meter. There were 190.0 inhabitants per verst, and the least densely populated was Siberia, where the density of the population of Russia and other states (without colonies). Country of Inhabitants per 1 sq. verst Russia 9, 1 England 157, 9 European Russia 29, 6 Italy 132, 2 Privislinsky lips. 120.0 Germany 127.7 Caucasus 30.3 Austria-Hungary 85.6 Siberia 0.9 France 83.1 Central Asia 3.5 Denmark 20.5 Finland 11.2 Sweden 13.6 Belgium 273.1 USA (USA) 10, 9 Holland 177, 2 Norway 8, 1

    Population. Ø Ø Ø According to the 1897 census - 128.2 million people (III place after the British Empire and China) Multinational country: more than 100 peoples and nationalities. Multi-confessional state: Orthodoxy (Old Believers, Catholicism and Protestantism); Islam; Buddhism; Judaism; Paganism.

    National composition of the Russian Empire According to the 1897 census (during which the question was asked not about nationality, but about their native language), q Great Russians made up 43.4% of the population (80.5 million people), q Little Russians - 18.4% of the population (33.4 million people), q Belarusians - 4 million people. All of them were officially considered “Russians,” whose number thus amounted to 117.9 million people. Together Slavic peoples(Russians, Ukrainians, Belarusians, as well as Poles, Bulgarians and others) made up about 75% of the empire’s population. million people % Russian language 55, 667 44, 3 Ukrainian 22, 381 17, 8 Polish language 7, 931 6, 3 Belarusian language 5, 886 4, 7 Chart Title Russian language Ukrainian language Polish language Belarusian language

    Main religious beliefs in the Russian Empire there were six: 1. Orthodox, to which Russians, Romanians and others belong. 2. Muslim - almost the entire mass of the Turkish-Tatars and mountaineers of the Caucasus; 3. Catholic - Poles and most of the Lithuanians; 4. Protestant - Finns, Germans and part of the Lithuanians; 5. Judaic - Jews 6. Armenian-Gregorian - Armenians. Religious composition of the population of the Russian Empire in% according to the General Census of 1897 Region Orthodox with co-religionists and Old Believers Jews Other Christians Other non-Christians Muslims European Russia 83, 58 3, 30 4, 07 0, 24 0, 341) Privislinsk provinces. 74, 32 4, 46 14, 01 0, 00 34, 54 0, 47 0, 61 0, 63 12, 49 0, 32 89, 97 2, 20 0, 60 0, 28 0, 60 0, 01 6, 342) Central Asia 9, 18 90, 29 0, 17 0, 12 0, 16 0, 02 Finland 1, 90 - - 98, 00 - 0, 10 - Total for the empire 69, 90 10, 83 8, 91 4, 85 4, 05 0, 96 0, 50 Catholics Protestants 3, 82 4, 65 7, 16 0, 05 Caucasus 50, 94 Siberia 1) Including 0, 18% of Buddhists and Lamaists. 2) Including 4.30% Buddhists and Lamaists.

    Literacy of the population of the Russian Empire (without Finland) according to the General Census of 1897. Literacy per 1000 people. District Male Women Both sexes Literate men per 10 literate women % literate in the population, not counting children under 9 years old % literate men, not counting children under 9 years old European Russia 326 137 229 24 30 43 Privislinsky lips. 342 268 305 13 41 46 Caucasus 182 60 124 26 17 26 Central Asia Total for the empire (excluding Finland)

    Literacy of the population of the Russian Empire (without Finland) according to the General Census of 1897. European Russia Vistula lips. Caucasus Siberia Central Asia Total for the empire

    75 manufacturing industry 12 handicrafts and other trades 10 private service 4. 6 trade 3. 8 80 70 60 50 40 30 20th stan t y s t a n g e r servi ce s r e p r i e s s e r m e r w a t y P r o m e y s h o l e s i s i n t y 0 10 Rural population of the Russian Empire was driven by agriculture, which employed about ¾ of its inhabitants. Then follows: 1. manufacturing industry, 2. crafts and other trades, which employed about 10%, 3. private service (4.6%) 4. trade (3.8%). In general, these four types of activities employed over 92.5% of the population and the rest accounted for no more than 7.5%. Agriculture o Population employment Main activity Series 1

    Estates in the Russian Empire At the beginning of the 20th century. V government documents all subjects of the Russian Empire were divided into four classes ("states"): 1. nobility, 2. clergy, 3. urban inhabitants (honorary citizens, guild merchants, townspeople and townspeople, artisans or guilds) 4. rural inhabitants (that is, peasants) . The local (non-Christian) population of Kazakhstan, Siberia and a number of other regions were separated into an independent “state” and were called foreigners. This category was governed by a special law. Composition of the population of Russia (without Finland) by class per 1000 people, according to the General Census of 1897 Nobles and officials Clergy Honorary citizens and merchants Bourgeois Peasants Cossacks Foreigners Other European Russia 15 5 6 106 841 16 5 6 Caucasus 24 6 4 81 748 104 15 18 Siberia 8 3 3 56 709 45 146 30 Central Asia 4 - 1 20 50 33 889 3 District Total for the empire

    Other Foreigners Cossacks Peasants (excluding Finland) Total throughout the empire Bourgeois Honorary citizens and merchants Clergy Nobles and officials 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800

    IN real life class barriers were being eroded, and the population was becoming more and more clearly divided along class, i.e., economic, lines. At the same time, a feature of Russia was the simultaneous existence of the main classes of both the traditional (feudal) society - landowners and peasants, and the capitalist one - the bourgeoisie and the proletariat. At the same time, processes of stratification and erosion took place within the classes themselves; many people were in an intermediate, borderline state between different classes.

    Social structure: bourgeoisie The most powerful class from an economic point of view is the BOURGEOISIE - a social stratum of the Russian Empire that owned property in the means of production, that is, plants and factories. The numerical composition is 40 thousand large and 400 thousand medium, which is 0.02 and 0.2% of the population.

    Social structure: patrons of the arts from the bourgeoisie MOROZOV Savva Timofeevich Russian entrepreneur who provided financial assistance for the creation of the Moscow Art Theater TRETYAKOV Pavel Mikhailovich Russian merchant-entrepreneur, collector of works of domestic art, founder of a public private art gallery. Donated the collection and the building in which it was housed to Moscow

    Number: 13 million hired workers, of which 2.8 million are hereditary workers, the rest are first-generation workers, usually from the countryside.

    Social structure: landed nobility The nobility is the highest social group in Russia, which gradually lost the centuries-old privilege of monopoly ownership of land. In 1905, more than a third of large estates belonged to non-nobles. Only 3% of estates were model farms using agricultural machines and hired labor of agricultural workers.

    Social structure: peasantry q. There was property stratification. There appeared: kulaks (2-3%), whose main source of wealth was the exploitation of hired labor, trade and usury. qwealthy peasants (more than 4 horses, the same number of cows) – 15%; q. Horseless people – 25%; q. Poor (no cows) – up to 10%. Problems: ØLack of land; ØPayment for liberation from serfdom; ØLack of rights; ØCorporal punishment; ØControl of zemstvo chiefs.

    Social structure: Intelligentsia. Number: about 870 thousand. Mental work: scientists, teachers, doctors, lawyers, journalists, writers, artists, etc. Played an important role in public life.

    The lesson plan reveals the main problems of Russian society at the beginning of the 20th century. The lesson uses individual and group forms of work, partially search and research methods are used, and work is also carried out with various historical materials.

    View document contents
    “The state and Russian society at the end of the 19th and beginning of the 20th centuries”

    LESSON PLAN


    The state and Russian society at the endXIX-beginningXXcentury

    1. Full name Khomenko Natalya Nikolaevna

    2. Place of work Altai region, Zonal district of MKOU Lugovskaya secondary school No. 1

    3. Position Teacher

    4. Item History and social studies

    5. Class 9th grade

    6. Topic and lesson number“The state and Russian society at the end of the 19th and beginning of the 20th

    in section The first lesson in the section “Russia at the turn of the 19th-20th centuries”

    7. Basic tutorial: History of Russia, XX - beginning of XXI in: textbook. for 9th grade. general education. institutions / A.A.Danilov, L.G.Kosulina, M.Yu.Brandt. - M.: Education, 2011

    8. Target: update the necessary knowledge of students from the course of Russian history of the 19th century; find out the features of the development of Russia at the beginning of the 20th century

    9. Tasks:

    - educational: form an idea of ​​the main features and problems of territorial, social, economic development and the political system of the Russian Empire at the turn of the 19th-20th centuries. Find out the meaning of the concepts: autonomy, industrial society, modernization, Russification, features of the Russian version of modernization.

    - developing: continue to develop the skills to analyze, compare, highlight essential features using the example of characteristics of estates and classes of Russian society, the ability to work with a historical map, and independently draw conclusions.

    - educational: express your attitude to the situation in which Russia found itself at the end of the 19th and beginning of the 20th centuries, to awaken students’ interest in independently solving historical problems.

    10. Lesson type: learning new material

    11. Forms of student work:

      individual,

      group

    12. Teaching methods:

      partial-search

      research

    13 .Necessary technical equipment :

      Computer, projector

      Textbook “History of Russia, XX - early XXI centuries: A.A. Danilov, L.G. Kosulina, M.Yu. Brandt. - M.: Education, 2009

      Map "Russian Empire at the beginning of the 20th century"

    STRUCTURE AND PROGRESS OF THE LESSON

    Stage

    lesson

    Teacher activities

    Student activity

    Time

    Organizational moment

    Purpose of the stage:

    Psychological attitude to class.

    Concentrating students' attention through conversation, checking students' preparation for the lesson

    Greetings from the teachers.

    Preparation for the main stage of the lesson

    Purpose of the stage:

    Ensuring motivation and acceptance by students of the goals of educational and cognitive activities, updating background knowledge and skills

    Showing a slide with silence

    - What period of the history of our state did we study in eighth grade?

    What was the name of our state in the 19th century?

    Which historical events Do you remember from the history of our state of the 19th century?

    Which emperor ruled Russian Empire in the 19th century?

    Lesson topic: State and Russian society in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.

    What do you think we will talk about while studying this topic?

    That's right guys, this is the goal of our lesson.

    Write the topic and lesson plan in your notebook.

    Students are divided into groups

    Each group is presented with a “Case”

    Answer questions

    Suggested answers:

    1. territory and population

    2.control system

    3.economic development

    5 min

    Learning new material.

    Purpose of the stage:

    Ensuring the perception, comprehension and primary memorization of knowledge and methods of action, connections and relationships in the object of study

    Problem task: Determine for yourself which problems facing the country at the beginning of the 20th century do you consider the most important and pressing and why?

    What sources will you use to study this topic?

    Using the text of the textbook, historical documents, statistics, we will answer the question posed problematic issue

    Working with dictionary words: Russification, estates, confession, multi-structured economy, philanthropists.

    Each group is given sheets to record the facts and tasks to answer the questions posed.

    -at the beginning of the 20th century, the process of modernization continued in Russia. Remember what modernization is?

    Based on the textbook, highlight the features of Russian economic modernization.

    What is an industrial society?

    Working with historical document“From a letter from S.Yu. Witte to Nikolai 1” and tables.

    Carefully read the text of the document and analyze the data in the table. What conclusions can be drawn based on these sources?

    3.Working with the textbook

    Draw up a diagram of “Higher authorities”.

    Highlight problems of political development

    Remember what groups the population of Russia was divided into? What were these groups called?

    Remember which feature is the main one when distinguishing classes - economic or legal (legal)?

    Remember what were the names of population groups distinguished by economic characteristics and characteristic of to a greater extent for an industrial society?

    Right. Modernization destroyed class barriers. The traditional division into estates was supplemented and replaced by division into classes.

    Working with the textbook: draw up a diagram “The social structure of Russian society in the 19th and 20th centuries”

    What's special social structure Russia during the period under review?

    Study the text and present the results of the work.

    Students become familiar with vocabulary words

    Suggested answer:

    Russia is a multinational state, but the solution national question the government lowered it. Religious problems, preservation of national culture, language, overcoming differences in the level of development, inequality in comparison with the Russian people.

    They draw conclusions about the possibility of a contradictory influence of the country’s characteristics on its fate. Write down concepts in a notebook.

    Answer: modernization is the transition from a traditional society to an industrial one.

    Peculiarities:

    1. catch-up development

    2. inconsistency of the state social structure with the requirements of modernization

    3.leading role of the state in modernization

    4.country overvoltage

    this is a society in which the process of creating a large, technically developed industry (as the basis and leading sector of the economy) and the corresponding social and political structures has been completed.

    See Appendix No. 1

    Suggested answer:

    Russia needs industrialization.

    The increase in the number of railways allowed the development of capitalism in poorly developed territories.

    If at the pace industrial production Russia was ahead of the capitalist countries, but in terms of its absolute results it was far behind them

    Independently search for solutions to a learning problem

    Present the results of the work and draw conclusions.

    They check the correctness of the task, correct and supplement the records.

    Suggested answer:

    See Appendix No. 2

    Main problem political development is the presence of autocratic power and the lack of political rights among the population.

    Suggested answer:

    List population groups and give definitions.

    Estate is a group of people who have the same rights and responsibilities, established by customs or laws and transmitted by inheritance.

    Legal attribute.

    Complete tasks and present the results of the work.

    See Appendix No. 3

    Feature of social structures of Russia: the simultaneous existence of classes of feudal society and classes of capitalist society

    20 min

    Generalization and systematization of knowledge

    Purpose of the stage:

    Formation of a holistic system of leading knowledge on the topic

    What problems facing the country at the beginning of the 20th century do you consider the most important, pressing, and why?

    Complete the problem task (written on pieces of paper). In pairs, check the correctness of the task, correct and supplement the notes.

    Control and self-test of knowledge

    Purpose of the stage:

    Identifying the quality and level of mastery of knowledge and methods of action, ensuring their correction

    Verification testing

    6 min

    Summing up the lesson

    Purpose of the stage:

    Provide an analysis and assessment of the success of achieving the goal and outline the prospects for further work

    Summarizes and gives grades for the lesson.

    Students are asked to complete the following sentences orally or in writing.

    Options:

    “In today’s lesson, I understood, I learned, I figured it out...”;

    “I would praise myself...”;

    “I especially liked...”;

    “After the lesson I wanted...”;

    "I dream about...";

    “Today I managed...”;

    “I managed...”;

    “It was interesting...”;

    "It was difficult...";

    “I realized that...”;

    "Now I can...";

    “I felt that...”;

    "I learned...";

    “I was surprised...”, etc.

    Complete the task.

    Information about homework, instructions on how to complete it

    Purpose of the stage:

    Ensuring an understanding of the purpose, content and methods of completing homework. Checking relevant records

    It is suggested to write down homework to the lesson. (Write it on the board).

    Paragraph 1, questions, tasks orally.

    Prepare mini projects, presentations on the lifestyle of urban or rural residents or classes, classes, national groups at the beginning of the century (optional).

    Or create a crossword puzzle on the topic “Russia at the turn of the 19th-20th centuries”

    2 min

    Appendix No. 1

    document 1

    From a letter from S.Yu. Witte to Nicholas II

    At present, the political power of the Great Powers, which are called upon to solve grandiose historical problems in the world, is created not only by the strength of spirit of their people, but also by their economic structure. Even a country's military potential is determined... by the degree of its industrial development. Russia needs, perhaps more than any other country, adequate economic basis for her national policy and culture.

    Opinion of a historian: from the book by L. Holmes “The Social History of Russia: 1917-1941”

    Industrialization for Russia was an absolute necessity. Russia has already for a long time played the role of a great power and did it quite successfully since the time of Peter the Great. But in the 20th century, in order to maintain this status, it needed industrialization. There was no choice: for better or worse; but Russia was part of Europe and could not escape its conflicts.

    Information about railways

    Total open in throughout the year,

    In total it was by the end of the year,

    Growth in the cost of products produced by the coal, oil and metallurgical industries for 1896-1910 (in million rubles)

    Coal

    (coal mining, coke production)

    Oil

    (oil production and refining)

    Metallurgical

    (ore mining, ferrous and non-ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy, metalworking)


    • Related articles