CSTO decoding of who is included for the year. Organization of a collective security treaty

On May 15, 1992, in Tashkent, the Republic of Armenia, the Republic of Kazakhstan, the Kyrgyz Republic, the Russian Federation, the Republic of Tajikistan, and the Republic of Uzbekistan signed Collective Security Treaty (DKB). The document of accession to the Treaty was signed by the Republic of Azerbaijan on September 24, 1993, by Georgia on December 9, 1993, and by the Republic of Belarus on December 31, 1993.

In the Treaty, the participating states confirmed their obligations to refrain from using force or the threat of force in interstate relations, to resolve all disagreements among themselves and with other states by peaceful means, and to refrain from joining military alliances or groupings of states.

As the main mechanism to counter emerging threats (security, territorial integrity, sovereignty, threats international peace) The treaty specifies “joint consultations with a view to coordinating positions and taking measures to eliminate the emerging threat.”

In the event of an act of aggression against any of the participating states, all other participating states will provide him with the necessary assistance, including military assistance, and will also provide support with the means at their disposal in order to exercise the right to collective defense in accordance with Art. 51 of the UN Charter (Article 4 of the Treaty). Article 6 states that the decision to use

The Armed Forces, in order to repel aggression, is adopted by the heads of participating states. The agreement also creates (SKB)

consisting of the Heads of the participating states and the Commander-in-Chief of the United Armed Forces of the Commonwealth of Independent States. It is entrusted with coordinating and ensuring joint activities of the participating states in accordance with the Treaty. Article 11 provided that the Agreement would be concluded for five years with subsequent extension. It is subject to ratification and enters into force upon delivery of the instruments of ratification of the signatory states.

The Treaty came into force on April 20, 1994, thus, its validity expired on April 20, 1999. In this regard, a number of states, based on the desire to continue cooperation within the framework of the Treaty and ensure the continuity of its validity, signed in Moscow on April 2, 1999 . Protocol on the extension of the Treaty on collective security of May 15, 1992. In accordance with this Protocol, the States Parties to the Treaty are the Republic of Armenia, the Republic of Belarus, the Republic of Kazakhstan, the Kyrgyz Republic, the Russian Federation,

Republic of Tajikistan. In May 2000, in Minsk, the heads of state parties to the Treaty signed Memorandum on increasing the effectiveness of the Collective Security Treaty of May 15, 1992 and its adaptation to the modern geopolitical situation. The Memorandum not only expressed readiness to increase the efficiency of the activities of interstate bodies of the collective security system on issues related to the implementation of the Treaty and the formation of an effective system of collective security, but also to intensify activities aimed at a decisive fight against international terrorism. The participating states advocated for a more complete use of the Treaty's capabilities in the interests of preventing and resolving conflicts on their territory and, along with the use of the provided consultation mechanisms, agreed to consider the issue of creating a consultative mechanism on peacekeeping issues under the SSC. The mention of “peacekeeping” in the text of the Memorandum, in our opinion, can have significant consequences. The fact is that quite often the CST is considered as an independent regional organization in the sense of Ch. 8 of the UN Charter, just like the Commonwealth of Independent States, is a regional organization in the same sense. The DKB has created its own organizational structure; from the very beginning it was taken outside the CIS. The impossibility of conducting peacekeeping operations within the framework of the CST, bypassing the CIS, created a certain hierarchy of these structures. Organization of the Collective Security Treaty. The fact of creating its own bodies also speaks in favor of defining the DKB as a regional organization. The final institutionalization of the treaty occurred in 2002, when it was adopted Charter of the Collective Security Treaty Organization . Article 1 of this document is devoted to the establishment of an international regional Collective Security Treaty Organizations.

The bodies of the collective security system are:

Collective Security Council(SKB) – highest political body, providing coordination and joint activities member states aimed at implementing the Collective Security Treaty. The Council includes heads of state, foreign ministers, defense ministers of the participating states, Secretary General SKB. Council of Foreign Ministers(SMID) is the highest advisory body of the Collective Security Council on issues of coordinating foreign policy. WITHCouncil of Defense Ministers(SFR) is the highest advisory body on issues military policy and military construction. Committee of Secretaries of Security Councils of States– an advisory body on issues of interaction between government bodies ensuring the national security of the participating states in the interests of their joint counteraction to challenges and threats to national, regional and international security. Committee of Chiefs of Staff of the Armed Forces States Parties to the Collective Security Treaty was created under the Council of Defense Ministers with the aim of implementing the tasks of forming a security system in the military sphere on the basis of the Collective Security Treaty and managing the collective defense of the participating States.

Secretary General of the Collective Security Council appointed by the Collective Security Council from among civilians of the states parties to the Treaty, is a member of the Collective Security Council and is accountable to it.

Secretariat of the Collective Security Council– a permanent working body for the implementation of current organizational, information-analytical and advisory work to ensure the activities of the Collective Security Council, the Council of Foreign Ministers, the Council of Defense Ministers, the Committee of Secretaries of the Security Councils of the Treaty Parties, as well as for storing documents adopted by the Collective Security Council security. The mechanism of military-technical cooperation plays an important role in the activities of the CSTO. In 2000, a corresponding agreement was signed, which provides for a number of preferences and the implementation of interstate supplies of military products for the allied armed forces (based on domestic prices). Later, decisions were made to supplement military-technical cooperation with a mechanism of military-economic cooperation, which makes it possible to implement joint R&D programs, modernization and repair of weapons and military equipment. The main instrument of interaction in this area is the one created in 2005. Interstate Commission on Military-Industrial Cooperation(ICVPS CSTO).

Commonwealth in the fight against international terrorism and other challenges of the 21st century. Due to their geopolitical position, the CIS member states found themselves in cutting edge fight against international terrorism, extremism And drug mafia.

Terrorism and organized crime. On July 4, 1999, it was signed in Minsk Cooperation Agreement CIS member states in the fight against terrorism (participants – the Republic of Azerbaijan, the Republic of Armenia, Georgia, the Republic of Kazakhstan, the Republic of Moldova, the Russian Federation, the Republic of Tajikistan). By decision of the Council of State Duma

On June 21, 2000 it was approved Program to combat international terrorism and other manifestations of extremism for the period until 2003. In accordance with this Program, a Anti-terrorism center– a permanent specialized industry body designed to coordinate the interaction of competent authorities of the CIS states in the fight against international terrorism and other manifestations of extremism. One of the priority areas of activity of the Commonwealth states is the fight against organized crime. The collapse of a single law enforcement system and a single legal field on the territory of the former USSR did not lead to the destruction of a single criminal space; on the contrary, it received further development, which is greatly facilitated by the “transparency” of borders between the CIS countries.

At the same time, the collective experience of counteraction has shown the close relationship of terrorism with other security problems, primarily with drug trafficking, the criminal proceeds from which are often used to finance terrorist and extremist activities. The development of international relations between organized criminal communities of the CIS countries poses a great danger to each of the states that are members of the Commonwealth. If initially the strengthening of these ties was determined by the desire of members of organized criminal groups to avoid responsibility for the crimes committed, taking advantage of the “transparency” of borders, the difference in the norms of criminal and criminal procedural legislation in the CIS countries, now their general consolidation is observed for penetration into power, criminal laundering earned income and achieving other goals. At the same time criminal communities Now independent states are actively establishing interstate and transnational ties. This is especially true for such types of crime as trafficking in weapons and radioactive materials, drug trafficking, counterfeiting, robbery and robbery, and crimes in the credit and banking sector. Individuals who are citizens often participate in the commission of these crimes different countries In 1993, under the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Commonwealth states, a Bureau was established to coordinate the fight against organized crime and other types of dangerous crimes in the CIS. Interdepartmental agreements on cooperation between internal affairs bodies of individual states are working successfully. Of great importance Minsk Convention 1993 on legal assistance and legal relations in civil, family and criminal cases. Article 4 of the CIS Charter defines that the scope of joint activities of member states, implemented on an equal basis through common coordinating institutions in accordance with the obligations assumed by member states within the Commonwealth, includes, among other provisions, the fight against organized crime. Thus, in 1995, the CIS Executive Secretariat hosted Interdepartmental consultation meeting on problems of coordinating joint efforts in the fight against crime. At the proposal of the Republic of Belarus, the Council of Heads of Government

CIS formed Working group, which has done useful analytical and practical work and developed a project Interstate program . After consideration and elaboration of this project in the member states of the Commonwealth, the Council of Heads of State of the Commonwealth on May 17, 1996 approved the Interstate Program of Joint Measures to Combat Organized Crime and other types of dangerous crimes until the year 2000. The Program contains a mechanism for control and implementation. To implement cooperation between law enforcement agencies in the fight against crime, 14 agreements and decisions arising from this Program were adopted. Thanks to the implementation of activities provided for by the Interstate Program and the active participation of law enforcement agencies in 1996–1997. joint coordinated large-scale and special operations to fight crime. For example, at the end of 1996, as a result of joint activities of the Ministry of Internal Affairs Russian Federation The Ministry of Internal Affairs of Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan arrested a group of militants who committed a series of murders in several regions due to the division of spheres of influence.

The concept of interaction between law enforcement agencies. In 1997, Moscow hosted Joint session prosecutors general, ministers of internal affairs, heads of security agencies, border troops, customs services and tax police of the Commonwealth states. The participants of the joint meeting unanimously expressed the opinion that the fight against transnational crime can only be waged through joint efforts. In this regard, the draft Concept of interaction between law enforcement agencies of the CIS member states was considered. Concept of interaction between law enforcement agencies – member states of the Commonwealth of the Independent States in the fight against crime was signed in April 1999 (not signed by Turkmenistan). Its goal is to expand and strengthen cooperation and interaction of the CIS member states in the fight against crime.

The main forms of interaction in the fight against this phenomenon include:

implementation of joint investigative, operational-search actions and other activities in the territories of the CIS member states;

providing assistance to employees of the competent authorities of one state by employees of another state in the suppression, detection and investigation of crimes, the detention of persons suspected of committing crimes, and the search for criminals;

exchange of information and experience between competent authorities in preventing, suppressing and solving crimes, holding joint seminars, exercises, gatherings, consultations and meetings;

fulfillment of inquiries and requests received from the competent authorities of other CIS member states;

extradition of persons for prosecution criminal liability, carrying out the sentence and transferring convicts to further serve their sentences in the manner prescribed by the relevant agreements;

ensuring the prosecution of citizens of their state for committing crimes on the territories of other CIS member states;

conducting joint scientific research;

cooperation of competent authorities of the CIS member states in international organizations;

cooperation in training personnel of competent authorities;

development of agreed forms and methods for the prevention of crimes and other offenses.

The problem of migration. A new problem for the CIS countries has become the growing migration flows, which, in the absence of uniform rules for the movement and employment of migrants and collective principles of visa policy, created a clear additional danger, fueling organized crime and increasing the resource of international terrorism.

The key issue of any competent migration policy is a set of measures to suppress illegal entry into the country, committed in violation of the legislation on the entry and transit of foreigners. At the same time, it is obvious that the modern community can no longer live in isolation. But the chaos created by illegal migration is one of the most important threats to international stability and the security of states. Illegal migration from more economically backward regions disrupts security at the point of arrival. Due to the peculiarities of their geopolitical situation, a number of CIS countries are located on the main routes of transit migration from Asian, Arab and African countries with unfavorable internal political, economic and environmental conditions, as well as from the Central Asian and Transcaucasian republics of the Commonwealth itself to the countries of Western Europe and Scandinavia, to the USA and Canada . Criminal organizations take advantage of the unprecedented technological freedom to operate financial, information, organizational and other resources that globalization has given, and develop their own, “parallel” globalization through illegal migration. It has already become the most profitable criminal business, even on a global scale 90 .

On the territory of Belarus and Russia, well-conspiracy criminal groups participate in operations for the illegal transportation of people, which ensure the development of transportation routes, the selection and placement of “personnel,” the legalization of illegal migrants and sending them abroad. Ukraine is also involved in this business. The main flows of illegal migration from non-CIS countries come from the Manchurian (border with North-East China), Central Asian (border with China, Afghanistan, Iran), Transcaucasian (border with Iran, Turkey), as well as Western (mainly from the territory of Ukraine and republics of the former Yugoslavia) directions. Thus, in Belarus, every second border violator is from Asia or Africa. On the territory of the Russian Federation, according to experts from the Ministry of Internal Affairs, there are up to 5–7 million foreign citizens and stateless persons who do not have a specific legal status. Moreover, in most cases, immigrants enter the country quite legally, but then remain on its territory in violation of the rules of stay. The free and poorly controlled movement of foreigners is greatly facilitated, on the one hand, by Bishkek Agreement on visa-free movement of citizens of participating states across the territory of parties to this Agreement of 1992, as well as Moscow Agreement on the mutual recognition of visas from 1992, which gives the right to a foreigner with a visa of one of the CIS member states of the Agreement to freely enter the territory of another, on the other hand, the lack of infrastructure of the internal borders of the CIS In accordance with Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation No. 641 of August 30, 2000. On December 5 of the same year, Russia withdrew from the Bishkek Agreement on visa-free movement of citizens of the CIS state across the territory of its participants, which was the basic document regulating the legal relations of the Commonwealth countries in this area. The Russian side explained that the adoption of such a responsible decision was due to the need to strengthen the fight against increasing illegal migration, international terrorism, and drug smuggling. This meant preserving visa-free regime with most partners in the CIS. In 1997, corresponding bilateral agreements were concluded with Ukraine and Azerbaijan, during 2000 - with Armenia, Moldova, Uzbekistan and Ukraine, as well as multilateral agreement between the governments of Belarus, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Russia and Tajikistan. Thus, today is 91 days visa-free regime borders applies to all Commonwealth countries, with the exception of Georgia and Turkmenistan (withdrew from the agreement).

The Commonwealth's international relations are developing rapidly. Thus, the UN Economic Commission for Europe cooperates with the CIS in conducting economic and statistical analysis. Technical assistance and economic cooperation are also provided through UNDP. Components of this work for the future include the ecological and economic revival of areas such as the Aral Sea. Cooperation between the CIS and the UN system also includes the implementation of extensive programs jointly with the Bretton Woods institutions: the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund.

An important milestone in the biography of the CIS was the presentation General Assembly th UN in March 1994 observer status to the Commonwealth. Similar status was granted to the Commonwealth and Trade and Development Board of UNCTAD in the same year.

In 1994, a Cooperation Agreement was signed between the UNCTAD Secretariat and the CIS Executive Secretariat, and in 1996, a Cooperation Agreement was signed between the Secretariat of the UN Economic Commission for Europe and the CIS Executive Secretariat. In 1995, business contacts were established with the International Labor Organization, the World Health Organization, and the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees.

The Minsk headquarters of the CIS was visited by the UN Secretary General, Mr. Boutros Boutros-Ghali (1994), the UNECE Executive Secretary, Mr. Yves Bertellot, and the Secretary General of the Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe, Mr. Wilhelm Heunck (1994). ), Director General of the World Intellectual Property Organization Mr. Arpad Bogsch (1994), Secretary General of the OSCE Mr. Giancarlo Aragona (1996), Secretary General of the Nordic Council of Ministers Mr. Per Steinbeck (1996), President of the Crans-Montana Forum, Mr. Jean-Paul Carteron (1997).

In turn, representatives of the CIS Executive Secretariat take part in the work of major meetings and forums held by the UN, EU, OSCE, UNECE, ESCAP, ASEAN, UNESCO, FAO, OAS, UNHCR and other international organizations.

Formation of a collective security system in post-Soviet space began almost immediately after the collapse of the USSR. Thus, on February 14, 1992, a decision was made to create the Council of Defense Ministers (CMD) and the Main Command of the United Armed Forces of the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS Joint Forces), and on March 20 of the same year, the Agreement on the Joint Armed Forces for the transitional period was signed.

Thus, an attempt was made to preserve the common defense space and transform the former Soviet Army into armed forces common to all members of the CIS. However, in parallel with this, diametrically opposite trends developed and intensified - many former USSR republics began to form their own armies. This actually led to the division and nationalization of armed forces, equipment and property by the newly independent states Soviet Army, stationed on their territories.

Thus, already in the spring of 1992 it became clear that it was impossible to maintain a centralized CIS army under unified control. There were many reasons for this: from the strengthening of centrifugal forces and the collapse of the military command and control system to the conflicts that flared up between the former republics of the USSR. At the same time, the leadership of most republics had a growing understanding that qualitatively new forms and mechanisms of integration in the military-political sphere were needed, which would make it possible to create a more effective security system with significantly lower economic, scientific and technical costs, and reduce the escalation of armed conflicts in the post-Soviet space. It was with these factors in mind that on May 15, 1992, in Tashkent, representatives of Armenia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Russia, Tajikistan and Uzbekistan concluded a Collective Security Treaty. During September - December 1992, the Republic of Azerbaijan, Georgia and the Republic of Belarus acceded to the Treaty.

On April 20, 1994, immediately after the submission of instruments of ratification by the signatory states, the Treaty entered into force. On November 1, 1995, the agreement was registered with the Secretariat of the United Nations, in accordance with Article 51 of the Charter of which the CST was concluded.

After the Treaty entered into force, a number of important legal documents were adopted that promoted the process of military

political integration in various areas within its competence. Among them, it is worth noting the “Declaration of the States Parties to the CST” and the “Concept of Collective Security of the States Parties to the CST” adopted in 1995. In the same year, the “Plan for the Implementation of the Concept of Collective Security” and the “Main Directions for Deepening Military Cooperation” were adopted, which set the task of organizing regional collective security systems. The “Plan for the second stage of the formation of a collective security system”, approved in 1999, already provided for the formation of regional coalition groupings of troops in the Eastern European, Caucasian and Central Asian directions.

At the Session of the Collective Security Council on April 2, 1999 in Moscow, the “Protocol on the extension of the Collective Security Treaty” was signed and then ratified. The Protocol provided for the automatic extension of the Treaty for successive five-year periods.

Qualitatively new stage in the development of the Treaty was opened by the “Memorandum on increasing the effectiveness of the CST and its adaptation to the modern geopolitical situation” adopted by the Collective Security Council in 2000, the implementation of which aimed the Treaty at reflecting new challenges and threats to regional and international security.

At the same time, the “Regulations on the procedure for making and implementing collective decisions on the use of forces and means of the collective security system”, “Model of a regional collective security system”, “Basic provisions of the coalition strategy” were approved, designed to form an organizational and legal basis for the activities of the CST in the field of ensuring on a collective basis for the security of its member states.

Of fundamental importance in this regard were the “Agreement on the status of formations of forces and means of the collective security system” and “Protocol on the procedure for the formation and functioning of forces and means of the collective security system of the CST member states” signed in 2000-2001.

The logical step in the formation and development of the military component of the CST was the creation, by decision of the CSC in 2001, of the Collective Rapid Deployment Forces of the Central Asian Collective Security Region, which were staffed by four battalions from Russia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan (one from each state) with a total strength of one and a half thousand people with a military command authority.

At the same time, the creation and improvement of the activities of the CST advisory bodies - the Councils of Ministers of Foreign Affairs and Defense, the Committee of Secretaries of Security Councils - was underway. An efficient Secretariat of the SSC was created, a consultation process was established both at the level of the SSC, the Council of Foreign Ministers and the Council of Defense, and with the participation of deputy ministers of foreign affairs and defense, experts from the participating states, and their authorized representatives to the Secretary General of the SSC.

Finally, in the fall of 2002, an epoch-making event occurred in the life of the Collective Security Treaty - a new international organization was created on the basis of the treaty. On October 7, 2002, the presidents of the member states of the Treaty of May 15, 1992 signed two the most important documents- “Charter of the Collective Security Treaty Organization” and “Agreement on legal status Collective Security Treaty Organization." Almost a year later, on September 18, 2003, these documents came into force. According to them, the CSTO participants are the Republic of Armenia, the Republic of Belarus, the Republic of Kazakhstan, Kyrgyz Republic, Russian Federation, Republic of Tajikistan. On December 2, 2004, the UN General Assembly adopted a resolution granting the Collective Security Treaty Organization observer status in the UN General Assembly.

The official goal of the CSTO was to prevent, through joint efforts, and, if necessary, eliminate a military threat to the sovereignty and territorial integrity member states. To counter new challenges and threats to national, regional and international security, Russia, Belarus, Armenia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan agreed to intensify activities in this area, taking specific actions aimed at decisively combating international terrorism. Thus, in the fall of 2003, cooperation under the Treaty was transformed into a full-fledged international intergovernmental regional organization, which is designed to play a leading role in ensuring security in the Eurasian space in general, and the CIS space in particular.

In fact, the decision to transform the Collective Security Treaty into an international organization was a response to the challenges of the changing geopolitical environment. There is an urgent need to adapt the Treaty to the dynamics of regional and international security and counter new challenges and threats. The main task of the created Organization was the coordination and deepening of military-political interaction, the establishment of multilateral structures and cooperation mechanisms designed to ensure, on a collective basis, the national security of the participating states, and to provide the necessary assistance, including military assistance, to the participating state that has become a victim of aggression.

It was fundamentally important to include in the CSTO Charter a provision that one of the main goals of the Organization and the directions of its activities is the coordination and unification of efforts in the fight against international terrorism and other non-traditional security threats. At the same time, the obligation of member states to coordinate and coordinate their foreign policy positions on international and regional problems security.

The creation of the Collective Security Treaty Organization was also an important political event in the life of the states parties to the Treaty. There is no doubt that membership in the new regional organization really contributes to strengthening their political weight and positions in the international community and ensuring stability and security at the international and regional levels.

In terms of wording, the founding documents of the CSTO are quite strong. In accordance with the Treaty, member states ensure their security on a collective basis. Article 2 of the Treaty states: “In the event of a threat to the security, territorial integrity and sovereignty of one or more participating states, or a threat to international peace and security, the participating states will immediately activate a mechanism of joint consultations in order to coordinate their positions and adopt measures to eliminate the emerging threat."

At the same time, Article 4 provides: “In the event

committing an act of aggression against any of the participating states, all other participating states will provide him with the necessary assistance, including military assistance, and will also provide support with the means at their disposal in order to exercise the right to collective defense in accordance with Article 51 of the UN Charter.” At the same time, the Charter of the Collective Security Treaty Organization provides for the mandatory implementation of decisions made and sanctions for their failure to comply.

Thus, the main document of the Collective Security Treaty Organization expresses the purely defensive orientation of the military policy of the participating states, with priority given to political means of preventing and eliminating military conflicts. In its content, the Treaty is primarily a factor of military-political deterrence.

The states parties to the Treaty especially emphasize that they do not consider anyone as an enemy and advocate mutually beneficial cooperation with all states. The Treaty remains open to accession by other states that share its goals and principles. Individual states or international organizations are granted observer status in the CSTO by the Charter.

The very essence of the Collective Security Treaty Organization, the principles and forms of cooperation laid down in its Charter, as well as the declared positions of the member states predetermined the real opportunity for it to become integral part common and comprehensive security systems for Europe and Asia. “In the event of the creation of a collective security system in Europe and Asia,” stated in Article 1 of the Treaty, “and the conclusion of collective security agreements for this purpose, to which the contracting parties will steadily strive, the participating states will enter into immediate consultations with each other with a view to making the necessary changes to this Agreement." This fundamental point is constantly confirmed in subsequent documents of the CST.

The transformation of an interstate treaty into a full-fledged international organization could not but affect internal structure the last one. Back on April 28, 2003, at the session of the CSC in Dushanbe, regulations were developed regulating the activities of the organization and the structure of the CSTO was clearly formalized. The competence of the main bodies of the Collective Security Treaty has expanded significantly - the Council of Foreign Ministers, the Council of Foreign Ministers and the CSSC have now become not only advisory, but also executive bodies.

On at the moment The structure of the CSTO is as follows. The highest body of the Organization is the Collective Security Council (CSC). The Council considers fundamental issues of the Organization's activities and makes decisions aimed at achieving its goals and objectives, and also ensures coordination and joint activities of member states to achieve these goals. The Council is composed of heads of member states.

In the period between sessions of the CSC, the Permanent Council, which consists of authorized representatives appointed by the Member States, deals with the coordination of interaction between member states in the implementation of decisions taken by the bodies of the Organization. The advisory and executive body of the Collective Security Treaty Organization on issues of coordinating the interaction of member states in the field of foreign policy is the Council of Foreign Ministers (CMFA).

In turn, the advisory and executive body of the CSTO on issues of coordinating the interaction of member states in the field of military policy, military development and military-technical cooperation is the Council of Defense Ministers (CMD). The place of the CSTO advisory and executive body on issues of coordinating the interaction of member states in the field of ensuring their national security allocated to the Committee of Secretaries of Security Councils (CSSC).

Highest administrative official The organization is the Secretary General, who manages the CSTO Secretariat. The Secretary General of the organization is appointed by decision of the SSC from among the citizens of the member states and is accountable to the Council.

Finally, in order to intensify work to strengthen the military component of the CSTO, the CSTO Joint Headquarters was formed.

During its short but eventful history, the Collective Security Treaty Organization has more than once given occasion to talk about itself. At the initial stage, the Treaty promoted the creation of national armed forces of the participating states, ensuring adequate external conditions for their independent state building.

The capabilities of the Treaty were directly used in the fall of 1996 and summer of 1998 in connection with the dangerous developments in Afghanistan in close proximity to the borders of the Central Asian states parties to the CST, in order to prevent attempts by extremists to destabilize the situation in this region.

In 1999 and 2000, as a result of promptly implemented measures by the states parties to the CST, with the participation of Uzbekistan, the threat created by large-scale actions of armed groups of international terrorists in the south of Kyrgyzstan and in other areas was neutralized Central Asia.

The CST also played an important military-political role in the process of achieving national reconciliation in Tajikistan. Moreover, in the middle of the first decade of the 21st century, within the framework of the CSTO, this country is receiving significant political, military and military-technical assistance.

In general, we can say with confidence that the Collective Security Treaty Organization is a significant international regional organization in the vastness of Eurasia. Moreover, the CSTO is a Eurasian organization not only in the spatial-geographical, but also in the political-legal sense due to the universality of its principles and practical goals, as well as through the direct participation of its member states in the relevant European and Asian security structures, in

first of all, the OSCE and the Shanghai Cooperation Organization.

In conclusion, it should be noted that after the collapse of the USSR, the balance of power in the world was disrupted, and a new security architecture has not yet been created. Moreover, the situation in the post-Soviet space, which was tightly controlled by Moscow twenty years ago, cannot now be called stable either. In this regard, Russia simply needs a powerful integration group, consisting of allied countries, capable of adequately responding to the challenges of our time. In this regard, the CSTO really contributes to solving the problems of national security of the Russian Federation at its forefront, creating, in fact, under the auspices of Russia, a vast political and defense space and a common military-technical potential.

In a broader sense, the Treaty, especially with the creation of the Collective Security Treaty Organization, can help strengthen Russia’s positions and the general allied collective positions of the CSTO member states in the world, and the formation of a significant Eurasian pole of security and stability.

The long-term goal of Russia's policy towards the CSTO, and, if possible, the entire CIS, is to create a community of states capable of becoming in the 21st century one of the world's leading centers of sustainable political, socio-economic, scientific and technical development, a zone of peace, national and social harmony. Here, military-political factors are closely intertwined with the necessary internal reforms.

Maintaining stability along the perimeter of its own borders, creating and strengthening a belt of good neighborliness, peace and security is one of the key priorities of the foreign policy of the Russian Federation. Moreover, this factor becomes special meaning with the emergence of new challenges and threats, increased use by international terrorists and drug traffickers Russian territory to achieve their cross-border goals. Under these conditions, it seems that the CSTO can become the structure that will best suit Russia’s national interests in a rapidly changing international environment.

Everyone knows about the NATO military bloc, which includes the USA, Great Britain, Germany, Spain and other states.
Russia is a member of another military-political alliance - the CSTO.

What is the CSTO?

Since 1992, seven states:

Republic of Armenia,

Republic of Belarus,

Republic of Kazakhstan,

Kyrgyz Republic,

Russian Federation,

Republic of Tajikistan,

Republic of Uzbekistan

are parties to the Collective Security Treaty. That is, these seven sovereign (independent) states are protected according to the principle “one for all, and all for one”!

To carry out the tasks of collective security, on September 18, 2003, the ABOUT organization D clause about TO collective B safety, in short - CSTO. Today the CSTO is a large, very serious organization in which representatives of all seven member states work together, because we have common tasks and can only be solved through joint efforts.

What do CSTO employees do?

1. Employees of the CSTO Secretariat, which is located in Moscow, coordinate foreign policy issues. Since we have common security, that means our own relationships and we must build relations with other states that are not members of the CSTO in a coordinated manner.

2. Employees of the CSTO Secretariat organize and ensure interaction between the armies of our countries. To ensure collective resistance to the enemy, armies must act in a coordinated and organized manner. Therefore, joint exercises of the armies of our countries are regularly held. The commands of the armies of the CSTO member countries are working on various scenarios for joint military operations to protect the sovereignty and territorial integrity of a state that has been subjected to aggression.

It is important that specific tasks are practiced at all CSTO exercises. For example, the exercises in Armenia were fundamentally different from the exercises in Kazakhstan: the locality in these countries is very different. Therefore, in a small area mountainous country Armored vehicles, artillery, anti-aircraft weapons, air defense systems and aviation were involved in the exercises. And in Kazakhstan, a country with its own navy- warships, amphibious assault forces and coast guard units of Kazakhstan and Russia were also involved in the maneuvers.

3. The CSTO countries are jointly fighting drug trafficking and illegal arms trafficking.
Drug trafficking is the route through which drugs are supplied. Large quantity drugs come to Russia, for example, from Afghanistan. But Russia does not have a common border with Afghanistan, which means that drugs travel a long way through several countries. If you try to catch criminals only when they try to smuggle drugs or weapons across the Russian border, then you might miss someone. But if EVERY country tries to stop the passage of drugs and weapons for bandits and terrorists through its territory, then it will become almost impossible for criminals to break through.

4. The CSTO countries are jointly fighting illegal migration.
Every decent citizen of any country in the world can go to rest, study or work in any other country. To do this, you need to inform your state (get a passport) and the state you are entering (get a visa). Your stay abroad will be monitored special services of this country: they will make sure that you do exactly the business for which you came and that you leave the country for your homeland on time, within the period for which you were issued a visa.
But, unfortunately, there are always people who either enter a foreign country illegally or do not return to their homeland on time. Such actions are considered a crime and people who are in a foreign country illegally are called “illegal migrants.”

5. Employees of the CSTO Secretariat coordinate the actions of special and government services in eliminating the consequences of emergency incidents - major industrial accidents and natural disasters.
In the USSR, all Republics always came to each other's aid. Scary destructive earthquakes in Ashgabat (Turkmenistan) in 1948, in Spitak (Armenia) in 1988, the Chernobyl accident nuclear power plant(Ukraine) in 1986 - the consequences of these and many other disasters were eliminated together.
Today, CSTO employees, in the best good-neighborly traditions of the USSR, organize interstate assistance in preventing and eliminating the consequences of disasters.

6. Employees of the CSTO Secretariat are working on creating a “CSTO peacekeeping contingent.”
Sometimes internal contradictions on the territory of any state lead to civil war, as was the case in Russia at the beginning of the last century, when siblings could turn out to be enemies, fighting one for the “whites”, the other for the “reds”, for example. Today, in such cases, “peacekeeping forces” - troops of other states - can be brought into the country. “Peacekeepers” do not take sides, they protect everyone from everyone, that is, they simply make sure that no one in the country fights at all, thereby protecting the civilian population. “Peacemakers” stay in the country until the government of that country figures out how they can live peacefully.

In addition, the CSTO countries constantly exchange information with each other about existing and potential (possible) threats and conduct joint exercises of their armies so that, if necessary, they can coherently act as a united front.

CSTO

Member countries CSTO

What is the CSTO (decoding)? Who is part of the organization that is often opposed to NATO today? You, dear readers, will find answers to all these questions in this article.

A brief history of the creation of the Collective Security Treaty Organization (CSTO transcript)

In 2002, a meeting of the Collective Security Treaty Organization was held in Moscow on the basis of a similar agreement signed ten years earlier (1992) in Tashkent, and in October 2002 the CSTO Charter was adopted. We discussed and accepted the main provisions of the association - the Charter and the Agreement, which determined the international These documents became valid the following year.

CSTO tasks, decoding. Who is included in this organization?

In December 2004, the CSTO officially received observer status, which once again confirmed the respect of the international community for this organization.

The CSTO transcript was given above. What are the main tasks of this organization? This:

military-political cooperation;

resolving important international and regional issues;

creation of mechanisms for multilateral cooperation, including in the military component;

ensuring national and collective security;

countering international terrorism, drug trafficking, illegal migration, transnational crime;

ensuring information security.

The main point of the Collective Security Treaty (CSTO transcript) is to continue and strengthen relations in foreign policy, military, military-technical spheres, coordinate joint efforts in the fight against international terrorism and other threats to security. Its position on the world stage is a large eastern influential military association.

Let's summarize the interpretation of the CSTO (decoding, composition):

The abbreviation stands for Collective Security Treaty Organization.

Today it includes six permanent members - Russia, Tajikistan, Belarus, Kyrgyzstan, Armenia and Kazakhstan, as well as two observer states at the parliamentary assembly - Serbia and Afghanistan.

CSTO at present

The organization can provide comprehensive protection to member states, as well as quickly respond to a large volume of pressing problems and threats both within the bloc and outside its competence.

A tough confrontation between East and West, the USA and the Russian Federation, sanctions and the situation in Ukraine are on the agenda interesting question about whether the CSTO is capable of becoming an eastern alternative to NATO, or is it nothing more than a cordon sanitaire , intended to create a buffer zone around Russia that serves as an instrument to ensure Russian hegemony in the region?

Key problems of the organization

Currently, the CSTO suffers from the same two problems as NATO. First, it is one dominant force bearing the entire financial and military burden, while many members contribute virtually nothing to the alliance. Second, the organization struggles to find a legitimate justification for its existence. Unlike NATO, the CSTO has another fundamental problem - the organization's members are never truly secure and they have different, often quite contradictory, visions of what the CSTO should look like.

While Russia is content to build up its military infrastructure and use the territories of CSTO member states to station troops, other countries often see the organization as a tool to maintain their authoritarian regimes or ease ethnic tensions still remaining after the collapse Soviet Union. This stark contrast in how participants view the organization creates an atmosphere of mistrust.

CSTO and Russian Federation

Russia is the successor state of the former superpower, and its leadership experience alone has guaranteed its relevance on the world stage, which puts it several heads above all the member powers and makes it a strong leader in the organization.

By negotiating a number of strategic military deals with CSTO allies, such as the construction of new air bases in Belarus, Kyrgyzstan and Armenia in 2016, Russia has been able to strengthen its presence in these countries and their respective regions, as well as reduce NATO influence there. Despite economic difficulties, Russia is further increasing military spending and plans to complete an ambitious military program modernization by 2020, demonstrating its desire to play an increasingly important role on a global scale.

In the short term, Russia will achieve its goals and consolidate its influence using the resources of the CSTO. Decoding the leading country is not difficult: it wants to counteract NATO’s aspirations in Central Asia and the Caucasus. By creating the conditions for deeper integration, Russia opened the way for the creation of effective collective security with a structure similar to its Western neighbor.

We hope that now the decoding of the CSTO as a powerful regional organization has become clear to you.

20 years ago, the heads of Armenia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Russia, Tajikistan and UzbekistanThe Collective Security Treaty was signed.

The Collective Security Treaty was signed on May 15, 1992 in Tashkent (Uzbekistan). Azerbaijan joined it in September 1993, and Georgia and Belarus joined in December of the same year. The treaty came into force for all nine countries in April 1994 for a period of five years.

In accordance with the Treaty, the participating states ensure their security on a collective basis: “in the event of a threat to the security, territorial integrity and sovereignty of one or more participating states, or a threat to international peace and security, the participating states will immediately activate the mechanism of joint consultations in order to coordinate their positions and take measures to eliminate the emerging threat."

At the same time, it is stipulated that “if one of the participating states is subjected to aggression by any state or group of states, this will be considered as aggression against all participating states” and “all other participating states will provide it with the necessary assistance, including military, and will also provide support with the means at their disposal in the exercise of the right to collective defense in accordance with Article 51 of the UN Charter."

In April 1999, the Protocol on the extension of the Collective Security Treaty was signed by six countries (except Azerbaijan, Georgia and Uzbekistan). On May 14, 2002, the Collective Security Treaty Organization (CSTO) was established, currently uniting Armenia, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Russia, Tajikistan and Uzbekistan.

On October 7, 2002, the CSTO Charter was adopted in Chisinau, according to which the main goals of the Organization are strengthening peace, international and regional security and stability, protection on a collective basis of the independence, territorial integrity and sovereignty of the Member States, the achievement of which the Member States give priority to political means.

The Secretary General of the Organization is the highest administrative official of the Organization and manages the Secretariat of the Organization. Appointed by decision of the SSC from among the citizens of the member states and accountable to the SSC.

The advisory and executive bodies of the CSTO are: the Council of Foreign Ministers (CMFA), which coordinates the foreign policy activities of the CSTO member states; the Council of Defense Ministers (CMD), which ensures interaction between member states in the field of military policy, military development and military-technical cooperation; The Committee of Secretaries of Security Councils (CSSC), which oversees issues of ensuring national security.

In the period between sessions of the CSC, coordination in the implementation of decisions of the CSTO bodies is entrusted to Permanent Council at the Organization, which consists of authorized representatives of the Member States. The CSTO Secretary General also participates in its meetings.

The permanent working bodies of the CSTO are the Secretariat and the Joint Headquarters of the Organization.

The CSTO carries out its activities in cooperation with various international organizations. Since December 2, 2004, the Organization has observer status in the UN General Assembly. On March 18, 2010, a Joint Declaration on Cooperation between the UN Secretariats and the CSTO was signed in Moscow, which provides for the establishment of interaction between the two organizations, in particular in the field of peacekeeping. Productive contacts are maintained with international organizations and structures, including the UN Security Council Counter-Terrorism Committee, the UN Office on Drugs and Crime, the OSCE (Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe), the European Union, the Organization of the Islamic Conference, International organization on migration and others. Close interaction between the CSTO and the EurAsEC has been established (Eurasian economic community), SCO ( Shanghai organization cooperation) and the CIS.

In order to counter the entire range of challenges and threats to the security of member states, the CSTO Special Security Council decided to create Peacekeeping forces, coordination councils for emergency situations, combating illegal migration and illegal drug trafficking. There is a Working Group on Afghanistan under the CSTO Council of Foreign Ministers. The CSTO CSTO has working groups on issues of combating terrorism and combating illegal migration, information policy and security.

As part of military cooperation in the CSTO format, the Collective Rapid Deployment Forces of the Central Asian Collective Security Region (CRDF CAR) have been formed. Exercises of the CAR CRRF are conducted on a regular basis, including training in anti-terrorism tasks.

In February 2009, a decision was made to create the Collective Rapid Reaction Force (CRRF) of the CSTO. Uzbekistan refrained from signing the package of documents, reserving the possibility of joining the Agreement later. Joint comprehensive exercises are regularly held with the participation of contingents and operational groups of the CSTO member states.

Under the auspices of the CSTO, the international comprehensive anti-drug operation “Channel” and the operation to combat illegal migration “Illegal” are carried out annually. In 2009, joint activities were carried out for the first time to combat crimes in the information sphere under the code name Operation PROXY (Combating Crime in the Information Sphere).

The material was prepared based on information from RIA Novosti and open sources