Lenin and Krupskaya: what was their family life like? Nadezhda Konstantinovna Krupskaya - biography and personal life.

All historians clearly agree that Nadezhda Krupskaya loved her husband very much, from her youth and to the end. But whether Lenin loved her, or rather, how much he loved her, is an ambiguous question.

Revolutionary youth of the leader

Lenin was indeed quite sincerely “turned” on revolutionary ideology. At the same time, he was an ardent and emotional person, receptive to everything bright and unusual. He treated women the same way. The first of his sympathies, as recorded by history, was the young activist of the Marxist circle, Apollinaria Yakubova. In order to get closer and unobtrusively to the subject of his interest, Vladimir undertook the tactics of communicating with the three of them, and the third was Apollinaria’s friend Nadezhda Krupskaya.

Nadezhda immediately and madly fell in love with the charming young revolutionary, but hid this fact, realizing that against the backdrop of her friend’s bright beauty, she had little chance. She took on the role of mediator in their relationship and tried to invite Vladimir Ilyich to visit her. Her mother Elizaveta Vasilyevna cooked well and attracted the young Marxist with delicious home-cooked food. Nadezhda herself never learned to cook, but she was an intelligent and wise woman, little dependent on other people’s opinions. She was quite capable of single-handedly building a plan to “capture” Ilyich.

History is silent about how exactly Vladimir proposed to Yakubova, but when he once again was arrested, only Nadezhda came to the window of his prison: relations with Apollinaria Yakubova were no longer renewed.

Marriage in Shushenskoye

Lenin was sent into exile in the village of Shushenskoye, and Nadezhda followed him. The circumstances of this trip exist different versions, but Krupskaya herself said that Lenin proposed to her in correspondence, and she agreed: “Get married like that.”

It is possible that Lenin, firstly, got used to the constant presence of a party comrade in his life, and secondly, he realized that in his work he could not do without such an intelligent adviser as Nadezhda. Gleb Krzhizhanovsky wrote about Krzhizhanovsky: “Vladimir Ilyich could find a more beautiful woman, so my Zina was beautiful, but we didn’t have anyone smarter than Nadezhda Konstantinovna, more dedicated to her work than her...”

Peasants from the village were invited to the wedding, as well as exiled friends: Krzhizhanovsky, Starkov and others. The guests were so noisy that the owners of the house where the wedding was held came asking them to be quieter.

In none of the surviving photographs do Lenin and Krupskaya show sympathy for each other - they are captured dispassionately and purposefully: as befits the leaders of the revolution. But later Krupskaya wrote in her memoirs: “We were newlyweds,” and this brightened up the exile. The fact that I don’t write about this in my memoirs does not mean at all that there was no poetry or young passion in our lives...”

Everyday life of revolutionary married life

Hope has become faithful assistant to her revolutionary husband. She processed correspondence, taught at the party school, was an editor, and a copyist of articles. Lenin found in Nadezhda Konstantinovna not only a comrade-in-arms in the revolution. He passionately loved to wander through the forests - picking mushrooms or just like that, and his wife kept him company. Subsequently, Krupskaya said that they found untouched corners of nature even in Munich and London.

Mother-in-law Elizaveta Vasilievna traveled with the spouses until her death in 1915. It was she who took upon herself to “provide the rear” - all the kitchen and housework. According to V. Pokhlebkin, a professor of history and a famous culinary expert, the signature dish of the life partner of the leader of the world proletariat was a fried egg of 4 eggs - Pokhlebkin suggests that it was the abuse of this dish that subsequently caused cerebral atherosclerosis in Lenin.

When Elizaveta Vasilievna died, the couple preferred to eat in cheap canteens. Nadezhda Konstantinovna admitted: after the death of her mother, “ours became even more student-like.” family life».

The Ulyanov-Krupskaya marriage turned out to be childless, and the reason was Nadezhda’s illness. Vladimir Ilyich, in one of his letters to his mother, said: “Nadya must be lying down: the doctor found that her illness requires persistent treatment, that she should lie down for 2-6 weeks.” Vladimir Ilyich did not spare money for her treatment, he looked for the best doctors. Later, already abroad, Krupskaya fell ill with Graves' disease and had to undergo surgery. In a letter to his mother, Ulyanov reported that Nadya “was very bad - extreme fever and delirium, so I was pretty scared...”.

Love-party triangle

The relationship between Vladimir Ilyich and Nadezhda was reliable, logical and calm, and Lenin, by his nature, was drawn to adventure. After 11 years of marriage, while in Paris, Vladimir Ilyich met Inessa Armand, the widow of a manufacturer, an ardent revolutionary and mother of five children. It was very beautiful woman adventurous warehouse. Being a governess in the family of a wealthy industrialist Armand, Inessa married his eldest son Vladimir, but after giving birth to four children, she ran away with his 17-year-old younger brother, who later died of tuberculosis.

The woman is fire - and passion flared up between her and Lenin. She was 35, he was 39. But he could not refuse Nadezhda, although she tried to leave. As A. Kollontai said: “in general, Krupskaya was in the know. She knew that Lenin was very attached to Inessa, and more than once expressed her intention to leave. Lenin held her back." For some time, a love triangle formed in which, contrary to all the ideals of communism, Vladimir Ilyich needed both such contrasting women for happiness...

In the Ulyanovs' house, Inessa Armand became indispensable: housekeeper, translator, secretary. Between two women they established friendly relations.

In April 1917, Armand arrived in Russia in the same compartment of a sealed carriage with Lenin and Krupskaya.

Inessa Armand became the organizer of the first international conference of communist women and wrote dozens of articles in which she called the traditional family a relic of antiquity.

In the 2000s, an interview with Alexander Steffen, who was born in 1913 and called himself the son of Vladimir Ulyanov and Armand, appeared in the media. The German citizen claims that 7 months after his birth, Vladimir Ulyanov placed him in the family of Austrian comrades.

Hostages of the revolution

After the revolution, Lenin was forced to decide on his personal life, and he chose Krupskaya. The ardent Frenchwoman returned to Paris and wrote letters from there, full of love to Lenin and sympathy for his wife:

“Even now I would do without kisses, just to see you, sometimes talking to you would be a joy - and it would not hurt anyone. Why was I deprived of this? You're asking if I'm angry that you "handled" the breakup. No, I don't think you did it for yourself. There were a lot of good things in Paris and in relations with N.K. In one of our last conversations, she told me that I had become especially dear and close to her only recently. And I fell in love with her almost from the first time I met her...

In 1920, Inessa Armand died of typhus while returning to Moscow from Kislovodsk, where she had gone to improve her health. Lenin personally met the coffin with her body at the Kursk station.

Among the many wreaths on the fresh grave, one of the white flowers with a black ribbon stood out: “Comrade Inesse from V.I. Lenin.”

Even during this period, Vladimir Ilyich did not lose his affection for his wife. He watched for her quiet steps and went out to meet her on the stairs. When Stalin, who already considered himself the head of state, was rude to Nadezhda Konstantinovna, Lenin stood up for his wife and was so nervous that this excess accelerated his death.

Lenin outlived Inessa Armand by only 4 years. And Nadezhda outlived her husband by 15 years. Lenin and Krupskaya did not have their own children, and Nadezhda Konstantinovna looked after strangers until the end of her life. Including the children of Inessa Armand, and her daughter became the closest person to Krupskaya.

Nadezhda Konstantinovna died in 1939, the day after her birthday, which was celebrated on a grand scale. Suddenly appendicitis with peritonitis opened, and the doctor arrived only three hours later.

Krupskaya and Armand are even buried nearby. On Red Square near the Kremlin wall.

(1869-1939) Russian politician

Nadezhda Krupskaya’s mother was a graduate of the Pavlovsk Institute for Noble Maidens and worked as a governess in the family of the landowner Rusanov, who lived in the Vilna province. My father was an officer in a regiment stationed nearby. Soon after the wedding, Konstantin Krupsky became a student at the Military Law Academy and moved to St. Petersburg with his wife.

There his daughter Nadezhda was born. Her childhood was quite ordinary. Having received a good education at home, she entered the Kyiv women's gymnasium. But soon the family moved to St. Petersburg again, and Nadezhda was sent to study at the privileged gymnasium of Princess A. Obolenskaya. Having graduated with a gold medal, the girl entered the Higher Women's Courses, and upon completion of her studies she received a diploma as a home tutor. In 1890, she began attending Marxist circles and gradually became interested in revolutionary ideas.

After graduating from high school, Nadezhda Krupskaya began giving lessons, and then got a job as a teacher at an evening Sunday school. At the same time, she conducted propaganda among the workers. In February 1894, Nadezhda Konstantinovna Krupskaya met Vladimir Ulyanov (Lenin), who was the leader of the St. Petersburg “Union of Struggle for the Liberation of the Working Class.”

In 1896, Krupskaya was arrested and, after a seven-month prison sentence, exiled for three years to the Siberian village of Shushenskoye, where on July 10, 1898 she married Lenin. During the last year of exile, Nadezhda Konstantinovna Krupskaya was in Ufa, since Lenin had already served his exile.

After the end of her exile, she left Russia with Lenin. They settled first in Munich, where Nadezhda Konstantinovna became secretary of the Iskra newspaper published by Lenin, and then moved to London to prepare for the Second Congress of the RSDLP. Then they lived for several years in Geneva, from where it was convenient to transport the Iskra newspaper.

In November 1905, Krupskaya returned to St. Petersburg again, now as a member of the Central Committee of the Bolshevik Party. She was responsible for safe houses and communication with local party committees. After the defeat of the 1905 revolution, Nadezhda Krupskaya again left Russia and settled in Geneva with Lenin. There she was the secretary of the newspapers Proletary and Social Democrat that he published.

On Lenin’s advice, Nadezhda Krupskaya began studying the public education system in European countries. She wrote several articles and published them in the magazine “Free Education”, and then published the book “Public Education and Democracy”.

In 1911, Nadezhda Konstantinovna Krupskaya moved with Lenin to Paris, where she taught at the party school in Longjumeau, located in the house of I. Armand. In June 1912, they moved to Krakow, and there Krupskaya became the head of the Bolshevik magazine for women, Rabotnitsa.

In April 1917, Krupskaya and Lenin, having traveled across Germany in a sealed carriage, returned to Russia to participate in the revolutionary process. After the July events of the same year, Krupskaya carried out orders from Lenin, who was in an illegal situation. At the same time, she became a member of the Vyborg District Duma.

After October Revolution, Nadezhda Konstantinovna Krupskaya began working at the People's Commissariat of Education of the RSFSR as a government commissioner for extracurricular activities. Together with A. Lunacharsky and M. Pokrovsky, she was the author of decrees of the Soviet government on public education.

It was Krupskaya who developed the concept of the so-called unified labor school, the model for which was the English “workhouses”. For many years Soviet schoolchildren were forced to wear dull dark gray uniforms.

After the government moved to Moscow, Nadezhda Konstantinovna Krupskaya became the de facto head of the People's Commissariat for Education, since A.V. Lunacharsky was now involved in issues of cultural policy. On Krupskaya’s initiative, the removal of books from bookstores, first by religious and theological books, and then by “bourgeois” authors, soon began. Then they will disappear from all libraries, since special circulars with a list of books that were subject to confiscation and destruction were sent to all remote corners of the country.

In the twenties, Nadezhda Krupskaya actively promoted the labor polytechnic school, which led to a sharp reduction in the number humanities. At the same time, teachers stopped taking into account the individual specifics of a child’s development, giving preference to the so-called comprehensive mass education. Therefore, an abbreviated course of almost all basic technical and scientific disciplines has appeared in schools.

At the same time, Krupskaya also carried out significant cultural reform. On her initiative, libraries, reading rooms, and schools for adults were opened. Let us note that the initial guidelines were indeed aimed at achieving universal literacy in Russia. At that time, the country had one of the first places in the world in terms of the number of illiterate people.

But the dominance of the executors, the so-called pedologists, gradually turned the initial initiative into dogma. Nadezhda Krupskaya was romantically focused on the future and did not understand that when giving this or that order, it was necessary not only to take care of the education of passionate comrades-in-arms, but also to establish a system of control over the correct, rational and, most importantly, humane implementation of the assigned tasks.

Krupskaya’s role in creating a reading circle is also known. From a vulgar sociological position, she not only opposed the use of educational process fairy tales, but was also the initiator of the introduction of so-called educational books. It is known that in 1928 Krupskaya was the inspirer of the printed persecution of many humanities scientists, in particular K. Chukovsky.

After Lenin's death, Nadezhda Konstantinovna Krupskaya's position changed. Stalin hated her fiercely and even once remarked: “We can make another widow of Lenin.” Krupskaya spoke in Pravda against placing Lenin’s body in the Mausoleum.

In 1925, she joined the “new opposition,” as the group of Bolsheviks who advocated the democratization of internal party life was called. At the XIV Congress of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks, Stalin called Krupskaya’s speech “sheer nonsense.” The old revolutionary was forced to apologize and publicly dissociate herself from any opposition to Stalin.

IN recent years In her life, she held the post of Deputy People's Commissar of Education and was a kind of symbol of Lenin's best times and a magnet for people who were looking for help and advice. According to one version, Nadezhda Konstantinovna Krupskaya was poisoned with sweets sent to her by Stalin for her birthday. According to unconfirmed sources, she wanted to make refutations of Stalin's policies. She had every reason to do this, since by that time the society of political prisoners, the best representatives of the Leninist guard, had ceased to exist. Many of them were excommunicated from government and subsequently died in camps.

Biography
Nadya Krupskaya grew up in a poor family. Her father, considered “unreliable,” at one time became close to the populists, so the family received a small pension for him. A modest and silent girl, after completing the Bestuzhev courses, began working at an evening school. I memorized German specifically for studying Marxism. Her passion for Marxism quickly acquired the characteristics of fanaticism.
She met Vladimir Ulyanov thanks to her friend Apollinaria Yakubova, who brought Nadya to a Marxist gathering, organized under the plausible pretext of pancakes.
“Before his marriage in July 1898 in Shushenskoye to Nadezhda Krupskaya, only one noticeable “courtship” of Vladimir Ulyanov is known,” says historian Dmitry Volkogonov. “He was seriously attracted to Krupskaya’s friend, Apollinaria Yakubova, also a socialist and teacher.
Ulyanov, no longer very young (he was then over twenty-six), wooed Yakubova, but was met with a polite but firm refusal. Judging by a number of indirect signs, the unsuccessful matchmaking did not become a noticeable drama for the future leader of the Russian Jacobins..."
Vladimir Ilyich immediately impressed Nadezhda with his leadership abilities. The girl tried to interest the future leader - firstly, with Marxist conversations, which Ulyanov adored, and secondly, with her mother’s cooking. Elizaveta Vasilievna, seeing him at home, was happy. She considered her daughter unattractive and did not predict happiness for her in her personal life. One can imagine how happy she was for her Nadenka when she saw a pleasant person in her house. young man from a good family!
On the other hand, having become Ulyanov’s bride, Nadya did not cause much delight among his family: they found that she had a very “herring look.” This statement meant, first of all, that Krupskaya’s eyes were bulging, like a fish’s - one of the signs of Graves’ disease discovered later, because of which, it is assumed, Nadezhda Konstantinovna could not have children. Vladimir Ulyanov himself treated Nadyusha’s “herring” with humor, assigning the bride the appropriate party nicknames: Fish and Lamprey.
Already in prison, he invited Nadenka to become his wife. “Well, a wife is a wife,” she replied.
Having been exiled to Ufa for three years for her revolutionary activities, Nadya decided that serving her exile with Ulyanov would be more fun. Therefore, she asked to be sent to Shushenskoye, Minusinsk district, where the groom was already located, and, having obtained permission from the police officials, she and her mother followed her chosen one.
The first thing that the future mother-in-law said to Lenin when they met was: “How you were blown away!” Ilyich ate well in Shushenskoye and led healthy image life: he hunted regularly, ate his favorite sour cream and other peasant delicacies. The future leader lived in the hut of the peasant Zyryanov, but after the arrival of his bride he began to look for another place to live - with a room for his mother-in-law.
Arriving in Shushenskoye, Elizaveta Vasilievna insisted that the marriage be concluded without delay, and “to the fullest.” Orthodox form" Ulyanov, who was already twenty-eight, and Krupskaya, one year older than him, obeyed. A long red tape began to obtain a marriage license: without this, Nadya and her mother could not live with Ilyich. But permission for a wedding was not given without a residence permit, which, in turn, was impossible without marriage... Lenin sent complaints to Minusinsk and Krasnoyarsk about the arbitrariness of the authorities, and finally, by the summer of 1898, Krupskaya was allowed to become his wife. The wedding took place in the Peter and Paul Church, the bride wore a white blouse and a black skirt, and the groom wore an ordinary, very shabby brown suit. Lenin made his next suit only in Europe...
Many exiles from the surrounding villages had fun at the wedding, and they sang so loudly that the owners of the hut came in to ask them to calm down...
“We were newlyweds,” Nadezhda Konstantinovna recalled about life in Shushenskoye, “and this brightened up the exile. The fact that I don’t write about this in my memoirs does not mean at all that there was no poetry or young passion in our lives...”
Ilyich turned out to be a caring husband. In the very first days after the wedding, he hired a fifteen-year-old girl-assistant for Nadya: Krupskaya never learned how to operate a Russian stove and grip. And the culinary skills of the young wife even took away the appetite of close people. When Elizaveta Vasilievna died in 1915, the couple had to eat in cheap canteens until their return to Russia. Nadezhda Konstantinovna admitted: after the death of her mother, “our family life became even more student-like.”
“The couple never shared their pain with anyone: the childlessness of Nadezhda Konstantinovna, who suffered from Graves’ disease and, as Vladimir Ilyich himself writes, not only that. In a letter to his mother loving son reports: “Nadya must be lying down: the doctor found (as she wrote a week ago) that her illness (female) requires persistent treatment, that she should lie down for 2-6 weeks. I sent her more money (I received 100 rubles from Vodovozova), because treatment will require considerable expenses...” (D. Volkogonov).
Some of Lenin's entourage hinted that Vladimir Ilyich often gets abused by his wife. G.I. Petrovsky, one of his comrades-in-arms, recalled: “I had to observe how Nadezhda Konstantinovna, during a discussion on various issues, did not agree with the opinion of Vladimir Ilyich. It was very interesting. It was very difficult to object to Vladimir Ilyich, since everything was thought out and logical for him. But Nadezhda Konstantinovna noticed “errors” in his speech, excessive enthusiasm for something... When Nadezhda Konstantinovna made her comments, Vladimir Ilyich chuckled and scratched the back of his head. His whole appearance said that sometimes he gets it too.”
There is also a story that one day Krupskaya, who knew about her husband’s love for Inessa Armand, invited him to break up so that he could arrange his own personal happiness. But Vladimir Ilyich chose to stay with his wife. It was rumored that Ilyich’s friend, the exiled Kurnatovsky, was secretly in love with Nadezhda Konstantinovna. He very often went to the Ulyanovs, supposedly to talk about Marxism... Be that as it may, the revolutionaries, who linked their destinies, lived a long life together and were inseparable until the death of Vladimir Ilyich. Lenin began to feel worse and had pronounced signs of illness. early spring 1922. All symptoms pointed to ordinary mental fatigue: severe headaches, weakened memory, insomnia, irritability, increased sensitivity to noise. However, doctors disagreed on the diagnosis. The German professor Klemperer believed main reason headaches; poisoning of the body with lead bullets that were not removed from the leader’s body after being wounded in 1918. In April 1922, he underwent surgery under local anesthesia and one of the bullets in the neck was finally removed. But Ilyich’s health did not improve. Professor Darshkevich, who diagnosed overwork, prescribed him rest. But bad feelings did not leave Lenin, and he made a terrible promise from Stalin: to give him potassium cyanide in the event that he suddenly suffered a stroke. Vladimir Ilyich feared paralysis, which doomed him to complete, humiliating helplessness, more than anything else.
He spent that spring in Gorki. On the night of May 25, as usual, I could not fall asleep for a long time. And then, as luck would have it, a nightingale sang under the windows. Lenin went out into the garden, picked up pebbles and began throwing them at the nightingale, and suddenly noticed that his right hand was hard to obey...
By morning he was already very ill. Speech and memory suffered: Ilyich at times did not understand what was being said to him, and could not find words to express his thoughts.
On May 30, Ilyich called Stalin to Gorki and reminded him of this promise. He seemingly agreed, and on the way to the car he told everything to the leader’s sister Maria Ilyinichna. Together, they persuaded Lenin to wait to commit suicide, convincing him that the doctors had not lost hope for his full recovery. He believed.
“We’ll see what kind of wife you are to him,” Joseph Vissarionovich Krupskoy hinted more than once. And one day Nadezhda Konstantinovna, an extremely reserved woman, lost her temper: she became hysterical and cried. This, according to one version, allegedly finished off the barely alive Ilyich.
In the first ten days of March of the following year, Ilyich had already lost his speech forever, although until the end of his days he understood everything that was happening to him. From the notes of the doctor on duty: “On March 9, he looked at Krupskaya and told her: “We need to call my wife...”
These days, Nadezhda Konstantinovna, apparently, nevertheless made an attempt to stop her husband’s suffering. From Stalin’s secret note dated March 17, members of the Politburo know that she “arch-conspiratorially” asked to give Lenin poison, saying that she tried to do it herself, but she did not have enough strength. Stalin again promised to “show humanism” and again did not keep his word... However, Vladimir Ilyich’s days were already numbered.
Nadezhda Konstantinovna outlived her husband by fifteen years, full of squabbles and intrigues. When the leader of the world proletariat died, Stalin entered into a fierce struggle with his widow, not intending to share power with anyone. Nadezhda Konstantinovna begged to bury her husband, but instead his body was turned into a mummy...
“In the summer of 1930, before the 16th Party Congress, district party conferences were held in Moscow,” historian Roy Medvedev writes in his book “They Surrounded Stalin.” – At the Bauman Conference, V.I. Lenin’s widow, N.K. Krupskaya, spoke and criticized the methods of Stalinist collectivization, saying that this collectivization had nothing to do with Lenin’s cooperative plan. Krupskaya accused the Party Central Committee of ignorance of the mood of the peasantry and refusal to consult with the people. “There is no need to blame the local authorities,” said Nadezhda Konstantinovna, “for the mistakes that were made by the Central Committee itself.”
When Krupskaya was still making her speech, the leaders of the district committee let Kaganovich know about this, and he immediately went to the conference. Having risen to the podium after Krupskaya, Kaganovich subjected her speech to rude criticism. Rejecting her criticism on the merits, he also stated that she, as a member of the Central Committee, did not have the right to bring her critical remarks to the podium of the district party conference. “Let N.K. Krupskaya not think,” said Kaganovich, “that if she was Lenin’s wife, then she has a monopoly on Leninism.”
In 1938, writer Marietta Shaginyan approached Krupskaya about reviewing and supporting her novel about Lenin, Ticket to History. Nadezhda Konstantinovna responded to her with a detailed letter, which caused Stalin’s terrible indignation. A scandal broke out and became the subject of discussion by the Party Central Committee.
“To condemn the behavior of Krupskaya, who, having received the manuscript of Shaginyan’s novel, not only did not prevent the birth of the novel, but, on the contrary, encouraged Shaginyan in every possible way, gave positive reviews about the manuscript and advised Shaginyan on various aspects of the life of the Ulyanovs and thereby bore full responsibility for this book. Consider Krupskaya’s behavior all the more unacceptable and tactless because Comrade Krupskaya did all this without the knowledge and consent of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks, thereby turning the all-party matter of compiling works about Lenin into a private and family matter and acting as a monopolist and interpreter of public and personal life and work of Lenin and his family, which the Central Committee never gave anyone the right to do..."
Her death was mysterious. It came on the eve of the XVIII Party Congress, at which Nadezhda Konstantinovna was going to speak. On the afternoon of February 24, 1939, friends visited her in Arkhangelskoye to celebrate her hostess’s approaching seventieth birthday. The table was set, Nadezhda Konstantinovna seemed very animated... In the evening she suddenly felt ill. They called a doctor, but for some reason he arrived after more than three hours. The diagnosis was made immediately: “acute appendicitis-peritonitis-thrombosis.” For some reason the necessary urgent operation was not performed. Three days later, Krupskaya died in terrible agony at the age of seventy.

KRUPSKAYA (Ulyanova) Nadezhda Konstantinovna participant in the revolutionary movement, Soviet statesman and party leader, one of the founders of the Soviet public education system, doctor pedagogical sciences(1936), honorary member of the USSR Academy of Sciences (1931). Member Communist Party since 1898.
Born into the family of a democratically minded officer. As a student at the Higher Women's Courses in St. Petersburg, from 1890 she was a member of Marxist student circles. In 1891-96 she taught at an evening and Sunday school behind the Nevskaya Zastava, conducted revolutionary propaganda among the workers. In 1894 she met with V.I. Lenin.
In 1895 she participated in the organization and work of the St. Petersburg “Union of Struggle for the Liberation of the Working Class.” In August 1896 she was arrested. In 1898 she was sentenced to exile for 3 years in the Ufa province, which, at her request, was replaced by the village. Shushenskoye Yenisei province, where Lenin served his exile; here Krupskaya became his wife.
In 1900 she ended her period of exile in Ufa; She taught classes in a workers' circle and trained future Iskra correspondents. After liberation, she came (1901) to Lenin in Munich; worked as secretary of the editorial office of the newspaper Iskra, from December 1904 - to the newspaper Vpered, from May 1905 secretary of the Foreign Bureau of the Central Committee of the RSDLP. In November 1905, she returned to Russia with Lenin; first in St. Petersburg, and from the end of 1906 in Kuokkala (Finland) she worked as secretary of the party Central Committee.
At the end of 1907, Lenin and Krupskaya emigrated again; in Geneva, Krupskaya was the secretary of the newspaper "Proletary", then the newspaper "Social Democrat".
In 1911 he became a teacher at the party school in Longjumeau. From 1912 in Krakow, she helped Lenin maintain connections with Pravda and the Bolshevik faction of the 4th State Duma. At the end of 1913 - beginning of 1914, she participated in organizing the publication of the legal Bolshevik magazine "Rabotnitsa".
Delegate to the 2nd-4th congresses of the RSDLP, participant in party conferences [incl. 6th (Prague)] and responsible party meetings (including the Conference of 22 Bolsheviks) held until 1917.
On April 3 (16), 1917, she returned to Russia with Lenin. Delegate to the 7th April Conference and 6th Congress of the RSDLP(b). Participated in the creation of socialist youth unions. Took active participation in the October Revolution of 1917; through Krupskaya, Lenin transmitted leadership letters to the Central Committee and the St. Petersburg Party Committee, to the Military Revolutionary Committee; being a member of the Vyborg district committee of the RSDLP (b), she worked in it during the days of the October armed uprising.
According to M.N. Pokrovsky, before the October Revolution of 1917, Krupskaya, being Lenin’s closest collaborator, “... did the same thing that real good “deputies” do now,” she relieved Lenin of all current work, saving his time for such large things like “What should I do?” (Memoirs of N.K. Krupskaya, 1966, p. 16).
After establishing Soviet power Krupskaya - member of the board of the People's Commissariat of Education of the RSFSR; together with A.V. Lunacharsky and M.N. Pokrovsky, she prepared the first decrees on public education, one of the organizers of political and educational work. In 1918 she was elected a full member of the Socialist Academy of Social Sciences.
In 1919, on the ship "Red Star" she took part in a propaganda campaign through the Volga regions that had just been liberated from the White Guards. Since November 1920, Chairman of the Glavpolitprosvet under the People's Commissariat for Education. Since 1921 chairman of the scientific and methodological section of the State educational council(GUS) People's Commissariat for Education. She taught at the Academy of Communist Education. She was the organizer of a number of voluntary societies: “Down with Illiteracy”, “Friend of Children”, chairman of the Society of Marxist Teachers. Since 1929, Deputy People's Commissar of Education of the RSFSR.
Contributed major contribution in development the most important problems Marxist pedagogy - defining the goals and objectives of communist education; connection between the school and the practice of socialist construction; labor and polytechnic education; determination of the content of education; issues of age-related pedagogy; basics organizational forms children's communist movement, education of collectivism, etc.
Krupskaya attached great importance to the fight against child homelessness and neglect, the work of orphanages, and preschool education. She edited the magazine “People's Education”, “People's Teacher”, “On the Road to a New School”, “About Our Children”, “Help to Self-Education”, “Red Librarian”, “Adult School”, “Communist Education”, “Izba-Reading Room” "etc.
Delegate to the 7th-17th party congresses. From 1924 a member of the Central Control Commission, from 1927 a member of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks. Member of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee and the Central Executive Committee of the USSR of all convocations, deputy and member of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR of the 1st convocation. Participant in all congresses of the Komsomol (except for the 3rd). Active figure in the international communist movement, delegate to the 2nd, 4th, 6th, 7th congresses of the Comintern.
Krupskaya is a prominent publicist and speaker. She spoke at numerous party, Komsomol, trade union congresses and conferences, meetings of workers, peasants, and teachers. Author of many works about Lenin and the party, on issues of public education and communist education. Krupskaya's memories of Lenin are the most valuable historical source, covering the life and work of Lenin and many important events in the history of the Communist Party.
She was awarded the Order of Lenin and the Order of the Red Banner of Labor. She was buried on Red Square near the Kremlin wall.

When Inessa was arrested in Paris, he threatened to shoot all French diplomats!

Volumes of propaganda books have been written and dozens of films have been made about the once “great Lenin” and his faithful wife Nadezhda Krupskaya. However, the truth has long been known to those who are interested not in political tales, but in reality. And it lies in the fact that for many years the third and not at all superfluous woman in this marriage was an amazing woman whose name was Inessa Armand.

FUNERAL OF LOVE

...On October 12, 1920, Moscow shook with mournful music and sobs. In the first row, barely hiding his tears, walked Lenin - the leader of the world proletariat, a cruel dictator, a man before whom all of Russia he conquered froze in horror.

The love of his life was buried. Vladimir Ilyich, reeling from grief, followed the coffin of his mistress Inessa Armand to bury her body near the Kremlin wall. Next to Lenin, his legal wife Nadezhda Krupskaya trudged along in the crowd of comrades.

Later, after Lenin’s death, she even offered to bury her husband next to Armand. But the Bolshevik leaders rejected this scandalous proposal...

And on that day, Ilyich’s comrade-in-arms, revolutionary Alexandra Kollontai, left the following entry in her diary:

“Lenin was shocked. When we walked behind Inessa’s coffin, Lenin was impossible to recognize. He walked with his eyes closed, and it seemed like he was about to fall..."

So, having died at the age of 46, far from being the very first of the leaders of the revolution, Inessa Armand was solemnly buried as a great statesman...

...Soon after Ilyich’s death in 1924, Comrade Stalin began to mold Lenin into a new god for the survivors of the world war and civil war residents of the country. And, of course, God could not have a mistress...

And Stalin, according to historians, once expressed himself strongly about his wife. When Nadezhda Krupskaya once again tried to “attack” the leader of all nations, he said to her face: “If anything happens, we will find another widow for Comrade Lenin...” Well, who, besides Inessa Armand, could he have in mind?..

Familiarity and passion

Vladimir Ulyanov-Lenin turned the thousand-year foundations of Russia, the country of great princes, tsars and emperors, into dust during the five years of his reign. For what? Was it only for the sake of dubious ideas of the philosophy of Marxism, or was it the ambition of a man who was ready to show his women: I am better and higher than everyone else?..

The unsuccessful lawyer Ulyanov, who decided to become a revolutionary, as is known, first married Nadezhda Krupskaya out of youthful love. He met the pretty Nadenka in 1893 at an illegal meeting of underground revolutionaries.

Then they both took turns spending a little time in a cozy royal prison, and in exile - in the village of Shushenskoye, in 1898 - they got married. They lived in peace and love. Ilyich’s mother-in-law, who came to visit the exiles, prepared hare cutlets for the future leader of the world proletariat...

Around the same years, the young Frenchwoman Inessa d'Herbanville (future Armand) - the daughter of a French opera singer and a comic vaudeville actress - began to shine in Paris. She danced and sang beautifully, knew several languages, and drove her fans crazy.

“Luxurious hairstyle, graceful figure, small ears, clean forehead, sharply defined mouth, greenish eyes,” one of the gentlemen dreamily wrote about her in his diary.

The love of married Vladimir Ulyanov and Inessa began in 1909. By that time she had lived for nine years in marriage with a merchant’s son from rich family Alexander Armand, to give birth to two girls and two boys. And even leave her husband for his 18-year-old brother Vladimir, from whom she also gave birth to a son and with whom she was united not only by love, but also by a common cause - social democracy...

Inessa was attracted by revolution - both sexual and political. At first she became a suffragist - one of the ideologists of the women's movement for equal rights with men, a member of the Society for the Improvement of the Lot of Women, then she became friends with the socialists in Switzerland... Around that time, an entry appeared in Armand's diary, the most fatally predetermined her future relationship with the leader of the Russian revolution:

“After a short hesitation between the Social Revolutionaries and the Social Democrats, under the influence of Ilyin’s book “The Development of Capitalism in Russia,” I am becoming a Bolshevik.”

Ilyin is one of the pseudonyms of Ulyanov-Lenin.

Under the influence of her new lover, Inessa Armand finally becomes a revolutionary extremist. Including in matters of marriage and family. In 1912, she even published a brochure “On the Women's Issue,” where the main idea was: freedom from marriage!

It is clear that Nadezhda Krupskaya did not share these calls, being legally married to her lover. However, what can you not do for the sake of a great goal - revolution!

LOVE TRIANGLE

...And Lenin wrote and wrote tender letters to his beloved Inessa:

“Today is a magnificent sunny day with snow. My wife and I were walking along the road along which - remember - the three of us once walked so wonderfully. I remembered everything and regretted that you were not there. Your Lenin."

Many of these letters have survived. Sometimes they talked about quarrels between lovers. Inessa, for example, wrote:

“We broke up, we broke up, dear, you and I! And it hurts so much. I know, I feel, you will never come here! Looking at well-known places, I was clearly aware, as never before, of what a large place you occupied in my life, that almost all activities here in Paris were connected with a thousand threads with the thought of you. I wasn’t in love with you at all then, but even then I loved you very much. Even now I would do without kisses, and just to see you, sometimes talking to you would be a joy - and it could not hurt anyone. Why was it necessary to deprive me of this?..”

In those years of the outbreak of the First World War, lovers had to separate because the relationship, according to unknown to history reasons, heated up. Krupskaya suddenly rebelled and rolled out a classic phrase to her husband: either she or I. What Lenin answered is unclear, but in the end Inessa left for a while.

However, this disagreement in the love “triangle” was rather a rare exception. Witnesses of the family “for three” note Krupskaya’s amazing tolerance for a woman. She even said that “the house becomes brighter when Inessa comes.”

“To Krupskaya’s credit,” wrote historian Dmitry Volkogonov, “she did not create petty-bourgeois scenes of jealousy and was able to establish outwardly even, even friendly, relations with the beautiful Frenchwoman. She answered Krupskaya in the same way...”

Nadezhda Konstantinovna saw how her usually bilious husband transformed in society new lover. Maybe she recognized Armand's primacy in the heart of Vladimir Lenin because she was honest with herself and understood that she could not compete with famous beauty? After all, Krupskaya shone with her cuteness only in her early youth...

I COULD NOT LIVE WITHOUT HER

History is silent about how Lenin managed to persuade Krupskaya to have Armand visible in their marriage. But by the spring of 1917, the scandalous “triangle” was already a fully formed reality. The three of them fell into the stormy embrace of revolutionary upheaval...

Then, as you know, Germany, at war with Russia, provided Lenin and his extremist group with a special carriage to travel from Switzerland to Russia through war-torn territories.

Interestingly, the sealed carriage was filled with revolutionaries, but the leader with his wife and... Inessa were traveling in a separate compartment. This is historical evidence.

And Armand was active in the Bolshevik coup, even took part in the battles for the Kremlin. Then she was a member of the Moscow district committee of the Bolshevik party, head of the capital council national economy. Speaking modern language, Ilyich put his beloved in charge so that everything would not be completely stolen in the revolutionary chaos...

In 1918, Lenin sent his favorite to France for a diplomatic purpose: to try to remove from there thousands of Russian soldiers of the so-called French Expeditionary Force. But in Paris everyone understood, Inessa was arrested...

This news infuriated Lenin. He conveyed to the French government that if Inessa Armand was not immediately released, he would shoot all French diplomats, and at the same time all the French who were found on Russian territory. The threat worked and Inessa was released.

She had nothing left to live. In 1920, during a business trip to southern Russia, she died of cholera...

“The death of Inessa Armand hastened the death of Lenin: he, loving Inessa, could not survive her departure,” Kollontai wrote.

And this is very similar to the truth...

Nadezhda Krupskaya to Maria Ilyinichna Ulyanova:

Still, I feel sorry that I’m not a man, otherwise I’d be hanging around ten times more.

(Venedikt Erofeev, “My Little Leniniana”)

Mom and Dad

Elizaveta Vasilievna Krupskaya, née Tistrova, was very worried that her only daughter was not at all pretty and did not look like her handsome father. The former governess, who successfully married Lieutenant Konstantin Ignatievich, was afraid that Nadenka would not be able to find someone who would covet her exceptional mental abilities and will forgive the mediocre appearance.
However, marriage with Krupsky can only be considered a relative success. Having met during his service in Kielce (Poland), the young people fell in love at first sight. There was nothing surprising in this: orphans from impoverished noble families, raised at public expense, she was in the Pavlovsk Military Orphan Institute for Noble Maidens, he was in the Konstantinovsky Cadet Corps, they were similar in their views on life, in their attitude towards the world , in their aspirations and had a common value system.
The girl Tistrova was distinguished by her cheerful disposition, playfulness and homeliness. Krupsky, with his intelligence and literary abilities, was considered the life of the party. In general, many members of this family were noted for their literary abilities. Here is an excerpt from a petition written by Krupsky to his superiors, in which he insists on his transfer from rebellious Poland. He, a member of the First International, was disgusted by the service obliging him to suppress the national liberation uprising: “From the age of nine, the service separated me from everyone close to my heart, and together with my dear native land, leaving in my soul sweet memories of the happy years of childhood, the picturesque places of my native nest !. About everything that is so dear to everyone! From such circumstances of life, some unbearable melancholy oppresses the soul - my whole body, and the desire to serve native land day by day it takes greater hold of my feelings, paralyzing my thoughts.” Not an official note, but a poem! Elizaveta Vasilievna published the book “Children's Day” in 1874. She devoted 12 quatrains with pictures to discussions about the benefits of work, without once mentioning God.
He managed to escape from Poland by entering the St. Petersburg Military Law Academy. Here, on February 26, 1869, the Krupskys’ daughter Nadezhda was born. After graduating from the academy, Krupsky received the position of head of the district in Grojec (Poland). The family lived in prosperity for three years. But all this time the landowners-latifundists were denouncing the administrator, known for his revolutionary-democratic views. And the matter ended sadly - resignation, trial, ban on living in the capital. An appeal was filed, the consideration of which lasted until 1880. All this time, Nadenka was considered the daughter of a defendant, and this greatly complicated her life: her father could not find a job, and her mother wrote in the sources of payment for her daughter’s education, shameful for that time, “from E.V. Krupskaya’s own funds.” And although Konstantin Ignatievich was acquitted, emotional stress led to a sharp deterioration in his health, weakened by tuberculosis. And the daughter, who was strongly attached to her father, fell ill with signs of a nervous breakdown. This is how her thyroid gland made itself known for the first time.
Having moved to St. Petersburg, the parents sent their daughter to the most advanced educational institution for girls at that time - the Obolenskaya gymnasium, where brilliant representatives of the Russian intellectual elite taught: physicist Kovalevsky, mathematicians Litvinova and Bilibin, collector of Russian folklore Smirnov. And here she was the best student.
The family lived a difficult life - due to the deplorable state of health, the father practically did not work. Friends who were participants in the revolutionary democratic movement helped. Nadya grew up listening to their conversations about the great future of Russia, free from the oppression of tsarism.
On February 26, 1883, Krupsky died. On the birthday of his daughter, who loved him so much.
To make ends meet, Elizaveta Vasilyevna rented a large apartment and rented out rooms to telephone operators, seamstresses, students, and paramedics. They lived on the difference. 14-year-old Nadya gave mathematics lessons. In 1887, she graduated from the 8th pedagogical class and received a diploma as a “home tutor.”
A prosperous life did not suit the young girl; she dreamed of continuing her father’s work in the struggle for universal happiness and equality. I even wrote a letter to Lev Nikolaevich Tolstoy. At this mirror of the future revolution, Nadenka asked about what she should do with herself next, how to benefit the fatherland. I received the answer not from Himself, but from Tatyana Lvovna (interestingly, in just ten years she herself will play the same role at the torch of the future revolution) - the volume of “The Count of Monte Cristo”. What did the writer’s daughter want to say with this, into what abysses did she send her young soul thirsty for social achievement? Nadezhda Konstantinovna approached the matter in detail: she checked the original text with the abbreviated and simplified Sytin edition for the people, corrected it, removed illogicalities and sent the result of her efforts back to Tolstoy. However, there was no answer.
In 1889 she entered the Bestuzhev courses. She joined the Marxist circle of Mikhail Brusnev.
In spring and summer, mother and daughter Krupsky rented a hut in the Pskov region. They lived on what the peasants gave for the fact that Nadenka worked with their children during field work.
Returning to St. Petersburg, she left her lucrative position as a gymnasium teacher and went to teach for free at a school for working youth behind the Nevskaya Zastava.
At the end of February 1894 at pancakes At the engineer Robert Eduardovich Klasson, St. Petersburg workers met with the famous Marxist nicknamed “Old Man”, the author of the brochure “What are “Friends of the People””, which was sensational in their circles, Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov. Teacher Nadya was also here. It was these girls who served as conductors of revolutionary ideas from the heated heads of commoners to the souls and hearts of workers who attended charity classes.

Thank you
Thanks to Nadezhda Konstantinovna, education in our country was genderless for 80 years: boys and girls ran races, threw hammers, chopped coal in mines, and solved trigonometry problems. As a result, Russia lost its men. But they still don’t want to do housework.

Ulyanov and Nadezhda began dating. He asked in detail about the life of the working people, their way of life and morals. One day, in order to answer some of the questions, Nadenka dressed up as a weaver and with a friend staged a spy raid into a workers’ dormitory. The oldest member of the “Union for the Liberation of Workers,” in which Ulyanov and Krupskaya were members, Mikhail Silvin, assessed the role of Nadezhda Konstantinovna this way: “She maintained and renewed connections, was the core of our organization.” Ilyich greatly appreciated the information she provided.
When he got sick, the girl looked after him. Her friends cooked, washed, cleaned for the young leader, while she sat by his bed, read aloud, and told the latest news.
Three years have passed. Mom was worried in vain. Having been rejected from the gate when courting Nadya’s friend, also a socialist and teacher, Apollinaria Yakubova, Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov, in a letter from prison, asked for the hand of his faithful comrade Nadya. “A wife, a wife! “- the revolutionary girl happily agreed.

Curious
Krupskaya did not just write pedagogical projects. She meticulously participated in their implementation. Sarkis Nanushyan, a famous Moscow architect who was entrusted with
to design standard buildings for children's institutions, recalled that Nadezhda Konstantinovna specifically met with him several times to discuss the smallest details of the layout of kindergartens and schools.

Volodya

Before the wedding, Nadya was arrested. There were almost no materials for it, but one of the student workers pawned the entire team. Krupskaya received three years of exile in Ufa.
Her mother petitioned for her release, writing in her petition: “My daughter is generally in poor health, very nervous, and has suffered from catarrh of the stomach and anemia since childhood.” The prison doctor also confirmed the deplorable state of the convict’s body, finding it “extremely unsatisfactory.” But this had no consequences.
Ilyich and Krupskaya sent a petition asking them to serve their exile together in Shushenskoye. To get money for long journey, Elizaveta Vasilievna sold the plot next to her husband’s grave at the Novodevichy cemetery.
The groom found the appearance of the arriving bride “unsatisfactory,” which he wrote to his sister about. Nadenka’s mother was also worried about her unhealthy “paleness.” The girl reassured: “Well, mom, I’m a match for northern nature, there are no bright colors in me.”
At the insistence of the mother-in-law, the wedding took place not according to revolutionary, but according to church canons on July 10, 1898.

Facts
Shushenskoye, like Kokushkino, were family estates of the Ulyanov family. The annual income from them ranged from 8 to 17 thousand rubles.
Once a week for the master, the future leader of the revolution, they slaughtered one ram (sheep), one adult wild boar, and 3-5 poultry (turkeys and chickens). From the memoirs of Nadezhda Konstantinovna: “True, lunch and dinner were simple - one week they killed a sheep for Vladimir Ilyich, which they fed him day after day, until he had eaten everything, as soon as he had eaten - they bought meat for the week, the worker in the yard in a trough ... chopped bought meat for cutlets for Vladimir Ilyich, also for a week... In general, the exile went well... In my opinion, he has gotten terribly healthy, and he looks brilliant... One local Polish resident says: “Mr. Ulyanov is always cheerful.” He is terribly interested in hunting, and everyone here is generally an inveterate hunter.”
The exile was paid, according to some sources, 9 rubles. 24 kopecks, according to others - 8 rubles. 17 kopecks per month. During these years in Siberia, a ram cost from 20 to 30 kopecks.

Krupskaya recalled life in Shushenskoye as one of the happiest periods in her life. The mother, who took on all the household chores (and diligently performed them until death), hired a 15-year-old au pair. The funds received by two exiles and the pension of the widow of a collegiate assessor were quite enough for a comfortable existence: books and beloved Volodya were ordered from the capitals mineral water(which, by the way, he received in prison). Nadenka worked in the morning - she corresponded with her comrades who remained in freedom, read newspapers, and prepared excerpts for her husband’s articles. She edited his translation of “The Theory and Practice of English Tradeunianism” by Sidney and Beatrice Webb (translation commissioned, from the publisher, paid). During the day we walked a lot, Ilyich taught his wife to do gymnastics, went boating, cycling, and swam. We went hunting, picked mushrooms and berries. From evening until late at night, my husband sat at his desk.
Throughout their life together, he treated her with the same warmth, tenderness and care as his suddenly deceased beloved sister Olga. There is a lot of evidence of this, especially in Lenin’s correspondence with his relatives. The parents of Ilyich and Krupskaya, who adhered to Narodnaya Volya views, were supporters of the same educational system. It’s not surprising that their children found them so quickly common language and throughout their entire life together they understood each other in half a glance, half a word, no. Nadezhda was very friendly with Ilyich’s mother, before last days was the best friend of his sister Maria.
Neither of them were people without passions. There is evidence that in her youth, Krupskaya accepted the advances of a member of her revolutionary circle, the worker Babushkin, and in exile she became interested in the handsome revolutionary Viktor Konstantinovich Kurnatovsky. But when Lenin was reported about this, and even sister Anna wrote an indignant letter about this, he brushed it off: “This is not the time, Annushka, to engage in all sorts of gossip. We are now faced with grandiose tasks of a revolutionary nature, and you come to me with some kind of womanish talk.”

Ilyich himself once became seriously interested in the beautiful Inessa Armand, the daughter of a French opera singer and the wife of a very rich man. A beauty, she was the complete opposite of Nadezhda Konstantinovna. It happened in Lanjumeau, at a school for revolutionary workers. It was a beautiful, passionate romance. Krupskaya offered Lenin a divorce. But he refused, rejected Armand and returned to his revolutionary girlfriend. Do not forget that the beauty had five children from two marriages, and Krupskaya had a mother with a pension as the widow of a collegiate assessor.
There are rumors that the fruit of love between Armand and Lenin, the boy Andrei, was secretly raised and lived his life in the Baltic states. The beauty's relatives even deny the fact of the affair, but letters have been preserved indicating the opposite. After the breakup, from Paris, Inessa wrote to Lenin: “We broke up, we broke up, dear, you and I! And it hurts so much. I know, I feel, you will never come here! Looking at well-known places, I was clearly aware, as never before, of what a big place you still occupied here in Paris in my life, that almost all activities here in Paris were connected with a thousand threads with the thought of you. I wasn’t in love with you at all then, but even then I loved you very much. Even now I would do without kisses, just to see you, sometimes talking to you would be a joy - and it would not hurt anyone. Why was I deprived of this? You're asking if I'm angry that you handled the breakup. No, I think you didn’t do it for yourself...”
Only one thing is known for sure: supporting Vladimir Ilyich, who was losing consciousness in grief, at the coffin of Inessa, who died in Beslan from cholera (Lenin, knowing her problems with tuberculosis, recommended going to the Caucasus. So she went), Nadezhda Konstantinovna vowed to take care of her young children. And she kept her vow: for some time the younger girls grew up in Gorki. Later they were sent abroad. Until her last day, Krupskaya was in intimate correspondence with them. She especially loved the youngest, Inessa, and called her son “granddaughter.”

Teacher

In Shushenskoye, Krupskaya, at the insistence of Ilyich, wrote her first brochure: “Woman Worker.” Here are the lines from it: “A working woman or a peasant woman has almost no opportunity to raise her children, leaving them to fend for themselves all day long.” People's wolf Vera Zasulich highly praised this work, telling Ilyich that it was written “with both paws.” The book was published without the author's signature. And in 1906 it was declared anti-state and publicly destroyed.
Nadezhda Konstantinovna believed: the problem is not to free women from the need to work on an equal basis with men, but to create a system in which maternal, family education is replaced by public education. She devoted a significant part of her pedagogical works to this, which by the end of her life amounted to 11 weighty volumes, and her efforts: after the revolution, as Deputy People's Commissar of Education Lunacharsky, it was she who laid the foundations of the Soviet system of children's educational institutions: nurseries, kindergartens, camps, boarding schools, schools, workers' colleges. She also took a direct part in the creation of youth—pioneer and Komsomol—organizations. For the latter, by the way, I wrote the charter.

Educational program
Graves' disease is an autoimmune disease, diffuse toxic goiter. This disease was named after German doctor Karl Adolf von Basedow, who gave him a complete and accurate description.
Graves' disease is accompanied by an increase in the size of the thyroid gland and an increase in its function due to autoimmune processes occurring in the patient's body.
The main causes of Graves' disease include:
long-term chronic foci of infection in the body;
hereditary predisposition;
chronic sore throats.
People of all ages are susceptible to the disease, but young and middle-aged women are most often affected. Various viral infections also contribute to the occurrence of toxic goiter.
A specific symptom for Graves' disease is changes in the eyes. When looking down at open eyes appears white stripe above the pupil, although normally the eyelid usually drops with the eyeball. The eyeball appears enlarged and protruded. The eyes shine, they are wide open, blinking is rare. The eyelids may be swollen. Due to malnutrition of the eyeball, various types infections and conjunctivitis occurs.

Emigration

After exile, Lenin emigrated to Austria. Nadezhda Konstantinovna and her mother went to Ufa to serve out their sentence. Here she again ended up in the hospital, where the doctor diagnosed “a disease of the endocrine system.”
The first Social Democratic newspaper Iskra began publication. It was published abroad, but money for this was collected in Russia. Notes made in Ilyich’s hand have been preserved: “427 marks 88 pfenings received from Russia (from Ufa).” This money was collected through the efforts of his wife, treasurer of the local Social Democratic organization Krupskaya.
Living in Ufa, Nadezhda Konstantinovna prepared for life in exile. Attended French language courses (3 times a week for an hour, 6 rubles per month). For comparison, her own lessons to students were paid much more: for 6 hours she charged 62 rubles.
The couple united in 1901 in London. The first period of emigration lasted until 1905, the second - from 1907 to 1917.
They lived in Geneva, Lausanne, Vienna, Munich, Longjumeau, and Paris. We spent some time in remote Russian territories– in Finland and Poland. All this time, Krupskaya played the role of an entire secretariat: she corresponded with compatriots, prepared and held congresses, conferences, edited printed publications, acted as a translator and personal assistant for her husband. She gave lectures to French hatmakers about the role of women in the revolution. Years later, speaking at an evening dedicated to Ilyich’s 50th birthday, the famous revolutionary Olminsky assessed Krupskaya’s performance as follows: “. She did all the menial work, so to speak, she left the cleanest work to him, and all the secret communications, encryption, transport, relations with Russia, she did everything herself. And therefore, when we say that Lenin is a great organizer, I add that Lenin, with the help of Nadezhda Konstantinovna, is a great organizer.”
The couple usually spent their summers in European mountain resorts: the Alps, the Tatras. This was required by Krupskaya’s poor health: she was tormented by attacks of arrhythmia. In 1912, the situation worsened, and the question of an operation arose. The funds made it possible to do this with the best European specialist - Dr. Kocher Berne. For a while the disease subsided.
In 1915, Krupskaya’s mother died, and the family faced an acute crisis. financial issue. For many years, it was her pension that served as the main source of existence. I had to look for lessons and translations. But in her letters, Krupskaya refutes rumors both about fattening at government expense and about a hungry existence: “We didn’t know the need when you don’t know what to buy bread with.”

In power

The Bolsheviks learned about the revolution that would bring them to power from the morning Parisian newspapers. The return to Russia was triumphant, but the holiday did not last long. And although a few months later the party took the leadership of the country into its own hands, all subsequent years were complicated not only by wars, famine and devastation, but also by intra-factional struggle.
The main problem for Krupskaya during these years was Ilyich’s health. Beginning in 1918, doctors periodically forbade him to work altogether - the general overwork of his weak body became increasingly worse and affected his intellectual abilities. And then ridiculous notes from him flew to the authorities. 1919: “Inform the Scientific and Food Institute that in 3 months they must provide accurate and complete data on the practical success of producing sugar from sawdust.” 1921, to Lunacharsky: “I advise you to put all theaters in a coffin.” Taking care of her husband, and herself tormented by attacks of chronic illnesses, Nadezhda Konstantinovna foresaw the end and last minute life of a beloved comrade held his hand in hers.
After Lenin's death, she devoted herself entirely to government work. The productivity of this elderly, unhealthy woman is amazing: in 1934 she wrote 90 articles, held 90 speeches and 178 meetings, viewed 225 letters and responded to them. One month was lost due to hospitalization, one month due to restorative rest.

Death

The year 1939 came - the year of her 70th birthday. At the next party congress, she was preparing to speak out condemning the punitive policies of Stalinism.
She celebrated her birthday in Arkhangelskoye. Stalin sent a cake - it was known that after Ilyich’s death, Nadezhda Konstantinovna stopped playing sports, did not take too much care of her appearance and often spoiled herself with cakes. There is a version that the cake was poisoned. But it is refuted by the fact that the old Bolsheviks in Arkhangelsk ate it together with the birthday girl.
At night she became ill - her appendicitis worsened. They called the doctors, but the NKVD arrived. Only a few hours later, Krupskaya was examined by specialists and urgently hospitalized. Appendicitis was complicated by peritonitis, inflammation of the peritoneum. General condition health and age did not allow surgical intervention. On the night of February 26-27, a fateful date for her fate, Nadezhda Konstantinovna died.
The urn with ashes was carried personally by Comrade Stalin to the burial place - the Kremlin wall.

Elena Kurasova

P.S. Krupskaya replaced Lenin's deceased sister Olga, with whom they dreamed of making a revolution together. That’s why he was so faithful to her. I understood one thing for sure: a woman even made a revolution in this country.