A mixed forest is an area in which deciduous and coniferous trees. If the admixture of tree species is more than 5% of the total flora, we can already talk about a mixed type of forest.

The mixed forest forms a coniferous zone deciduous forests, and this is already a whole natural zone, characteristic of forests in temperate zone. There are also coniferous-small-leaved forests, which are formed in the taiga as a result of the restoration of previously cut down pines or spruces, which begin to displace different types birch and aspen.

Main characteristics

(Typical mixed forest)

Mixed forests almost always coexist with broad-leaved forests in the south. In the northern hemisphere they also border the taiga.

The following varieties are distinguished mixed forests in the temperate zone:

• coniferous-deciduous;
• secondary small-leaved with the addition of coniferous and broad-leaved species;
• mixed, which is a combination of deciduous and evergreen species.

Subtropical mixed foxes are distinguished by a combination of laurel leaves and conifers. Any mixed forest is distinguished by a pronounced layering, as well as the presence of areas without forest: the so-called opoles and woodlands.

Location of zones

Mixed forests as a combination of coniferous and broad-leaved species are found in Eastern European and West Siberian Plains, as well as in the Carpathians, the Caucasus and the Far East.

In general, both mixed and broad-leaved forests do not occupy as large a share of the forest territory of the Russian Federation as coniferous taigas. The fact is that such ecosystems do not take root in Siberia. They are traditional only for the European and Far Eastern regions and at the same time grow in broken lines. Clean mixed forests found south of the taiga, as well as beyond the Urals to the Amur region.

Climate

Forest plantations mixed type They have cold but not very long winters and hot summers. Climatic conditions are such that precipitation falls no more than 700 mm per year. The moisture coefficient is increased, but can change throughout the summer. In our country, mixed forests stand on soddy-podzolic soil, and in the west - on brown forest soil. As a rule, winter temperatures do not fall below - 10˚C.

Broad-leaved forest plantations are humid and temperate humid climate, where precipitation is distributed evenly throughout the year. The temperatures are quite high, and even in January it never gets colder than -8˚C. High humidity and abundant heat stimulate the work of bacteria and fungal organisms, due to which the leaves quickly decompose and the soil maintains maximum fertility.

Features of the plant world

Features of biochemical and biological processes cause the consolidation of species diversity as they move towards broad-leaved species. European mixed forests are distinguished by the obligatory presence of pine, spruce, maple, oak, linden, ash, elm, and among the shrubs the leaders are viburnum, hazel, and honeysuckle. Ferns are very common as herbs. Caucasian mixed forests contain large quantities of beech and fir, while the Far Eastern forests contain birch, walnut, hornbeam, and larch. These same forests are distinguished by a variety of vines.

Representatives of fauna

Mixed forests are home to those animals and birds that are generally considered typical for forest conditions. These are moose, foxes, wolves, bears, wild boars, hedgehogs, hares, badgers. If we talk about individual broad-leaved forests, the species diversity of birds, rodents and ungulates is especially striking here. Roe deer, fallow deer, deer, beavers, muskrats and nutria are found in such forests.

Economic activity

The temperate natural zone, including mixed forests, has long been developed by local residents and is densely populated. An impressive part of the forest plantations was cut down several centuries ago, which is why the composition of the forest has changed and the proportion of small-leaved species has increased. In place of many forests, agricultural areas and settlements appeared.

Broad-leaved forests can generally be considered rare forest ecosystems. After the 17th century, they were cut down on a large scale, largely because wood was needed for the sailing fleet. Broad-leaved forests were also actively cut down for arable land and meadows. Oak plantations have suffered especially badly from such human activity, and it is unlikely that they will ever be restored.

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Presentation on the topic: Mixed and broad-leaved forests

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The zone of mixed and broad-leaved forests stretches from the western borders of Russia to the Ural Mountains, in a thin strip to the source of the Ob River. The zone of mixed and broad-leaved forests stretches from the western borders of Russia to the Ural Mountains, in a thin strip to the source of the Ob River.

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Mixed forests are typical warm summer and relatively cold and long winters. This is one of the most common climatic zones in Russia. Mixed forests are characterized by warm summers and relatively cold and long winters. This is one of the most common climatic zones in Russia. Summer is long and warm (at least four months have average monthly temperature above 10°C). This is what favors the widespread growth deciduous trees. The average temperature in July is 18-20°C. However, the climate is quite humid. The annual precipitation is at least 600-800 mm. The maximum precipitation occurs during the warm period, the moisture balance is close to neutral. The surface flow is greater than in the taiga, the river network is well developed, and the rivers are high in water. The swampiness is much less than in the taiga zone. Lowland and transitional swamps predominate.

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Forests differ from European ones in species composition tree and shrub species. The main forest-forming coniferous species are Korean cedar, whole-leaved fir, Sayan spruce and a number of larches; of broad-leaved trees - Mongolian oak, Amur linden, velvet tree, etc. Forests differ from European ones in the species composition of tree and shrub species. The main forest-forming coniferous species are Korean cedar, whole-leaved fir, Sayan spruce and a number of larches; of broad-leaved trees - Mongolian oak, Amur linden, velvet tree, etc. The forests are formed by oak, maple, linden, ash, hazel, etc. In place of coniferous-broad-leaved forests, birch, aspen and shrubs are common.

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The soils under mixed and broad-leaved forests are gray forest and brown forest. They contain more humus than the podzolic soils of the taiga. The soils under mixed and broad-leaved forests are gray forest and brown forest. They contain more humus than the podzolic soils of the taiga.

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Complex plant communities contribute to the formation of a diverse animal world. The bison, elk, wild boar, wolf live here, pine marten, dormouse, ancient and rare species this zone is a muskrat, etc.; of birds - oriole, grosbeak, green and middle woodpeckers. Complex plant communities contribute to the formation of a diverse animal world. The bison, elk, wild boar, wolf, pine marten, dormouse, an ancient and rare species of this zone, the muskrat, etc. live here; of birds - oriole, grosbeak, green and middle woodpeckers.

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Wood and game reserves are concentrated in forest zones, the subsoil is rich in various minerals, and mighty rivers have colossal reserves of hydropower. Wood and game reserves are concentrated in forest zones, the subsoil is rich in various minerals, and mighty rivers have colossal reserves of hydropower. The zones have long been developed by humans, especially on the Russian Plain, where a significant part of the territory is developed for agriculture and cattle breeding. The main forage base for livestock farming is floodplain and dry meadows. Built major cities and numerous settlements, railways and highways, oil and gas pipelines were built, reservoirs were built, so many natural complexes forest zones have been greatly altered by humans, sometimes turned into natural-anthropogenic ones. To preserve typical taiga and coniferous-deciduous forest complexes, nature reserves, wildlife sanctuaries and national parks have been created in Russia.

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In our time, the fauna of deciduous forests has undergone great changes under the influence of human activity. Many animals have changed the limits of their distribution in this zone, expanding them or, conversely, reducing them. The number of some animals has decreased, some of them have almost disappeared, others, on the contrary, have become more numerous. In our country, work is currently underway to restore and protect natural resources. This also applies to the deciduous forest zone, in particular its fauna. In our time, the fauna of deciduous forests has undergone great changes under the influence of human activity. Many animals have changed the limits of their distribution in this zone, expanding them or, conversely, reducing them. The number of some animals has decreased, some of them have almost disappeared, others, on the contrary, have become more numerous. Our country is currently working to restore and protect natural resources. This also applies to the deciduous forest zone, in particular its fauna.

The broad-leaved forest zone is located in Manchuria, the Far East, Europe, eastern China, and North America. It also affects the southern part South America and some parts of Central Asia.

Broadleaf forests are most common where the climate is temperate. warm climate, and the ratio of moisture and heat is optimal. All this provides favorable conditions during the growing season. The leaves of the trees growing there are wide, hence the name of these forests. What other features does this natural area have? Broadleaf forests are home to numerous animals, reptiles, birds and insects.

Characteristics

The peculiarity of broad-leaved forests is that they can be divided into two distinct tiers. One of them is higher, the other is lower. These forests are shrubby, the existing grasses grow in three tiers, and the ground cover is represented by lichens and mosses.

Another characteristic feature is the light mode. In such forests, two light maxima are distinguished. The first is observed in the spring, when the trees are not yet covered with leaves. The second is in the fall, when the foliage thins. In summer, light penetration is minimal. The above-described regime explains the peculiarity of the grass cover.

The soil of deciduous forests is rich in organo-mineral compounds. They appear as a result of the decomposition of plant litter. Trees in broadleaf forests contain ash. There is especially a lot of it in the leaves - about five percent. Ash, in turn, is rich in calcium (twenty percent of the total volume). It also contains potassium (about two percent) and silicon (up to three percent).

Trees of broadleaf forests

Forests of this type are characterized richest variety tree species. The latter can be counted here about ten. The broad-leaved forests of the taiga, for example, are not so rich in this regard. The reason is that the conditions of the harsh taiga climate are not so conducive to the growth and development of flora. Many tree species that are demanding on soil composition and climate simply will not survive in unfavorable conditions.

In the southern part Tula region there is a famous forest area. It gives a great idea of ​​what broadleaf forests can be like. The soil of this area is favorable for the growth of trees such as small-leaved lindens, Norway maples and field maples, common ash trees, elms, elms, wild apple and pear trees. Oaks and ash trees are the tallest, followed by Norway maples, elms and lindens. The lowest are field maples, wild pears and apple trees. As a rule, the dominant position is occupied by oak, and the remaining trees act as satellites.

Let us consider in more detail the above representatives of dendroflora.

Herbs

Plants of broad-leaved forests are characterized by large and wide leaf blades. For this reason they are called broad-grass oak forests. Some grasses grow in single specimens; they never form impenetrable thickets. Others, on the contrary, form a kind of carpet covering large spaces. Such herbs are dominant. Among them are common sedge, hairy sedge and yellow green grass.

Most of the herbaceous plants found in broadleaf forests are perennial. They live up to several decades. As a rule, their existence is maintained through vegetative propagation. They reproduce poorly by seeds. Characteristic feature of these plants - long underground and aboveground shoots, rapidly growing into different sides and actively occupying new areas of land.

The above-ground parts of most representatives of oak groves die off in autumn period. Only the roots and rhizomes in the soil overwinter. They contain special buds, from which new shoots form in the spring.

Exception to the Rule

Rare representatives of broad grass remain green both in winter and summer. Such plants include the following: hoofweed, green grass, hairy sedge.

Shrubs

As for these representatives of the flora, it is very difficult to find them in deciduous forests. They are simply not typical of oak forests, which cannot be said about coniferous forests, where shrubs grow everywhere. Most widespread got blueberries and lingonberries.

“Hasty” oak forest ephemeroids

These plants are of the greatest interest to specialists studying forest flora. Among them are spring guillemot, buttercup anemone, various types of corydalis and goose onion. These plants are usually small in size, but they develop very quickly. Ephemeroids rush to be born immediately after the snow cover melts. Some especially fast sprouts make their way even through the snow. After a week, maximum two, their buds are already blooming. After a few more weeks, the fruits and seeds ripen. After this, the plants lie down on the ground, turn yellow, after which the part of them that is above the ground dies. Moreover, this process occurs at the very beginning summer period, when, as it may seem, the conditions for growth and development are most favorable. The secret is simple. Ephemeroids have their own rhythm of life, which differs from the peculiar development schedule of other plants. They bloom lushly only in the spring, and summer for them is the time to wither.

The period most conducive to their development is early spring. At this time of year in the forest there is maximum quantity light, since the bushes and trees have not yet acquired their thick green cover. In addition, during this period the soil is optimally saturated with moisture. As for high summer temperatures, ephemeroids do not need it at all. All these plants are perennial. They do not die after their aboveground part dries out. Living underground roots are represented by tubers, bulbs or rhizomes. These organs act as receptacles nutrients, mostly starch. This is why stems, leaves and flowers appear so early and grow so rapidly.

Ephemeroids are widespread plants in broad-leaved oak forests. There are about ten species in total. Their flowers are painted in bright purple, blue, yellow colors. During flowering, ephemeroids form a thick, beautiful carpet.

Mosses

Broad-leaved forests of Russia are home to various types of mosses. Unlike taiga forests, in which these plants form a dense green soil cover, in oak forests mosses do not cover the soil so widely. The role of mosses in deciduous forests is rather modest. The main reason is the fact that leaf litter from broad-leaved forests has a detrimental effect on these plants.

Fauna

Animals of the broad-leaved forests of Russia are ungulates, predators, insectivores, rodents and bats. The greatest diversity is observed in those areas that are untouched by humans. Thus, in deciduous forests you can see roe deer, wild boars, fallow deer, sika and red deer, and elk. The order of predators is represented by foxes, wolves, martens, stoats and weasels. Broadleaf forests, where wildlife is rich and diverse, are home to beavers, squirrels, muskrats and nutria. In addition, these areas are inhabited by mice, rats, moles, hedgehogs, shrews, snakes, lizards and marsh turtles.

Birds of broad-leaved forests - larks, finches, warblers, tits, flycatchers, swallows, starlings. Crows, rooks, black grouse, woodpeckers, crossbills, jackdaws, and hazel grouse also live there. Birds of Prey represented by hawks, owls, owls, eagle owls and harriers. The marshes are home to waders, cranes, herons, gulls, ducks and geese.

In the past, broadleaf forests were inhabited by bison. Now, unfortunately, there are only a few dozen individuals left. These animals are protected by law. They live in Belovezhskaya Pushcha (in the Republic of Belarus), in Prioksko-Terrasny Nature Reserve (Russian Federation), in some states Western Europe and in Poland. Several animals were transported to the Caucasus. There they coexist with bison.

The number of red deer has also undergone a change. They have become much smaller due to the barbaric actions of man. Massive plowing of fields has become disastrous for these beautiful animals. Deer can reach two and a half meters in length and three hundred and forty kilograms of weight. They tend to live in small herds of up to ten animals. In most cases, the female is dominant. Her offspring also live with her.

Sometimes in autumn, males gather a kind of harem. Resembling the sound of a trumpet, their roar spreads three to four kilometers around. The most successful deer, having defeated their rivals in fights, can gather up to twenty females around them. This is how another type of reindeer herd is formed. At the beginning of the summer season, deer give birth to their young. They are born weighing eight to eleven kilograms. Up to six months they experience intensive growth. One-year-old males acquire horns.

Deer feed on grass, leaves and shoots of trees, mushrooms, lichens, reeds, and wormwood. But pine needles are not suitable for food. In conditions wildlife deer live about fifteen years. In captivity, this figure doubles.

Beavers are another inhabitant of deciduous forests. The most favorable conditions for them are observed in Europe, North America, Asia. The maximum recorded weight of this animal is thirty kilograms, and its body length is one meter. Beavers are distinguished by a massive body and a flattened tail. Webbing between the toes of the hind legs helps guide water image life. Fur color can vary from light brown to black. By lubricating their fur with a special secretion, beavers protect themselves from getting wet. When immersed in water, the ears of this animal fold and the nostrils close. Economical consumption of air helps him stay under water for up to fifteen minutes.

Beavers prefer to settle on the banks of lakes and oxbow lakes, as well as rivers with slow flow. They are attracted by abundant coastal and aquatic vegetation. It is a hole or a kind of hut, the entrance to which is located under the surface of the water. These animals build dams when the water level is unstable. Thanks to these structures, the flow is regulated, which allows water to enter the home. Gnawing branches and even large trees is easy for beavers. Thus, aspen trees of five to seven centimeters in diameter lend themselves to these animals in two minutes. Their favorite food is reed. In addition, they are not averse to eating iris, water lilies, and water lilies. Beavers live in families. The young go in search of a mate in the third year of life.

Wild pigs are another typical inhabitant of deciduous forests. They have a huge head and a very strong long snout. The most powerful weapon These animals have sharp triangular fangs that are curved up and back. Boars' vision is not very good, but this is compensated by excellent hearing and a keen sense of smell. Large individuals reach a weight of three hundred kilograms. The body of this animal is protected by dark brown bristles. It is very durable.

Boars are excellent runners and swimmers. These animals can swim across a body of water that is several kilometers wide. The basis of their diet is plants, but we can say that wild boars are omnivores. Their favorite delicacy is acorns and beech nuts; they will not refuse frogs, mice, chicks, insects and snakes.

Representatives of reptiles

Broad-leaved forests are inhabited by snakes, vipers, copperheads, godwits, green and viviparous lizards. Only vipers pose a danger to humans. Many people mistakenly believe that copperheads are also poisonous, but this is not the case. The most numerous reptiles of deciduous forests are snakes.

Relief features

The zone of broad-leaved forests (and mixed) in the European part of Russia forms a kind of triangle, the base of which is located at the western borders of the country, and the apex rests on Ural Mountains. Since this territory was covered more than once by continental ice, its topography is mostly hilly. The most obvious traces of the presence of the Valdai Glacier are preserved in the north-west. There, the zone of broad-leaved and mixed forests is characterized by chaotic piles of hills, steep ridges, closed lakes and basins. Southern part The described territory is represented by secondary moraine plains, which were formed as a result of a decrease in the inclined surface of hilly areas. The relief is characterized by the presence of sandy plains of varying sizes. Their origin is water-glacial. They are undulating, and sometimes you can find pronounced sand dunes.

Russian Plain

This zone is in temperate climatic zone. The climate there is relatively mild and humid. The soil of these areas is soddy-podzolic. The close location of the Atlantic Ocean determined the relief features. The river network in coniferous-deciduous forests is well developed. Reservoirs have a large area.

The activity of the waterlogging process is determined by the proximity groundwater and humid climate. The plants that dominate the grass cover have wide leaf blades.

Conclusion

Broad-leaved forests located in Europe are classified as endangered ecosystems. But just two or three centuries ago they were one of the most diverse on the planet and were located throughout most of Europe. Thus, in the sixteenth to eighteenth centuries they occupied an area equal to several million hectares. Today there are no more than one hundred thousand hectares.

At the beginning of the twentieth century, only fragments of the vast past remained intact. broadleaf belt. At the dawn of this century, attempts were made to grow oak trees in deserted territories. However, this turned out to be quite a difficult matter: the death of young oak groves was caused by constant droughts. At that time, research was carried out, led by the famous Russian geographer Dokuchaev. As a result, it was established that the failure to grow new trees was due to large-scale deforestation, since this forever changed the hydrology and climate of the area.

Today, secondary forests and artificial plantings grow in areas previously occupied by broad-leaved forests. They are dominated by coniferous trees. Unfortunately, as experts note, the dynamics and structure of natural oak forests cannot be restored.

Climate Mixed forests are characterized by warm summers and relatively cold and long winters. Annual amount atmospheric precipitation up to mm. The moisture coefficient in mixed forests is usually slightly higher than unity, but varies quite greatly from year to year.

Soils In the north, soddy-podzolic soils are common under coniferous-deciduous forests, and gray forest soils are common in the southern part under broad-leaved forests. There are 3 main horizons: the upper humus horizon (the most fertile), the washout and washout horizon.

Vegetation Flora broad-leaved and mixed forests are diverse. Spruce, pine, linden, maple, birch and aspen. Shrubs grow under the trees: hazel, euonymus, elderberry, raspberry, buckthorn, viburnum, and under them there is an abundance of herbs. Moss grows only in damp, dark places. In such fertile forests there are always a lot of mushrooms and all kinds of berry delicacies. There are many light-loving berry plants: strawberries, raspberries, boneberries, blueberries.

Fauna In the zone of mixed and deciduous forests there are the following animals: white hare, elk, squirrel, flying squirrel, capercaillie. The predominant birds here are insectivores and granivores. They also live: forest cat, brown bear, pine marten, black polecat, mink, weasel, squirrel.

Mixed forests are characteristic of natural zones with a temperate, more or less pronounced continental climate. Compared to deciduous forests, it is more adapted to cold arctic influences and withstands frosts and strong winds, withstanding low temperatures(from -16 to -30 degrees). Closer to the north, the number of coniferous species increases significantly.

The composition of a mixed forest includes coniferous trees - spruce, pine, fir and broad-leaved species such as birch, poplar, oak, maple and many other trees. In such forests, the soils are not fertile, but are quite suitable for cultivation as meadows and arable lands.

In mixed forests live wolves, bears, moose, beavers, small mammals- squirrels, ferrets, stoats, etc.

Even today, vast areas of such forests are not completely developed by humans.

Russian Plain

The zone of mixed (coniferous-deciduous) forests of the Russian Plain is characterized by a mild, humid temperate continental climate due to the close proximity to the Atlantic Ocean, warm humid air which significantly influences the formation of the natural zone. To the north, the plain borders on taiga, where weather conditions are more severe, in the south with forest-steppe, and in the west, mixed forests smoothly turn into broad-leaved forests of Europe. In the southern and western parts of the plain there is a lot of precipitation - up to 800 mm per year. This balance of heat and humidity allows a wide variety of crops to be grown here: wheat, flax, sugar beets, potatoes, etc.

West Siberian Plain

The West Siberian Plain is a vast lowland up to 1900 km wide and an area of ​​about 3 million km 2. Climate in different parts The plains range from sharply continental to moderately continental. Unlike the Russian Plain, there are no broad-leaved forests here. And the mixed forest zone Western Siberia runs along the Yekaterinburg-Novosibirsk line and is characterized by the highest humidity in Russia. Basically, mixed forests are located in the watersheds of the Yenisei, Ob and Irtysh rivers. Due to the high humidity brought by warm air masses from Atlantic Ocean, there are many areas of wetlands. in winter average temperature fluctuates from -15 to -30 degrees in the northeast. In July here from +5 to +20 in the south.

Amur region

The mixed forest of the Amur region and the Ussuri region covers the mountains of the region, smoothly turning into broad-leaved forests in the lowlands. It prevails here monsoon climate, and cedars, Japanese birches, maples, Manchurian ash trees, lindens, hornbeams and bird cherry trees grow. The dense vegetation is very diverse, there are many creeping plants, such as lemongrass, Amur grape, and actinidia. In the shade of these thickets, mosses and ferns grow luxuriantly. The climate here is characterized by humid and hot summers and harsh winter with dry, cold northwestern and north winds. Therefore, it is in summer that up to 95% of annual precipitation falls here.

Primorye Sikhote-Alin

Primorsky Krai occupies the south-eastern part Far East and is washed by the Sea of ​​Japan.

Mixed and broad-leaved forests occupy almost two-thirds of the entire area of ​​Primorye. The Sikhote-Alin Mountains occupy most of the territory of the Primorsky Territory. The southern coast is located at the latitude of the Black Sea.

The mixed forest consists of Mongolian oak, birch, spruce, and Korean pine. IN Ussuri taiga next to the liana there is a larch. The climate here is temperate, monsoon. Cold weather prevails in winter air masses, there is very little snow, but the weather is usually sunny. Summer, on the contrary, although warm, is foggy and rainy due to precipitation large quantity precipitation.

Bryansk region

The Bryansk region is located in the west of the Russian Plain and occupies the watershed between the Desna and Oka. The Bryansk region covers two natural zones and is distinguished by a wide variety of vegetation. Coniferous forests here alternate with mixed, broad-leaved and even forest-steppe.

The climate of the region is influenced by moist air currents coming from Atlantic coast. This region is characterized by cool summers and warm winters with thaws. Pine, spruce and birch trees grow in the region. Oak groves are often found in river floodplains. Aspen and alder grow in the eastern part of the region.

Nizhny Novgorod region

The climate in the Nizhny Novgorod region is temperate continental, which explains the warm summers and snowy winters. Very beautiful oak groves and pine-birch undergrowth are often found here. The soil in the Nizhny Novgorod region is quite fertile, since this natural zone has an almost ideal ratio between humidity and heat, which is generally characteristic of the East European Plain.

In the Left Bank part of the region, taiga and mixed forests grow; in the Right Bank, mostly broadleaf trees. The region contains such tree species as pine, fir, and spruce. Deciduous trees include oak, elm, ash, willow, rowan, and wild apple tree. Shrubs include buckthorn, hazel, etc. Southern zones forest-steppes are susceptible to extreme heat and drought.

The exception is the Priokskaya part, located in the southwest. Here the climate is milder and humid due to the influence of Atlantic air.

Broadleaf forests

Broad-leaved forests are located in the temperate zone and feel familiar with sufficient warm winter(-10 degrees) and cool summers (up to +24 degrees). Therefore, they grow in regions with a temperate maritime or temperate continental climate.

The soils of broadleaf forests are enriched with humus and, in some areas, chernozem, so the vegetation is highly diverse. Tree species are represented by oak, chestnut, beech; bird cherry and hazel are typical for undergrowth. Herbaceous plants include lungwort, sedge, hoofweed, etc.

In broadleaf forests, in addition to predators and rodents, there are many birds and ungulates: deer, wild boar, roe deer, and moose.

Kursk region

The Kursk region is located on the Central Russian Upland and its slopes. The nature of the terrain is rugged with many ravines and gullies. Natural area region - forest-steppe. Broad-leaved forests grow in the area between the valleys of the Tuskari and Seima rivers. Large forests are also found on the right bank of the Psel River. The forests mainly consist of oak, linden, pine and ash.

The climate here is temperate continental; in summer there are often heavy rains, in winter there is a lot of snow masses. The largest amount of precipitation, which is approximately 600 mm per year, falls in the southern and eastern regions of the region.

Moldavian forests

Moldova is located in the southwestern part of the East European Plain between the Dniester and Prut rivers, and also occupies the left bank of the Dniester. The nature of this region is characterized by alternation of forest, forest-steppe and plain areas. About a hundred species of shrubs grow on the territory, including dogwood, hawthorn, hazel, and barberry. Trees include oak, as well as oak forests interspersed with elm, maple, hornbeam, and poplar.

The climate of Moldova is temperate, continental, characterized by short mild winters and long hot summers.

Tula region

The region is located in the northeastern part of the Central Russian Upland and is a highly rugged area with river valleys, many hills and ravines. The territory is characterized by forest and forest-steppe natural zones.

The region is ruled by a moderate, continental climate With a large number precipitation at the beginning of warm summer, winter is not too cold and dry. Broad-leaved forests are picturesquely located in the valleys of the rivers Oka, Zushi, Upa and in the upper reaches of the Don. The trees most common in this area are oak, linden, poplar, maple, and birch. In the northern and western parts there are coniferous forests. In the Tula region there are about 25 species of trees and 50 species of shrubs.

Kazansky district

The Kazan region occupies the Ishim Plain and the banks of the Ishim and Alabuga rivers, and belongs to the forest-steppe natural zone. There are many lakes on the territory, in the floodplains of which birch and aspen forests grow.

The climate in this area is continental with short summer and quite long lasting cold winter. The region is often subject to the invasion of cold arctic masses, which can bring significant cold snaps even in summer. But the main influence is still exerted by the Atlantic direction, which softens too severe frosts. As a rule, it becomes cold here already at the end of September, and snowfall is possible in November.

The natural zone of broad-leaved forests has been significantly cultivated, but many human activities have disrupted the natural balance of the environment, causing great damage to the land and many species of plants and animals.