The main global problems of our time. Causes of global human problems
The global problems of our time should be understood as a set of problems on the solution of which the further existence of civilization depends.
Global problems are generated by the uneven development of different areas of life of modern humanity and the contradictions generated in the socio-economic, political-ideological, socio-natural and other relations of people. These problems affect the life of humanity as a whole.
Global problems of humanity- these are problems that affect the vital interests of the entire population of the planet and require the joint efforts of all states of the world to be solved.
The global problems of our time include:
This set is not constant and as human civilization develops, the understanding of existing global problems changes, their priority is adjusted, and new global problems arise (space exploration, weather and climate control, etc.).
North-South problem is a problem of economic relations between developed countries and developing countries. Its essence is that in order to bridge the gap in the levels of socio-economic development between developed and developing countries, the latter require various concessions from developed countries, in particular, expanding access for their goods to the markets of developed countries, increasing the influx of knowledge and capital (especially in the form assistance), debt write-off and other measures in relation to them.
One of the main global problems is poverty problem. Poverty refers to the inability to provide the simplest and most affordable living conditions for most people in a given country. Large levels of poverty, especially in developing countries, pose a serious threat not only to national but also to global sustainable development.
World food problem lies in the inability of humanity to date to fully provide itself with vital food products. This problem appears in practice as a problem absolute food shortage(malnutrition and hunger) in the least developed countries, as well as nutritional imbalances in developed countries. Its solution will largely depend on the effective use of agriculture, scientific and technological progress in agriculture and the level of government support.
Global energy problem is the problem of providing humanity with fuel and energy now and in the foreseeable future. The main reason The emergence of a global energy problem should be considered the rapid increase in the consumption of mineral fuels in the 20th century. While developed countries are now solving this problem primarily by slowing the growth of their demand by reducing energy intensity, in other countries there is a relatively rapid increase in energy consumption. Added to this may be growing competition in the global energy market between developed countries and newly large industrialized countries (China, India, Brazil). All these circumstances, combined with military-political instability in some regions, can cause significant fluctuations in the level of energy resources and seriously affect the dynamics of supply and demand, as well as the production and consumption of energy goods, sometimes creating crisis situations.
The ecological potential of the world economy is increasingly undermined by human economic activity. The answer to this was environmentally sustainable development concept. It involves the development of all countries of the world, taking into account current needs, but not undermining the interests of future generations.
Protection environment is an important part of development. In the 70s 20th century economists realized the importance of environmental issues for economic development. Processes of environmental degradation can be self-reproducing in nature, which threatens society with irreversible destruction and depletion of resources.
Global demographic problem falls into two aspects: in a number of countries and regions of the developing world and the demographic aging of the population of developed and transition countries. For the former, the solution is to increase economic growth and reduce population growth. For the second - emigration and reform of the pension system.
Relationship between population growth and economic growth long time is the subject of research by economists. As a result of research, two approaches to assessing the impact of population growth on economic development have been developed. The first approach is to one degree or another connected with the theory of Malthus, who believed that population growth is faster than growth and therefore the world population is inevitable. The modern approach to assessing the role of population on the economy is comprehensive and identifies both positive and negative factors in the influence of population growth on.
Many experts believe that the real problem is not population growth per se, but the following problems:
- underdevelopment - retardation in development;
- depletion of the world's resources and environmental destruction.
The problem of human development- this is the problem of matching qualitative characteristics with the nature of the modern economy. In the conditions of post-industrialization, the requirements for the physical qualities and especially for the education of the worker increase, including his ability to constantly improve his skills. However, the development of quality characteristics work force in the world economy is happening extremely unevenly. The worst indicators in this regard are demonstrated by developing countries, which, however, act as the main source of replenishment of the world labor force. This is what determines the global nature of the problem of human development.
Increasing interdependence and reduction of time and space barriers create a situation of collective insecurity from various threats, from which a person cannot always be saved by his state. This requires the creation of conditions that enhance a person’s ability to independently withstand risks and threats.
Ocean problem is a problem of conservation and rational use its spaces and resources. Currently, the World Ocean, as a closed ecological system, can hardly withstand the greatly increased anthropogenic load, and a real threat of its destruction is created. Therefore, the global problem of the World Ocean is, first of all, the problem of its survival and, consequently, the survival of modern man.
Ways to solve global problems of our time
Solving these problems is an urgent task for all of humanity today. The survival of people depends on when and how they begin to be resolved. The following ways to solve global problems of our time are identified.
Preventing World War with the use of thermonuclear weapons and other means of mass destruction that threaten the destruction of civilization. This involves curbing the arms race, prohibiting the creation and use of weapons systems of mass destruction, human and material resources, the elimination of nuclear weapons, etc.;
Overcoming economic and cultural inequalities between the peoples inhabiting the industrialized countries of the West and East and the developing countries of Asia, Africa and Latin America;
Overcoming a crisis interaction between humanity and nature, which is characterized by catastrophic consequences in the form of unprecedented environmental pollution and depletion of natural resources. This makes it necessary to develop measures aimed at the economical use of natural resources and the reduction of pollution of soil, water and air by waste from material production;
Declining population growth rate in developing countries and overcoming the demographic crisis in developed capitalist countries;
Preventing the negative consequences of the modern scientific and technological revolution;
Overcoming the downward trend in social health, which involves combating alcoholism, drug addiction, cancer, AIDS, tuberculosis and other diseases.
In the course of the development of civilization, humanity has repeatedly faced complex problems, sometimes of a planetary nature. But still it was a distant prehistory, a kind of “ incubation period» modern global problems.
They fully manifested themselves in the second half and especially in the last quarter of the 20th century. Such problems were brought to life by a complex of reasons that clearly manifested themselves during this period.
In fact, never before has humanity itself increased quantitatively by 2.5 times during the lifetime of only one generation, thereby increasing the strength of the “demographic press”. Never before has humanity entered into, reached the post-industrial stage of development, or opened the road to space. Never before have such quantities of natural resources and the “waste” they return to the environment been required to support its life. All this since the 60s and 70s. XX century attracted the attention of scientists, politicians, and the general public to global problems.
Global problems are problems that: firstly, concern all of humanity, affecting the interests and destinies of all countries, peoples, social strata; secondly, they lead to significant economic and social losses, and if they worsen, they can threaten the very existence of human civilization;
thirdly, they can only be resolved through cooperation on a planetary basis.
Priority problems of humanity are:
- the problem of peace and disarmament;
- environmental;
- demographic;
- energy;
- raw materials;
- food;
- use of the resources of the World Ocean;
- peaceful space exploration;
- overcoming the backwardness of developing countries.
The essence of global problems and possible ways to solve them
The problem of peace and disarmament- the problem of preventing a third world war remains the most important, highest priority problem for humanity. In the second half of the 20th century. appeared nuclear weapon and there was a real threat of destruction of entire countries and even continents, i.e. almost all modern life.
Solutions:
- Establishing strict control over nuclear and chemical weapons;
- Reduction of conventional weapons and arms trade;
- A general reduction in military spending and the size of the armed forces.
Ecological- degradation of the global ecological system as a result of irrationality and its pollution with waste human activity.
Solutions:
- Optimization of the use of natural resources in the process of social production;
- Protection of nature from the negative consequences of human activity;
- Environmental safety of the population;
- Creation of specially protected areas.
Demographic- continuation of the demographic explosion, rapid growth of the Earth's population and, as a consequence, overpopulation of the planet.
Solutions:
- Carrying out a thoughtful .
Fuel and raw materials- the problem of reliable provision of humanity with fuel and energy, as a result of the rapid growth in consumption of natural mineral resources.
Solutions:
- Increasing use of energy and heat (solar, wind, tidal, etc.). Development ;
Food- according to FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization) and WHO (World Health Organization), from 0.8 to 1.2 billion people are hungry and undernourished in the world.
Solutions:
- An extensive solution is to expand arable land, pastures and fishing grounds.
- The intensive way is an increase in production through mechanization, automation of production, through the development of new technologies, breeding high-yielding, disease-resistant plant varieties and animal breeds.
Use of ocean resources- at all stages of human civilization was one of the most important sources maintaining life on Earth. Currently, the ocean is not just a single natural space, but also a natural-economic system.
Solutions:
- Creation of a global structure of the maritime economy (allocation of oil production, fishing and zones), improvement of the infrastructure of port-industrial complexes.
- Protection of the waters of the World Ocean from pollution.
- Prohibition of military testing and disposal of nuclear waste.
Peaceful space exploration. Space is a global environment, the common heritage of humanity. Testing various types of weapons could threaten the entire planet at once. "Littering" and "clogging" of outer space.
Solutions:
- "Non-militarization" of outer space.
- International cooperation in space exploration.
Overcoming the backwardness of developing countries- the majority of the world's population lives in poverty and squalor, which can be considered extreme forms of backwardness. Per capita income in some countries is less than $1 per day.
13.Positive and negative consequences of globalization of the world economy. The most important global problems of our time.
UN experts state that developing globalization inevitably significantly reduces the freedom of action of certain countries in shaping the economic policies they implement.
Globalization of the economy may cause to unprecedented economic progress due to the enrichment of national economies with the technological achievements of other countries, increased mobility of capital and labor resources, and the possibility of implementing international projects that could not be implemented by one state. On the other hand, globalization brings many problems, among which we can highlight: economic subordination by developed countries and their largest companies of less developed countries; oblivion of national economic norms and traditions; the emergence of international criminal cartels and syndicates involved in the export and import of drugs, weapons, and “live goods.”
Classification global problems:
*Problems related to the main socio-economic and political problems of humanity (problems of war and peace, terrorism, economic backwardness of developing countries, etc.);
*Problems in the system of relationships between people - society - scientific and technical progress (problems of disease, hunger, population growth);
*Problems in the system of relationships between man - nature - society (ecological, energy, the problem of space exploration, the World Ocean).
As human civilization develops, new global problems can and do arise. There are many areas of possible cooperation between countries in solving global problems. In implementing collective efforts to solve global problems, responsibility rests with the UN, which has a number of special agencies under its jurisdiction.
25. Participation of the Republic of Belarus in the activities of international economic organizations.
Effective integration of Belarus into the world economy is impossible without participation in various international economic organizations. Main objectives of cooperation with international economic organizations are the following:
*increasing positive perception of Belarus as a full and active participant in the process of international cooperation;
*strengthening confidence in the republic as a promising partner;
*ensuring national security through participation in multilateral agreements and forums;
*using the potential and capabilities of international organizations to solve the problems of the transition phase;
*intensifying cooperation in order to expand the volume of financial and technical assistance to the Republic of Belarus;
*creating conditions for the implementation of state policy;
*integration of the Republic of Belarus into the global economic space.
Currently, the Republic of Belarus is a member of 60 international organizations. The country has a clear and effective mechanism for coordinating multilateral international cooperation, especially with regard to the fulfillment of financial obligations to organizations. The practical impact of Belarus' participation may vary, but cooperation as a whole is beneficial to our state.
Of particular relevance at the stage of Belarus’ entry into the world economy is its entry into the World Trade Organization. The continuation of the process of the country's accession to the WTO predetermines the need to improve the regulatory framework of foreign trade in the direction of liberalization in accordance with the norms and rules of this organization (reducing the volume of quotas and export licensing, abolishing export duties and replacing them with internal taxes, weakening the foreign trade regime, reducing import subsidies , improvement of non-tariff regulation measures, etc.)
51. Exchange rate. Factors influencing the exchange rate.
Exchange rate - national unit pricecash currency expressed in foreign currency units. It shows how much foreign goods (assets) can be purchased with a certain amount of national money. Like any price, the exchange rate deviates from the value basis - purchasing power of currencies - influenced by the supply and demand of currency. The ratio of such supply and demand depends on a number of factors:
1. Inflation rate. The higher the inflation rate in a country, the lower the exchange rate of its currency, unless other factors counteract it.
2. State of the balance of payments. An active balance of payments contributes to the appreciation of the national currency, as the demand for it from foreign debtors increases. The passive balance of payments creates a tendency for the national currency to depreciate, as debtors sell it for foreign currency to pay off their external obligations.
3. Differences in interest rates in different countries. The influence of this factor on the exchange rate is explained by two main circumstances. Firstly, changes in interest rates in a country affect, other things being equal, the international movement of capital, especially short-term capital.
4. Activities of foreign exchange markets and speculative foreign exchange transactions. If the exchange rate of a currency tends to fall, then firms and banks sell it in advance for more stable currencies, which worsens the position of the weakened currency.
5. The extent to which a particular currency is used in the European market and in international payments.
6. Exchange rates are also affected by acceleration or delay of international payments. In anticipation of a depreciation of the national currency, importers seek to speed up payments to counterparties in foreign currency so as not to incur losses when its exchange rate increases.
7. The degree of confidence in the currency on national and world markets. It is determined by the state of the economy and the political situation in the country, as well as the factors discussed above that affect the exchange rate.
8. Monetary policy.
Zelenogorsk 2010
Introduction
2. Ways to solve global problems
Conclusion
Bibliography
Applications
Introduction
Humanity does not stand still, it is constantly developing and improving. In the course of development, humanity has constantly faced complex problems, many of which are of a global, planetary nature, affecting the interests of all countries and peoples. Humanity has experienced the tragedy of two of the most destructive and bloody world wars. An end to colonial empires and colonialism; the collapse of totalitarian regimes opens up the prospect of the civilizational unity of the world; the scientific and technological revolution and the latest technologies have transformed the material and technical basis of modern society, which is acquiring the qualitative features of a post-industrial and information society; new means of labor and Appliances; the development of education and culture, the affirmation of the priority of human rights, etc., provide opportunities for human improvement and a new quality of life.
They fully manifested themselves in the last quarter of the twentieth century, at the turn of two centuries and even millennia. As Gilbert Keith Chesterton, the eminent English Christian thinker, journalist and writer, said: late XIX- beginning of the 20th century: “Progress is the father of problems.”
One of the reasons for the diversity of the world is the difference in natural conditions and physical habitat. These conditions affect many aspects of social life, but primarily human economic activity. In countries around the world, problems of people's lives, their well-being and human rights are resolved within the framework of historical features. In each of sovereign states there are problems.
The purpose of this essay is to summarize knowledge about the global problems of our time, highlight their characteristic features, and find out the necessary conditions for solving them. Let's try to determine which problems are global in nature and into which groups they are divided. Let's discuss what measures people should take to solve these problems.
The work consists of an introduction, two chapters, a conclusion and a list of references. The total volume of work is ___ pages.
1. Global problems of our time
1.1 Concept of global problems
First of all, it is necessary to decide what problems we can call “global”. Global (French Global) - universal, (Latin Globus) - ball. Based on this, the meaning of the word “global” can be defined as:
1) covering the entire globe, worldwide;
2) comprehensive, complete, universal.
The present time is the boundary of a change of eras, the entry of the modern world into a qualitative new phase development. The most characteristic features of the modern world (Fig. 1):
information revolution;
acceleration of modernization processes;
"compaction" of space;
acceleration of historical and social time;
the end of the bipolar world (confrontation between the USA and the USSR);
reconsidering the Eurocentric worldview;
growing influence of eastern states;
integration (convergence, interpenetration);
globalization (strengthening interconnection and interdependence of countries and peoples);
strengthening national cultural values and traditions.
Figure 1 - Modern world
Thus, global problems are a set of problems of humanity that faced it in the second half of the 20th century, and on the solution of which the existence of civilization depends and, therefore, requiring coordinated international action to solve them.
Now let's try to find out what they have in common.
These problems are characterized by dynamism, arise as an objective factor in the development of society and require the united efforts of all humanity to be solved. Global problems are interconnected, cover all aspects of people's lives and affect all countries of the world. It has become obvious that global problems not only concern all of humanity, but are also vitally important to it. Complex problems facing humanity can be considered global, since (Fig. 2):
firstly, they affect all of humanity, touching on the interests and destinies of all countries, peoples and social strata;
secondly, global problems do not respect borders;
thirdly, they lead to significant losses of an economic and social nature, and sometimes to a threat to the existence of civilization itself;
fourthly, they require broad international cooperation to solve these problems, since not one state, no matter how powerful it may be, is unable to solve them on its own.
Figure 2 - Features of global problems
Until the middle of the 20th century political language there was no concept of “global problems” as universal problems of world civilization. Their emergence was caused by a whole complex of reasons, which most clearly manifested themselves during this period. What are these reasons?
1.2 Causes of global problems
Scientists and philosophers, at the level of generalizations, have put forward ideas about the connection between human activity and the state of the biosphere (the environment that supports life on Earth). Russian scientist V.I. Vernandsky in 1944 expressed the idea that human activity is acquiring a scale comparable to the power of natural forces. This allowed him to raise the question of restructuring the biosphere into the noosphere (the sphere of activity of the mind).
What caused global problems? These reasons include the sharp increase in the human population, the scientific and technological revolution, the use of space, the emergence of a unified world information system, and many others.
The first people to appear on Earth, while obtaining food for themselves, did not violate natural laws and natural circulations. With the development of tools, man increasingly increased his “pressure” on nature. Thus, 400 thousand years ago, synanthropes destroyed significant areas of vegetation cover in northern China with fire; and in the once forested Moscow region during the time of Ivan the Terrible there were fewer forests than now - due to the use of slash-and-burn agriculture since ancient times.
The industrial revolution of the 18th-19th centuries, interstate contradictions, scientific and technological revolution of the mid-20th century, and integration aggravated the situation. Problems grew like a snowball as humanity moved along the path of progress. The Second World War marked the beginning of the transformation of local problems into global ones.
Global problems are a consequence of the confrontation between natural nature and human culture, as well as the inconsistency or incompatibility of multidirectional trends in the development of human culture itself. Natural nature exists on the principle of negative feedback, while human culture exists on the principle of positive feedback. On the one hand, there is the enormous scale of human activity, which has radically changed nature, society, and people’s way of life. On the other hand, it is a person’s inability to rationally manage this power.
So, we can name the reasons for the emergence of global problems:
globalization of the world;
the catastrophic consequences of human activity, the inability of humanity to rationally manage its mighty power.
1.3 The main global problems of our time
Global problems are different in nature. These include, first of all, the problem of peace and disarmament, the prevention of a new world war; environmental; demographic; energy; raw materials; food; use of the World Ocean; peaceful space exploration; overcoming the backwardness of developing countries (Fig. 3).
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Figure 3 - Global problems of humanity
There are different approaches to the classification of global problems, but the most widely accepted classification is based on the content and severity of the problems. In accordance with this approach, global problems of humanity are divided into three groups, expressing the essence of the general crisis of civilization:
universal human problems (for example, preventing an arms race);
problems of human relations with nature (for example, the study and exploration of space);
problems of relationships between society and people (for example, eliminating the most dangerous diseases).
However, there is no stable list and unified classification of global problems; however, the most pressing ones include the following.
The problem of global thermo nuclear war. The search for ways to prevent world conflicts began almost immediately after the end of World War II and the victory over Nazism. At the same time, a decision was made to create the UN - a universal international organization, main goal which was the development of interstate cooperation and, in the event of a conflict between countries, providing assistance to opposing parties in resolving controversial issues peacefully. However, the division of the world that soon occurred into two systems - capitalist and socialist, as well as the beginning of the Cold War and the arms race more than once brought the world to the brink of nuclear disaster. The threat of a third world war was especially real during the so-called Cuban Missile Crisis of 1962, caused by the deployment of Soviet nuclear missiles in Cuba. But thanks to the reasonable position of the leaders of the USSR and the USA, the crisis was resolved peacefully. In subsequent decades, a number of agreements on the limitation of nuclear weapons were signed by the leading nuclear powers of the world, and some of them nuclear powers committed themselves to stop nuclear tests. Government decisions were influenced by the social movement for peace, as well as the speeches of such an authoritative interstate association of scientists for general and complete disarmament as the Pugwash movement.
Introduction.
1. Causes of global problems.
2. Global economic problems.
2.1 Disarmament for development.
2.2 The relationship between national economic problems and the natural basis.
2.3 Environmental management.
2.4 The food problem and ways to solve it.
3. Problems of scientific and technical progress and problems of education in the world.
4. The interdependent nature of solving global problems.
Conclusion.
Bibliography.
Introduction.
In the second half of the 20th century. - early 21st century humanity is faced with a complex of global problems that threaten the existence of civilization. They are in such interconnection and unity that their solution requires radically new conceptual approaches. Global problems can only be solved through the cooperation of all states included in the world economic system.
The leading trend in the world development of our time has been the globalization of socio-economic processes. A number of problems have arisen before humanity, which, due to their scale and importance for people’s lives, are called global.
People are gradually beginning to realize the nature of the relationships between society and nature, and to evaluate the consequences of their production and intellectual activities.
The concept of “global problems”, which came into scientific circulation in the 60-70s, is defined as a problem that concerns every person and all of humanity as a whole. Global problems are understood as problems that pose a threat to all of humanity. However, it should be noted that not all global problems threaten humanity.
There are also many global problems that have existed since time immemorial and have little to do with human activity, such as solar eclipse, meteorite falls, floods and earthquakes.
The main reason for their aggravation is high rates of economic growth based on the use of the achievements of the scientific and technological revolution. The global problems of the modern world community are the negative results of scientific, technical and economic progress. Each stage of progressive development of society leaves behind complex unresolved socio-economic problems. In other words, progress inevitably contains elements of regression. Society can prevent negative trends in economic growth.
From the perspective of the negative consequences of scientific, technical and economic progress, it is advisable to consider the entire set of global problems of the modern world.
A noticeable trend in the development of the theory of global problems in recent years is attempts to increase the degree of organization in solving them both at the international level and within each country. These attempts gave rise to an independent global problem - the problem of manageability of research and practical solutions to global problems.
The course work will examine the main global problems and try to talk about them in more detail:
The problem of disarmament;
National economic problem;
Ecological problem;
Resource saving;
Energy saving;
Nature management;
Food problem;
The problem of education.
During course work the following goals must be achieved:
Build knowledge on global economic issues;
Study the main problems of economic civilization;
Expand your knowledge of economic theory.
Coursework objectives:
Find out the causes of global problems of economic civilization;
Ways to solve global problems;
1. Causes of global problems.
Modern humanity is faced with a number of problems, which, due to their scale and importance for human life, are called global. These are problems of preventing nuclear war, environmental protection, space exploration, etc.
Global problems are of a planetary nature, as they affect vital issues of all countries and peoples. At the same time, in a number of positions they are so aggravated and are in such a critical state that any delay in resolving them threatens the inevitable death of civilization or the degradation of people’s living conditions. It should be taken into account that in order to solve global problems, they require enormous efforts of all states, the unification of progressive forces and peoples, and the close interaction of political, economic, scientific and technical capabilities.
Global problems are very contradictory and diverse, however, they can be combined into three main groups of relations. The first group includes the relationships and relationships that are developing in the world between different economic systems, problems of relationships on issues of war and peace, disarmament and economic development. The second group of relations covers the economic problems of modern population, the fight against poverty, hunger, disease, etc. And finally, the third group consists of the relationships that develop between society as an organic integrity and nature. This should include problems related to environmental protection, the use of natural resources, the procurement and consumption of nature's gifts, the development of the planet's energy potential, etc.
IN modern conditions The natural question is which of the world forces is capable of resolving global problems, leading humanity out of a dead-end situation and putting it on the path of rationalization, interaction with nature, outer space. The question clearly arises of a comprehensive unification of the efforts of the whole world, of everything progressive on the planet. Only the joint efforts of the peoples of the entire planet can prevent harmful social processes, save nature and protect humanity from plunging into the abyss of troubles and suffering.
Cooperation should be directed towards security natural environment, radical improvement of the environmental situation. For these purposes, the problem of disarmament objectively arises, and the consequence of solving these problems is the improvement of living conditions and the development of human physical capabilities.
There are many areas of possible cooperation between countries in solving global problems. In implementing collective efforts to solve global problems, responsibility rests with the United Nations, which has a number of specialized agencies under its jurisdiction.
The solution to many modern global problems depends on the position of the largest states in the world and their interest in achieving positive results. Significant importance for improving the political climate in the world is the conclusion between them of an agreement on the limitation, and subsequently on the complete elimination of all types of weapons.
There are a number of problems in the world that require the efforts of the international community and cooperation not only international bodies and states, but also the conscious participation of all civilized humanity, for example, in the elimination of dangerous diseases such as AIDS, etc.
Important links in cooperation are also various public organizations: the World Organization of Doctors, the Green Party, peace and war veterans committees, various public women's organizations, etc.
The complex of efforts being formed in the world to constructively solve the world's global problems of humanity is now dictated by the interests of its survival and the preservation of the integrity of the modern world.
Global problems of our time also exist and are emerging. Global problems of our time- problems that affect the interests of all countries and peoples of the world and solutions that require joint efforts of all peoples and countries of the world. Global problems of our time arose quite recently, around the middle of the twentieth century, they affect various aspects of human life, I highlight:
superglobal (global) problems.
This includes 2 problems:
Prevention of world nuclear missile war (the problem of war and peace).
Establishment of equal and mutually beneficial relations between states.
Common human problems include:
1) elimination of poverty and other forms of social inequality. The world economy is very heterogeneous in its composition and countries do not have the same level of poverty. In some countries it is high - in others it is very low;
2) protecting people's health. All countries in the world must pursue active conservation policies;
3) develop education (not only general, but also special, secondary and higher). This provides society with highly qualified personnel and specialists, which helps more efficient economic development and ensures economic growth;
4) planning and regulation of population growth;
5) increasing the level and quality of life.
2. Global economic problems.
Globalization inevitably gives rise to a number of problems on a planetary scale, which are understood as aspects of the life and development of mankind that unite the population of the Earth in close ties, revealing crisis conditions in the lives of various states. These problems include:
Ecological state of the environment;
Peacekeeping;
Overcoming dangerous diseases;
Providing the world's population with food;
Population regulation;
Overcoming the backwardness of many regions and peoples;
Resource support for production;
Development of the World Ocean.
The roots of many of the global problems noted go back centuries. They accompanied human society throughout its history, although until a certain time they did not show all their severity. In modern conditions, the entire planet becomes their sphere of influence (for example, issues of war and peace, hunger and mass diseases, differences in the level of development of individual countries and regions of the planet). As is known, the progress of science and technology makes it possible to accumulate significant material resources to meet the needs and improve the standard of living of the population. However, until now it has not been possible to get rid of hunger, poverty, and lack of culture in many countries of the world.
The scale, long-term existence, interconnection and interdependence of global problems indicate that they can be resolved or at least weakened only on the basis of broad international cooperation. Such cooperation involves several levels: bilateral, multilateral, regional, global.
Perception and awareness of global problems, the formation of a mechanism for resolving them is the task mainly of international organizations. Thus, the UN and its divisions have an important role to play in solving most complex global problems. There are international organizations that are entrusted with the decision of individual global issues. Such organizations include: the International Union of Nature and Natural Resources, the Scientific Committee on the Environment of the International Council of Scientific Unions, etc.
The central place in the activities of international organizations is occupied by addressing issues of economic development, energy (especially nuclear), science and technology, and food. In particular, the work of such organizations as FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations), the World Food Council, the Economic and Social Council of the United Nations and its regional commissions is subordinated to solving the food problem. They develop technical assistance projects, accumulate funds for the provision of food assistance and its organization.
Solving global problems is a necessary condition development of all spheres of human activity. Humanity must find ways to eliminate the negative consequences that threaten the existence of earthly civilization. Solving global problems involves great difficulties, since they are both natural and social. Therefore, to solve them it is necessary to use both scientific and technical (natural) and socio-political (social) methods. The leading place in the study of global problems belongs to the method of global modeling and forecasting.
Modern humanity is already more than six billion earthlings, thousands of large and small nations, this is a huge diversity of economies, cultures, religions, way of life, and phenomena of socio-political life. Finally, this includes about 230 countries and territories, the vast majority of which are sovereign, that is, politically independent and independent states.
This entire huge world is extremely diverse, complex, and contradictory, so it is very difficult to classify its constituent countries. And yet, based on general socio-economic characteristics, the countries of the world can be conditionally divided into the following five main groups.
Industrially developed countries are a group of several dozen democratic, legal and well-organized states with a strong and open to the world civil society (the basis of which is a powerful middle class), with an established market economy, advanced and efficient production, high GNP/GDP per capita and, accordingly, a high quality of life for people.
Newly industrialized countries include states with rapidly growing market economies and progress in science and technology, at a fast pace increasing production and export of industrial products, with increasingly developing freedoms and democracy in society.
Oil exporting countries are often identified as separate group because over the last quarter of the twentieth century they were able to sharply increase their income from massive oil supplies abroad. At the same time, thanks to the very significant amounts of “petrodollars” received, as well as active and highly profitable investment and financial transactions around the world, some of them have significantly increased economic growth and GNP/GDP production per capita, achieving impressive results in the material improvement of the lives of their citizens .
Countries with economies in transition represent a group of approximately three dozen states that (since the turn of the 1980s and 1990s) are gradually (and in very different ways) liberating themselves from communist totalitarianism and the ineffective “command economy” and moving towards democracy, individual freedom, open society, legal and market relations.
Economically backward countries constitute the largest group of underdeveloped, poorly developed states in the Afro-Asian-Latin American part of the world, suffering from poverty and misery.
Each country or group of countries has many different unsolved problems. But there are particularly large-scale problems in the world that are common to all people. These are the so-called global problems, that is, those most important and pressing problems that affect the interests of all peoples and require the collective efforts of the entire world community to be resolved. Similar problems are also classified in different ways. In the socio-economic sphere, the following six are most often distinguished among them.
Economic backwardness
The Problem of the Costs of Globalization
Demographic problem
Food problem
Resource problem
Ecological problem
Problems of disarmament and conversion
2.1 Disarmament for development.
Among the global problems requiring immediate solutions, disarmament ranks special place. The fact is that annual military expenditures now amount to about a trillion dollars, the possible savings of which would contribute to the acceleration of economic progress.
In addition, the growth of armaments and military conflicts causes economic losses resulting from the physical destruction of the most capable population of the globe. Thus, as a result of the First World War, 10 million people were killed, and the total human losses in the Second World War reached 55 million people.
As a result of world wars, huge production potential is destroyed and waste is wasted material resources. Wars inflict innumerable disasters on cultural achievements, world science, literature, art, and architecture. Many masterpieces of world civilization are forever lost to humanity; much of what is possible does not appear, is not created, and does not arise. Moreover, the reserve of this “possible” spread not only to the generations of people immediately during the war years, but also to subsequent ones, because the dead do not realize their creative, constructive potential of activity.
The direct socio-economic damage caused by the arms race in its total volume is many times greater than all global losses as a result of earthquakes, droughts, floods, typhoons and other natural disasters.
The consequences of the arms race are manifested in the aggravation of economic and social problems in all countries; they have a detrimental effect on the development of civilian production.
Military production always entails the direct physical expenditure of part of the gross national product for purposes that are not consistent with the immediate needs and social needs of the population.
The military-industrial complex causes a slowdown in economic growth, since it accumulates significant material and financial resources in the military economy.
The military economy diverts significant scientific and technical potential and the most qualified labor force from the civilian economy.
Disarmament relieves the severity of political problems and eases global tensions, frees up funds for solving economic and social issues, gives rise to a new approach to political thinking, therefore it is disarmament for the sake of development. Disarmament for development necessitates restructuring international relations in the nuclear age, the need to seek universal security by ending the arms race guarantees the salvation of human civilization and life on Earth.
The easing of military tension determines the way to get rid of unproductive military expenses and find additional sources of income growth.
Our time requires the development of a concept for the creation and operation of a disarmament mechanism for the sake of development, certain ways of using resources released as a result of disarmament.
An important aspect of solving global problems is conversion.
Conversion is a process that includes changes in the distribution of financial, material and labor resources between the civil and military spheres, the transfer of military production to peaceful ones, and a set of measures to implement this process.
Conversion has both general and specific features. The general features are manifested in the fact that, on the one hand, it provides any national economy with a major economic gain, and on the other hand, due to the specialized nature of military production, it requires significant costs for its implementation. The specificity is related to the nature of the means, forms and methods used to implement the conversion of resources for the needs of civil engineering in certain countries.
2.2 The relationship between national economic problems and the natural basis.
The history of civilization involves complex relationships between social and natural systems. They can be traced through the process of transition from material cultures with relatively low loads on natural complexes to material cultures with higher parameters of these loads.
Particular attention should be paid to the period after the Second World War. Society has reached a completely new level loads on natural complexes, which is associated exclusively rapid growth the scale of production, the increase in population and its concentration in cities, which are extremely unequally integrated into natural complexes. Characteristic of this stage is the lag in the accumulation of environmental knowledge and the use of technical systems with extremely high loads on natural complexes, as well as the lack of general regulation of production development in accordance with the permissible load potential water resources And air environment, forests, soil, oceans and climate.
This led to crisis of life resources, which has extended to human energy supply, its food supply, renewable and non-renewable resources.
Ecological problem is the result of high growth rates not only of industry, but also of agriculture based on the achievements of scientific and technological progress in the field of industrial technologies and agrochemistry.
Under the influence of environmental changes, the productivity of many industries decreases, the physical wear and tear of capital accelerates, resource turnover slows down, and, consequently, production efficiency decreases, and an increasing part of the national income is diverted to prevent degradation of the natural environment. And on the contrary, improving the quality of the latter accelerates the progress of reproduction processes, increases the degree of productive consumption of production resources, ensures a reduction in the unit costs of total labor, and promotes the rational use of capital investments in terms of their orientation towards accelerating scientific progress and better satisfying the needs of members of society.
The state of the natural environment largely determines the need for a transition from extensive to intensive farming methods based on resource provision using environmental protection technologies.
The transition of the economy to an intensive path of development must cover all interconnected natural components, since under the influence of certain areas of scientific and technological progress, negative changes are deepening.
Ecology and economics are words of the same root, and the ability to manage a farm is directly related to caring attitude to everything that surrounds a person in life. Economic science and ecology are allies, not competitors or adversaries.
The new approach involves interpenetration of biological and social, their complementarity and interconnectedness, merging economics and ecology into a single system at the local, regional and global levels.
The most important direction in the formation of an ecological-economic system at all levels is resource saving.
The effect of resource saving is not limited to the accelerated growth of the final product compared to the intermediate product (raw materials, semi-finished products, fuel). It should also include a reduction in losses in the national economy associated with damage caused to the environment by production activities of a certain type. For this purpose, the indicator “damage intensity of a resource (product, work)”, developed by economists, can be used.
No less relevant energy supply problem. The growing power of energy must be safe for humans and their environment.
Among the ways to solve the energy supply problem are the following:
Development of the energy supply system itself, reduction of energy intensity of production (this is observed in a number of developed countries, especially in the USA);
Internationalization of global energy;
Transition to renewable energy sources - solar, wind, ocean, hydropower (unlike non-renewable sources, which will be exhausted in the foreseeable future, they are harmless and limitless).
The solution to a number of problems can only be comprehensive and international.
Environmental problems are equated to survival problems person, conservation of the entire living world.
A number of countries are implementing a state environmental protection program, including the widespread introduction and increase of fees for environmental pollution, providing opportunities for the rational exploitation of natural resources, and regulating prices for nature-intensive products. Among the elements of the mechanism for rational environmental management, paid consumption of forest and water resources is used. Payment for land is collected in the form of land tax or rent in amounts depending on the quality and location of the site. However, these measures do not always perform regulatory and stimulating functions.
To establish the proper level of payment for natural resources, it is necessary that it include not only the costs of maintaining environmental balance, but also differential rent. As the best natural resources are depleted, it will increase, causing changes in the dynamics of wholesale prices for raw materials. The solution to this problem must include market forces: demand, supply, changes in market conditions.
2.3 Environmental management.
Environmental management is the rational consumption of natural resources with their subsequent compensation and restoration. All countries face enormous challenges to improve the health and protection of flora and fauna, develop measures to combat soil degradation, protect the ozone layer of the atmosphere, reduce emissions into the sea and incinerate toxic solid and liquid waste.
Scientific research of recent decades and accumulated world experience indicate that the very first step towards achieving a balance between the load of social structures and the natural basis is the course towards establishing more and more stringent forms of economic use of natural resources, which is reflected in the development of national and regional environmental programs. A lot of world experience has been accumulated here, in which we act as students.
Mechanism of environmental management included in the general problems of global studies and is implemented on the basis of such ideas as:
Priority of universal human values;
The need for global thinking;
The importance of strategic planning;
The need to develop a holistic approach to problems and an understanding of their relationship with the world.
These problems became the starting point for the activities of the UN Security Council on the Environment and a number of centers for the development of clean technologies, which consolidate a new relationship between man and nature. The concept of limited human responsibility for the conservation of nature is gradually being established. The following approaches to solving them can be distinguished:
1. national, i.e. the desire to solve problems within the framework of a given state system;
2. international, i.e. the formation of a system of international bodies that solve an increasingly wider range of problems, the development of agreed recommendations and solutions.
At the national level, the following can be considered the main areas of activity for the harmonization of man and nature:
reorganizing the tax system in such a way as to stimulate the conservation or restoration of the natural environment;
financing the development and implementation of energy and resource-saving technologies;
regulation of pollution (development of environmental standards);
environmental assessment;
environmental management planning, choosing the optimal option for using resources;
creation of natural funds.
For CIS countries access to new level of environmental management must solve the problem of consistently reducing the load on natural systems and increasing the sustainability of natural systems. Therefore, the environmental and economic program includes, first of all, the determination of the ecological capacity of the territory and the real possibilities (technical and economic) and the limits of permissible total loads in relation to local zones.
Financial resources for environmental purposes are generated from centralized sources and at the expense of enterprises that use natural resources. The latter create trust funds for the protection and reproduction of natural resources, which should be converted into environmental banks.
Environmental funds of enterprises are formed through depreciation charges for environmental facilities. Part of the enterprise’s balance sheet profit should also be allocated to them, if without this they are unable to maintain the established limits of impact on the natural environment.
Territorial funds environmental funds are formed through payments for pollution and consumption of natural resources. They are spent on paying for services to improve the environmental situation and on the reproduction of natural resources.
Under the control of local environmental authorities, trade in limits on the harmful environmental impacts of enterprises can be carried out. The leading economic regulator in the system government controlled environmental management is payments for natural resources. They regulate the intensity of use of natural resources by their owners and ensure the accumulation of funds for their reproduction.
In the theory of economic regulation of market processes, a system of economic taxes on pollution is known. Payments for normatively permissible pollution are taken into account as part of production costs and go to environmental funds. If the enterprise exceeds the normatively permissible pollution, then fine payments are paid to the local nature conservation fund from the enterprise’s profits.
For the rational use of economic benefits and sanctions in the environmental management system, it is necessary to create environmental insurance systems , ensuring increased environmental responsibility and through the formation of extra-budgetary insurance funds. Without these funds, quick and full compensation for economic losses by the perpetrators is impossible. If the damage is compensated only by the state, then this leads to a decrease in the standard of living of the entire population. The main source of formation of extra-budgetary environmental insurance funds are insurance premiums of enterprises, which are taken into account in production costs.
Combination the above measures will help maintain environmental safety.
2.4 The food problem and ways to solve it.
Turning to food problems, we note that food shortages have been of concern to scientists for a long time. Thus, the English economist Thomas Malthus (1766-1834) forced the idea of the existence of a harsh “law of population”. According to him, the unreasonably rapid growth in the number of people significantly outstrips the possibility of increasing the means for their living, which causes mass poverty. This situation “contradicts the intentions of the Creator,” and therefore “higher powers” limit the number of earthlings in their own way (by disease epidemics, hunger, childlessness, wars).
Man comes into an already occupied world, Malthus argues. And if the parents who gave him life cannot feed him, and society does not need his work, then he is superfluous on earth: “There is no place for him at the great feast of life. Nature commands him to leave and will not hesitate to carry out her sentence herself.” From such ideas, a whole theoretical direction later emerged - Malthusianism, which has both its defenders and opponents. However, be that as it may, the food problem on a global scale and very acutely exists to this day.
Manifestations
Solutions
Low productivity
production
Acute shortage
food
Malnutrition and hunger of people
Malnutrition
Implementation of green
revolution"
Expanding the production of ocean products
Balance between population growth
and production capabilities
Help from the international community.
Among the main manifestations of world food problems are low agricultural productivity in many developing countries, acute shortages of food there, malnutrition and hunger, and finally, imbalance and inadequacy of their nutrition. Moreover, such food insecurity in underdeveloped countries organically follows from their two main troubles: economic backwardness and overpopulation as a result of the “demographic explosion.”
The fact is that the modern highly efficient global food industry as a whole is capable of feeding the entire current population of the Earth. But it is concentrated in developed countries, where, moreover, the population is stable or growing moderately. In developing countries, as already noted, production is unproductive and overpopulation is increasing alarmingly. As a result, one part of humanity is concerned about overproduction of food and obesity problems, while the other suffers from malnutrition and hunger.
The scale of the disproportion in food supply can be judged by the following UN data: if the richest 20% of the world's population consumes 45% of the world's meat and fish, then the poorest 20% of humanity consumes only 5%.
Meanwhile, according to vegetarians, the “meat emphasis” in human nutrition is vicious not only from the point of view of human health, but also in terms of natural resource costs: forests have been cut down for pastures for centuries, meat production requires huge volumes of water, a huge part of cereal crops is fed to “meat” » animals. It is estimated that if cultivated soil were used only for crop production, more than 20 billion people could be fed. It turns out that the problem of hunger is largely artificial and generated by the irrational behavior of mankind.
As for the main ways to solve the global food problem, they can be reduced to four areas:
Development and improvement of food production efficiency, primarily in the underdeveloped countries themselves;
Expansion of food production and extraction in the World Ocean;
Limiting population growth in backward countries in accordance with their production capabilities;
Help from the world community to backward countries in solving these problems.
Here it should be noted that the basis of the agricultural success of the leading food powers lies in the so-called green revolution- the process of a powerful rise in agricultural production through its comprehensive mechanization, automation, widespread use of chemical and other plant and animal protection products, growth stimulants, the introduction of highly productive types of them, bio- and other latest technologies.
Food shortages on the planet are becoming increasingly acute. In order for humanity to feed itself, food production must be organized. According to agricultural experts, when this level the development of science and production is unrealistic. Strong development of biotechnology is necessary.
Based on the level of food supply, four specific zones can be distinguished in the world.
The first zone is the industrial zones of the capitalist world: Western and Northern Europe, North America and Japan. These are regions of abundance of high-quality food.
The second zone is the regions of Southern Europe and Western Asia, including Greece, Portugal, Turkey, as well as most countries of Latin America, ASEAN countries, in which the level of food security is close to the norm established by the UN WHO.
The third zone is the countries of Eastern Europe and the former USSR, as well as India, Egypt, Indonesia, where, according to UN WHO estimates, deviations in food supply from the norm are at an “acceptable” level.
The fourth zone is developing countries, where the majority of the population is experiencing not only the severity of the food crisis, but also simple hunger.
The real possibilities of the Eastern European countries and our country are such that they could fully provide themselves with high-quality food, and even export it.
The former USSR has great potential: vast territories, various climatic zones for cultivating most types of crops and conducting effective livestock farming.
In developing countries, the food problem is becoming more acute due to rapid population growth. Its solution is closely connected with overcoming the economic, scientific and technical backwardness of these countries. For most of them, agriculture, being the leading sector of the economy, represents the weakest developed link in the economic structure. Backward forms of land ownership and land use, primitive agrotechnical methods cannot ensure the proper level of labor productivity, sufficient at least to feed oneself and one’s family.
The total number of people around the world suffering from acute hunger is increasing and by the end of the twentieth century reached about 1 billion people. This phenomenon is constant and widespread.
The problem of food shortages and hunger can only be solved through major social changes, first of all, through democratic land reform. The essence of land reform in developing countries lies in the need to redistribute crop areas in favor of the poor, those who have little land from the current owners: latifundists, tribal leaders, large agro-industrial companies, etc., who are often not interested in introducing these lands into agricultural circulation.
The global food problem is becoming increasingly complex and multifaceted. Therefore, coordination of international action is required both to eliminate hunger and to stabilize agricultural markets due to overproduction of food in leading exporting countries.
3. Problems of scientific and technical progress and problems of education in the world.
Scientific and technological revolution has a complex and contradictory impact on global processes in modern conditions. On the one hand, scientific and technical progress and scientific progress are directly related to socio-economic progress. On the other hand, contradictions, including economic ones, are growing and deepening.
An important aspect of scientific and technological progress is its cyclical, uneven nature, which intensifies socio-economic problems in different countries and makes them common. Periods arise when the deterioration of general economic conditions for reproduction (for example, rising prices for energy resources) slows down or postpones the receipt of the economic effect of scientific and technological development, switches it to the task of compensating for emerging structural limitations, thereby exacerbating social problems. The unevenness of economic development is increasing, international competition is intensifying, which leads to an aggravation of foreign economic contradictions. Its consequences were the growth of protectionism, trade and currency wars in relations between developed countries.
An important aspect of global problems associated with scientific and technical progress is education problem. However, without the colossal changes that have occurred in the field of education, neither scientific and technical progress, nor enormous achievements in the development of the world economy, nor those democratic processes in which an increasing number of countries and peoples of the world are involved would be possible.
Despite advances in science and culture in individual countries, the entire world essentially remained illiterate, and the vast majority of its population could neither read nor write. Only in the twentieth century. A massive offensive against illiteracy was launched throughout the world to eliminate it.
In our time, education has become one of the most important aspects of human activity. Today it covers literally the entire society, and its costs are constantly increasing.
The problem for underdeveloped countries remains "brain drain", when the most qualified personnel seek to find work abroad. The reason is that personnel training does not always correspond to the real possibilities of their use in specific socio-economic conditions. Since education is connected with a certain socio-cultural sphere, its problems enter into a complex interaction with universal human problems, such as economic backwardness, population growth, safety of residence, etc. In addition, education itself requires constant improvement and reform, i.e., firstly, improving its quality, which has deteriorated due to its rapid development; secondly, solving problems of its effectiveness, which depends on specific economic conditions; thirdly, satisfying the need for normative knowledge, which is associated with continuous education adults, and therefore the development of the concept of lifelong education that would accompany a person throughout his life. That is why all over the world, especially in developed countries, the volume of services to improve the qualifications and level of education of adults is rapidly growing.
The problem of education common to the whole world is the need for its humanitarization so that purely technotronic ideas do not prevail over universal human ones. Education influences not only the assimilation of advanced technologies and the adoption effective solutions, but also on the education of life, forms a system of value orientations.
In world science and practice, different approaches to the analysis of global problems have developed: technological and socio-ethical. Both of them influence ongoing developments and economic policies.
ity of underdeveloped countries_______________________________________________________________
4. The interdependent nature of solving global problems.
Global problems of human development are not isolated from each other, but act in unity and interconnection, which requires radically new conceptual approaches to solving them. There are a number of obstacles to solving global problems. Measures taken to solve them are often blocked by the economic and political arms race, regional, political and military conflicts. Globalization in some cases is slowed down by the lack of resources for planned programs. Certain global problems are generated by contradictions contained in the socio-economic conditions of life of the peoples of the world.
Necessary prerequisites and possibilities for a truly humanistic resolution of contradictions global character created by the international community. Global problems must be resolved through the development of cooperation between all states that form the world economic system.
The globalization of the economy is being consolidated with its sustainable development. Currently, theorists, statesmen, and politicians are more concerned not with the problems of growth rates, but with the problems of sustainable economic development, since stability provides a guarantee of the economic progress of society.
Globalization or sustainable development are not something fundamentally new in the history of society; on the contrary, both are one of the most ancient principles of nature, which a person must follow due to the development of the laws inherent in him by nature itself, which consist in observing the symmetry of natural phenomena.
The problems of globalization occupied the ancient Greeks, and they considered it on the most gigantic scale: the Earth, Space, Universe, Universe were interpreted by them as links of a single whole of a single system. Subsequent scientific research showed the global nature of the processes and phenomena occurring on Earth and their interconnection. The global population of the Earth by bacteria, the spread of plants, insects, mammals on the globe, the spread of diseases, globally, for example, the extinction of entire animal species on Earth (mammoths, foot-and-mouth disease, etc.) were revealed. The Earth's biosphere is a global phenomenon formed by the connection of processes occurring in living and inanimate nature. But the process of globalization is most clearly manifested in the human plant throughout to the globe and his attempt to colonize other worlds and planets in the solar system. He has been looking for his path of sustainable development for a very long time - ever since the wall of darkness around the fire fenced him off from the rest of nature. The power of man turned out to be in his consciousness, in his ability to contemplate, create and create. It was in the creation of man that the ability to separate, distribute the surrounding world into separate concepts, things, phenomena and the ability of a new unification, an unnatural synthesis of results, was combined. But the infinite integrity of nature, its harmony were inherited by the human mental world in the form of a manifestation of the spirit as a desire for human harmony with oneself, with other people and with the world. These abilities for an infinite combination of relationships, multiplied by an infinite variety of individuals, gave rise to the formation of the world - the human world. Thanks to the ability to be creative, creating something qualitatively new, something that does not exist in nature, man was able to break away from the dictates of the relationships imposed on him surrounding nature, and began to form these relationships on his own. New relationships gave rise to a new stage of evolution - the social evolution of man and human societies. Social evolution has developed its own stable stereotypes, which are the state, institutions of market relations, information with its ability to transfer knowledge to subsequent generations. Moreover, these social relations have become global.
Information strengthened the process of globalization, but had an ambiguous impact on it, because it initially took on a bipolar character, the rapid dissemination of information about the economy and the social sphere contributed to the process of science, technology, technology, the development of culture, enlightenment, education, and in this sense, globalization contributed to the progress of mankind, the establishment of its closer and at the same time reasonable connections with nature, with the Cosmos. At the same time, the development of the global nature of information has led to the formation of “pure” information, reflecting the ideal version of the development of the economy and social sphere, and this ideal type is based on the American and European model of civilization. The consequence was that crisis phenomena and processes began to appear more and more often in the economic and social sphere, and an environmental crisis developed on this basis. The old, traditional economy, not adapted to new super-operative reactions, inevitably finds itself in the grip of acute contradictions and confrontations. Capital sought to insure itself against the negative consequences of its own activity and therefore takes part in environmental projects. But more often it simply moves to other areas of the economy or to other countries where the stress of the environmental crisis is not so noticeable. Therefore, in economic literature, the question is increasingly being raised about whether it is possible and, if “yes,” then how to get into the future. global society with the least losses, can this be accomplished through self-organization of market relations or is there a need for government regulation. But in the latter case, we must proceed from the fact that in the conditions of globalization, the borders of national states are becoming increasingly unstable and do not correspond to the rapidly growing economic, social, moral, ethical and other connections between people.
Conclusion.
End of the 20th century led to a broad rethinking of ways social development. The concept of economic growth, which approaches the analysis of material production from a purely economic point of view, was applicable as long as natural resources seemed inexhaustible due to limited impact production activities person. Currently, society is coming to understand that economic activity is only part of human activity and economic development should be considered within the framework of a broader concept of social development. Indeed, problems of the natural environment and its reproduction, religious, moral, philosophical values, problems of security and peace, etc. are becoming increasingly important.
In today's world, the consumption of natural resources is steadily expanding. Production and consumption waste is also growing. Costs for combating environmental pollution are increasing. As a result, society must constantly increase the share of national income that compensates for the costs of extracting natural resources and protecting the human environment. This limits the rate of economic growth and worsens the quality of life of the population.
In modern conditions, the consumption of natural resources continues to grow. There are two alternative paths development of the world economy: continued increase in exploration and production of minerals and resource conservation.
The bulk of natural resources is concentrated in developing countries. The main “disease” of the economies of these countries is their focus on exporting raw materials while freezing the development of manufacturing industries. At the same time, the shortage of natural resources in developed Western countries determines the direction of the main flows of international trade in natural resources from developing countries (producing) to developed (consuming).
The environmental problem is one of the global problems of our time. It is closely related to issues of resource scarcity, environmental safety and environmental crisis. One of the ways to resolve the environmental problem is the path of “sustainable development”, proposed as the main alternative for the development of human civilization.
Today in Russia there is no generally accepted opinion on the impact of globalization on the economy. Negative perception is characteristic of most of the Russian military and military-industrial circles, for whom alienation and isolation from the outside world, confrontation with it, is not only a natural state, but also an important condition of existence.
Russia today is at the stage of formation nation state which developed democracies went through many decades ago. To participate in world integration processes in the context of objective globalization trends, our country faces the need to choose one of the following strategies:
inclusion of the country in the system of world economic relations while simultaneously rejecting the value and cultural-political aspects of globalization;
forced “entry into globalization,” which implies a relatively rapid assimilation of the values and political practices of globalization;
rejection of globalization, reduction of economic ties with the outside world to the supply of raw materials in exchange for high-tech equipment, food and some consumer goods.
It is difficult to predict which strategy will be implemented. But the time has come to realize that there is no alternative to full “inclusion in globalization.”
In the economic sphere, this is the development of creative cooperation, which should be aimed at solving a number of main tasks: the purposeful creation of an international world economy, in which each country is included in the international division of labor, where its own wealth is wisely used and there is access to world resources; close scientific and technical cooperation in solving global problems; international cooperation in solving economic problems of the country and the world economy. This should also include the exchange of spiritual values and the protection of human rights. Solving these problems will ensure the movement of humanity into a peaceful and creative future.
Bibliography.
1. Iokhin V.Ya. Economic theory. Moscow, 2005.
2. Kulikov L.M. Basics of economic theory. Moscow, 2005.
3. Bazylev N.I., Gurko S.P. Economic theory. Minsk, 2004.
4. Plotnitsky M.I., Lobkovich E.I. Economic theory course. Minsk, 2003.
5. Chechelevaya T.V., Gryaznova A.G. Economic theory of national economy and world economy. Minsk, 1998.
6. Economics. Textbook / ed. Bulatova A.S. Moscow, 1999.
7. Economic theory. Textbook / ed. Kamaeva V.D. Moscow, 2002.
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