Ranks of field commanders 1940-1947. Kubari, sleepers, diamonds
In the Red Army, two types of buttonholes were used: everyday (“color”) and field (“protective”). There were also differences in the buttonholes of command and command personnel so that you can distinguish the commander from the boss.
Field buttonholes were introduced by order of the NKO of the USSR No. 253 of August 1, 1941, which abolished the wearing of colored insignia for all categories of military personnel. It was ordered to switch to buttonholes, emblems and insignia of completely green khaki color
However, in conditions of war and the rapid increase in the size of the army, protective buttonholes and insignia were received mainly by military personnel mobilized from the reserves. In peacetime, a uniform with wartime insignia was prepared for them. The rest switched to new signs whenever possible. A number of military leaders opposed the transition to wartime insignia. For example, the commander of the 9th mechanized corps Kyiv Special Military District Lieutenant General K.K. Rokossovsky By his order, he categorically forbade all commanders to change their insignia to field insignia, believing that the Red Army soldiers should see their commanders in battle.
Difficulties in supply led to the fact that the troops simultaneously encountered both those and other insignia in a variety of combinations (red cubes and sleepers on field buttonholes, field cubes and sleepers on colored buttonholes, etc.). This situation lasted until the army switched to shoulder straps in the winter-spring of 1943, and in the rear districts until mid-summer and even autumn of 1943.
Since the field buttonholes were completely khaki for all categories of military personnel and differed only in the number of insignia, there is no point in examining them in detail. Next, everyday buttonholes will be described in more detail.
Everyday buttonholes introduced back in 1922. Since then they were constantly modernized until 1940. With the outbreak of the war, modernization was stopped because single-color field buttonholes were introduced, which, along with everyday colored buttonholes, lasted until buttonholes were replaced with shoulder straps.
The color of the buttonhole field corresponded to the branch of the army. Rectangular buttonholes were edged (trimmed) with colored edging on three sides. Diamond-shaped buttonholes were edged on the two upper sides.
Buttonhole sizes:
- Buttonholes for tunics and jackets are in the form of a parallelogram, 32.5 mm wide including piping, about 10 cm long.
- Buttonholes for overcoats are diamond-shaped, 11 cm on the larger diagonal and 8.5-9 cm on the smaller one. One upper (edged) side had a length from corner to corner of 6.5 cm.
- General's buttonholes are diamond-shaped, length from corner to corner is 11 cm, width from corner to corner is 7.5 cm, length of the edged side is 6.1 cm, width of the edge of the buttonholes with gimp is 2.5 mm. The buttonholes on the general's overcoats were a bit large sizes- length from corner to corner 11.5 cm (13.5 cm - for Marshall Soviet Union), width from corner to corner 8.5 cm, length of the edged side 6.5 cm, width of the edge of the buttonholes with gimp 2.5 mm.
Sewing buttonholes:
folding the unedged edge under the collar
the unedged edge of the buttonhole was sewn into the collar
exactly along the edge of the collar
Military ranks of the USSR Armed Forces 1935-1945. -
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Buttonholes for privates and junior officers of the Red Army
(privates, sergeants and sergeants)
Buttonholes for gymnasts and French jackets - in the form of a parallelogram. The color of the buttonhole field corresponded to the branch of the army. Colored edging on three sides.
Overcoat buttonholes are diamond-shaped. On the upper sides there is a colored edging. The color of the buttonhole field corresponded to the branch of the army.
In addition to the colored edging, military officers with the rank of sergeant major also had a 3-mm golden braid sewn on the same sides where the colored edging went. But not instead of the colored edging like the officers, but in addition to it.
Rank insignia are equilateral metal triangles covered with red enamel. The side of the triangle is 10 mm.
The buttonholes from corporal to sergeant major also included: a golden equilateral triangle, side length 20 mm; longitudinal strip of 5 mm (10 mm on overcoat buttonholes) of red edging (edging color is the same for all military branches).
The emblems of the military branches were supposed to be painted yellow color, but this rule was very rarely followed. As a result, you can see rank and file and junior command personnel either without emblems at all, or with metal emblems assigned to officers.
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In 1940, in connection with a change in the scale of ranks of the Red Army, the insignia of the ranks of junior command and command personnel also changed. By Order of the NKO of the USSR No. 391 of November 2, 1940, personal ranks were established for private and junior command and command personnel: Red Army soldier, corporal, junior sergeant, sergeant, senior sergeant and foreman.
The same order introduced new insignia for them, which they were ordered to switch to on January 1, 1941. Until this time, the junior command and command staff did not have personal ranks, but were named and wore insignia according to their positions.
Buttonholes of senior and middle command staff of the Red Army
(officers)
Buttonholes for gymnasts and French jackets - in the form of a parallelogram. The color of the buttonhole field corresponded to the branch of the army. A 5-mm golden braid was sewn onto the three upper corners instead of a colored edging.
Overcoat buttonholes are diamond-shaped. The color of the buttonhole field corresponded to the branch of the army. A 5mm gold braid was sewn to the two upper sides instead of a colored edging.
Insignia:
From junior lieutenant to senior lieutenant, they wore equilateral metal cubes (“kubari”) covered with red enamel. The side of the cube is 10mm.
from captain to colonel - they wore metal rectangles (“sleepers”) covered with red enamel. The size of the "sleeper" is 16x7mm.
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In 1940, the scale of ranks of senior command and command personnel changed slightly. On July 26, 1940, by order of the USSR NKO No. 226, the ranks of “lieutenant colonel” and “senior battalion commissar” were introduced, and in connection with this, the insignia of senior command and command personnel was changed.
The buttonholes of middle and senior political, technical, administrative, veterinary personnel, and judicial authorities had, like those of the rank and file, a colored border.
In addition to the insignia of rank in the buttonholes, it was determined to wear the emblems of the military branches established by order of the NKO of the USSR No. 33 of March 10, 1936. The emblems were metallic golden in color. Political workers do not have any emblems; the rest wear the emblems of their military branches. Insignia - cubes and sleepers, just like the command staff.
Rank insignia on buttonholes:
A. Middle command and management personnel:
1 cube - junior lieutenant, junior military technician.
2 dice - lieutenant, junior political instructor, military technician of the 2nd rank, quartermaster technician of the 2nd rank, military paramedic, junior military specialist.
3 dice - senior lieutenant, political instructor, military technician 1st rank, quartermaster technician 1st rank, senior military paramedic, military lawyer.
B. Senior command and control personnel:
1 sleeper - captain, senior political instructor, military engineer, quartermaster, military doctor, senior military lawyer.
2 sleepers - major, battalion commissar, military engineer 2nd rank, quartermaster 2nd rank, military doctor 2nd rank, military officer 2nd rank.
3 sleepers - lieutenant colonel, senior battalion commissar, military engineer 1st rank, quartermaster 1st rank, military doctor 1st rank, military officer 1st rank.
4 sleepers - colonel, regimental commissar.
Note - There is an interesting point here. Commanding officers with the ranks of military engineer 1st rank, quartermaster 1st rank, military doctor 1st rank, military officer 1st rank wore three sleepers in their buttonholes until 1940, and so they remained with three sleepers. In fact, nothing has changed at all, because... they were previously considered a step below the colonel. But if previously they had as many sleepers on their buttonholes as the colonel, now it turned out that they had all been demoted in rank. There were a lot of grievances, to the point that many of them arbitrarily attached the fourth sleeper. The regimental commissars were pleased, because they now wore four sleepers and this distinguished them from quartermasters, engineers, and military doctors of the regimental level, that is, their more high status, equal to the regiment commander. But the battalion commissars were dissatisfied (especially those who were about to be awarded another rank) due to the fact that another one was wedged between their rank and the coveted rank of regimental commissar.
Middle and senior command personnel, middle and senior political personnel had additional insignia on their sleeves. The command staff wore various triangular braids that differed by rank. All political workers had the same ones in the form of a sewn-on star.
The middle and senior commanding staff (lawyers, doctors, veterinarians, quartermasters, administrative staff, technical staff) did not have any marks on their sleeves.
Although wearing emblems of military branches in buttonholes was mandatory (except for political workers, infantry and cavalry for whom emblems did not exist), there were significant difficulties in their production and supply of troops. Expensive red copper was used for the emblems; emblems were stamped on machines, and there were not enough such machines in the country. Sewing emblems from golden thread was prohibited. Therefore, the overwhelming majority of Red Army soldiers and sergeants, and a significant part of the officers, did not have emblems in their buttonholes at all. To combat the shortage of insignia, they began to use cheaper materials for their production. But even these measures could not significantly correct the shortage of insignia.
By the decision of the State Defense Committee of October 9, 1942, the system of military commissars was eliminated in the army and navy, and all of them were assigned command ranks. Moreover, titles are assigned one step lower. For example, if previously a junior political instructor was equal to a lieutenant, then he was given a new rank - junior lieutenant. The number of political positions was sharply reduced. Some of yesterday's political instructors and commissars were appointed deputy commanders for political affairs (from company and above), some were transferred to command positions. If previously a political instructor or commissar enjoyed equal power with the commander in a unit or unit, now they have become deputy commanders.
It is obviously difficult to imagine the ocean of resentment among political workers with this decision of the State Defense Committee. Only a wartime situation and an increased role Special Departments(NKVD), perhaps, kept them from openly showing discontent. Many of them had to change the comfortable position of a commander who is not responsible for anything, but an all-powerful commander, to the bitter fate of a commander responsible for everything and everyone, others had to come to terms with the fate of the second person in a regiment, battalion, company; places of an equal, or even superior, commander to the place of a subordinate. It is much easier to imagine the relief of commanders who have lost the obligation to constantly look back at the opinion of the commissar and are obliged to coordinate every step with him. Previously, you had to decide together and answer alone, but now you decide it yourself and answer it yourself.
Buttonholes of the Red Army senior command staff
(generals, marshals)
UNIT AND COAT BUTTONBOARDS (dimensions when sewn on) - diamond-shaped, length from corner to corner 11 cm, width from corner to corner 7.5 cm, length of the edged side 6.1 cm, width of the edge of the buttonholes with gimp 2.5 mm. Generals of artillery and ABTV have a black buttonhole field.
OVERCOAT BUTTONBOARDS - diamond-shaped, length from corner to corner 11.5 cm (13.5 cm - for the Marshal of the Soviet Union), width from corner to corner 8.5 cm, length of the edged side 6.5 cm, width of the edge of the buttonholes with gimp 2, 5 mm. Generals of artillery and ABTV have a black buttonhole field.
Rank insignia - Stars for generals' buttonholes were made of gilded brass of regular pointed shape, 2 cm in diameter, with ribbed rays. In field buttonholes they used stars painted in green color(defensive 4BO).
The star on the buttonholes of the Marshal of the Soviet Union: on the overcoat buttonholes the diameter is 5 cm, on the buttonholes of the uniform and jacket the diameter is 4.4 cm. The star of the Marshal of the Soviet Union had a regular pointed shape and was embroidered with gilded threads. The embroidery is continuous, convex, all outer edges are bordered by perpendicular embroidery with thin threads. At the bottom of the buttonhole, two laurel branches were embroidered with gold threads, at the crosshairs of which a sickle and hammer were embroidered in gold.
On July 13, 1940, by Order of the NKO of the USSR No. 212, in accordance with, uniforms and insignia on buttonholes and sleeves were established for generals.
For senior command staff, the insignia remains the same - rhombuses numbering from two to four with the same rank names.
Literature:
- Insignia of ranks of military personnel of the Red Army 1940-1942. Author - Yu.Veremeev.
- Insignia of the command and control personnel of the armed forces as of June 22, 1941. ()
- Russian uniform air force. Volume II, Part 1 (1935-1955)
Uniforms and insignia of the Red Army 1918-1945. AIM, Leningrad 1960
It is "military ranks", the term " military ranks" will be used first along with the term '35 from about 1940, and then completely replace the old term.
The same Decree introduced insignia by military rank. From that moment on, wearing insignia according to service categories was prohibited. At the same time, the process of transition to personal ranks lasted until the fall of 1936. In addition, the People's Commissar of Defense issued an order establishing new uniform clothes and insignia by rank only on December 3, 1935. This gave rise to the general but erroneous opinion of historians that the titles in Red Army were introduced in December 1935.
On tunics, along the collar there is an edging of the same color as the field of the buttonholes (except for Red Army soldiers and junior command and command personnel). The same edging runs along the side of the overcoat of the highest command and command personnel, starting with the brigade commander and his equals.
Sometimes in sources you can find mention of the rank of “pompolitruk (deputy political instructor).” However, this is not
title, but a position achieved by the then head of the Main Political Directorate Red Army Mehlis L.Z. He considered that personnel are covered by political leadership only starting from the company level. And the platoon does not have a full-time political instructor. By order of NKO No. 19 of January 25, 1938. The position of assistant (deputy) political instructor was introduced in each platoon. Pompolitruks had to wear four triangles, just like foreman, but have commissar’s stars on the sleeves. However, they could not spread this practice everywhere in the army. First of all, due to the fact that among the junior command staff there were almost no members of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks) or Komsomol members, and there was no one to fill these positions.
Military school cadets wore buttonholes rank and file, but they had a code on them indicating the school. For example, "LVIU" - Leningrad Military Engineering School. Colors of buttonholes according to the branch of the school's troops, coded yellow oil paint according to the stencil. There are encryptions embroidered with yellow silk thread.
In the photo on the right: in a casual jacket.
Combined arms generals (including infantry and cavalry) receive buttonholes red, generals of tank troops and artillery - black velvet, aviation generals - blue, all other generals are crimson. The emblems of the military branches are placed on the buttonholes of the generals of the military branches. Army generals and all combined arms generals (including infantry and cavalry) do not have emblems in their buttonholes.
The ranks of generals differ in the number of stars (golden metal with a diameter of 2 cm) in the buttonholes:
2 stars - ,
3 stars - lieutenant general ,
4 stars - Colonel General ,
5 stars - army General ,
1 big star in a wreath - marshal Soviet Union (the diameter of the star on uniform buttonholes is 4.4 cm, on overcoat buttonholes 5 cm).
Sleeves chevrons 9 cm wide. Made of galun 32 mm wide. At the bottom of the chevron there is a colored edging according to the branch of service, 3mm wide. Above the chevron is a gold embroidered star. Chevrons the army general and the marshal had some differences - the diameter of the star was larger.
1- tank troops, 2- lieutenant general of aviation, 3- colonel general of the quartermaster service, 4- army General , 5- marshal Soviet Union.
2On July 6, 1940, by order of NKO No. 226, additional ranks were introduced:
for senior command staff - lieutenant colonel ,
for military-political personnel - senior battalion commissar.
Change accordingly insignia . Lieutenant colonel and the senior battalion commissar each received three rectangles in their buttonhole, and Colonel and the regimental commissar, four rectangles each.
Four "sleepers" are worn only Colonel and regimental commissar.
The same order changes the appearance of the sleeve chevrons of middle and senior command personnel. Now chevrons gold ones of various widths, sewn onto a red flap, cut in the form of a chevron.
1st junior lieutenant ,
2nd Lieutenant,
3-senior lieutenant ,
4-captain,
5th major and lieutenant colonel ,
6th Colonel.
In the photo on the right: lieutenant colonel with insignia arr. 1940 The sleeves are clearly visible chevrons. You can also see three “sleepers” in the buttonholes. However, the emblems in the buttonholes are not visible. For that time, although wearing emblems for those who were supposed to was considered mandatory, their absence from buttonholes can be seen in many photographs. Moreover, more often among senior and senior command and control personnel. Apparently, this habit has been preserved from those times when emblems were generally optional.
Changes in ranks and insignia in 1940 culminated in a change in the names of the ranks of junior command and command personnel and the introduction of the rank corporal in the category of ordinary personnel. (NKO order No. 391 of November 2, 1940). Accordingly, the insignia ranks of private and junior command and command personnel.
Changes in ranks and insignia of private and junior command personnel.
A ribbed triangle of yellow metal was ordered to be attached to the corners of the buttonholes of Red Army soldiers and sergeants. This triangle did not carry any semantic load and served a purely decorative role. It should be noted that before the start of the war, these decorations were issued to the troops of the Moscow district, and partially in the Kiev, Leningrad and Western districts.
Rank insignia corporal made red fabric strips in red for all births
troops. On the tunic buttonhole the stripe was 5mm wide. and passed along the center buttonholes. On the overcoat buttonhole its width was 10mm and it went horizontally from corner to corner. When assigning sergeant ranks, this strip was not removed from the buttonholes. Obviously, with the introduction of new insignia, it became impossible to distinguish a corporal from a cadet of the regimental sergeant school. Red the triangle was hidden under golden metal, and the stripes were the same.
1st Red Army soldier (automotive units),
2nd Corporal (artillery),
3rd junior sergeant(technical service in artillery, automobile or tank units),
4th sergeant (aviation),
5th senior sergeant (tank forces),
6th sergeant major (sapper units).
The sergeant major's buttonhole stood out among the buttonholes of the rest of the sergeants. Between the edge and the field buttonholes additionally there was a golden braid 3-4 mm wide. (the same as on the buttonholes of officers), but note that here this braid is sewn not instead of the piping, but after it. This seemed to emphasize the special status of the foreman.
A note regarding the technical service emblem for non-commissioned officers. These emblems were worn by sergeants of repair units that were part of mechanized units. They were also worn by tank driver mechanics, since in those days the standard ranks of tank driver mechanic and radio operator gunner were staff Sergeant technical service. Let us recall that the commander of the medium tank was ml. lieutenant , heavy tank lieutenant. The gunner, or as this position was called “turret commander,” had the rank of sergeant major. And only the position of loader was a Red Army position.
These were the last changes in insignia before the Great Patriotic War.
Sources
1. Resolution of the Central Executive Committee and Council of People's Commissars of September 22, 1935. "On the introduction of personal military ranks for the commanding staff of the Red Army." Publishing department of NGOs of the USSR. Moscow. 1935
2. Order of NGOs of the USSR. No. 176 of December 3, 1935
3. Order of NGOs of the USSR. No. 19 of January 25, 1938
4. Order of NGOs of the USSR. No. 163 of August 20, 1937
5. Order of NGOs of the USSR. No. 87 dated April 5, 1940
6.Order of the USSR NGO No. 112 of May 8, 1940.
7. Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the SSR of May 7, 1940. "On the establishment of military ranks of the highest command personnel of the Red Army."
8. Order of the NPO of the USSR No. 212 of July 13, 1940.
9. Order of the NPO of the USSR No. 226 of July 26, 1940
10. Order of NGOs of the USSR No. 391 of November 2, 1940
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June 3, 1946 in accordance with the resolution of the Council of Ministers of the USSR, signed by J.V. Stalin, the Airborne Troops were withdrawn from the Air Force and subordinated directly to the Ministry of the Armed Forces of the USSR. Paratroopers at the November 1951 parade in Moscow. The sleeve insignia on the right sleeve of those walking in the first rank is visible. The resolution ordered the Chief of Logistics of the USSR Armed Forces, together with the Commander of the Airborne Forces, to prepare proposals
By order of the Revolutionary Military Council of the Republic 572 of April 3, 1920, sleeve insignia of the Red Army were introduced. Detailed analysis history of patches and chevrons of the Red Army of all periods in the Voenpro material. Introduction of sleeve insignia of the Red Army stages, features, symbolism Distinctive sleeve insignia are used to identify military personnel of certain branches of the military. To better understand the specifics of the sleeve insignia of the Red Army and the chevrons of the Red Army, we recommend
Soviet mountain riflemen in an ambush. Caucasus. 1943 Based on the significant combat experience gained during the Great Patriotic War, the Main Directorate of Combat Training of the GUBP Ground Forces of the Red Army took up a radical solution to the issues of providing the latest weapons and equipment to the Soviet infantry. In the summer of 1945, a meeting was held in Moscow to discuss all the problems facing combined arms commanders.
At this meeting, presentations were made by In the Workers' and Peasants' Red Army of the Red Army in summer time wore ankle boots, also known as shoes and boots, in the cold winter time felt boots were issued. Senior command personnel in winter could wear winter boots
burqas. The choice of shoes depended on the rank of the serviceman; officers were always entitled to boots and on the position they held.
They do not emit a warlike roar, they do not sparkle with a polished surface, they are not decorated with embossed coats of arms and plumes, and quite often they are generally hidden under jackets. However, today, without this armor, unsightly in appearance, it is simply unthinkable to send soldiers into battle or ensure the safety of VIPs. Body armor is clothing that prevents bullets from penetrating the body and, therefore, protects a person from shots. It is made from materials that dissipate
Various types of small arms and bladed weapons that were in service with the partisans. Captured weapons of the partisans. Various independent modifications of Soviet and captured weapons. Actions of the partisans behind enemy lines, damaging power lines, posting propaganda leaflets, reconnaissance, and destroying traitors.
Ambushes behind enemy lines, destruction of enemy columns and manpower, Explosions of bridges and railway tracks, methods
PERSONAL MILITARY RANKS OF MILITARY SERVANTS 1935-1945 PERSONAL MILITARY RANKS OF MILITARY SERVANTS OF THE GROUND AND NAVAL FORCES OF THE RKKA 1935-1940 Introduced by resolutions of the Council of People's Commissars 2590 for the ground and air forces of the Red Army and 2591 for the naval forces Red Army dated September 22, 1935. Announced by order of the People's Commissar of Defense 144 of September 26, 1935. Rank and command personnel Political composition
The Red Army used two types of buttonholes: everyday color and field protective. There were also differences in the buttonholes of the command and command staff, so that the commander could be distinguished from the chief.
Field buttonholes were introduced by order of the USSR NKO 253 of August 1, 1941, which abolished the wearing of colored insignia for all categories of military personnel. It was ordered to switch to buttonholes, emblems and insignia of completely green khaki color Uniforms of the Red Army Headgear of the Red Army Sleeve insignia Sleeve insignia Sleeve insignia Sleeve insignia Sleeve insignia Sleeve insignia Sleeve insignia Sleeve insignia Sleeve insignia Sleeve insignia Sleeve insignia Sleeve insignia. In addition, a short excursion into the history of the Russian state will be useful so as not to formulate empty references to the past. The shoulder straps themselves represent a kind of product that is worn on the shoulders to indicate a position or rank, as well as the type of military service and service affiliation. This is done in several ways: attaching strips, sprockets, making gaps, chevrons.
On January 6, 1943, shoulder straps were introduced in the USSR for personnel of the Soviet Army. Initially, shoulder straps had a practical meaning. With their help, the belt of the cartridge bag was held on. Therefore, at first there was only one shoulder strap, on the left shoulder, since the cartridge bag was worn on the right side. In most of the world's navies, shoulder straps were not used, and rank was indicated by stripes on the sleeve; sailors did not wear a cartridge bag. In Russia shoulder straps
For a military serviceman, ranks determine his official position and legal status, that is, his rights, powers and obligations. Military ranks provide for the principle of seniority and subordination. Ranks are assigned to military personnel in accordance with their vocational training, position in service, official title, length of service, as well as merit.
The meaning of military ranks
Ranks for the military are one of the important motivators for military service, personnel placement and their most effective use. The presence of ranks in the army establishes relationships of seniority and subordination between military personnel. A specific military rank gives a serviceman the right to a certain monetary allowance and material support, and to receive certain benefits.
Military rank can be determined by insignia. They are shoulder straps, buttonholes and chevrons.
Introduction of ranks into the Red Army
Since the creation of the Red Army (abbreviation: Workers' and Peasants' Red Army), the need arose to introduce military ranks. Since 1918, as the Red Army developed and strengthened, the names of military ranks and insignia changed several times. Only in 1939-1940. they were finally established, and these ranks of the Red Army did not change until 1943.
The first ranks and their insignia in the Red Army
In December 1917, the new government, by decree, abolished military ranks in the army. And it was decided to form a new type of army. A decree on this was adopted at the beginning of 1918.
In the initial period in the Red Army, the commanding staff was elected. But in the context of the intensifying Civil War, the formation of the armed forces of the young republic began on the principle of conscription. In this situation, it became urgently necessary to move away from the principle of elected commanders.
It was decided to restore the principle of unity of command in the army and introduce military ranks in the troops. The first to establish military ranks was the head of division No. 18, I. P. Uborevich, to strengthen discipline in his units.
He was warmly supported by the founder of the Red Army, chairman of the Revolutionary Military Council of the Republic, Lev Davidovich Trotsky. It took almost a year to develop and approve a uniform military uniform and distinctive insignia for army command personnel. The first military ranks and insignia of the Red Army were based on positions held. And so that the serviceman’s position was visible, signs were approved that were sewn onto the sleeves (diamonds, squares and triangles).
Military positions and insignia from 1918 to 1924
Military rank | Signs on the sleeves | Occupied job title |
|
Red Army soldier | No signs | ||
and equivalent | Star and triangle | Commander departments |
|
Platoon commander | Platoon commander and equivalent | Star and two triangles | Assistant platoon commander |
Sergeant Major | Foreman and those equivalent to him | Star and three triangles | Company Sergeant Major |
Komvzvoda | Komvzvod and equated to it | Commander |
|
equivalent | A star and two squares | Company commander, Squadron commander |
|
equivalent | Star and three squares | Battalion Commander |
|
Regimental Commander | Regimental commander, brigade commander equated to them | Star and four squares | Regimental commander |
Brigade commander, pomnachdiv and equivalents | Star and diamond | Brigade commander |
|
Chiefs and those equated to them | Star and two diamonds | Head of Division |
|
Commander | Commander, deputy commander of the front, deputy commander of the district and equivalent to them | Star and three diamonds | Army commander |
Comfront | Star and four diamonds | Front Commander |
All distinctive signs, in accordance with the order of the Revolutionary Military Council of the Republic No. 116, were sewn onto the left sleeves of clothing. A little later, the RVSR approved a new military uniform, uniform for the entire Red Army: an overcoat, a tunic and a headdress (“Budenovka”). In general, the clothing of an ordinary Red Army soldier and the command staff did not differ significantly. Only insignia indicated the position held.
Unification of military clothing and insignia since 1924
During the Civil War, the established uniform in the Red Army was used along with uniforms tsarist army, civilian clothing and other stylized military clothing.
At the end of the Civil War, a gradual transition of the entire army to uniform uniforms began. It was decided to reduce the cost of production of military uniforms and eliminate unnecessary elements. In May 1924, summer cotton caps and summer tunic shirts without colored chest flaps, but with two patch pockets on the chest, were supplied to military uniforms. Almost all items of military clothing have undergone changes.
It was established that rectangular cloth buttonholes were sewn onto the collars of tunics and tunics, corresponding to the color of the military branches with edging of a different shade. The size of the buttonholes was determined to be 12.5 cm by 5.5 cm. The buttonholes sewn onto the collar of overcoats were shaped like a rhombus with unequal sides of 13 cm by 12.5 cm.
On the buttonholes, along with insignia by category, emblems of the serviceman's specialty were attached. The dimensions of the emblems should not be larger than 3 x 3 cm.
Introduction of service categories for military personnel
Order of the Revolutionary Military Council of the USSR No. 807 from mid-1924 abolished sleeve flaps with signs indicating the military position held, and introduced buttonholes with signs corresponding to the assigned category and corresponding emblems indicating the specialty of military personnel. Subsequently, these innovations were supplemented by additional orders (No. 850 and No. 862). Categories have been developed and approved. All military personnel were divided into four groups:
- junior command and control officer;
- average command and control;
- senior command and control officer;
- highest commanding officer.
Categories by positions held in the Red Army
Each group, in turn, was divided into categories.
1. Junior commanders and command staff:
- squad leader, boatswain - K-1;
- company foreman, deputy platoon commander, chief boatswain, warhead foreman, deputy warhead commander, chief boatswain - K-2;
2. Middle management and command staff:
- warhead commander, platoon commander, deputy commander 4th rank - K-3;
- deputy company commander, first mate of the 4th rank - K-4;
- chief mate of a ship's comrade of the third rank, comrade's comrade of the 4th rank, squadron (company) comrade - K-5;
- commander of a separate company, deputy battalion commander, comrade corps of the third rank, senior comrade comrade of the 2nd rank - K-6.
3. Senior management and command staff:
- corps comrade 2nd rank, battalion comrade - K-7;
- deputy regiment commander, senior comrade comrade 1st rank - K-8;
- regiment commander, deputy brigade commander, corps comrade 1st rank - K-9;
4. Senior management and command staff:
- brigade commander, deputy division commander, ship brigade commander - K-10;
- division commander, deputy corps commander, squadron commander - K-11;
- corps commander, deputy army commander, flotilla commander - K-12;
- commander of the army, deputy commander of the front, deputy commander of the military district, commander of the fleet, commander-in-chief of the naval forces of the republic - K-13;
- front commander, military district commander - K-14.
Introduction of individual ranks for military personnel
In 1935, the Council of People's Commissars, by its resolution, announced another reform in the armed forces of the USSR, clarifying ranks and insignia in the Red Army. Personal ranks are established for military personnel.
The highest rank was established - Marshal. The distinctive sign for marshals was a large star on their buttonholes. Simultaneously with the establishment of new military ranks, the command and control personnel of the Armed Forces are divided into the following areas of service activity:
1. Command.
2. Military-political.
3. The commander, who, in turn, was divided into:
- economic and administrative;
- technical;
- medical;
- veterinary;
- legal.
Correlation of ranks of command, administrative and political personnel
The decals remain largely unchanged. Belonging to a particular service or branch of the military was indicated by the color of the buttonholes and emblems. Command staff of all levels sewed a chevron in the form of a corner onto their sleeves. The distinctive insignia of various ranks on the buttonholes were diamonds for senior personnel, rectangles for senior personnel, squares for middle personnel and triangles for junior personnel. An ordinary soldier had no insignia on his buttonhole.
Personal rank insignia for all military personnel was based on previous ranks. So, for example, two “kubar” lieutenants on the buttonholes had a junior political instructor, a military technician of the second rank, a junior military lawyer, etc. The indicated ranks of the Red Army existed until 1943. In 1943, they moved away from “cumbersome” military ranks. So, for example, instead of the rank of “military paramedic,” the rank of “lieutenant of medical service” was introduced.
In 1940, continuing the process of assigning personal military ranks, the USSR government approved ranks for junior and senior command levels. The ranks of lieutenant colonels and generals have been legalized.
Insignia by military rank in 1941
She met the aggression of Nazi Germany in 1941, wearing the following military insignia on her military uniform:
Military ranks of the Red Army | Signs |
|
On the buttonhole | On the sleeve |
|
Red Army soldier | None | None |
Corporal | One yellow gap in the middle of the buttonhole |
|
Lance Sergeant | 1 triangle | None |
2 triangles |
||
Staff Sergeant | 3 triangles |
|
Sergeant Major | 4 triangles |
|
Ensign | One square | 10 mm red top square, 1 4 mm yellow braid square, 3 mm red border at the bottom |
Lieutenant | 2 squares | 2 squares made of yellow galloon 4 mm, a red gap between them of 7 mm, a three-millimeter red edging at the bottom |
Senior Lieutenant | Three squares | 3 squares of 4 mm yellow braid, 5 mm red gaps between them, 3 mm red edging at the bottom |
Rectangle | 2 squares made of yellow galloon 6 mm, a red gap between them of 10 mm, a three-millimeter red edging at the bottom |
|
rectangle | ||
Lieutenant colonel | rectangle | 2 squares made of yellow galloon: upper 6 mm, lower 10 mm, red gap between them 10 mm, three-millimeter red border at the bottom |
Colonel | rectangle | 3 squares made of yellow galloon: top and middle 6 mm, bottom 10 mm, red gaps between them 7 mm each, three mm red border at the bottom |
Major General | 2 small yellow stars | Small one square of yellow galloon 32 mm, three-millimeter edging at the bottom |
Lieutenant General | 3 small yellow stars | |
Colonel General | 4 small yellow stars | Small yellow star, one square of 32 mm yellow braid, three mm border at the bottom |
Army General | 5 small yellow stars | Large yellow star, one square of yellow braid 32 mm, above the braid a red square of 10 mm |
Marshal of the Soviet Union | A large yellow star above a square of oak leaves | A large yellow star, two squares of yellow galloon on a red field. There are oak branches between the braids. There is a red edging at the bottom. |
The above insignia and ranks of the Red Army did not change until 1943.
Correlation of ranks of the NKVD and the Red Army
In the pre-war years, the NK of Internal Affairs consisted of several main departments (GU): the Main Directorate of State Security, the Main Directorate of Internal Security and Border Troops, the Main Directorate of the Workers' and Peasants' Militia and others.
In the internal security units there were military positions and ranks, just like in the Red Army. And in the police and state security, due to the specifics of the tasks performed, there were special ranks. If we compare, for example, special ranks in security agencies with army ranks, then the following results: a state security sergeant was equated to a lieutenant of the Red Army, a state security captain to a colonel, and so on.
Conclusion
Thus, from the very formation of the Republic of Soviets, the Red Army troops have always been in the field of special attention senior management countries. Not only were weapons and equipment improved, but the clothing supply for military personnel was also improved. The photographs show that the Red Army soldier of 1941 is strikingly different in clothing and equipment from the Red Army soldier of 1918. But the military ranks of the Red Army themselves changed several times before 1943.
And in 1943, as a result of radical reforms, the abbreviation RKKA (decoding: Workers' and Peasants' Red Army) became a thing of the past. The concept of “Soviet Army” (SA) came into use.
This article is intended to help all interested parties in identifying the branches of troops (services) of fighters and commanders of the Ground and Air Force of the Red Army, captured in photographs in uniform with lapel insignia, introduced by Orders of the NKO of the USSR No. 33 of March 10, 1936 and No. 165 dated 08/31/1936 (Label emblem of the 1st (2nd) class cavalry reconnaissance observer (introduced by order of the NKO No. 26 of 02/20/1936, canceled by order of the USSR NKO No. 162 of 09/04/1939) at this time the list was not included, because it denoted the qualifications of a soldier belonging to a certain branch of the military, namely cavalry, this topic is discussed in more detail in the article by A. Stepanov “Reconnaissance observers of the cavalry of the Red Army and the NKVD troops 1936-1941” [“Tseykhgauz”, No. 8, 1995, pp. 44-46]).
In the work of O.V. Kharitonov [Kharitonov O.V. - Illustrated description of uniforms and insignia of the Soviet Army (1918-1958). - Ed. AIM. - Leningrad. - 1960.] it is noted that initially it was intended to wear the specified metal lapel emblems only by command, command and junior command staff of long-term service, as well as cadets of military schools, while they were supposed to be applied to the buttonholes of private and junior command and command personnel of conscript service stenciled paint, but applying emblems with paint was practically not used due to the poor quality of small details.
In accordance with the Rules for Wearing Uniforms of the Red Army (December 1936), lapel emblems were located along the edges of the tunic buttonholes, touching the edges of their transverse edging and in the upper edges of the overcoat buttonholes, close to their corner edging [A. Kibovsky, A. Stepanov, K. Tsyplenkov.
- Uniform of the Russian military air fleet. - Volume 2. - Part 1 (1935-1955). - 2007].This arrangement of lapel emblems remained until 1940, whenBy order of the NPO of the USSR No. 87 dated 05.04. 1940 new type of buttonholes were introduced for cadets of military schools and regimental schools of the Red Army and
By order of the NKO of the USSR No. 391 of November 2, 1940 - for corporals and junior commanding officers of the Red Army, as well as Red Army soldiers with higher and completed secondary education, undergoing training in training companies (batteries, squadrons).Since 1940, the lapel emblem of the military branch (service) was worn on the overcoat buttonholes of cadets of the military schools of the Red Army close to the golden braid, among cadets of regimental schools and Red Army soldiers with higher and completed secondary education, undergoing training in training companies (batteries, squadrons) with higher and completed secondary education, undergoing training in training companies (batteries, squadrons).- below the red cloth triangle located in the upper corner of the buttonhole, for corporals and junior officers - below the golden metal triangle located in the upper corner of the buttonhole. On tunic buttonholes cadets of regimental schools, with higher and completed secondary education, undergoing training in training companies (batteries, squadrons), corporals and junior commanding staff emblems
fastened on a red longitudinal cloth gap, on overcoat buttonholes
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- taller than him. |
Description of the lapel emblems of the military branches (services) of the Ground and Air Force of the Red Army (Introduced by Orders of the NKO of the USSR No. No. No. 33 of 03/10/1936 and No. 165 of 08/31/1936) |
Branch of the military (service, specialty) |
|
|
Photo of the emblem |
Description |
||
|
Automotive Armored Troops (ABTV) |
|||
|
Tank BT |
Military-technical composition of all military branches and services |
||
|
Air Force (AF) |
Propeller with wingsRailway troops and military communications service (VOSO), including students of the Military Transport Academy and VOSO schools ) |
||
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Crossed ax and anchor (Order of the USSR NGO No. 33 dated March 10, 1936), then a winged anchor with a red star, a hammer and a French key ( |
Order of the USSR NGO No. 165 of 08/31/1936 |
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Artillery and artillery units of other military branches |
|||
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Crossed gun barrels |
A winged bundle of lightning, on which a red enamel star is superimposed on top in the center |
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|
Corps of Engineers |
Crossed axes |
||
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Military medical staff of all military branches |
|||
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Military veterinary personnel of all military branches |
|||
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Chemical troops and chemical units in other branches of the military |
Two cylinders with gas mask |
||
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Sapper units and sapper units in other branches of the military |
Crossed pickaxe and shovel |
||
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Bandmasters of all branches of the military |
Lyra |
||
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Military-legal composition of all military branches |
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|
Military-economic and administrative composition of all military branches |
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|
Pontoon units and pontoon units in other branches of the military |
An anchor with two crossed axes placed on its stem |
||
|
Electrical parts |
The emblems of the ABTV, military medical and military veterinary personnel were paired, i.e. facing gun barrels and heads of snakes, both to the right and to the left. Regulatory document, which established the correct orientation of paired lapel emblems has not yet been identified. In photographs, BT tanks can point their gun barrels both at each other and away from each other, the same applies to the orientation of the heads of snakes, although military personnel in the military medical service more often oriented the heads of snakes towards each other, and in the military veterinary service - away from each other. It is more rare to see the simultaneous use of only left or only right types of paired lapel emblems.
|
Coloring of the buttonholes of commanders, junior commanders, enlisted personnel and cadets of the Red Army by branch of the military (services) (according to Orders of the NPO of the USSR No. 176 of 12/03/1935 and No. 165 of 08/31/1936)
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Drawings of lapel insignia emblems published in the “Charter of the Internal Service of the Red Army (UVS-37)” |
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When attributing photographs of Red Army soldiers with lapel emblems introduced in 1936, it is also useful to take into account the color of the field and edges of the buttonholes. It should be taken into account that on many photographs from the Great period Patriotic War soldiers and commanders, located in the theater of military operations and in marching units, depicted in uniform with khaki buttonholes, the wearing of which was regulated by Order of the USSR NCO No. 253 of 08/01/1941 “On changing the uniform of the Red Army in wartime.”
The absence of emblems on the buttonholes with gold edging and rank insignia in the form of squares, rectangles and diamonds, i.e. among middle, senior and senior commanders of the Red Army, indicates that the photo shows the face of the command staff of rifle (infantry) or cavalry units that did not have during the period 1936 - July 1940. emblems according to the type of troops. (The buttonholes of the command staff of the Red Army had a cloth field of the same color as the buttonholes of the commanding staff of the same type of troops (service), but they were edged not with colored cloth, but with galloon or gold-colored thread. The buttonholes of the foremen had both a cloth edging of the established color, and plating with gold thread, similar to the commander's. The field of buttonholes for the command staff of the ABTV, railway troops and VOSO was made of black velvet. It should be noted that the situation changed in 1940 after the announcement of the provisions of the Decree of the PVS of the USSR by Order of the NKO of the USSR No. 212 of July 13, 1940. 05/07/1940 “On the establishment of military ranks of the senior command staff of the Red Army” general ranks The buttonholes of combined arms generals received a red color, aviation. - blue, artillery and ABTV - black (velvet), signal troops, engineering troops
, technical troops, quartermaster service - crimson. Emblems according to the type of troops (service) were worn on the buttonholes of generals of the artillery, ABTV, signal troops, engineering troops, technical troops, the Air Force, and the quartermaster service (the emblem on the buttonholes of the latter differed from the emblem of the senior and middle commanding staff of the service and was paired (left and right ) emblems in the form of a golden sickle and hammer with a red enamel star superimposed on them). The absence of emblems on the buttonholes with cloth colored edging and rank insignia in the form of triangles or without insignia at all indicates that the photo depicts the face of a junior commanding officer or rank and file of rifle (infantry) or To
avalry units in the period 1936 - July 1940. The absence of emblems of the military branch of the rifle (infantry) and cavalry units during the period under review may have been due to the historical the practice of distinguishing by the presence of emblems is relatively small in number, compared to such branches of the military as infantry and cavalry, technical branches of the military and various military services.
The absence of lapel emblems in the photo on buttonholes with cloth colored edging and rank insignia in the form of four triangles, as well as various numbers of squares, rectangles and rhombuses, indicates that what is captured in the photo is military-political officer any type of troops (services), which in the period 1936 - July 1940. wearing lapel emblems was not allowed and was introduced by the Order of the NGOs of the USSR No. 226 dated July 26. 1940.
The general principles of wearing buttonholes of a certain color and placing the corresponding lapel emblems on them were regulated by the Rules for wearing uniforms by personnel of the Red Army, introduced by Order of the NCO of the USSR No. 229 of December 17, 1936:
"The command, military-political, military-technical, military-legal commanding and rank and file of the ground and air forces of the Red Army wear the uniform and buttonholes of the type of troops in which they serve.
Command, military-political, military-technical, military-legal command staff of rear institutions and headquarters (up to and including district headquarters, directorates and departments)- wears the uniform and buttonholes of the branch of the military in which they served before being assigned to a rear establishment or headquarters.
The military-economic and administrative, military-medical and military-veterinary personnel of the ground and air forces of the Red Army wear the uniform and buttonholes established for these personnel, regardless of the type of troops in which they serve.
NOTE:
1. Special units that are part of individual military units (regimental artillery, communications, etc.) wear the uniform and buttonholes of these units
2.Reconnaissance battalions rifle divisions wear:
a) cavalry squadrons-
cavalry uniform and buttonholes
b) all other units, including headquarters
-
ABTV uniform and buttonholes
3.Automotive parts wear uniform and ABTV buttonholes
4. Local air defense units wear the uniform and buttonholes of technical troops.”
Commanders and rank-and-file personnel, including special units of individual military units, wear lapel insignia of their branch of the military.
Military-technical, military-economic and administrative, military-legal, military-medical and military-veterinary command staff (except for those who are students in academies, military faculties and military schools) wear their lapel emblems, regardless of the type of troops in which they are serve.
Military-political personnel (except for those who are students in academies, military faculties and military schools) do not wear lapel emblems."
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< Увеличить> Unknown assistant or deputy political instructor. There are no emblems of the military branch (service) on the buttonholes. |
< Увеличить> Junior political instructor V.N.Kuznetsov |
< Увеличить> Senior political instructor V.P.Kuznetsov There are no emblems for the branch of service on the buttonholes. |
< Увеличить> Ensign A.I.Kuznetsov, 24th reserve rifle regiment, village. There are no emblems for the branch of service on the buttonholes. |
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< Увеличить> Captain K.P. Panasyuk, Chief of Staff of the 29th Infantry Regiment, There are no emblems for the branch of service on the buttonholes. |
< Увеличить> Unidentified Red Army cavalrymen. |
< Увеличить> There are no emblems for the branch of service on the buttonholes |
< Unknown Red Army cavalryman. Junior political instructor There are no emblems for the branch of service on the buttonholes. Enlarge> A.K. |
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< Unknown Red Army cavalryman. Kuznetsov. On the buttonholes are the emblems of the engineering troops. TO A.K. |
< Увеличить> < Увеличить> 8th service category commander |
< Увеличить> ON THE. Radetzky. Brothers, junior platoon commander of the ABTV (left) and a Red Army soldier of the engineering troops (right), with their grandmother. Lieutenant colonel |
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< Увеличить> Shevlyakov B.A. Artillery emblems on the buttonholes. Military engineer 2nd rank |
< Увеличить> Tsarev . On the buttonholes there are emblems of military-technical personnel. |
< Увеличить> Unknown Air Force Lieutenant Air Force emblems on the buttonholes. Senior military paramedic |
< Увеличить> Mikheeva |
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< Увеличить> E.A. Lavalier emblems of military medical personnel Unknown military veterinary paramedic Lapel emblems of military veterinary personnel Lieutenant |
< Увеличить> Tikhonov N.A |
< Увеличить> .On the buttonholes are the emblems of the Signal Corps |
< Увеличить> chemical troops. |
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< Увеличить> Unknown junior lieutenant of the chemical forces |
< Увеличить> Red Army driver. |
< Увеличить> Unknown junior platoon commander ABTV |
< Увеличить> E.A. Lavalier emblems of military medical personnel Unknown ABTV Sergeant. Unknown military officer of the 2nd rank. On the buttonholes there are emblems of the military-legal personnel |
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< Увеличить> Serukin |
< Увеличить> (?). On the buttonholes there are emblems of electrical parts. |
< Увеличить> Two lieutenants of electrical parts. On the buttonholes there are emblems of electrical parts. |
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< Увеличить> Unknown 2nd rank quartermaster technician. On the buttonholes there are emblems of military-economic and administrative personnel Unknown detached commander of railway troops with his wife. |
< Увеличить> Lieutenant of the railway troops Kolomiychenko A.A. Quartermaster 3rd rank H. |
< Увеличить> Batrshi (?) Bandmaster emblems on the buttonholes Hero of the Soviet Union separated commander V.K. |
< Увеличить> Artyukh, . |
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< Увеличить> On the buttonholes there are emblems of pontoon units, commander of the 3rd service category of engineer units Photo of the late 1920s |
< Увеличить> Unknown commander of the 8th service category of engineer units. Photo from the early 1930s |
< Увеличить>
Military lawyer 1st rank A.A. Suvorov with my wife. |
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< Unknown Red Army cavalryman. Major engineering troops HELL. Kuznetsov |
< Увеличить> Unknown nurses |
< Увеличить> E.A. Lavalier emblems of military medical personnel A.E. Kuznetsov. Infantry. |
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< Увеличить> There are no emblems on the buttonholes. Unknown Sr. |
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Lieutenant of Chemical Troops Periodization of the use of emblems mod. 1936 in the USSR Armed Forces (considering the use of emblems in different periods
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as both lapel and shoulder straps) |
Image on the emblem |
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Description |
Year of discontinuation |
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1956 (Taking into account the use of marshals of armored forces on shoulder straps) |
1985 |
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Military-technical composition of all military branches and services |
1991 |
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Crossed French key and hammer |
1936 |
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Ax and anchor |
1991 |
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Winged anchor with red star, hammer and french key |
1991 |
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Crossed guns |
1991 |
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Axle with wheels, wings and steering wheel |
1991 |
|
|
A winged bunch of lightning, with a red enamel star on top |
Crossed axes |
|
|
1956 (Considering the use of engineer marshals on shoulder straps) |
1991 |
|
|
Bowl with golden snake |
1980 |
|
|
Two cylinders with gas mask |
1943 |
|
|
Crossed pickaxe and shovel |
Bowl with a silver snake |
|
|
Lyra |
1991 |
|
|
1969 (Taking into account the use of the emblem, made in white metal, by military personnel of military construction detachments in 1955-1969) |
1991 |
|
|
Crossed swords covered with a shield |
Helmet, key, compass, half gear and half wheel |
|
|
1942 (30.03. 1942, by Order of the NCO of the USSR No. 93, the lapel emblem of the quartermaster service was introduced, similar in design to that established in 1940 for generals of the quartermaster service, and on 14.02. 1943, by Order of the NCO of the USSR No. 79, wearing the emblem of the military administrative staff (helmet, key, compass, half a gear and half a wheel). |
1955 |
|
|
An anchor with two crossed axes placed on its stem |
1955 |
Crossed shovel and ax with a beam of lightning In conclusion, it should be noted that the appearance of the emblems discussed in this article was not new either for the Red Army or for Russian uniformology in general: 12 of them had already been used in various years preceding 1936 as lapel emblems of the Red Army (No. 2 ,3,4,6,7,9,10,12,13,14,17,18), 7 - were used until 1917 in the Imperial Russian Army to designate types of weapons, certain types of technical troops, special teams, etc. .d. (No. 3,4,6,7,9,13, 14, 17), 3 - as fittings for civilian specialists (№№2,4,18)
Russian Empire
At the time of the cessation of the existence of the Soviet Army (1991), its Ground and Air Force used 8 emblems of military branches (services), according to appearance similar to the emblems of the 1936 model. Currently, as emblems of military branches (services) in the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation, 8 emblems are also used, similar in appearance to the lapel emblems of the 1936 model.
Sources of illustrations
1. Photos of lapel emblems (except for the ABTV emblem) were provided by Alexander Zubkin, who specializes in the manufacture and sale of commercial copies of metal accessories of the Red Army (contact address Email for orders and purchases [email protected] ) .
2. Photos of ABTV lapel emblems of the pre-war stamp were provided by Evgeniy Drig.
3. All photographs of Red Army soldiers, which are illustrations for the text of this article, are the property of the author
Probably, like most people around me, I was not very interested in the details of what the kubari and sleepers on the buttonholes of the Red commanders meant in the pre-war and war periods. It’s not that it wasn’t interesting at all, but somehow in films and books the usual “lieutenant”, “captain” or “colonel” sounded. Of course, there were situations when, while reading a book or story on a military theme, I came across phrases like “judging by the two sleepers on the buttonholes, it was a major...”, the familiar shoulder strap of a Soviet major with one star instantly jumped out of my memory, but the development of the plot was distracting from a question that remained in the subconscious until better times. We will assume that these better times have arrived.
Essentially, until 1943, in appearance Soviet servicemen were dominated by severe asceticism. In any case, from films about the civil war, it was difficult to understand whether any system existed in the Red Army at all external difference let's say a company commander from a platoon commander. How could a Red Army soldier, on leave, understand that in front of him was a commander, and not a courier in a leather jacket on a motorcycle. Somehow, such questions had not arisen before, but while preparing the article, I kept coming across articles and colorful tablets describing soldiers and commanders of the Red Army, so I decided to put it all into a separate article. What was unexpected for me personally was, of course, such insignia as triangles, squares and diamonds. I always personified them with the dashing thirties and forties. By order of the Revolutionary Military Council No. 628 of April 8, 1919, the first samples of uniforms were approved: a headdress in the form of a helmet, an infantry and cavalry overcoat with three stripes on the chest (“conversations”) made of colored cloth according to the branch of service, a summer shirt with three stripes of cloth on the chest in the color of the military branch and leather boots were unexpected. Also, by order of the Revolutionary Military Council of the Republic No. 572 of April 3, 1920, sleeve insignia of the military branches were introduced. So, the infantry badge was a rhombus made of crimson cloth, a circle was embroidered on it - in the upper part it was yellow, with diverging rays, a star was depicted in the center of the circle, the bottom of the badge was a green field, a metal emblem - crossed rifles - was attached to the field under the star. The design on the badge for all branches of the military was the same, only the emblem of the corresponding branch of the military was attached under the star; the badges differed in shape and color of the field. Thus, among the engineering troops, the badge had the shape of a square made of black cloth, the cavalry - a horseshoe made of blue cloth, etc. Two years later, on January 31, 1922, by order of the RVSR No. 322, a new uniform with a uniform cut of an overcoat, tunic, and helmet was introduced , new insignia: a cloth flap was sewn to the sleeve according to the color of the branch of service, in the upper part of which there was a scarlet race, below it - insignia, above the valve - the insignia of the branch of service. The command staff had red insignia, the administrative and economic staff - blue . On headdresses, a small metal star was attached on top of a cloth colored star (color according to the type of military service). The uniform of the command staff was no different from the uniform of the Red Army soldier. In general, in the figure presented below, I tried to schematically, somehow reduce all my knowledge in this area to a certain single whole. Experts will probably tell you how well it turned out, but in any case, it’s already clear to me personally.
We could have ended there. Time period - Civil War ends at the turn of 1921 - 1922. True, the reader never received an answer to the question of how all these triangles, squares and diamonds subsequently turned into lieutenants and captains, majors and colonels, where are the “ties” and stars of the command staff. All this will happen, but a little later. A series of military reforms will take place and gradually the Red Army will take on its familiar appearance with head over heels and sleepers. For now I can only add that two years later, after the official end of hostilities in 1924, the army switched to a new, more simplified uniform. Breast flaps and sleeve insignia were abolished, buttonholes were sewn on overcoats and tunics; in the infantry - from crimson cloth with black edging, in the cavalry - from blue cloth with black edging, in artillery - from black cloth with red edging, in the technical troops - from black cloth with blue edging, in the Air Force - from blue cloth with red edging, for administrative and economic personnel - dark green with red edging. Metal insignia covered with red enamel were attached to the buttonholes: for senior officers - rhombuses, for senior officers - rectangles, for middle officers - squares and for junior officers - triangles. The Red Army soldiers had regiment numbers on their buttonholes. We can see one of the variants of this form of clothing in the famous film “Officers”. It is very clear here that the hero of the film belongs to such a branch of the army as cavalry, he has the characteristic color of his buttonholes and “conversations”, the cavalry emblem is visible in the buttonhole. In another frame it is very clearly visible that the former cadet already belongs to the command staff with the rank of platoon commander, 
judging by the two triangles on the sleeve.
Well, in order to completely draw the line, I would like to remind you once again that the most favorite fragment of the film “Officers” is the awarding of red revolutionary trousers.
After the two previous articles, I consider it necessary to close the circle of reflection on the history of Russian and Soviet military ranks, the period 1912 - 1943, from the moment of the last military reform in the Russian Imperial Army and until the return, at least externally, to the symbols and traditions of the Russian Army during the Great Patriotic War .
In 1924, when it was held military reform the entire command staff was divided into: junior, middle, senior and senior, and 14 job categories were identified.
Over time a hundred 
It is clear that the eradication of insignia was too hasty a decision, so they gradually began to be reintroduced. The new insignia had nothing in common with the insignia used in the tsarist army. In July 1940, the insignia introduced in 1936 was reformed. The Red Army entered the war using insignia of the 1940 model. Insignia were worn in buttonholes. There were two types of buttonholes: rectangular - for most types of uniforms and rhombic - for overcoats. Three categories of officers were distinguished: marshals and generals, who wore gold embroidered stars in their buttonholes, senior officers (division commanders and brigade commanders), who wore enameled diamonds with gold edging in their buttonholes, middle officers (colonels and captains), who wore enameled rectangles in their buttonholes, and junior officers (lieutenants) wore enamel squares in their buttonholes - “kubari”. Sergeants and petty officers wore enamel triangles in their buttonholes.
The types of troops and services were designated by the color of the edging and insignia. The color of the field of the buttonholes showed belonging to the branch of the military, in addition, a small badge in the buttonhole indicated membership in a certain branch of the military.
Commissars occupied a special position in the army. There were commissars in every unit from the battalion and above. In 1937, the position of political instructor - junior political officer - was introduced in each unit (company, platoon). The insignia of commissars was generally similar to the insignia of officers, but had its own characteristics. Instead of chevrons on the sleeve, the commissars wore a red star.
In January 1941, another reform of the Red Army uniform was carried out. The changes were supposed to make the uniform more convenient for use in combat conditions. First of all, they abandoned the use of bright chevrons and buttonholes and replaced them with samples of more faded colors. The field of buttonholes began to be made of khaki material, and the enamel signs were replaced with metal ones. Plans to modernize the uniform extended until October 1941, but were interrupted by the outbreak of war.
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