Theoretically, you can jump with a parachute from any height, the only question is the feasibility and safety of this event. Based on these considerations, the minimum and maximum restrictions are established. They are determined primarily by the design of the parachute, as well as by the preparedness of the parachutist and the type of jump he makes.

Beginning skydivers usually jump with a D-5 or D-6 parachute. Sometimes the D-1-5U parachute is also offered. The advantage of the latter is its controllability, as evidenced by the letter “U” in the model name. Jumps with such a parachute are carried out from a height of 700-900 meters. The canopy opens almost immediately after separation from the aircraft.

As an alternative to landing parachutes, Wing-type parachutes are often used. Unlike the first ones, they have not a round, but a rectangular dome. They require more training to operate, but they are highly maneuverable and have good lifting power. Beginners make jumps with a “Wing” parachute from a height of approximately 1200 meters.

Professional athletes who are well trained usually jump from a height of at least 2000 meters. In this case, they have the opportunity to experience all the delights of free fall, which beginners are usually deprived of. If a skydiver plans to perform any acrobatic elements, the altitude from which it is performed must be at least 3000-4000 meters. Beginners can jump from such a height in only one parachute system instructor. In this case, the responsibility for opening the parachute, control and soft landing lies entirely with the tandem master.

Why are restrictions needed and what is the critical minimum?

Restrictions on minimum height jumps were not invented by chance. The fact is that it takes some time for the parachute to fill with air. If these requirements are neglected, there is a high probability that the parachute simply will not have time to open completely, and the parachutist will receive serious injuries. The critical minimum for full deployment of the landing parachute is 250-300 meters.

There are also small parachutes that are used for jumping from fixed objects (bridges, cliffs, tall buildings). This type The sport is called base jumping and, due to its high level of trauma, is considered extremely extreme. The minimum height for jumping with such a parachute is 100-150 meters.

However, there are many records in parachuting, including the minimum jump height. The record, which no one has yet managed to break, was set by Tereke Spencer, who during World War II, in 1945, parachuted out of a downed fighter from a height of slightly more than 10 meters. However, it is hardly worth tempting fate and repeating his feat in peacetime in the absence of urgent need.

Skydiving is popular in modern world. Some people engage in this sport professionally, for others, skydiving is a way to tickle their nerves and get a dose of adrenaline. Has anyone ever wondered how many lines a parachute has?

What is a parachute?

The parachute is an ingenious and simple invention by an engineer from St. Petersburg, Gleb Evgenievich Kotelnikov. He was the first to create a backpack device and received a patent for his invention in nineteen hundred and twelve.

A parachute is a hemisphere made of fabric, to which a load or suspension system. It is designed to slow down and soften a fall from a height. Used for the safe landing of a person or cargo, it has several varieties.

How many lines do parachutes have?

This is of course very interesting question. There are several types of parachutes, all of them with different amounts sling There is a main parachute and a reserve, landing, army and cargo. There are main and additional slings, they are all made from high-quality durable fiber and can withstand a load (each) of up to two hundred kilograms. To answer the question of how many lines a parachute has, you need to consider each instance separately.

Army parachute

The armed forces have been using parachutes of the same series for many years. From the sixties to the present day these are D-5 and D-6 parachutes. They differ in size, weight and number of lines.

How many lines does the D-5 army parachute have? There are twenty-eight of them, nine meters each. The parachute itself is dome-shaped and cannot be controlled. Land with it however and wherever you are lucky. This is the only but serious minus of this series.

Next, the D-6 parachute was released. It has thirty lines. Twenty-eight are normal, and two are designed for dome control. They are located in the side slits of the parachute. If you pull these lines, you can turn and rotate the canopy in the desired direction. This is very useful quality, if the landing does not take place at the training ground, but in mountain conditions, forested areas or in places where there are bodies of water.

Paratrooper's parachute

In order for paratroopers to feel calm during a jump, they are provided with D-10 series parachutes. This is an improved version of the D-6. It has the shape of a squash, the dome size is one hundred square meters! Even a novice skydiver can easily control this parachute. The ease of control depends on how many lines are in the landing parachute: the more lines there are, the easier it is to control.

The D-10 has twenty-six main lines: twenty-two four-meter lines and two seven-meter lines attached to loops in the canopy slits. There are also twenty-two additional slings located on the outside, their length is three meters, made of durable ShKP-150 cord.

There are also twenty-four additional internal lines. They are attached to additional slings. Two additional ones are attached to the second and fourteenth at once. This is the answer to the question of how many lines are in an airborne parachute. The D-10 is considered one of the safest parachutes in history.

Why do you need a reserve parachute?

The parachutist must have a reserve parachute when jumping. It is designed for emergency deployment when the main one does not open or if it is twisted. In such a situation, it no longer matters whether the canopy is controlled or not, or how many lines the parachutes have - none of the additional ones will help. Of course, an experienced skydiver will try to straighten the main one first, which will waste additional time. If it was not possible to straighten, then a reserve parachute will save the situation. It opens quickly and easily.

To learn how to use a spare tire, you don’t need to go through a lot of training; even a child can handle this task.

How many lines does a reserve parachute have? Typically, such parachutes are the same for all major types. These are series 3 and 4. The spare lines are arranged in four groups. Each has six lines. The total is twenty-four. Of course, a reserve parachute is not designed for control; its main task is to quickly open and save a person’s life.

What do you need to know when making a parachute jump for the first time?

If you are not in and skydiving is just a dream, not conscription, then it’s worth starting with training courses. Even if you decide to jump in tandem with an instructor, training is necessary in order not to harm either yourself or the instructor. He’s already scared to jump with a person, and even be responsible for someone’s life. Such courses cost from three thousand rubles - it depends on the company providing these services.

Before you go to the club, make sure you get medical certificate: A heart attack during a jump is a serious and dangerous thing. And it can happen, because when you jump into the abyss, so much adrenaline splashes out that it will last for a year. And the fear of jumping can also lead to sad consequences if your heart is naughty. The pressure should also be the same as when entering space force. If there is overweight, then you should also consult a doctor whether you should jump or not.

If you are under eighteen years of age, written permission from your parents to jump will be useful. Don’t forget to warn them what you are going to do; the instructor will not allow you within a kilometer of the parachute without their written consent. People with mental disorders, after recent operations, with diseases of the musculoskeletal system, with respiratory tract disease.

If your weight is more than one hundred and twenty kilograms, then you will be denied a tandem jump. Weight less than forty-five kilograms is a contraindication for a single jump. Pregnant women are also not allowed. First, calmly carry the child out, do not hide your position from the instructor in order to make the jump.

Skydiving is a dream for many. Do not drink alcohol before it under any circumstances. It is clear that the joy is off the charts, but it is better to celebrate this event after the fact, especially since you will not be allowed to jump with the smell of alcohol. And if you decide to drink so as not to be scared, then it is better to abstain from this idea altogether. And good luck to everyone who passed the medical examination!

The main indicator that limits the height for a parachute jump can be called the aircraft vehicle.

None aircraft, which transports people, is not able to rise above 26 thousand meters. And even at such a height the aircraft flies with too much high speed so that a person can jump out of an airplane.

However, spaceships can rise much higher, but their movement in space is even faster, so a paratrooper with a parachute will need a heat-resistant suit to survive beyond the confines of the spacecraft.

There is only one aircraft that allows you to transport people, besides an airplane and a spaceship, - a hot air balloon. The highest altitude this aircraft can reach is 34.668 meters. This absolute record, demonstrated by officers navy United States of America Victor Prater and Malcolm Ross, while they were moving from the ship Antietam to Mexico, and this was May 4, 1961. But they did not make any jumps.

The highest man's parachute jump was made by Joseph Kittinger of the United States Air Force. He made this result with hot air balloon, which on August 16, 1960 rose to a height of 31 thousand 333 meters. Joseph was in a state of free fall for four minutes and 36 seconds, developing an average speed of 1 thousand 150 kilometers per hour. The parachute was deployed at around five and a half thousand meters.

Parachute jumping standards for paratroopers

For a parachute jump, a safe altitude can be considered to be from 400 meters to 4 kilometers.

If we talk about the maximum permissible lowest altitude, the paratroopers consider a height of less than fifty meters “bordering on suicide.” Back in 2003, professional stuntman Harry Connery made a parachute jump from the Nelson's Column monument (from a height of 51.5 meters), which is located in Trafalgar Square.

A large number of times paratroopers have parachuted from the top of the statue of Christ the Savior, located in Rio de Janeiro, and jumped from St. Paul's Cathedral, which is located in London, and the height of these monuments is slightly more than 100 meters.

A little earlier, in October of the year before last, a paratrooper jumped from the most significant height - 135,890 feet (over 40 thousand meters), which was performed by Google vice-head Alan Eustace. He was able to beat the previous planetary record of 127,852.4 feet (38,969.4 meters), which was set by Australian skydiver Felix Baumgartner in 2012. In two cases, the parachutists were wearing a spacesuit designed specifically for them.

In a standard setting, a parachute jump is made from a height of 4 thousand 200 meters. Above the accepted level, the risk of oxygen starvation increases. In addition, when jumping from a higher altitude, the dense flow of oncoming air can cause some problems for the skydiver.

In the lower atmospheric layers, the speed of a paratrooper's fall during a long jump increases only during the first ten seconds (over the first hundred meters). Resistance air mass increases with increasing speed so significantly that very soon a moment comes when the speed no longer changes. The motion changes from acceleration to uniform.

When falling through the upper, thinner layers of the atmosphere, a person will fly faster than the final speed of falling in the lower layers, when the paratrooper encounters them and the resistance reaches its peak level. Essentially, a person encounters an atmosphere. At the time of his parachute jump in 1960, Kittinger described this force as shocking: at an altitude of 23 thousand meters it demonstrated 1.2 g (g is the overload value).

A fall from 75 thousand meters would produce a huge impact of 3 g at an altitude of 31 thousand meters, which would last over 20 seconds. After this, the jump would not be anything remarkable. Marines who enter the lower atmosphere will not experience any problems from overloads above 3 g if their bodies are positioned across the air flow to continue their time in the atmosphere, but they will feel significantly hot.

Kittinger was wearing a special suit, the purpose of which was to protect him from low pressure in the stratosphere. But what is more difficult in such jumps is maintaining a stable position during the free fall process. In addition, Kittinger was equipped with a small stabilizing parachute, but he did not need it. Due to a malfunction, the parachute could not open, and the paratrooper was thrown into a tailspin. Kittinger was rotated very quickly, approximately 120 rpm, the overload level was 22 g. At the moment of such overloads, the stuntman lost consciousness. The main parachute was able to deploy thanks to a special automatic deployment device.

One of the highest jumps ever made was planned to be part of Project Moose. It was considered a development of the United States of America that began in the early 1960s, and its object was a program that would allow an astronaut to parachute into low orbit of our planet directly from a spacecraft. It was expected that the astronaut with the equipment would put a parachute on his chest and a folded plastic bag on his back. The pressurized cylinder should expand the bag and fill it with polyurethane foam, which will create a heat shield. The astronaut leaves orbit and then begins to fall. Protected from high temperature screen, he waits until he reaches the lower atmospheric layers, after which the parachute opens and the screen is removed.

The work that was carried out by the General Electric organization demonstrated that the idea, although very good at first glance, was not unfeasible. A sample of the heat resistant shield was created and foam samples were sent to spacecraft. However, neither NASA nor the Air Force paid much attention to this venture.

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Cash reward for parachute jumping (landing with equipment)

170. Military personnel for parachute jumps (landing with equipment) from airplanes (helicopters), provided for by the approved combat (training) training plan, as well as experimental jumps performed on the instructions of the commander-in-chief Air Force or commander respectively Airborne troops, Chief of the Air Force and Air Defense Navy, paid monetary reward in the following sizes:

	Cash reward for each jump as a percentage of salary according to the 10th tariff category
	1st jump	2 - 25 jump	26 - 50 jump	51 - 100 jump	101 and subsequent jumps
a) military personnel passing through military service on call;
b) military personnel performing military service under a contract (except for those with the rank of parachute training instructor);
c) military personnel undergoing military service under a contract and holding the rank of parachute training instructor

171. Military personnel with the rank of master parachuting or an international class master or an honored master of parachuting, a monetary reward is paid for each jump from an airplane, starting from 201 to 1000 jumps, in the amount of 12 percent, and for each jump, starting from 1001, in the amount of 13 percent of the salary according to military position according to the 10th tariff category (Appendix No. 2 to this Procedure).
172. For each complicated parachute jump, but for no more than two complication factors, and for a graduate who made a parachute jump, for no more than three complication factors, the amount of monetary reward increases by 2 percent of the salary for a military position in the 10th tariff category ( Appendix No. 2 to this Procedure).
Complex jumps include:
for fulfilling the duties of the releaser (when performing a jump);
with a parachute opening delay of at least 20 s, including stabilization of the fall;
to a limited area;
in difficult weather conditions (when the height of the lower edge of the clouds is below the specified release height);
when the wind speed at the ground is more than 5 m/s;
to landing sites (exceeding 500 m above sea level);
at night, on the water (except for jumping in diving equipment) or forest;
with weapons (except a pistol);
with a cargo container weighing more than 4 kg, not counting service equipment;
following the landing equipment;
from altitudes less than 500 m and more than 4000 m;
from an airplane at a flight speed of over 200 km/h.
173. For parachute jumps performed by ejection and on the water in diving equipment, the amount of monetary reward calculated in the manner provided for in paragraphs 171-172 of this Procedure is increased by the decision of the commander of the military unit to 4 percent of the salary for a military position in the 10th tariff category ( Appendix No. 2 to this Procedure) depending on the complexity of the jump.
For landing inside equipment or together with it, monetary remuneration is paid in the amount of 20 percent of the salary for a military position in the 10th tariff category (Appendix No. 2 to this Procedure) to each military personnel.
174. When performing experimental jumps in addition to the monetary remuneration provided for in paragraphs 171 - 172 of this Procedure, an additional 3 to 10 percent of the salary for a military position in the 10th tariff category (Appendix No. 2 to this Procedure) is paid, depending on the complexity of the jump.
The amount of additional remuneration for each experimental jump is determined by the Commander-in-Chief of the Air Force or, respectively, the Commander of the Airborne Forces, the Chief of the Air Force and Air Defense of the Navy when they approve the report on the jump performed.
175. Monetary remuneration to military personnel specified in subparagraphs “a” and “b” of paragraph 170 of this Procedure is paid for no more than two jumps, to military personnel specified in subparagraph “c” of the same paragraph - for no more than three jumps performed in one day. This restriction does not apply to experimental jumps.
Military personnel who have the title of Master of Parachute Sports or Master of International Class or Honored Master of Parachute Sports are paid a monetary reward for all parachute jumps performed within one day, but within the limits of the norms for paid jumps.
176. Cash reward within calendar year paid for parachute jumps performed according to the combat (training) training plan, but not more than within the annual norms for paid jumps established for certain categories of military personnel officials specified in paragraph 170 of this Procedure.
177. Military personnel who are members of sports parachute teams are paid monetary compensation for parachute jumps performed according to the combat (training) training plan, but no more than:
for commands of formations, associations and military educational institutions vocational education- 150 jumps per year;
for teams of combined branches of the Armed Forces and branches of the Armed Forces - 200 jumps per year;
for teams of the Armed Forces and military personnel of the 3rd Central Sports Parachute Club - 400 jumps per year.
Military personnel who are members of national sports parachute teams of branches of the Armed Forces and branches of the Armed Forces are, in addition to the specified norm, allowed to make 50 paid parachute jumps in preparation for the Armed Forces Championship and each international competition.
178. Monetary reward is paid military unit, in which the jumps were made, based on the order of the commander of the military unit, indicating the date of each jump, complication factors and what kind of jump it is.
When determining the amount of monetary reward, all documented parachute jumps performed by a military serviceman are taken into account, including in the period before conscription (entry) into military service.
179. No monetary reward is paid for parachute jumps performed:
not according to the combat (training) training plan;
in excess of two or three jumps per day for relevant categories of military personnel;
in excess of the annual norm of paid jumps established for a certain category of military personnel.
180. Citizens called up in the prescribed manner for training and verification training, performing parachute jumps (landing with equipment) during these training camps, are subject to payment of monetary compensation in the manner and amount established by paragraphs 170 - 179 of this Procedure for the relevant categories of military personnel.

Airborne troops are required to undergo jump training even at the training stage. Then the skills of parachute jumping are used during combat operations or demonstration performances. Jumping has special rules: requirements for parachutes, aircraft used, and training of soldiers. The landing party needs to know all these requirements for a safe flight and landing.

A paratrooper cannot jump without training. Education - mandatory stage before the start of real airborne jumps, during it theoretical training and jumping practice take place. All the information that is told to future paratroopers during training is given below.

Aircraft for transportation and landing

What planes do paratroopers jump from? Russian army on at the moment uses several aircraft to drop troops. The main one is IL-76, but other flying machines are also used:

• AN-12;
• MI6;
• MI-8.

The IL-76 remains preferred because it is most conveniently equipped for landing, has a spacious luggage compartment and retains pressure well even at high altitudes if the landing force needs to jump there. Its body is sealed, but in case emergency situations the compartment for paratroopers is equipped with individual oxygen masks. This way, every skydiver will not experience a lack of oxygen during the flight.

The plane reaches speeds of approximately 300 km per hour, and this is the optimal indicator for landing in military conditions.

Jump height

From what height do paratroopers usually jump with a parachute? The height of the jump depends on the type of parachute and the aircraft used for landing. The recommended optimal landing altitude is 800-1000 meters above the ground. This indicator is convenient in combat conditions, since at this altitude the aircraft is less exposed to fire. At the same time, the air is not too thin for the paratrooper to land.

From what height do paratroopers usually jump in non-training situations? The deployment of the D-5 or D-6 parachute when landing from an IL-76 occurs at an altitude of 600 meters. The usual distance required for full deployment is 200 meters. That is, if the landing begins at a height of 1200, then the deployment will occur at around 1000. The maximum permissible during landing is 2000 meters.

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More advanced models of parachutes allow you to start landing from a level of several thousand meters. So, modern model D-10 allows you to land on maximum height no more than 4000 m above the ground. At the same time, it is minimal permissible level for expansion - 200. It is recommended to begin deployment earlier to reduce the likelihood of injury and a hard landing.

Types of parachutes

Since the 1990s, Russia has used two main types of landing parachutes: D-5 and D-6. The first is the simplest and does not allow you to adjust the landing location. How many lines does a paratrooper's parachute have? Depends on the model. The sling in D-5 is 28, the ends are fixed, which is why it is impossible to adjust the direction of flight. The length of the slings is 9 meters. The weight of one set is about 15 kg.

A more advanced model of the D-5 is the D-6 paratrooper's parachute. In it, the ends of the lines can be released and the threads can be pulled, adjusting the direction of flight. To turn left, you need to pull the lines on the left, to maneuver to the right side, pull the thread on the right. The area of ​​the parachute dome is the same as that of the D-5 (83 square meters). The weight of the kit is reduced - only 11 kilograms, it is most convenient for paratroopers still in training, but already trained. During training, about 5 jumps are made (with express courses), D-6 is recommended to be issued after the first or second. There are 30 rafters in the set, four of which allow you to control the parachute.

D-10 kits have been developed for complete beginners; this is an updated version, which only recently became available to the army. There are more rafters here: 26 main and 24 additional. Of the 26 stops, 4 allow you to control the system, their length is 7 meters, and the remaining 22 are 4 meters. It turns out that there are only 22 external additional lines and 24 internal additional ones. Such a number of cords (all of them are made of nylon) allow maximum flight control and course correction during disembarkation. The dome area of ​​D-10 is as much as 100 square meters. At the same time, the dome is made in the shape of a squash, a convenient green color without a pattern, so that after the landing of the paratrooper it would be more difficult to detect.

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Rules for deplaning

Paratroopers disembark from the cabin into in a certain order. In IL-76 this happens in several threads. For disembarkation there are two side doors and a ramp. At educational activities prefer to use side doors exclusively. Disembarkation can be carried out:

• in one stream of two doors (with a minimum of personnel);
• in two streams from two doors (with an average number of paratroopers);
• three or four streams of two doors (for large-scale training activities);
• in two streams both from the ramp and from the doors (during combat operations).

The distribution into streams is done so that the jumpers do not collide with each other when landing and cannot get caught. There is a small delay between threads, usually several tens of seconds.

Mechanism of flight and parachute deployment

After landing, the paratrooper must calculate 5 seconds. It cannot be considered a standard method: “1, 2, 3...”. It will turn out too quickly, the real 5 seconds will not pass yet. It’s better to count like this: “121, 122...”. Nowadays the most commonly used counting is starting from 500: “501, 502, 503...”.

Immediately after the jump, the stabilizing parachute automatically opens (the stages of its deployment can be seen in the video). This is a small dome that prevents the paratrooper from spinning while falling. Stabilization prevents flips in the air, in which a person begins to fly upside down (this position does not allow the parachute to open).

After five seconds, stabilization is completely removed, and the main dome must be activated. This is done either using a ring or automatically. A good paratrooper must be able to adjust the opening of the parachute himself, which is why trained students are given kits with a ring. After activating the ring, the main dome opens completely within 200 meters of fall. The duties of a trained paratrooper paratrooper include camouflage after landing.

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Safety rules: how to protect troops from injury

Parachutes required special treatment, care so that jumping using them occurs as safely as possible. Immediately after use, the parachute must be folded correctly, otherwise its service life will be sharply reduced. An incorrectly folded parachute may not function during landing, resulting in death.