What is UN transcript. United Nations Organization \(UN\)
"History and goals of the UN"
- Historical summary
- European summary
- UN goals
- Human rights
- Development of the economic sector and humanitarian aid
- A few more words about the UN
The United Nations (UN) is an intergovernmental system of association in order to create comfortable international communication. It replaced the ineffective League of Nations. This formation began to exist October 24, 1945, in order to prevent the recurrence of such an incident as a global war. Its membership is slightly less than 200 states.
The location of the headquarters of the interethnic association settled in Manhattan. Other important consulates are located in Geneva, Nairobi and Vienna. The budget is financed from the resources of the participating states. Contributions are both mandatory and voluntary. The objectives of this association are to promote global harmony and security, respect for human rights, assistance to social and economic development, environmental protection, as well as providing humanitarian support in the event of famine, natural disasters and armed conflicts.
During World War II, Roosevelt initiated negotiations on a successor to the League of Nations. The new body's charter was developed at a meeting in April–June 1945. This charter came into force on October 24, 1945, and the UN came into existence. UN Mission for World Peace was a challenge in the first decades. A cold war broke out in the world between the USSR and the USA and their allies, respectively.
The organization received the Nobel Peace Prize in 2001, and a number of its officials and institutions have also been awarded the prize. Other assessments of the UN's effectiveness have been mixed. Some commentators believe that the organization is important factor peace and human development, while others call the organization ineffective, corrupt.
Historical summary
Before the creation of the UN, a number of international institutions and conferences were formed to resolve conflicts between countries: the International Committee of the Red Cross and the Hague Convention of 1899 and 1907 respectively. After the catastrophic loss of life in World War I, the Paris Peace Conference created the League of Nations to maintain harmony between countries. However, the League lacked representation for the colonial peoples (then half the world's population) and significant participation from several major powers, including the USA, USSR, Germany and Japan. The body could not impose restrictions on the Japanese invasion of Manchuria, the Japanese invasion of China, or stop Adolf Hitler's German plans that ended in World War II. 
United Nations Declaration
The initial organizational plan for the newly formed international association began under the auspices of the US State Department in 1939. Roosevelt authored the "Declaration of the United Nations", together with Churchill and Hopkins. During a meeting at the White House on December 29, 1941, Soviet proposals were included, but there was no role left for France. Roosevelt became the founder of the term United Nations.
UN goals
Peacekeeping and security operations.
The UN, after approval by the Security Council, sends peacekeepers to regions where armed conflicts have recently stopped or paused. This was done in order to ensure compliance with the terms of the peace agreements and prevent a resumption of hostilities. The world association does not have at its disposal personal army. Peacekeeping operations are carried out by borrowing from states within the represented community.
Human rights.
The UN is considered the main community that aims to promote and develop respect for human rights, excluding various kinds discrimination. Member states are required to make decisions, both general and individual, in order to protect their rights as people.
In 1948, the General Assembly established the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, prepared by a committee headed by Franklin D. Roosevelt's widow Eleanor and French lawyer Cassin. The document proclaims the basic civil, political and economic rights, common to all people, although its effectiveness in achieving these goals has been debated since its composition. The Declaration serves as a common standard for all peoples and all countries.
In 1979, the General Assembly established the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against the Fairer Sex, followed by the Convention on the Rights of the Child in 1989.
With the end of the Cold War, action in the field of human rights has received renewed impetus. Human Rights was established in 1993 to monitor human rights issues.
Economic development and humanitarian assistance.
Another main goal of the UN is to control and organize cooperation between states and solve their problems among themselves. Numerous bodies have been created to work towards this goal. In 2000, 192 member states of the United Nations agreed to achieve the eight Millennium Development Goals by 2015.
The United Nations Development Program (UNDP), a grant-based technical assistance organization founded in 1945, is one of the leading bodies in the field of transnational formation. The organization also monitors the Human Capability Index, a comparative measure of countries ranking by poverty, literacy, education, average duration life and other factors. The Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), also founded in 1945, promotes agriculture and food security. UNICEF was founded in 1946 to provide assistance to European children after the end of hostilities. The Foundation has expanded its mission to provide assistance worldwide and support the Convention on the Rights of the Child.
The assistance between the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund is an independent, specialized institution and plays an observer role, according to the text of the 1947 agreement. They were originally formed separately from the UN through the Bretton Woods Agreement in 1944. World Bank provides loans for global development, and in parallel, the IMF helps strengthen interethnic interaction in the economy and provides emergency loans to debtor countries.
Within the framework of interethnic cooperation, there is an association related to public health. In which key importance is given to international health problems and the elimination of diseases. It is one of the largest UN agencies. In 1980, the agency announced that smallpox eradication had been completed. In the decades that followed, WHO largely eradicated polio and leprosy. The United Interethnic Community Project on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS), launched in 1996, coordinates the issue of the AIDS epidemic.
Along with the international association - the Red Cross, the UN often plays a major role in providing emergency assistance in extreme situations. The World Food Program (WFP), established in the early 60s, provides food support as a result of “hunger” times, natural disasters and military contradictions. The association reports that it feeds an average of 90 million people in 80 countries each year. The Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), established in 1950, works to protect those in need within the authority's mandate. UNHCR and WFP activities are financed through voluntary contributions from states, corporations and individuals, although UNHCR administrative costs are paid from the UN core budget.
A few more words about the UN
Since the creation of the UN, more than 80 colonies have gained independence. The UN is working towards decolonization.
Since their inception, UN programs have been aimed at protecting and improving the environment. The UN oversees environmental issues. Initially, this program was not very successful. At the end of the 80s of the last century, UNEP and the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) became another part of the UN. PTO evaluates research reports related to global warming.
The General Assembly sets the amount of the regular contribution. This amount is based on each country's capacity (GNI), adjusted for external debt and low per capita income. That is, for each individual state the amount of contributions varies. The two-year budget for 2012–13 was $5.512 billion in total.
The Assembly established the principle that the UN should not be overly dependent on any one member to finance its activities. Thus, there is a cap, a maximum amount that any member can allocate to the regular budget. In December 2000, the Assembly revised the scale of assessments in response to pressure from the United States. As part of this review, the budget ceiling was reduced from 25% to 22%. For least developed countries (LDCs), a maximum rate of 0.01% applies.
A significant portion of the UN's expenditures address its core mission of peace and security, and this budget is assessed separately from the main one. Maintaining a peaceful existence cost $827 billion in fiscal years 2015-16.
The United Nations (UN) is an international organization of states created to maintain and strengthen international peace, security, development of cooperation between countries.
History of creation:
The name United Nations, coined by United States President Franklin D. Roosevelt, was first used in the Declaration of the United Nations on January 1, 1942, when, during World War II, representatives of 26 nations pledged on behalf of their governments to continue the common fight against the Axis powers.
The first international organizations were created for cooperation in specific areas. The current International Telecommunication Union was created in 1865 as the International Telegraph Union, the Universal Postal Union was founded in 1874. Both organizations are today specialized agencies of the UN.
The First International Peace Conference was convened in The Hague in 1899 to develop agreements on the peaceful resolution of crises, the prevention of war, and the rules of warfare. The conference adopted the Convention for the Peaceful Settlement of International Disputes and established the Permanent Court of Arbitration, which began its work in 1902.
The UN's predecessor was the League of Nations, an organization conceived under similar circumstances during the First World War and established in 1919 by the Treaty of Versailles "to promote co-operation among nations and to ensure peace and security."
The International Labor Organization was also created by the Treaty of Versailles as an associated institution with the League. The League of Nations ceased to function due to its failure to prevent World War II.
In 1945, representatives from 50 countries met in San Francisco at the United Nations Conference on the Creation of an International Organization to develop the UN Charter. The delegates based their work on proposals developed by representatives of China, Soviet Union, Great Britain and the United States at Dumbarton Oaks in August-October 1944. The Charter was signed on June 26, 1945 by representatives of 50 countries. Poland, not represented at the Conference, signed it later and became the 51st founding state.
The United Nations has officially existed since October 24, 1945, by which date the Charter had been ratified by China, France, the Soviet Union, Great Britain, the United States and most other signatory states. The twenty-fourth of October is celebrated annually as United Nations Day.
The first contours of the UN were outlined at a conference in Washington at the Dumbarton Oaks mansion. In two series of meetings held from September 21 to October 7, 1944, the United States, Great Britain, the Soviet Union, and China agreed on the goals, structure, and functions of the world organization.
On February 11, 1945, following meetings in Yalta, US, UK and USSR leaders Franklin Roosevelt, Winston Churchill and Joseph Stalin declared their determination to establish “a universal international organization for the maintenance of peace and security.”
On April 25, 1945, representatives from 50 countries gathered in San Francisco for the United Nations Conference on the Creation of international organization to develop the UN Charter.
Delegates from countries representing over 80% of the population gathered in San Francisco globe. The Conference was attended by 850 delegates, and together with their advisers, delegation staff and the Conference secretariat, the total number of persons taking part in the work of the Conference reached 3,500. In addition, there were more than 2,500 representatives of the press, radio and newsreels, as well as observers from various societies and organizations. The San Francisco conference was not only one of the most important in history, but in all likelihood the largest international meeting ever held.
The agenda of the Conference included proposals developed by representatives of China, the Soviet Union, Great Britain and the United States at Dumbarton Oaks, on the basis of which the delegates were to develop a Charter acceptable to all states.
The Charter was signed on June 26, 1945 by representatives of 50 countries. Poland, not represented at the Conference, signed it later and became the 51st founding state.
The UN has officially existed since October 24, 1945 - to this day the Charter was ratified by China, France, the Soviet Union, Great Britain, the United States and most of the other signatory states. October 24 is celebrated annually as United Nations Day.
The preamble to the Charter speaks of the determination of the peoples of the United Nations to “save succeeding generations from the scourge of war.”
192 states of the world are members of the UN.
Main organs of the UN:
The UN General Assembly (UNGA) is the main deliberative body, consisting of representatives of all UN member states (each of them has 1 vote). 193 member states.
The UN Security Council operates permanently. According to the Charter, the Security Council is entrusted with primary responsibility for maintaining international peace and security. If all ways of peaceful resolution of the conflict have been used, the Security Council is competent to send observers or troops to maintain peace in conflict areas in order to ease tension and separate the troops of the warring parties. 5 permanent members (China, Russian Federation, United Kingdom, United States and France) and 10 non-permanent members, elected for two-year terms. A state that is a member of the United Nations but not a member of the Security Council may participate, without the right to vote, in discussions when the Council considers that the matter under consideration affects the interests of that state. Both members of the United Nations and non-member entities, if they are parties to a dispute before the Council, may be invited to participate, without the right to vote, in the deliberations of the Council; The Council determines the terms of participation of a non-member state. Throughout the existence of the UN peacekeeping forces The UN conducted about 40 peacekeeping operations.
The UN Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC) is authorized to conduct research and compile reports on international issues in the field of economic, social, culture, education, health, human rights, ecology, etc., and make recommendations to the General Assembly on any of them. 54 members. The 4 member states of the Council are elected by the General Assembly for a term of three years. Seats on the Council are allocated based on the principle of geographical representation, with 14 seats allocated to African states, 11 to Asian states, 6 to Eastern Europe, 10 - Latin American and Caribbean states and 13 - states Western Europe and other states.
The International Court of Justice, the main judicial body established in 1945, resolves legal disputes between states with their consent and provides advisory opinions on legal issues. 15 judges
The UN Secretariat was created to ensure proper conditions for the organization's activities. The Secretariat is headed by the chief administrative official of the UN - the UN Secretary General (since January 1, 2007 - Ban Ki-moon (Korea).
The UN has a number of its own specialized agencies - international intergovernmental organizations on economic, social and humanitarian issues (UNESCO, WHO, FAO, IMF, ILO, UNIDO and others) associated with the UN, through ECOSOC, and international agreements. Most UN members are members of UN specialized agencies.
The UN common system also includes autonomous organizations such as the World Trade Organization (WTO) and the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA).
The official languages of the UN and its organizations are English, Arabic, Spanish, Chinese, Russian and French.
The UN headquarters is located in New York.
The UN is a Nobel Peace Prize laureate. In 2001, the award “For contribution to creating a more organized world and strengthening world peace” was awarded jointly to the organization and its Secretary General Kofi Annan. In 1988, the UN Peacekeeping Forces received the Nobel Peace Prize.
Functions:
The purposes of the UN, as enshrined in its Charter, are the maintenance of international peace and security, the prevention and elimination of threats to peace, and the suppression of acts of aggression, the settlement or resolution by peaceful means of international disputes, the development of friendly relations between nations based on respect for the principle of equality and self-determination of peoples; implementation of international cooperation in economic, social, cultural and humanitarian fields, promotion and development of respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms for all, without distinction of race, gender, language and religion.
UN members have pledged to act in accordance with the following principles: sovereign equality of states; resolution of international disputes by peaceful means; refusal in international relations to threaten or use force against the territorial integrity or political independence of any state.
Peacekeeping mission. The UN Charter itself does not provide for peacekeeping operations. However, they may be conditioned by the goals and principles of the UN, which is why the General Assembly regularly considers the need for a particular peacekeeping mission.
The implementation of a UN peacekeeping operation can be expressed in:
Investigating incidents and conducting negotiations with conflicting parties with a view to reconciling them;
Verifying compliance with the ceasefire agreement;
Promoting the maintenance of law and order;
Providing humanitarian assistance;
Monitoring the situation.
The first UN peacekeeping mission was to monitor the truce reached in the Arab-Israeli conflict in 1948. Also known are peacekeeping missions in Cyprus (in 1964 - to stop hostilities and restore order), in Georgia (in 1993 - to resolve the Georgian-Abkhaz conflict), Tajikistan (1994 - to resolve a religious conflict), as well as peacekeeping missions UN sent to Yugoslavia and Somalia.
Interregional Academy of Personnel Management
Ukrainian-Arab Institute of International Relations and Linguistics named after. Averroes
Department of International Relations and International Information
Course work
in the discipline "History of International Relations"
UN Education
Introduction
UN creations
Declarations and conventions
Peacekeeping mission
Human rights
Humanitarian assistance
UN member states
Conclusion
References
Introduction
The idea of creating a global intergovernmental organization to prevent wars and preserve peace has occupied the minds of mankind for a long time. The first such organization was the League of Nations. In 1919, it entered the Versailles post-war system as an attempt to create an instrument of political and international cooperation. In 1939, the world was drawn into a new war, unprecedented in scale and loss, and a serious threat loomed over the world. And this gave a powerful impetus to the government and public initiative to unite and resist aggression together. Countries anti-Hitler coalition it was decided to create a world. And on October 24, 1945, the United World Organization was founded collective security, as a comprehensive international instrument for suppressing hostilities and maintaining Nations, the abbreviation UN, the creation of which took into account the experience of its predecessor the League of Nations. The most important stages in the history of the UN, the conference in Dumbarton Oaks in 1944 is rightly called at which the basic principles and parameters of the mechanism of activity of the future organization were agreed upon. The San Francisco conference ended with the adoption of the founding documents of the United Nations. On October 24, 1945, after the five permanent members of the Security Council and most other states deposited their instruments of ratification, the UN Charter came into force. This day is celebrated as UN Day. And this year the anniversary of 68 years since the founding of the UN is approaching. The emergence of a new international organization, the creation of which was associated with expectations of lasting peace, gave hope for the development of cooperation of all states in matters of economic and social development.
UN creations
On April 25, 1945, the United Nations Conference opened in San Francisco - the largest international forum of that time, bringing together more than 800 delegates from 50 countries. The war was still raging, Soviet troops stormed Berlin, but humanity stood on the threshold of peace. Representatives of many countries that participated in the war against fascist Germany and militaristic Japan came together to decide on the creation of an international organization that would help ensure peace and security for all peoples after the war. The San Francisco Conference was the final step in the creation of the United Nations. It summed up the results of a long and complex diplomatic struggle, which reflected the fundamental changes on the world stage during the Second World War.
The initiators of the creation of an international organization for maintaining peace and security were the great powers of the anti-Hitler coalition - the USSR, the USA and Great Britain. The Soviet Union was the first to speak out for the need to unite peace-loving states in the post-war period on new, truly democratic principles.
The foundations of the new international organization were laid during the war. Already in the statement of the Soviet government on July 3, 1947, the goals of the war were defined - not only the elimination of the danger looming over the Soviet country, but also assistance to the peoples of Europe groaning under the yoke of fascism. A clear statement by the USSR about the goals of the war prompted England, which was at war, and the United States, which had not yet fought, to also speak out on this matter.
In August 1941, US President Roosevelt and British Prime Minister Churchel, taking into account the scope of anti-fascist sentiment, formulated in the Atlantic Charter some principles of the post-war world order: respect for state sovereignty and territorial integrity of all countries, the liberation of enslaved peoples and the restoration of their sovereign rights, the right of every nation avoid your social system, equal economic cooperation. The Soviet government, in the Declaration of September 24, 1941 at the inter-union conference in London, announced its adherence to the basic principles of the Atlantic Charter, adding to it a significant addition on the right of every people not only to choose, but also to establish a social system at its own discretion. In the same document, the Soviet Union decided to “determine the way and means for the organization of international relations and the post-war structure of the world.” Developing this program, the USSR proposed the creation of a general international organization. In the Soviet-Polish Declaration of Friendship and Mutual Assistance of December 4, 1941, where this idea was put forward, it was said: “Ensuring a lasting and just peace. can only be achieved by a new organization of international relations based on the unification of democratic countries into a lasting union."
The Declaration of the United Nations (as those who declared war on the fascist “axis” were named at the suggestion of F. Roosevelt), signed by 26 countries on January 1, 1942, confirmed the principles of the Atlantic Charter and institutionalized the anti-fascist coalition - the core of the future organization.
At the Moscow Conference of Foreign Ministers on October 30, 1943, a joint Declaration of the three powers (which China also joined) on the need to create an international security organization was adopted for the first time. Paragraph 4. The Declaration of the Four States on the Question of General Security stated that they “recognize the need for the establishment of a possible short term a universal International Organization for the maintenance of international peace and security, based on the principle of the sovereign equality of all peace-loving States, of which all such States, large and small, may be members."
united nation international organization
The decisions of the Moscow Conference became the starting point in the formation of the UN, and Moscow was the actual place of its birth." After this, the then US Secretary of State K. Jell emphasized in his memoirs, there was no doubt left that an international organization for maintaining peace. will be created after the war."
The first discussion of plans for the future organization at the highest level took place during the Tehran Conference of the Leaders of the Three Powers in December 1943. After Tehran, the allies began active practical development of the foundations of the future organization. To condemn and develop a common project, it was decided to create a conference of representatives of the three powers in Dumbarton Oaks, an ancient estate in the Washington area. The Dumbarton-On meeting, held from 21 August to 7 October 1944, was a decisive step in determining the structure of the future organization. Here, a draft charter of the new organization was chosen, defining its structure, goals and principles, membership, and functions of the main bodies. A number of issues, however, remained unresolved. The main one - on the voting procedure in the Security Council - was of great importance. The resolution of this issue and a number of other issues was postponed until the Yalta meeting.
At a meeting in Yalta in February 1945, the leaders of the three Allied powers approved the draft charter developed at Dumbarton-Onse. The knot in the voting problem in the Security Council was finally untied. The United States, yielding to the demands of the Soviet Union, proposed a compromise option, according to which all major decisions in the Council could only be adopted with the complete unanimity of all its permanent members. In Yalta, the issue of joining the UN as independent members of two Soviet republics - Ukraine and Belarus, which made a huge contribution to the defeat of fascism, was resolved. The leaders of the USSR, USA and England stated: “We have decided in the near future to establish, together with our allies, a general international organization to maintain peace and security.” ** The convening of the founding conference was scheduled for April 25, 1945 in San Francisco, and all members of the United Nations plus those states that declared war on the Axis countries before March 1, 1945 were eligible to participate.
After the opening ceremony of the San Francisco Conference, long and complex debates on the draft charter began in various committees. The participating countries were familiarized with the project in advance, and by the time of the opening, 36 of them had managed to propose a total of about 1,200 amendments. At the last stage, the Soviet Union did not stop fighting for the democratic principles of the UN Charter.
June the conference delegates gathered for a final meeting to approve the final draft of the Charter. Due to the great historical importance of what was happening, the chairman of the conference deviated from the usual voting procedure and expressed his consent by standing. In response, all the delegates rose from their seats as one. The announcement of the unanimous adoption of the document was met with thunderous applause.
The UN Charter came into force on October 24, 1945, when it was ratified by the majority of member countries. This date is considered the official day of the organization’s creation and is celebrated everywhere as UN Day.
Signing of the Allied Declaration on June 12 and the Atlantic Charter on August 14, 1941
The expansion of Hitler's aggression necessitated joint action by the anti-fascist coalition. Signed in London on June 12, 1941, the Declaration of Ally, which committed the signatories to work together with other free peoples in both war and peace, was the first step towards the creation of the United Nations. There was disagreement in the scientific literature about who was the first to put forward the idea of creating a new organization and in what document. The Western world called this document the Atlantic Charter. On August 14, 1941, United States President Franklin Delano Roosevelt and United Kingdom Prime Minister Winston Churchill proposed a set of principles for international cooperation in the maintenance of peace and security. The Anglo-American declaration, signed during a meeting somewhere at sea, is known as the Atlantic Charter. The President of the United States and the Prime Minister of England stated on behalf of their states that they do not seek territorial or other acquisitions; they respect the right of all peoples to choose for themselves a form of government; they strive to restore the sovereign rights and self-government of those peoples who were deprived of this by force; recognize the right of all countries have on on different grounds access to trade and global sources of raw materials encourage economic cooperation express hope for the establishment after the war of a peace that allows all countries to live in security consider it necessary to renounce the use of force and rid peoples of the burden of weapons. Soviet researchers quite rightly referred to the Soviet-Polish Declaration. The Soviet government announced its adherence to the basic principles of the Atlantic Charter, adding a significant addition on the right of every people not only to choose, but also to establish a social system at its own discretion. In the same document, the Soviet Union decided to determine the way and means for organizing international relations and the post-war world order. Developing this program, the USSR proposed the creation of a general international organization. The Soviet-Polish Declaration of Friendship and Mutual Assistance of December 4, 1941, where this idea was put forward, stated that ensuring a lasting and just peace can only be achieved by a new organization of international relations based on the unification of democratic countries into a lasting
United Nations Declaration
On January 1, 1942, shortly after the United States entered the war on December 7, 1941, representatives of 26 states participating in the war against the bloc of fascist aggressors USSR, USA, Great Britain, China, Australia, Belgium, Guatemala, Haiti, Greece, Honduras, Dominican Republic, India, Canada, Costa Rica, Cuba, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Nicaragua, Panama, Poland, El Salvador, Czechoslovakia, South Africa, Yugoslavia signed a declaration in Washington, which went down in history as the Declaration of the United Nations. Its introductory part contained the provision that to protect life, freedom, independence and preserve human rights and justice, complete victory over the enemy is necessary. Each Government undertakes to employ all its resources, military and economic, against those members of the Tripartite Pact and its affiliates with whom that Government has been at war. Each Government undertakes to cooperate with other governments that have signed this and not to conclude a separate truce or peace with enemies. The publication of the United Nations Declaration meant the creation of a coalition of 26 states led by the USSR, the USA and Great Britain. The meetings of their leaders at the highest level played a vital role in the coordinated actions of these countries. They made a deep impression on the whole world. The convening and work of the conference of heads of government of the three great powers had a wide international resonance.
Agreement of the Moscow Conference of 1943
Even during the war, the future victors discussed the issue of the structure of the international organization. Churchill developed a scheme under which a number of local federations would unite within three regions under the auspices of a supreme world council. Power would be concentrated in three regions: European, American and Pacific. This structure did not please Stalin, who was suspicious of Churchill. His suspicions were further strengthened when Churchill and Roosevelt proposed creating the Balkan and Danube Federation in an area of particular interest to the USSR. 8, 192 In October 1943 in Moscow, the foreign ministers of Great Britain, the United States and the Soviet Union, joined by China, agreed and approved the principle of organization based on the sovereign equality of all states. The signed declaration was supposed to perpetuate the alliance of democracy and communism against fascism and instruct the main representatives of the first two forces to maintain peace through the joint exercise of their combined powers. 8, 193 Point four on the issue of general security stated that these world powers recognize the need to establish as soon as possible a general International Organization for the maintenance of international peace and security
Main Stages of the Creation of the UN Discussion of the issue of creating the UN at the Tehran Conference of 1943
The Tehran Conference of 1943 is a significant date in modern history, since it was, in fact, the first meeting of the leaders of the anti-Hitler coalition. Then, in the midst of the war, they agreed to open a second front and outlined the contours of the future world order. In many ways, this was an impromptu move, because even on the way to Iran, Roosevelt and Churchill were not completely sure who they should be friends with.
The three leaders met in the Russian embassy building, the luxurious estate of the landowner Atabek, to solve the most important problems of the time. To thwart the plans of his enemies, Hitler gave the order to organize an assassination attempt on Roosevelt, Stalin and Churchill. On August 2, 1943, near the Kuntsevo station, Stalin boarded special train 501. None of the passengers knew what the destination was. Only before Stalin's departure from Baku was the purpose of the trip revealed. Tehran was completely blocked. During the three days that the conference lasted, the post office and telegraph did not work, and no newspapers were published.
By the beginning of the meeting, there was no one to carry out the assassination attempt. The NKVD, together with British intelligence, carried out a series of arrests of pro-fascist supporters.
I sat with a huge Russian bear on one side and a huge American bison- Churchill wrote differently. He did not like Russia, that is, he loved it less than Roosevelt. But everyone around Roosevelt was in an even worse mood. Therefore, the US President did the unheard of: he removed the State Department from the negotiations and decided to conduct them personally.
For a combination of reasons, the declaration following the conference was signed in a hurry. A crumpled gray piece of paper with sloppy strokes - that’s how eyewitnesses will remember it. This document records only one result of the Tehran negotiations: a specific decision was made on the creation of the UN.
Thus, one of the conference participants, then a young translator, shared her impressions. There were no assigned agendas at the conference and everyone could raise any issue, which created a relaxed atmosphere. She also witnessed a one-on-one conversation during which Roosevelt shared his ideas about the future organization with the head of the USSR, Stalin. He said that it should only give recommendations and would always meet in different places, that it was necessary to establish an executive committee consisting of 10-11 members and that it would deal with economic and social issues also that within the UN a Police Committee should be created as a prototype of the Security Council. The Committee must ensure that peace is maintained and that Germany does not re-aggress. The committee was already a coercive body. and by four police officers Roosevelt meant the USA, USSR, Great Britain and China.
Thus, the leaders came to the conclusion that after the war it was necessary to create an organization that could ensure lasting peace. In the Tehran Declaration, the leaders of the three powers wrote: As for peacetime, we are confident that the agreement existing between us will ensure lasting peace. We fully recognize the great responsibility resting on us and on all the United Nations to bring about a peace which will receive the approval of the overwhelming mass of the peoples of the globe and which will eliminate the scourges and horrors of war for many generations.
Dumbarton Oaks Conference, foundation of the Organization
To carry out the task of maintaining peace, world powers such as the USA, the United Kingdom, the USSR and China convened a special conference, which occupies a special place in the history of the United Nations. Dumbarton Oaks is an ancient villa in Washington, the meeting at which was, in fact, the first concrete step towards the creation of the UN. The location of the meeting was proposed by State Department official Alger Hiss, the future secretary general of the conference in San Francisco, due to its convenient location and the ability to ensure the safety of delegates. Negotiations began in August 1944 and took place in two stages. From August 21 to September 28, representatives of the USSR, Great Britain and the USA took part in them, and from September 29 to October 7, representatives of China, Great Britain and the USA. It was decided to do this because the USSR was officially in an alliance with Japan, and China was at war with it, so the two countries could not simultaneously take part in negotiations. The opening of the meeting was marked by scandalous publications by the New York Times of the secret programs of all delegations, which were obtained by journalist James Reston.
The heads of the delegations decided that everything should take place behind closed doors. The Soviet delegation was led by Andrei Gromyko, then a young ambassador to Washington.
The American delegation was led by Deputy Secretary of State Edward R. Stettinius, and the British delegation by Sir Alexander Cadogan, Deputy Minister of Foreign Affairs. The first step was to resolve the issue of the official languages of negotiations: English and Russian, although in reality English was more often used. At the meetings, the Joint Steering Committee, which included 8 delegates, established three subcommittees on general issues international organization on security and legal issues. A fourth working group, the Drafting Subcommittee, was also created, as well as two small groups on formulations, which subsequently played a key role in the negotiations. They provided the most detailed and analytical consideration of all provisions related to the created organization. Later it was necessary to establish two more additional bodies, a Special Informal Group, as well as a subcommittee on nomenclature. He was to recommend the names and titles of the new world organization and its various organs and officers. The work of the conference was dominated by four main issues: the structure and goals of the new organization; the USSR's proposal for an international air force; membership in the Organization; voting procedure in the Security Council. At the insistence of Andrei Gromyko at the opening of the conference, the Soviet plan was taken as the basis for the discussion, following which the organization should have three main goals: maintaining international peace and security through collective measures to prevent and suppress aggression, establishing peaceful means for resolving international disputes that could lead to a violation of the peace , and taking other measures to strengthen security and develop friendly relations between nations. These common goals were similar to the goals specified in the American and British plans. However, the United States believed that the Organization's sphere of interests should be much broader and that, in particular, additional bodies should be created. At the same time, first of all, they called the Economic and Social Council to promote the most complete and effective use of world resources. economic resources. Britain supported the idea, and Gromyko said that the League of Nations failed largely because it spent 77 percent of its time on such secondary issues. There were significantly fewer difficulties when discussing the basic structure of the organization being created. On August 23, it was decided that it should consist of four main bodies of an assembly uniting all member states, a small council to consider security issues, an international court and a secretariat headed by the main international court. On the same day, Gromyko made a proposal to create air force United Nations to provide the benefit of rapid deployment during a crisis. And here the opinions of the delegates differed. As with the first question, the head of the Soviet delegation did not insist on his proposal. One of the most controversial issues was the question of membership of the new organization. First, the Soviet proposal was discussed that the founders of the UN should be only the 26 states that originally signed the Declaration of the United Nations. From the Soviet point of view, questions of criteria and procedures for UN membership were directly related to the problem of voting in the Security Council. The Constitution of the USSR allowed the Soviet republics to have direct international relations with foreign states. Gromyko’s words, it goes without saying that all 16 Soviet republics should be included in the membership of the initiators of the Organization, sounded like a bolt from the blue. Cadogan said his government would discuss the issue directly with the Kremlin. On September 1, US President Roosevelt personally and secretly wrote to I. Stalin, the question of membership for each of the sixteen republics worries me very much. The whole project would definitely be in jeopardy. To which, on September 7, Prime Minister I.V. Stalin secretly and personally answered the President, Mr. F. Roosevelt. I attach special importance to the statement of the Soviet delegation on this issue. Ukraine and Belarus should be included among the initiators of the creation of the International Organization. After the shock had passed, the first thing the Americans had to do was make sure that there was no leakage of information about the Soviet proposal. Yalta in 1945. Ukraine and Belarus joined the UN as the countries most affected by the attacks of Nazi Germany.
Outcome of the Dumbarton Oak Conference
The Dumbarton Oaks Conference concluded on October 7, 1944. On the closing day of the conference, a joint statement of four states was published, entitled Proposals for the Establishment of a General International Organization, which mentioned that an international organization called the United Nations should be created. Roosevelt's proposed name, United Nations, was adopted after much debate and discussion in the Subcommittee on Nomenclature. The Americans believed that this name, born in the process of uniting the military efforts of the anti-Hitler coalition, would serve to raise the prestige of the international organization in peacetime. The Soviet delegates preferred the name International Security Organization, which emphasized its direct purpose. To support this idea, it was decided to name the main peacekeeping body the Security Council. The name General Assembly was preferred over the World Assembly. The title of chief administrative officer, General Secretary, was adopted on a Soviet proposal instead General manager. The name International Court of Justice was adopted unanimously. The agreements reached during the Dumbarton Oaks negotiations became the basis for the Charter of the United Nations, adopted in San Francisco in June 1945.
The meeting in San Francisco in the spring of 1945 was the result of several years of work.
In accordance with the decisions of the Crimean Conference, the US government, on its own behalf and on behalf of the governments of the USSR, Great Britain and China, sent an invitation to the governments of 42 states to a conference in San Francisco to prepare a charter for a universal international organization. 1.9 And on April 25, 1945, the United Nations Conference, the largest international forum of that time, began its work in San Francisco, bringing together more than 800 delegates from 50 countries. All members of the United Nations, as well as those states that declared war on the Moshido country on March 1, 1945, were eligible to participate. The San Francisco Conference was the final step in the creation of the United Nations. She summed up the results of a long and complex diplomatic struggle. The main result of this struggle was the adoption of the Charter on June 25, 1945. The next day, delegates signed it at the War Veterans Memorial building. Unfortunately, Franklin Roosevelt did not live two months before the signing of the Charter, which he considered his brainchild. American writer Stephen Schlesinger spoke in an interview with UN Radio about his book The Act of Creation, which is dedicated to a conference in the American city of San Francisco. In it, he writes that Roosevelt authorized the interception of diplomatic cables. He finds the only rational explanation in Roosevelt's desire to ensure the success of the conference. He wanted to prevent the Organization from failing, as happened with the League of Nations. During the listening, it turned out that the process of creation was accompanied by an invisible confrontation. It turns out that small countries, especially Latin American countries, were most upset by the presence of the veto. But the Great Powers made it clear that without this right they would simply leave the meeting room, which means there would be no organization at all. The second revelation for Schlesinger was the categorical insistence of many countries on the creation regional organizations. The authors of the Charter themselves took the side of centralism. As a result, the UN Charter includes 51 articles with the right to individual self-defense. In another report, called How many authors does the UN Charter have, according to journalist Eugene Menkes and some American historians, there was originally only one author of the Charter. This is an immigrant from Ukraine, Leo Pasvolsky, who has been a special assistant to the US Secretary of State since the late 30s. The entire UN Charter was written based on his ideas.
Structure of the United Nations:
According to the UN Charter, there are only six fundamental divisions. However, the UN is a very branched organization that addresses various problems of humanity. Therefore, there are many more organizations either directly reporting to the UN or, in one way or another, related to the activities of the UN.
Main institutions:
General Assembly.Approved in 1945. It is the main decision-making, representative and deliberative body of the UN. Scheduled sessions are held annually from September to December. At other times it is collected as needed.
Security Council The main UN division dealing with the preservation of peaceful international relations and security. Operates continuously.
Economic and Social Council (EXOS).<#"center">Declarations and conventions
Unlike the UN Charter, UN conventions are not binding on members of the organization. This or that country can either ratify this or that treaty or not.
The most famous UN conventions and declarations:
Universal Declaration of Human Rights<#"justify">UN declarations take the form of calls and recommendations and are not essentially treaties.
On September 2008, Russia protested in connection with the signing on that day of a “declaration on cooperation between the secretariats of NATO and the UN.” The declaration was signed by Jaap de Hoop Scheffer and Ban Ki-moon.
Peacekeeping mission
An important tool for maintaining peace and international security are peacekeeping operations UN. Their activities are determined by a number of General Assembly resolutions<#"justify">· Investigating incidents and conducting negotiations with conflicting parties with a view to reconciling them;
· Verifying compliance with the ceasefire agreement;
· Promoting the maintenance of law and order;
· Providing humanitarian assistance;
· Monitoring the situation.
The first UN peacekeeping mission was to monitor the truce reached in the Arab-Israeli conflict<#"center">Human rights
December 10, 1948. The UN General Assembly adopted and proclaimed the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, after which it recommended that all Member States make the text of the Declaration public by “distributing, publicizing and explaining mainly in schools and other educational institutions, without any distinction based on the political status of countries or territories."
Humanitarian assistance
Humanitarian disasters can happen anywhere and at any time. Whatever their cause - flood, drought, earthquake or conflict - they always lead to loss of life, population displacement, the loss of communities' ability to sustain themselves and bring enormous suffering.
In countries that have been exposed to long-term natural disasters or recovering from conflict, humanitarian assistance is increasingly seen as part of overall peacebuilding efforts, alongside development, political and financial assistance.
Perhaps the most dramatic natural disaster in recent years was the tsunami-causing earthquake in the Indian Ocean<#"center">UN member states
The original members of the UN include the 50 states that signed the UN Charter at the San Francisco Conference on July 26, 1945, as well as Poland<#"center">Basic provisions of the UN Charter
The Preamble of the Charter of the United Nations reads: The Peoples of the United Nations, determined to save succeeding generations from the scourge of war and to reaffirm faith in fundamental human rights, in the dignity and worth of the human person, in the equal rights of men and women and in the equal rights of nations great and small, and to create conditions that can promote social progress have decided to join forces to achieve these goals. In addition to explaining the four main purposes and principles of the organization, the UN Charter includes one hundred and eleven articles. The authors of the Charter sought not to invent a new type of organization, but to preserve the already familiar structure of the League of Nations. Only it was necessary to include more effective mechanisms for preventing war. The UN Charter did not prohibit war as such, but made a great contribution to the prohibition of war not aimed at implementing the legislation enshrined in it. As stated above, it directly authorized the use of not only international, but also national forces by a state or alliance of states for the purposes of self-defense. The veto power granted to permanent members of the Security Council was a distinctive feature of the UN. According to the charter, decisions of the Security Council are considered adopted when nine members of the Council out of fifteen votes are cast for them, including both permanent and non-permanent members. The main organs of the United Nations were the General Assembly, the Security Council, the Economic and Social Council, the Trusteeship Council, the International Court of Justice and the Secretariat. If necessary, additional bodies may be created.
Conclusion
In New York, in Manhattan, there is a glass skyscraper that is known to almost the whole world. This is the UN building. Today the UN is an organization without which it is difficult to imagine modern world. 193 participating countries decide the fate of the world in all aspects of politics, economics, culture, ecology, healthcare, etc. The entire international legal system of the modern world order is built on the basis of the UN Charter. The creation of the UN was one of the important results of the Second World War. The United Nations was essentially a revised version of the League of Nations, and was created primarily as political organization. Former UN Secretary General Kurt Waldheim writes in his book The Only Position in the World The League of Nations, which existed at one time, did not fulfill the role that was assigned to it.
He continues. The Austrians had a feeling that the helplessness of the League of Nations encouraged Hitler's adventures. That is why the creation of the UN, a world organization entrusted with the task of maintaining international order, was greeted with great satisfaction by my compatriots. 3.59 The creation of the UN is a great victory for all peace-loving forces, an important event in the history of international relations. It determined the further course of events from the second half of the twentieth century. At the conference in San Francisco, the basis of the bipolar world system was formed, the consequence of which was the Cold War. So, to date, a stable UN system has been formed, with all its positive and negative features. And these shortcomings, according to K. Waldheim, can be explained by the presence of contradictions that characterize the international community. 3.66 The former head of the Soviet state Nikita Sergeevich Khrushchev in his memoirs spoke about his impressions of visiting the UN headquarters. Overall, he was very positive about the organization. Khrushchev wrote The most important thing is that the UN provides an opportunity to discuss all emerging issues and conduct an international exchange of views, although the necessary decisions are not always made. In any case, for a long time this organization maintained peace and ensured security. UN assistance has more than once eliminated the danger of armed conflict. Again, let us refer to Nikita Sergeevich, the organization does not resolve contradictions, but moderates the passions of the heated. They are beginning to more accurately sense the current international conditions. Representatives different countries influence each other. To put it figuratively, the lines are blurred there. For the first time in the history of mankind, in 1945, representatives of fifty countries of the world sat down at the negotiating table, which was already an achievement.
A dialogue has begun different nations, cultures, worldviews. There was a confrontation between two different worlds, socialist and capitalist, which were trying to find a common language. This is how the history of the formation of the UN can be characterized by contradictions and compromises.
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Morozov G.I. International organizations. 1969
Morawiecki V. Functions of international organizations. 1979
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The United Nations is the center for solving the problems facing all humanity. These activities are carried out jointly by more than 30 associated organizations that make up the United Nations system. Every day, the United Nations and other organizations in its system work to promote human rights, protect the environment, fight disease and reduce poverty.
The United Nations was created on October 24, 1945 by fifty-one countries determined to preserve peace through international cooperation and collective security. Today, 191 countries are members of the United Nations, that is, almost all countries in the world. When states become members of the United Nations, they accept the obligations set out in the Charter of the United Nations, which is an international treaty that sets out the basic principles of international relations.
According to the Charter, the United Nations has four purposes in its activities: to maintain international peace and security, to develop friendly relations among nations, to carry out international cooperation in solving international problems and in promoting respect for human rights, and to be a center for coordinating the actions of nations in achieving these common goals.
History of the United Nations
The emergence of the UN was due to a number of objective factors in the military-strategic, political, and economic development of human society at the end of the second millennium. The creation of the UN was the embodiment of mankind’s eternal dream of such a structure and organization of international society that would save humanity from an endless series of wars and ensure peaceful conditions the lives of peoples, their progressive progress along the path of socio-economic progress, prosperity and development, free from fear for the future.
The discussion and development of the problem of the universal organization of labor and safety began with the Atlantic Party, signed by US President F.D. Roosevelt and British Prime Minister Gergel on August 14, 1941, and the Declaration of the USSR Government at the inter-union conference in London on September 24, 1941, in which first, an extremely important task facing peace-loving states was formulated, namely “to determine ways and means for organizing international relations and the post-war structure of the world.”
The first intergovernmental document adopted during the Second World War, which put forward the idea of creating a new international security organization, was the Declaration of the Government of the Soviet Union and the Government of the Polish Republic on Friendship and Mutual Assistance, signed in Moscow on December 4, 1941. It indicated that ensuring a lasting and just world could only be achieved by a new organization of international relations, not based on the unification of democratic countries into a lasting union. When creating such an organization, the decisive point should be “respect for international law, supported by the collective armed force of all Union States.”
January 1, 1942 In Washington, the United Nations Declaration was signed by 26 states participating in the anti-Hitler coalition, including the USSR, on joint efforts in the fight against Nazi Germany, fascist Italy and militaristic Japan. Later, the name “united nations” was proposed for the new organization by US President R.D. Roosevelt and was officially used for the UN Charter.
At the proposal of the US government, in August - September 1944, a conference of four powers - the USSR, Great Britain, the USA and China - was held in Dumbarton Oaks, on the outskirts of Washington, at which the agreed text of the final document was signed: “Proposal for the creation of a General International Security Organization.” These proposals served as the basis for the development of the UN Charter.
During the Conference in San Francisco on April 25, 1945. The text of the UN Charter was prepared, which was signed on June 26, 1945. From the date of entry into force of the UN Charter on October 24, 1945, when the last 29th instrument of ratification of the USSR was deposited with the US Government, the beginning of the existence of the UN is officially counted. By decision of the General Assembly adopted in 1947. The day the UN Charter came into force was officially declared “United Nations Day,” which is solemnly celebrated annually in UN member countries.
The UN Charter embodies democratic ideals, which is expressed, in particular, in the fact that it affirms faith in fundamental human rights, in the dignity and worth of the human person, in the equality of men and women, and enshrines the equality of large and small nations. The UN Charter establishes as its main objectives the maintenance of international peace and security, the settlement by peaceful means, in accordance with the principles of justice and international law, of international disputes and situations. It defines that the UN is founded on the principle of the sovereign equality of all its members, that all members fulfill in good faith the obligations under the Charter so as to secure to them all the rights and benefits arising from membership in the Organization, that all members must resolve by and refrain from the threat of force or its application and that the UN has the right to intervene in matters essentially within the domestic competence of any state. The UN Charter emphasizes the open nature of the Organization, whose members can be all peace-loving states.
How the UN works
The United Nations is not a world government and does not make laws. However, it does provide tools that help resolve international conflicts and develop policies on issues that affect us all. In the United Nations, all Member States - large and small, rich and poor, adhering to different political views And social systems, - have the right to express their opinions and take part in voting as part of this process.
The United Nations has six main organs. Five of them - the General Assembly, the Security Council, the Economic and Social Council, the Trusteeship Council and the Secretariat - are located at United Nations Headquarters in New York. The sixth body, the International Court of Justice, is located in The Hague, the Netherlands.
UN General Assembly
This is a body in which all UN member states are represented. The General Assembly is endowed with a number of very important functions: the authority to consider the general principles of cooperation in maintaining international peace and security, including the principles defining weapons, as well as to discuss a wide range of problems of cooperation between states in the political, economic, social, environmental, scientific, technical and other fields and make recommendations on them .
The General Assembly holds annual regular sessions, which are only interrupted in December of each year and continue until the beginning of the next session. Plenary sessions open on the Tuesday after the second Monday in September. Such special (from 1946 to 2000 there were 24) and emergency special (from 1946 to 1999 there were 10) sessions are convened. The provisional agenda for the next session is drawn up Secretary General and is communicated to UN members at least 60 days before the opening of the session.
A characteristic feature of the activities of the General Assembly in recent years is that the concept first used in 1964 is becoming increasingly important in its work, and in the work of all UN bodies. in the Security Council and the widely used method in the General Assembly of developing and adopting resolutions based on the principle of agreement (consensus), i.e. reaching general agreement without voting on the relevant decision.
Resolutions of the General Assembly are not legally binding on states, but also cannot be qualified as simple calls or wishes. States must review General Assembly resolutions carefully and in good faith.
Resolutions and declarations of the General Assembly are the most important standard for the formation of international law. The UN has developed the following practice for developing international legal documents. First, a declaration is adopted on an issue (for example, the Universal Declaration of Human Rights), and then, on the basis of such declarations, international treaties and conventions (two International acts on Human Rights, Non-Proliferation Treaty nuclear weapons etc.).
The General Assembly is a truly democratic representative body sovereign states. Each member of the General Assembly, regardless of the size of the territory, population, economic and military power, has one vote. Decisions of the General Assembly on important issues are taken by a 2/3 majority of the members of the Assembly present and voting.
States that are not members of the UN, those with permanent observers at the UN (Vatican City, Switzerland) and those without, can take part in the work of the General Assembly. In addition, representatives of a number of international organizations (specialized agencies of the UN, OAS, Arab League, OAU, EU, CIS, etc.) received the right to participate as Palestinian observers.
The Security Council consists of 15 members: five members of the Council are permanent (Russia, USA, Great Britain, France and China), the remaining ten members (in the terminology of the Charter - “non-permanent”) are elected to the Council in accordance with the procedure provided for by the Charter.
Decisions on procedural issues in the Security Council are considered adopted if at least nine members of the Council vote for them. The main form of recommendations adopted by the Security Council is a resolution. Over more than half a century, more than 1300 of them have been accepted.
Over the course of many years of activity, the Security Council has developed very specific methods and forms of its response and influence on certain events in the world. One of these methods is the condemnation by the Council of a particular state for unlawful actions committed by it in violation of the purposes and principles of the UN Charter. For example, the Council has repeatedly condemned South Africa in its decisions for pursuing the criminal policy of apartheid. Often the Security Council resorted to such a method as stating a political fact, a particular current situation. This is precisely how numerous Security Council resolutions defined the situation in Southern Africa, created by Pretoria’s aggressive actions against “front-line” African states.
The most commonly used technique, an appeal to states, is a method of resolving conflicts by the Security Council. He repeatedly appealed to stop hostilities, observe a ceasefire, withdraw troops, etc. During the consideration of a complex of problems of the Yugoslav settlement, the Iran-Iraq conflict, the situation in Angola, Georgia, Tajikistan and along the Tajik-Afghan border.
The Security Council often performed the functions of reconciling parties in disputes and conflicts. To this end, the Council appointed mediators, especially often entrusting the Secretary General or his representative with the functions of providing good offices, mediation and reconciliation of the parties. These functions were used by the Council when considering the Palestinian and Kashmir issues, the situation in the former Yugoslavia, etc.
Since 1948 The Security Council began to resort to such a method as sending groups of military observers and monitoring missions to monitor the implementation of demands for a ceasefire, the terms of the armistice agreements, political settlement, etc. Until 1973, military observers were recruited almost exclusively from civilians Western countries. For the first time in 1973 Soviet observer officers were included in the Palestine Truce Supervision Authority (UNTSO), which still performs useful functions in the Middle East. Observation missions were also sent to Lebanon (UNOGIL), India and Pakistan (UNMOGIP), Uganda and Rwanda (UNOMUR), El Salvador (MNEP), Tajikistan (UNMOT), etc.
An important area of activity of the Security Council is its interaction with regional organizations. Such cooperation is carried out in various forms, including through regular consultations, the provision of diplomatic support, through which a particular regional organization can take part in UN peacekeeping activities (for example, CFE in Albania), through the parallel operational deployment of peacekeeping missions (for example, the UN Monitoring Mission in Liberia (UNOMIL) was deployed jointly with the Ecological Community of West African States (ECOWAS) Monitoring Group (ECOMOG) in Liberia, and the UN Monitoring Mission in Georgia (UNOMIG) operates in cooperation with the CIS peacekeeping force in Georgia) and through joint operations (for example, the UN-OAS International Civilian Mission in Haiti (MICIVIH).
The Security Council plays an important role in the early detection and detection of emerging conflicts. In recent years, there has been an urgent need to create early warning systems for the emergence of hotbeds of tension, the danger of a nuclear accident, environmental threats, mass movements of population, natural disasters, the threat of famine and the spread of diseases and epidemics. This kind of information could be used to assess whether a threat to peace exists and to analyze what actions could be taken by the United Nations to reduce it and what preventive actions and measures could be taken by the Security Council and other UN bodies.
One of the most frequently used tools by the Security Council is preventive diplomacy. Preventive diplomacy is an action of a political, diplomatic, international, legal and other nature aimed at preventing the emergence of disputes and disagreements between the parties, preventing them from escalating into conflicts and limiting the scope of conflicts after they arise. Cooperating with the Secretary-General, the Council actively used the means of preventive diplomacy, providing conditions for reconciliation, mediation, good offices, establishment and other preventive actions.
The most commonly used tool, especially in lately, are peacekeeping operations (PKOs), which have only been carried out through the UN since 1948. over 50. Peacekeeping operation - a set of actions undertaken with the consent of the conflicting parties, interconnected in goals, objectives, place and time, with the participation of impartial military, police and civilian personnel in support of efforts to stabilize the situation in areas of potential or existing conflicts, carried out in accordance with mandated by the Security Council or regional organizations and aimed at creating conditions conducive to a political settlement of the conflict and maintaining or restoring international peace and security.
The Security Council very often, especially in recent years, has used such a tool as sanctions - economic, political, diplomatic, financial and other coercive measures not related to the use of armed forces, carried out by decision of the Security Council in order to induce the relevant state to stop or refrain from actions. Constituting a threat to the peace, a breach of the peace or an act of aggression.
To monitor the implementation of sanctions, the Council established a number of subsidiary bodies, for example, the Board of Governors of the Compensation Commission and the Special Commission on the Situation between Iraq and Kuwait, the Sanctions Committees on Yugoslavia, Libya, Somalia, Angola, Haiti, Rwanda, Liberia, Sudan, Sierra Leone and others. The results of the Council's application of sanctions against them are far from clear. Thus, the economic sanctions adopted by the Council against the racist regime of Southern Rhodesia contributed to a certain extent to the liquidation of the racist regime, the achievement of independence by the people of Zimbabwe, and the entry of this country into 1980. as members of the UN. The value of sanctions as a means of resolving conflicts was clearly demonstrated in the resolution of other conflicts, for example, in Angola, Haiti, and South Africa. At the same time, it cannot be denied that in most cases the application of sanctions was associated with a number of negative consequences for the population and economy of the countries targeted by the sanctions and resulted in enormous material and financial damage for neighboring and third states that complied with the decisions of the Sanctions Council.
According to the UN Charter, the Security Council must function continuously and act “promptly and effectively” on behalf of UN members. To this end, each member of the Security Council must always be represented at the seat of the UN. According to the rules of procedure, the interval between meetings of the Security Council should not exceed 14 days, although in practice this rule was not always observed. On average, the Security Council held 77 formal meetings per year.
The Economic and Social Council operates under the general leadership of the General Assembly and coordinates the activities of the United Nations and its system agencies in the economic and social fields. As the main forum for discussing international economic and social issues and making policy recommendations in these areas, the Council plays an important role in strengthening international development cooperation. It also consults with non-governmental organizations (NGOs), thereby maintaining a vital link between the United Nations and civil society.
The Council consists of 54 members elected by the General Assembly for three years. The Council meets periodically throughout the year, meeting in July for its main session, during which critical economic, social and humanitarian issues are discussed at a high-level meeting.
The subsidiary bodies of the Council meet regularly and report to it. For example, the Commission on Human Rights monitors the observance of human rights in all countries of the world. Other bodies deal with social development, the status of women, crime prevention, drug addiction and sustainable development. The five regional commissions promote economic development and cooperation in their regions.
The Trusteeship Council was created to provide international oversight of the 11 trust territories administered by the seven member states, and to ensure that their governments were making the necessary efforts to prepare the territories for self-government or independence. By 1994, all trust territories had achieved self-government or independence, either as independent states or by joining neighboring independent states. The Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands (Palau), administered by the United States, was the last to achieve self-government and became the 185th Member State of the United Nations.
Since the work of the Trusteeship Council has been completed, it currently consists of five permanent members of the Security Council. Its rules of procedure have been amended accordingly to enable it to hold meetings only when circumstances may require it.
International Court of Justice
The International Court of Justice - also known as the World Court - is the main judicial authority United Nations. Its 15 judges are elected by the General Assembly and the Security Council, which vote independently and simultaneously. The International Court of Justice deals with the settlement of disputes between states on the basis of the voluntary participation of interested states. If the state agrees to take part in the proceedings, it is obliged to comply with the decision of the Court. The Court also prepares advisory opinions for the United Nations and its specialized agencies.
Secretariat
The Secretariat conducts the operational and administrative work of the United Nations in accordance with the instructions of the General Assembly, the Security Council and other bodies. It is headed by the Secretary General, who provides overall administrative leadership.
The Secretariat is made up of departments and offices with approximately 7,500 regular budget-funded staff representing 170 countries. In addition to United Nations Headquarters located in New York, there are United Nations offices in Geneva, Vienna and Nairobi and other duty stations.
United Nations system
The International Monetary Fund, the World Bank and 13 other independent organizations called " specialized institutions" are linked to the United Nations through relevant cooperation agreements. These agencies, including the World Health Organization and the International civil aviation, are independent bodies created on the basis of intergovernmental agreements. They are entrusted with a wide range of international functions in the economic, social and cultural fields, as well as in the fields of education, health and others. Some of them, such as the International Labor Organization and the Universal Postal Union, are older than the United Nations itself.
In addition, a number of United Nations offices, programs and funds - such as the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), the United Nations Development Program (UNDP) and the United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF) - are involved in improving the social and economic situation of people in all regions of the world. They are accountable to the General Assembly or the Economic and Social Council.
All these organizations have their own governing bodies, budgets and secretariats. Together with the United Nations, they form one family, or the United Nations system. Together they provide technical assistance and other forms of practical assistance in virtually all economic and social areas.
Especially for the illiterate and poorly educated - in the column “Date of joining the UN” for the Russian Federation it is indicated: “October 24, 1945 (USSR)”, i.e. in 1945, the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics became a member of this international organization. It is worth noting that the fundamentals of the UN’s activities and its structure were developed during the Second World War by the leading participants in the anti-Hitler coalition, i.e. USSR included.
After the collapse of the USSR at the end of 1991, the Russian Federation was recognized by the international community as a successor state of the USSR in matters of nuclear potential, external debt, state property abroad, as well as membership in the UN Security Council, i.e. The Russian Federation is the full legal successor of the USSR - from an international legal point of view, this is one and the same state, therefore our country’s membership in the UN since 1945 is indisputable.
To increase your IQ level:
Succession of states is the transfer of the rights and obligations of one state to another state or the replacement of one state by another state in bearing responsibility for the international relations of a territory.
Succession occurs in cases of transfer of the territory of one state to another state, as well as in cases of the formation of new states. In this regard, they distinguish:
- Division - a state split into two (or more) states. The old state disappears, new ones arise in its place
- Separation - a part was separated from the state, but the state itself remained
- Unification - two or more states become one
- Annexation - one state joins another
I will fill your educational gap on another issue. You state that the Russian Federation in 1945 “did not even exist...” - if you, due to mental limitations, were unable to learn the history of your country, this does not mean that the Russian Federation did not exist. Here's a historical fact: the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic (official abbreviation RSFSR) is a union republic within the USSR from 1922 to 1991. Proclaimed on October 25 (November 7), 1917 as a result of the October Revolution as the Russian Soviet Republic. Since July 19, 1918, the Russian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic was officially named. The name Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic was introduced by the 1936 USSR Constitution and the 1937 RSFSR Constitution. Along with the above official names in Soviet period Unofficial names such as the Russian Federation and Russia were also widely used.
P.S. As a piece of advice, try to switch from lumpen jargon to normal Russian...
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