Soviet pioneer. What did the pioneers do in the USSR, how were they accepted into the Komsomol and who were the Octoberists? The origins of the pioneer movement
It was on this day in 1922 that the first pioneer organization was created. This decision was made by the 2nd All-Russian Komsomol Conference in order to attract children to active participation V public life countries. Pioneer organizations were created in the image and likeness of scout organizations that already existed in Russia.
History of the All-Union pioneer organization
At the end of 1921, the Central Committee of the RKSM created a special commission to develop a program and principles for the activities of a new children's organization. Nadezhda Konstantinovna Krupskaya took direct part in the work of the commission. One of the ideologists of scouting I.N. Zhukov, who sought to embody the positive aspects of the children's organization scout movement, suggested the motto “Be Prepared!”
May 19, 1922 - The 2nd All-Russian Komsomol Conference decided to create pioneer detachments everywhere.
October 1922 - The 5th All-Russian Congress of the RKSM decided to unite all pioneer detachments organized in different cities of Russia into the children's communist organization "Young Pioneers named after Spartak".
January 21, 1924 - By decision of the Komsomol Central Committee, the pioneer organization was named after V.I. Lenin.
March 1926 - The pioneer organization became known as the All-Union Pioneer Organization named after. V.I.Lenin.
The first pioneer detachments, uniting the children of workers and peasants, worked at Komsomol cells of factories, factories, and institutions; participated in community cleanups, helped in the fight against child homelessness and in eliminating illiteracy.
1923 - Outposts and bases began to be created in schools - associations of pioneers of a given school, regardless of their place of residence. There were up to 75 thousand pioneers in the pioneer organization.
Late 1930s - The restructuring of the All-Union Pioneer Organization was completed according to the so-called school principle: class - detachment, school - pioneer squad. Military and defense work began in pioneer groups; circles for young shooters, orderlies, and signalmen were created, and military sports games were held.
1941-1945 - A massive Timur movement unfolded throughout the country, the emergence of which is associated with the name of the writer Arkady Gaidar and his story “Timur and His Team.”
1962 - All-Union Pioneer Organization for great job on communist education of children and in connection with the 40th anniversary she was awarded the Order of Lenin.
1970 - The World Pioneer Organization had over 118 thousand squads, uniting 23 million pioneers. Over the entire existence of the All-Union Pioneer Organization, more than 210 million people have been in its ranks.
Symbols and rituals in the pioneer organization
The pioneer tie was a symbol of belonging to the pioneer organization, a piece of the banner of the pioneer organization. The three ends of the tie symbolized the unbreakable connection of three generations: communists, Komsomol members, and pioneers. The tie was tied with a special knot. The chairman of the squad had a red tie with a yellow border. In the pre-war years, one of the attributes pioneer uniform there was a special clip that held the ends of the pioneer tie together. This attribute was desirable, but not required. The symbolism of the clamp is interesting. Five logs of fire mean five continents. Three flames - Comintern (3rd International). The disappearance of clamps from use in the post-war years has several reasons. First of all, this is the dissolution of the Comintern itself, in the flames of which the logs of the continents burn (accordingly, the symbolism lost its meaning). This was also facilitated by the mass psychosis that engulfed the broad masses of pioneers in the late thirties. It suddenly seemed to someone that in the flames of a fire, upon careful examination, one could find everything - from a Nazi swastika to Trotsky’s profile.
The pioneer badge was described in the Regulations on children's communist groups named after Spartak (the old name of the pioneers) dated August 28, 1923: the red fluttering flag depicts a hammer and sickle, a burning fire, and the motto “Be prepared!”
On December 14, 1925, a second version of the badge appeared (Lenin’s mausoleum was added to it). In 1927, an image of Lenin appeared on the badge. In 1934, the badge was changed again - the motto changed to "Always ready!" In September 1942, the badge took the form of a five-pointed star, with a fire in the center and the motto “Always ready!” In 1944, instead of a fire, a hammer and sickle appeared in the center of the star, and three flames began to be depicted above the star. In 1962, the last example of the badge was adopted: in the center of the five-pointed star is Lenin’s profile, below it is the motto “Always Ready!”, and above the star there are three tongues of flame. There were pioneer squad badges - red with the image of a pioneer badge.
Fireworks - a greeting to the pioneers. A hand raised just above his head demonstrated that the pioneer put public interests above personal interests.
The pioneer gave a salute while in formation and out of formation: during the performance of the “Internationale”, the Anthem of the Soviet Union and the anthems of the union republics, when responding to the pioneer motto, at the command “Alignment to the banner!”, “Alignment to the flag!”, at the Mausoleum, at the monuments to V.I. Lenin and monuments and obelisks to fallen heroes. When submitting a report, when changing the guard at the banner, when declaring gratitude before the formation, awarding, when receiving the Red Banner, squad flag or pioneer attributes, welcoming the military and pioneer formation. At the parade, the line, passing by the stands, the pioneers carried out the command “Attention!” with alignment to the right or left. During the greeting of the leaders of the pioneer organization, the honorary pioneers, the salute was given only by the senior counselor leading the column, the chairman of the squad council, squad leaders, chairmen of squad councils, and assistants at the banner.
The pioneer banner is a red cloth on which the pioneer badge and the motto “Be prepared to fight for the cause of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union!” were depicted. Two Orders of Lenin were pinned to the main banner of the All-Union Pioneer Organization. Even the pioneer detachments had banners (on household level this is a school class) - red with a pioneer badge, squad number and honorary name of the squad.
The squad flag was a symbol of honor and unity of the pioneers, a sign of their belonging to a specific pioneer team. With the detachment flag, the pioneers went out to training camps, parades, holidays, hikes, excursions, and work activities. On the march, the flag leader walked directly behind the leader and the chairman of the detachment council, ahead of the bugler and drummer. At a Sunday or tourist stop, the flag was installed or fixed in a visible place.
The flag officer had to be able to carry out the following commands: “Be equal!”, “Attention!”, “At ease!”, “March!” The flag was stored in the pioneer room next to the squad banner. Horns and drums were usually kept here.
The names pioneer bugle and drum appeared almost simultaneously with the word "pioneer". The history of these musical instruments is as great as the history of mankind. But there is more to it than just musical instruments. The sounds of the bugle and drum are a call to the pioneers, to their unity, to their activities aimed at protecting the Motherland, serving goodness, and seeking and establishing justice.
The bugle called the pioneers with the signals: “Listen, everyone,” “Gathering,” “To the banner,” “March,” “To the line,” “Alarm,” and some others. The detachment's bugler - this was a responsible pioneer assignment, he had to be able to carry out drill techniques with a bugle and give signals: “Listen everyone”, “Gathering”, “To the banner”, “March”, “To the line”, “Alarm” and some others. On the pioneer line, the place of the bugler was on the right flank of the formation next to the drummer, in the column of the detachment - behind the flag.
The drum accompanied the formation during campaigns, processions, and parades. The drummer of the detachment (he, like the bugler, was elected by the assembly or council of the detachment) had to be able to perform drill techniques, perform the “March”, “Fraction”.
All these symbols and rituals were borrowed by the organizers from scouting, as well as the division into groups, the institute of counselors, gatherings around the fire, elements of symbolism (for example, in the pioneer badge, three flames of a fire replaced the three petals of a scout badge, 3 ends of a tie began to mean 3 generations - pioneers, Komsomol members and communists, etc.).
The oath was taken by everyone joining the ranks of the organization.
It sounded like this: “I, I.F., joining the ranks of the All-Union Pioneer Organization, in the face of my comrades, solemnly swear: to passionately love my Motherland; to live, study and fight as the great Lenin bequeathed, as the Communist Party teaches; to always comply with the laws pioneers of the Soviet Union."
"Be ready!"
"Always ready!"
All pioneers had to know the Law of the Pioneers of the Soviet Union by heart.
The pioneer is devoted to the Motherland, the party, and communism.
A pioneer is preparing to become a Komsomol member.
The pioneer looks up to the heroes of struggle and labor.
The pioneer honors the memory of the fallen fighters and prepares to become a defender of the Fatherland.
A pioneer is the best in studies, work and sports.
Pioneer - honest and faithful comrade, always boldly standing for the truth.
Pioneer - comrade and leader of the October.
A pioneer is a friend to pioneers and the children of workers of all countries.
After “perestroika,” the All-Union Pioneer Organization abandoned its political overtones, adopting a new motto: “For the Motherland, goodness and justice.”
Mid-1980s - Attempts were made to reform the pioneer organization, but a children's and youth organization was not created on the same scale.
October 1990 - The successor to the pioneer organization - "Union of Pioneer Organizations - Federation of Children's Unions" - an international voluntary independent union uniting children's public organizations, associations and others public associations, educated with the participation of children and in their interests.
The Union of Pioneer Organizations was registered by the Ministry of Justice of the Russian Federation in 1992 as a non-governmental public organization, independent of political parties and movements.
In the fall of 1918, a children's organization of young communists (YuKov) was created, but a year later it was dissolved. In November 1921, a decision was made to create an all-Russian children's organization. Children's groups operated in Moscow for several months; during the experiment, pioneer symbols and attributes were developed, and the name was adopted new organization- detachments of young pioneers named after Spartak. On May 7, 1922, the first pioneer bonfire was held in the Sokolnichesky Forest in Moscow.
In the Soviet Union, the Day of the All-Union Pioneer Organization named after V.I. Lenin, or, more simply, Pioneer Day, was officially celebrated on May 19. It was on this day in 1922 that the 2nd All-Russian Komsomol Conference decided to create pioneer detachments everywhere. The social hierarchy: October - pioneer - Komsomol member, was aimed at creating an internal ideological core in Soviet children and adolescents, the desire to grow and improve. The pioneer organization taught children how to live in a socialist society and how to coexist with their peers. Now many citizens see shortcomings in this approach to educating young people, they say, ideological clouding of the brain, which made puppets out of people. Even so, at that time the level of drug addiction and crime among young people was extremely low compared to our time. After the collapse of the USSR, Pioneer Day ceased to be an official holiday. Today Pioneer Day is unofficially celebrated by some children's organizations and companies involved in organizing children's leisure. And there will always be people who remember their youth with pleasure. pioneer years.
Which of the Soviet pioneers does not remember the excitement with which they were preparing to join the ranks of a mass socio-political organization? How were scarlet ties tied to the sounds of bugles and drums? How, for the first time in our lives, did we solemnly swear allegiance to the cause of Lenin and the Communist Party? The Soviet country spared nothing for the young. Beautiful Pioneer Palaces and children's camps were built. The very activity of children's communist organizations in the USSR and in other socialist countries was on such a serious scale that it even surpassed in importance its “bourgeois” prototype and analogue - the scout movement. The pioneer movement differed from it in significant aspects: the system was of an all-encompassing state nature and aimed at the ideological education of children as citizens fully devoted to the Communist Party and the state. It should be noted that, as the movement evolved, the role of the scouting heritage in it declined (which can be clearly seen in the evolution of the pioneer camp from the type of sports and tourist tent camp to the type of sanatorium complex). Among the particular differences is the absence of separate organizations for boys and girls. Until 1924, the pioneer organization bore the name of Spartak, and after Lenin’s death it received his name.
"Be ready!"
"Always ready!"
Pioneer oath
I, I.F., joining the ranks of the All-Union Pioneer Organization, in the face of my comrades, solemnly swear: to passionately love my Motherland; live, study and fight as the great Lenin bequeathed, as the Communist Party teaches; Always follow the laws of the pioneers of the Soviet Union."
"Be ready!"
"Always ready!" Note. Until 1986 it was: “...to passionately love your Motherland, to live, study and fight, as the great Lenin bequeathed, as the Communist Party teaches, to always fulfill the laws of the pioneers of the Soviet Union.”
1922 edition
I promise with my word of honor that I will be loyal to the working class, I will help my fellow workers every day, I know the laws of the pioneers and will obey them.
1923 edition
I, a young pioneer of the USSR, in the face of my comrades, solemnly promise that
1) I will firmly stand for the cause of the working class in its struggle for the liberation of workers and peasants throughout the world.
2) I will honestly and steadily comply with the laws and customs of young pioneers.
1924 edition
I, a young pioneer of the USSR, in the face of my comrades, solemnly promise that I will firmly stand for the cause of the working class in its struggle for the liberation of workers and peasants of the whole world. I will honestly and steadily fulfill Ilyich’s behests, the laws and customs of the young pioneers.
1928 edition
I, a young pioneer of the USSR, in the face of my comrades, solemnly promise that: 1) I will firmly stand for the cause of the working class in its struggle for the liberation of the working people of the whole world. 2) I will honestly and steadily fulfill Ilyich’s behests - Laws of UP Laws of Young Pioneers - a set of basic rules for the life and activities of a member of the All-Union Pioneer Organization named after. V.I. Lenin. The goals and objectives of the children's communist organization, the basic principles of communist morality, and moral and ethical standards of behavior for young pioneers are set out in a form that is imaginative and understandable to children.
For the first time, the Laws of Young Pioneers, developed by the commission of the Central Committee of the RKSM with the participation of N.K. Krupskaya, were approved by the 5th Congress of the RKSM in October 1922. In the Laws of Young Pioneers, it was highlighted as one of the main laws - “I will always strive, wherever possible, to obtain knowledge in order to use it for the benefit of the working people.”
The changes that occurred during the years of socialist construction in the conditions of activity of the pioneer organization, the deepening of the content and improvement of the forms and methods of its work were reflected in the new text of the Laws of Young Pioneers, approved in 1957 by the 8th plenum of the Komsomol Central Committee.
Laws of the pioneers of the Soviet Union
The pioneer is devoted to the Motherland, the party, and communism.
A pioneer is preparing to become a Komsomol member.
The pioneer looks up to the heroes of struggle and labor.
The pioneer honors the memory of the fallen fighters and prepares to become a defender of the Fatherland.
A pioneer is the best in studies, work and sports.
The pioneer is disciplined.
A pioneer is an honest and faithful comrade, always boldly standing for the truth.
Pioneer - comrade and leader of the October.
A pioneer is a friend to pioneers and the children of workers of all countries.
The pioneer is honest and truthful. His word is like granite.
Pioneer customs.
The pioneer does not lie in bed in the morning, but gets up right away, like a vanka.
Pioneers make their beds with their own hands, not with someone else’s hands.
Pioneers wash thoroughly, not forgetting to wash their necks and ears, brush their teeth and remember that teeth are friends of the stomach.
Pioneers are precise and accurate.
Pioneers stand and sit straight, without hunching.
Pioneers are not afraid to offer their services to people. Pioneers do not smoke; a smoking pioneer is no longer a pioneer.
Pioneers don't keep their hands in their pockets; Those who keep their hands in their pockets are not always ready.
Pioneers protect useful animals.
Pioneers always remember their customs and laws.
Pioneer anthem
Music: S. Dyoshkin Words: A. Zharov
We, the pioneers, are the children of workers.
Chorus (after each verse):
The time is approaching /aut:era/
Happy years,
Pioneer's cry -
"Always be prepared!"
With a joyful step, with a cheerful song,
We stand for the Komsomol.
We raise the red /auth:scarlet/ banner,
Children of workers, boldly follow us!
Together we will ring out a distant song
For the pioneers of the world family
Raise your bonfires, blue nights!
We, the pioneers, are the children of workers.
1922
Signals and marches of the All-Union Pioneer Organization named after. V. I. Lenin (Parts 1, 2)
Genre: signals and marches
Year of release: 1983
Disc manufacturer: USSR
Audio bitrate: 320 kbps
Duration: 00:16:11
|
I Signals
1. Introduction - 00:00:35 |
II Squad line
8. Signal "Gathering" - 00:00:40 |
|
III Marches to accompany pioneer system 14. Solemn greeting - 00:00:36 |
IV Pioneer Signals military sports game "Zarnitsa" 21. Signal "Zarya" - 00:01:04 |
Regulations on the symbols, attributes and rituals of the All-Union Pioneer Organization named after. V.I. Lenin provides for use in educational work state symbols established by the Constitution of the USSR. The pioneer organization instills in children and adolescents deep respect for the Coat of Arms, Flag, and Anthem of the USSR, as well as for the Coat of Arms, Flag, and Anthem of the Union Republic. These state symbols represent heroic story, the power and greatness of the socialist Fatherland.
The educational purpose of the symbols of the pioneer organization, the importance of using state symbols in its work lies, first of all, in explaining to them in a specific, bright, imaginative, emotional and understandable form for children:
The idea of revolutionary continuity of generations of communists - Komsomol members - pioneers, loyalty of the younger generation to revolutionary, combat and labor traditions Soviet people, readiness to fight for the cause of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union;
the socio-political meaning of the activities of the communist organization of children and adolescents;
the importance of the pioneer organization as a replacement and reserve for the Leninist Komsomol;
the need to strengthen the unity of members of the pioneer organization.
The symbolism of the pioneer organization was distinguished by the following ideological and political orientations:
The deep ideological and political content of each symbol, an inextricable connection with communist ideas;
concreteness and accuracy of expression of the ideological and political content of certain communist ideas;
brightness and emotional appeal external form symbol;
simplicity and accessibility of the disclosure of political concepts that are difficult for children.
Red banner and red flag. The Communist Party and Komsomol entrusted pioneer organizations and squads with the right to have the Red Banner, and the detachment - the red pioneer flag. These were symbols of the younger generation’s loyalty to the cause October Revolution, the cause of the Communist Party, a symbol of loyalty to the Motherland, honor and unity of the pioneers.
On the Red Banner of the All-Union Pioneer Organization there are two Orders of Lenin and the Commemorative Ribbon of the Komsomol Central Committee. The first Order of Lenin was awarded to the All-Union Pioneer Organization named after. V.I. Lenina was awarded on May 17, 1962 in connection with her 40th birthday for her great work in the communist education of children. The commemorative ribbon of the Komsomol Central Committee was presented to the pioneer organization on June 30, 1970 at the XVII All-Union Pioneer Rally in Leningrad for successful work in preparation for the 100th anniversary of the birth of V.I. Lenin. The pioneer organization was awarded the second Order of Lenin on May 18, 1972 in connection with its 50th anniversary and for its great work in educating children in the spirit of Lenin’s precepts.
The Red Banner was solemnly presented by representatives of the Lenin Komsomol to pioneer organizations of union and autonomous republics, national districts, regional and regional, city and district organizations, a school squad, and a temporary squad of a pioneer camp.
Samples of the Red Banners of pioneer organizations and squads were established by the Central Committee of the Komsomol. These banners depicted a pioneer badge and inscribed the words of the pioneer motto: “Be ready to fight for the cause of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union!” On the ribbon attached to the flagpole is the name of the organization or squad. Commemorative ribbons for successes in all-Union and republican pioneer affairs were also attached to the flagpole of the squad. Caring attitude to the Red Banner was the sacred duty of every leader and pioneer.
Red flag was presented by a representative of the Komsomol organization to the newly created pioneer joy at the ceremonial assembly. A sample of the red flag of the detachment was also approved by the Central Committee of the All-Union Leninist Young Communist League. On the front side of the flag was a pioneer badge. A ribbon with the honorary name of the detachment embroidered in silk, and commemorative ribbons - a reward for success in pioneering affairs, for example, were attached to the flag pole. Honorary ribbon of the Central Council of the All-Union Pioneer Organization named after. V.I. Lenin to the “right-flank” detachment of the All-Union March of Pioneer Detachments.
Red tie and pioneer badge.
Every pioneer wore a red tie. It was a symbol of loyalty to the cause of the Great October Revolution, a symbol of the unbreakable unity of three generations: communists - Komsomol members - pioneers. The pioneer's tie is a piece of the revolutionary Red Banner. To preserve the honor of your pioneer tie means to sacredly preserve the honor of the Red Banner. The badge is a symbol of the pioneer’s membership in the unified mass communist organization of children and adolescents of the Soviet Union. “Such an icon,” wrote N.K. Krupskaya in the brochure “RKSM and Boy Scoutism,” strengthens the connection between the organization and its members and strengthens the member’s responsibility for his actions.”
Pioneer badge.
The pioneer badge is an image of a five-pointed red star (a symbol of unity and the working people of five continents) with the profile of V.I. Lenin in the center of the star (a sign of belonging to the All-Union Pioneer Organization named after V.I. Lenin and the pioneer’s fidelity to Lenin’s covenants), above the upper rays of the star there is a pioneer fire with three flames (a symbol of the unity of generations of communists - Komsomol members - pioneers), the lower rays of the star are intertwined ribbon with the words “Always Ready!” (a symbol of the pioneer’s readiness to fight for the cause of the Communist Party).
Pioneer fireworks. The pioneer's salute means that for him the interests of society, his communist organization, squad and detachment are higher than personal ones. The pioneer gave a salute, raising his right hand bent at an angle with fingers tightly clenched above his head:
Https://img-fotki.yandex.ru/get/62701/108533029.23/0_211944_e1f9d85f_orig.jpg when presenting him with a red tie;
during the performance of the Anthem of the Communist Party of the Internationale, the Anthem of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, the anthems of the union republics, the raising of the State Flag of the USSR and the flags of the union republics;
at the Mausoleum and monuments to V.I. Lenin, memorials to the revolutionary, military and labor glory of the Soviet people, answering “Always ready!” to the words of the pioneer motto;
when presenting insignia to members of the councils of squads and detachments, rewarding during a solemn ceremony;
the pioneer also salutes the Red Banner - the flag of the detachment, and greets the counselors, pioneer and military formation with a salute.
An honorary name. Assigning a name to a pioneer organization, squad, detachment outstanding figure The Communist Party and the revolutionary movement, the hero of our Motherland was a symbol of fidelity to the glorious traditions of the struggle for communism. Examples of heroic life and struggle, "glorious work Soviet people, the feat of the heroes act as the high moral ideal of the pioneers,” which they were supposed to imitate. Already N.K. Krupskaya noted in her works the significant educational power of the connection between ideals and practical behavior of adolescents and children. The life and work of V. I. Lenin was proposed as the highest ideological and moral ideal for the pioneers.
The symbolism is inextricably linked with the attributes of the pioneer organization. Attributes are certain objects and signs that express ideas, symbols and traditions in a bright and expressive form pioneer movement, emphasize the cohesion, unity and organization of pioneer groups, create an emotionally attractive design for a children's communist organization.
Some of the main symbols of the pioneer organization were also its attributes (red banners of pioneer organizations and squads, red flags of detachments, a tie and a pioneer badge).
The attributes, having a symbolic meaning, reflected the revolutionary romance of pioneer life, the pathos of the heroic struggle of the people for the great cause of the Communist Party. Therefore, for example, it is wrong to consider both the horn and the drum only from the point of view of their utilitarian and practical purpose of sending signals. The bugle and drum became companions of the detachment as symbols of the battle trumpet of the Red Army regiments fiery years civil war and marching drums of the young Gavroches of the Paris Commune.
The attributes of the pioneer organization were the uniform of counselors and pioneers, insignia of elected pioneer activists, awards of counselors and pioneers, memorable emblems, signs and award badges of pioneer rallies, festivals, contests, competitions, all-Union and republican games.
Thus, the goals and objectives of the pioneer organization were determined on the basis of party directives and formulated in the Komsomol Charter and the Regulations on the All-Union Pioneer Organization named after. V.I. Lenin, documents of the Lenin Komsomol.
The common and unified goal of the school, the Komsomol and the pioneer organization were the tasks comprehensive development communist personality. The goal of each squad was to prepare a worthy replacement for the Leninist Komsomol.
The symbols and attributes imparted a revolutionary-romantic mood to the life and work of the pioneers, helped to organizationally and ideologically strengthen the team of members of the communist organization of children and adolescents, bring emotional and solemn elation to pioneer affairs, and create an aesthetics for the life of the collective. They expressed socio-political ideas of social life, the pathos of the struggle to build socialism and communism.
On May 19, 1922, 90 years ago, the first pioneer organization was created, since 1926 called the All-Union Pioneer Organization named after V.I. Lenin
After the October Revolution, children's organizations, groups and associations began to emerge in many cities of the Soviet Union. The Communist Party instructed the Komsomol to create a unified children's communist organization.
On May 19, 1922, the Second All-Russian Komsomol Conference decided to create pioneer detachments everywhere. And in October of the same year, the 5th All-Russian Congress of the RKSM decided to unite all pioneer detachments organized in different cities of the USSR into the children's communist organization “Young Pioneers named after Spartak”.
In 1924, the pioneer organization was named after V.I. Lenin. And after the VIIth Komsomol Congress in 1926, at which a resolution was adopted to rename the RKSM to the Komsomol, the pioneer organization began to be called the “All-Union Pioneer Organization named after V.I. Lenin.”
The purpose of the pioneer organization is:
Preparing children school age to joining the Komsomol, and then into the ranks of the Communist Party.
In the early 1930s, pioneer associations began to be created in schools. The All-Union Pioneer organization was built on the so-called school principle: class - detachment, school - pioneer squad.
The first pioneer detachments worked at Komsomol cells of factories, factories, institutions, participated in cleanup days, helped in the fight against child homelessness and in eliminating illiteracy.
During the Great Patriotic War, a massive Timur movement was organized, which also included the responsibilities of its members:
providing assistance to the families of front-line soldiers;
Cathedral of Medicinal Plants and Herbs;
scrap metal collection;
organizing fundraising for military equipment for the front;
duty in hospitals and nursing homes;
participation in harvesting;
organization of amateur performances for military personnel and civilians.
The organizer of this area of pioneering activity was famous writer Arkady Petrovich Gaidar. His works: “Chuk and Gek”, “RVS”, “Blue Cup”, “The Fate of the Drummer”, “Timur and His Team” raised more than one generation of children and teenagers in the spirit of patriotism and selfless service to the Motherland.
Pioneers-Heroes of the Soviet Union
Before the war, these were the most ordinary boys and girls. We studied, helped our elders, played, ran, jumped, and hurt our knees. Only their relatives, classmates and friends knew their names.
The hour of testing has come and the little pranksters and mischief-makers showed the whole world how concentrated the sacred fiery love for the Motherland is in a small child’s heart. At first glance, boys and girls. On their fragile shoulders the war laid the whole burden of adversity, childish trials, misfortune and grief of the hard times of war. But the pioneer eaglets did not bend under this weight, they began stronger in spirit, more courageous, more resilient.
Little heroes great war! Their matured childhood was filled with such trials that even the most talented writer could hardly imagine. But it was. It happened in the history of our great country, it happened in the destinies of its little Soviet children - ordinary boys and girls.
Valya Kotik Together with my friends I decided to fight the enemy. The guys collected weapons at the battle site, which the partisans then transported to the detachment on a cart of hay. He tracked the location of enemy posts and the order of changing the guard. He is responsible for six enemy trains blown up on the way to the front.
Marat Kazei. His mother was captured for her connection with the partisans and subsequently hanged by the Nazis. He went to the partisans. Fought before last cartridge, and when he only had one grenade left, he let the enemies get closer and blew them up... and himself.
Zina Portnova participated in operations against the enemy, in sabotage, distributed leaflets, and conducted reconnaissance on instructions from a partisan detachment. In December 1943, the young pioneer was brutally tortured by the Nazis, but before last minute remained persistent, courageous, unbending.
Lenya Golikov. There was a battle in his life that Lenya fought one on one with a fascist general. A grenade thrown by a boy hit a car. A Nazi man got out of it with a briefcase in his hands. Lenya pursued the enemy for almost a kilometer and finally killed him. The briefcase contained very important documents.
All four were awarded high rank Heroes of the Soviet Union posthumously...
The most important pioneer attributes are the squad banner, squad flags, bugle and drum, which accompanied all the solemn pioneer rituals.
Pioneer uniform in ordinary days coincided with school uniform, complemented by pioneer symbols - a red tie and a pioneer badge. On special occasions (holidays, greetings at party and Komsomol forums, meetings of foreign delegations, etc.) it was worn dress uniform. They proudly wore a red tie on their chest - a piece of the red battle flag. The pioneer tie has three ends - this is a symbol of the unity of the party, the Komsomol and the pioneers.
The pioneer organization accepted children aged 9 to 14 years. Admission was carried out individually, by open voting at a meeting of the pioneer detachment or squad.
Those who joined the pioneer organization at the pioneer line made a solemn promise to be a pioneer of the Soviet Union. Pioneers were received in a solemn atmosphere. As a rule, during Soviet holidays, most often on April 22 near the monument to V.I. Lenin.
“I (Name, Surname), joining the ranks of the All-Union Pioneer Organization named after Vladimir Ilyich Lenin, in front of my comrades, solemnly promise: to passionately love my Motherland. Live, study and fight, as the great Lenin bequeathed, as the Communist Party teaches. It is sacred to observe the Laws of Pioneerism of the Soviet Union."
The goal of the pioneer organization is to educate young fighters for the cause of the Communist Party. It is expressed in the motto of the All-Union Pioneer Organization named after V.I. Lenin.
On call:
“Pioneer, be ready to fight for the cause of the Communist Party!”
The answer follows:
"Always ready!"
Laws of Young Pioneers:
The pioneer is devoted to the Motherland, the party, and the ideas of social justice;
The pioneer is preparing to become a Komsomol member;
The pioneer looks up to the heroes of struggle and labor;
The pioneer honors the memory of the fallen fighters and prepares to become a defender of the Fatherland;
The pioneer is the best in studies, work and sports;
A pioneer is an honest and faithful comrade, always boldly standing for the truth;
Pioneer - comrade and leader of the Octobrists;
A pioneer is a friend to pioneers and the children of workers of all countries;
The anthem of the pioneer organization is considered to be “March of Young Pioneers” - a Soviet pioneer song written in 1922 by two Komsomol members - pianist Sergei Kaidan-Deshkin and poet Alexander Zharov
Pioneerism in Ukraine
July 21, 2004 All-Ukrainian Pioneer Organization named after. V.I. Lenin was registered by the Ministry of Justice of Ukraine.
As in the old days, the senior mentor, assistant and organizer of the reviving pioneer movement is the Leninist Komsomol.
Since 1993, a lot of organizational work has been done to revive the pioneer organization.
Today there are 22 all-Ukrainian children's public organizations in Ukraine. The main difference between the pioneers is the ideological, organizational and symbolic similarity with the Soviet pioneers, which makes it possible to declare that the VPO named after. V.I. Lenin is the ideological successor and continuer of the pioneer movement of Ukraine.
Pioneerism goes through a difficult path of formation and revival.
An undeniably significant event was the holding of the 1st All-Ukrainian gathering of regional pioneer organizations in Kherson in 2010, which was attended by representatives of 15 regions of the country.
During work, the guys independently finalized and accepted the Pioneer Laws, the oath, and became acquainted with the main pioneer traditions and organizational details during events.
Today, regional pioneer organizations are registered and operating in the Kyiv, Zhytomyr, Volyn, Vinnitsa, Ivano-Frankivsk, Donetsk, Zaporozhye, and Kirovograd regions.
Organizations in Nikolaev, Kherson, Chernigov, Lugansk, Kharkov, Poltava, Cherkassy regions, and Sevastopol have enormous achievements.
Traditionally, in most regional centers and cities on May 19, ceremonial pioneer parades are held, new additions are accepted into the ranks.
The children’s eyes light up, and ringing voices chant “Be ready! - Always ready!
The fact that today a new addition to the Pioneer organization is coming, ready for struggle and work, speaks of the relevance and need to restore the Pioneer organization, gives it incorruptible simplicity and strength.
Press service of Zaporozhye OK LKSMU
The All-Union Pioneer Organization was formed on May 19, 1922. It was then, at the All-Russian Komsomol Conference, that a decision was made to create a mass children's organization in the USSR, led by the Komsomol Central Committee. Later, May 19 began to be considered Pioneer Day. There was an organized and ceremonial celebration of this event every year. At first, the pioneer organization bore the name “Spartak”, and then, after the death of the country’s leader, official name was changed to the All-Union Pioneer Organization named after Lenin. Many years have passed since then. they stopped accepting people as pioneers, few people remember.
Initially, scouting served as an example for the pioneer movement. In 1917, there were children's scout associations in the country, covering up to 50 thousand people. Scouts carried out a lot of public work to help street children. Soon this movement was divided into several directions, the basic principles of which differed significantly. Scout troops were led famous figures, such as publisher and traveler, editor of the magazine “Around the World” V.A. Popov, famous self-taught sculptor and teacher I.N. Zhukov and others. The idea of creating yuk-scouts (young communists - scouts) was proposed by Vera Bonch-Bruevich, an active party member and writer. But in 1919, at the congress of the RKSM, all scout troops were disbanded.
N.K. At the end of 1921, Krupskaya several times read the report “On Boy Scoutism,” where she called on the Komsomol to create a children’s association “scouting in form and communist in content.” Later, the idea of creating a children's communist movement was put forward. I.N. Zhukov put forward a proposal to call the future organization pioneer. The symbols chosen were the following: a red tie, a white blouse, the motto “Be prepared!” and the answer is “Always ready!” This was similar to the traditions of the Scout movement, but was partially modified. Also, the goal of the children's pioneer movement was to fight for the freedom of oppressed peoples around the world. In the future, the pioneers had to help adults in the fight against anti-Soviet elements, according to the civic duty of every progressive person, a builder of a communist society.
By the beginning of the forties, the structure of the All-Union Pioneer Organization was completely formed in accordance with the already proven school principle. Each class was a detachment, and the school was a pioneer squad. Military-patriotic work was carried out in children's groups, circles of signalmen, orderlies, and young riflemen were formed.
Before the start of the Great Patriotic War, the “Timur movement,” named after the hero of A. Gaidar’s children’s book “Timur and His Team,” spread. Timurites were actively collecting scrap metal, drying medicinal herbs, provided all possible assistance to the elderly and sick people, and looked after the kids. It is difficult to overestimate everything that the pioneers did at this time, not only for individual citizens, but for the entire country.
With the beginning of the Great Patriotic War, many children and teenagers instantly matured. Grief and overwhelming trials fell like a heavy burden on their shoulders. The pioneers were partisan detachments, whose sudden attacks on the fascist positions inflicted significant losses on them. Some of them were awarded the title of "Hero of the Soviet Union", the highest award of the state, namely:
The pioneers served in the Red Army and were given the unofficial title “Son of the Regiment.” They were intelligence officers, signalmen, and underground workers. Most of them replaced their fathers and older brothers who had gone to the front, worked at machines and in the fields, looked after the wounded in hospitals, and performed concerts for them. Not all of them managed to live to see the Great Victory Day; children, along with adults, experienced all the hardships and horrors of wartime.
In the fifties, certain processes took place in the pioneer organization that entailed a change in the active position and a loss of independence in decision-making; its work became more and more formal. In the 1960s, Leningrad teachers led by I.P. Ivanov on the basis of the new all-Union camp "Orlyonok", which was opened on Black Sea coast, tried to develop in children creativity along with past ideals. But the communard movement, which these activists tried to give rise to, was unable to go beyond the borders of a small region and remained in the arsenal of individual detachments and pioneer squads.
Until what year were there pioneers in the USSR?
With the beginning of perestroika in the country, public and political life. In the second half of the eighties of the last century, the leaders of the children's organization tried to change its goals and methods of working with schoolchildren. Due to the fact that propaganda was carried out about the need to exclude pioneers from ideological work, children's organizations of various directions appeared.
At the tenth rally of pioneers, which took place in Artek, on October 1, 1990, the delegates decided to transform the All-Union Pioneer Organization into the association “Union of Pioneer Organizations - Federation of Children's Organizations”, the abbreviated name SPO - FDO. But the Komsomol Central Committee did not approve this decision.
On September 27 - 28, 1991, at the XXII Extraordinary Congress of the Komsomol, the termination of the organization’s activities and its dissolution was announced. Together with the Komsomol, the All-Union Pioneer Organization named after Lenin was automatically disbanded. The building of the Central Council in Moscow was partially transferred to the use of SPO - FDO. The palaces of pioneers came under the control of municipalities and began to be called “Houses of Children’s Creativity”, and pioneer camps became tourist centers and boarding houses.
Based on this historical data, we can say with certainty what year the pioneers were in. It was in September that the pioneer organization ceased its work. Now we can answer exactly what year they stopped accepting people as pioneers. And a little later, on December 26, 1991, the Council of Republics of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR announced the adoption of a declaration that spoke of the cessation of the existence of the USSR.
“Whoever owns the youth belongs to the future.” This phrase, said by the main ideologist of the Nazi regime, could well have become the motto for the communist leaders who built the youth organizations of the Soviet Union.
“We don’t need to abandon our younger comrades. Outside the union, they may fall under an influence alien to the proletariat, and the blame for this will fall on us,” was written in the resolution of the first Komsomol congress. By the time of the collapse of the USSR, the All-Union Pioneer Organization named after V.I. Lenin was the largest mass communist organization of children and teenagers in the country; it played one of the main roles in ideological education Soviet youth along with the Komsomol (VLKSM), school, creative, sports and other public organizations.
The pioneer organization was created by decision of the All-Russian Komsomol Conference on May 19, 1922 and was officially dissolved in 1991. Until 1924, it bore the name of Spartak, and after Lenin’s death it was renamed in his honor. Initially, when creating the Pioneers, they took the scout organization as a model; later this connection was hushed up, “scoutism” was declared a bourgeois fascist children’s movement.
Name of young communists in methodological literature explained as follows: “A pioneer is a person who goes ahead of others and paves the way for those who follow him. The Communist Party, the vanguard of the working class, is also a “pioneer.” It goes ahead of all the oppressed working people and leads them onto a new path, the path to a communist society.”
The first detachments of pioneers were created in the proletarian environment - at factories, factories, village councils, orphanages, at the production cells of the RKSM, rural party cells, Komsomol or trade union clubs. In Soviet historiography, the first is considered to be the Moscow detachment, which was created at the vocational school of printers in Krasnaya Presnya. On February 13, in the building of the 16th printing house (the former Mashistov printing house), Komsomol members held a meeting of the pioneer detachment. It was organized by M. Stremyakov.
Its government treated the children of the Soviet country as building material to create future staunch fighters for the cause of the Communist Party, this became main goal creation of a children's communist organization. The most important task was to raise a new type of person, not constrained by the old, “bourgeois” morality. N.K. Krupskaya wrote: “It is very difficult for an adult who grew up in a capitalist system to give up old skills, old habits, old relationships. And our pioneers are guys who are still developing, have not yet fully developed, new attitudes towards social phenomena. That is why the pioneer movement is of such exceptional importance.”
At the III Congress of the RKSM V.I. Lenin elevated this ideological selection, the denial of the very basis of the “outdated” worldview, to the rank of a program. “We deny any such morality, taken from a non-human, non-class concept,” he declared from the rostrum. “We say that our morality is completely subordinated to the interests of the class struggle of the proletariat... We say: morality is what serves to destroy the old exploitative society and unite all working people around the proletariat, creating a new society of communists”... This speech of the leader became the foundation for all subsequent works about the new Soviet morality. The ultimate goal of educating a pioneer was to achieve a level of consciousness at which he would perceive the demands of Soviet society as his own.
The pioneer organization was positioned as voluntary, but it was such only in the first years Soviet power, when only children of workers and the rural poor were accepted as pioneers. They really aspired to be pioneers. In general, there was a silent struggle in the country with Soviet organizations, including the pioneer ones, many parents tried to protect their children from ideological indoctrination in the interests of the new government. That is why it was important to tear children away from their families and raise them to be full-fledged “new people.” In the villages, almost no detachments were created; many detachments created by visiting party members and Komsomol members fell apart. However, gradually voluntariness became only a declared principle: the organization turned into a coherent system, completely subordinated to party interests.
After school reform and the introduction of universal education (compulsory universal primary education) detachments began to be created in schools, the pioneer organization was built on the principle: school - squad, class - squad. The pioneer squad became organizational basis children's communist movement, the detachment was considered its main cell, it consisted of 4-5 units, uniting 40-50 children. The work of each detachment was led by a leader - a Komsomol member. The pioneers began to accept all children of suitable age who wanted them, even if their origin was “flawed” - the pioneers had to re-educate them. The number of pioneers began to grow. This was facilitated by the atmosphere of the 1930s. The number of orphans and street children left without parents due to hunger, collectivization, arrests of parents has increased greatly... In orphanages, colonies, reception centers, schools, etc., it was easier to agitate for joining the pioneers and process children. And many parents understood that it was better to send their child to be a pioneer than to be accused of disloyalty to the Soviet regime, not to go through the purge, to end up without a job... As a result, by the beginning of the war, approximately half of the children of the right age (from 9 to 14 years) were pioneers.
The pioneer organization worked on the basis of statutory documents, which defined its tasks, structure, conditions of admission, responsibilities and rights of pioneers, laws and the solemn promise of the young pioneer. Much of this changed quite often depending on the political situation, on changes in the party’s requirements for pioneers, corresponding to the situation in the country. But the basis of the organization, formed by the 1940s, and its declared goals and objectives did not change.
The pioneer promise, adopted after the debunking of Stalin’s personality cult in 1957, read: “I, a young pioneer of the Soviet Union, in the face of my comrades, solemnly promise: to passionately love my Soviet Motherland; live, study and fight, as the great Lenin bequeathed, as the Communist Party teaches.
“Be ready to fight for the cause of the Communist Party!”
To the call “Be ready!” the pioneer answered: “Always ready!”
The pioneers greeted each other with salutes and, regardless of their dress code, wore a red tie around their necks.
Let's bring latest edition laws of young pioneers.
The pioneer is devoted to the Motherland, the party, and communism. A pioneer is preparing to become a Komsomol member. The pioneer looks up to the heroes of struggle and labor. The pioneer honors the memory of the fallen fighters and prepares to become a defender of the Motherland. The pioneer is persistent in learning, work and sports. A pioneer is an honest and faithful comrade who always boldly stands for the truth. A pioneer is a comrade and leader of the Octobrists. A pioneer is a friend to pioneers and the children of workers of all countries.
The declared initiative of the pioneers was practically absent in reality. Under the leadership of Komsomol members, the pioneers carried out the tasks that the party leadership set for them, sending orders to the Komsomol.
The leaders were supposed to be involved in the ideological education of the pioneers and guide their socially useful work. The main form of work with pioneers was gatherings, which were recommended to be held no more than twice a week. At the gatherings, the counselors held conversations with the pioneers, heroes of war and labor, military personnel, representatives of various professions were invited there... The gatherings were both general political and thematic. Thematic collections include, for example, the following: “Why are we called Leninists and what does this oblige us to”, “What a pioneer should be”, “The word of a pioneer”, “The price of time”, “Daily routine”, etc. They were very important for the excitement and diversity of pioneer life game forms: joint useful activities, activities with younger children, October students, learning songs, military sports games, hikes, trips to pioneer camps, pioneer bonfires, etc.
All activities of the pioneer organization were extremely politicized, especially in the first decades. When involved in national campaigns, the pioneers performed the following tasks. They collected money to build tractors, to help children in capitalist countries, to restore national economy- for everything that the country needed in different times. Recyclable materials were collected for recycling. They participated in communist subbotniks, in various propaganda campaigns - for example, for literacy, for the creation of collective farms, for economy, for peace... In the latter, pioneers were usually required to collect mass signatures, write letters of protest, participate in demonstrations and rallies, pioneer raids, speaking at meetings, etc.
In the first years of Soviet power, pioneers helped fight homelessness and tried to create new units in the villages. During the state campaign to eliminate illiteracy, they learned to read and write, encouraged other children and adults to learn, and taught them themselves, collected books and set up libraries. Participating in a campaign for technical literacy, they took part in technical circles, collected radios and other household appliances and sent them to sponsored villages, built children's ports and railways and worked for them. Young naturalists took care of animals, raised carrier pigeons, horses and service dogs for the army. The children went on geological hikes, nature study expeditions, and collected medicinal plants and fruits. The pioneers worked on collective farms, in the fields, guarded crops and collective farm property, wrote letters to newspapers or to the relevant authorities about violations that they noticed around them. We tried to select activities for children according to their strengths and interests. In terms of ideological education, the importance of extracurricular and club activities was very highly rated. Therefore, the pioneers carried out the tasks proposed by the counselors, if not with enthusiasm, then with the awareness that they were doing something important and useful for the whole country. Pioneers who tried to evade public works were not expelled from the organization, but by all possible ways they tried to set them on the right path - they “worked through” them at training camps, talked with their families, etc. They could be expelled from the pioneers, first of all, for the offenses of their parents - for example, the children of “enemies of the people.”
At the end of the thirties, young Leninists were actively preparing for military-defense work, studying in circles for young riflemen, signalmen, machine gunners, orderlies, etc. During the war, helping the front and the families of front-line soldiers was added to the tasks of the pioneers. The pioneers wrote letters to the soldiers, sewed linen, knitted warm clothes, collected parcels in active army, money for tanks and planes... Children were on duty in hospitals, organized concerts for the wounded, dug trenches, helped build fortifications and repair buildings after bombings. Some pioneers took part in hostilities, went on reconnaissance missions... In a word, the children did everything they could “for the front, for victory.”
After the war, the pioneers helped restore the country, worked on construction sites, did landscaping, went on hikes to places of military glory and created school museums, continued to work in the fields, collect scrap, etc. Since the victory of the USSR in the war made the “final victory of the Soviet system” obvious to everyone ", and membership in communist organizations was a reliable elevator for career growth, there are no longer any obstacles to the development of pioneering.
The pioneering organization became truly massive, but gradually its work became more and more formalized, limited to the framework of the school, which bore an increased burden of educating future communists. Each school had a senior pioneer counselor at headquarters, who was supposed to organize the work of the squads. Detachment leaders from high school Komsomol students took an increasingly formal approach to their social work. In practice, pioneer gatherings were often held under the guidance of teachers. International friendship clubs were created at schools, organized hikes, clean-up work in school areas, assistance to veterans, collection of recyclable materials, military sports games, ceremonial pioneer parades and other events that were less and less interesting to teenagers and were often carried out “for show”, for the record. .
By the time of the collapse of the USSR, school squads accepted all children from 10 to 15 years old into pioneers. There is not a single person in our country born before 1980 who was not a pioneer. Not only former pioneer activists, but many today remember their pioneer years with nostalgia, but during detailed conversations it turns out that the latter simply miss the time of their childhood, they remember with warmth interesting events like hikes, tree plantings, etc. At the same time, the ideological component , which permeated the entire life of the Soviet country, seemed boring to them in childhood; they simply turned a deaf ear to the tired slogans and appeals.
Related articles
The best amulets against the evil eye and damage Amulet against the evil eye with hands for children
How to read the Psalter correctly
Delicious dishes with sausages
A glimpse of Bella. Romantic chronicle. A glimpse of genius. Messerer about Akhmadulina Boris Messerer glimpse of Bella romantic chronicle
I dreamed that I was sailing on a boat on the river
How to cook beef entrecote in a frying pan
About the company Foreign language courses at Moscow State University
Which city and why became the main one in Ancient Mesopotamia?
Why Bukhsoft Online is better than a regular accounting program!
Which year is a leap year and how to calculate it