practice report

1. Monitoring the state of the natural environment in the territories of waste disposal facilities

Environmental control in accordance with Article 68 Federal Law“On Environmental Protection” sets as its objectives: monitoring the state of the natural environment and its changes under the influence of economic or other activities; verification of the implementation of plans and measures for nature protection, rational use of natural resources, improvement of the natural environment, compliance with the requirements of environmental legislation and environmental quality standards. The environmental monitoring system consists of a state service for monitoring the state of the environment, state production control.

In accordance with Article 71 of this Law, industrial environmental control is carried out by the environmental service of enterprises, organizations, institutions and aims to verify the implementation of plans and measures for nature protection and environmental improvement, rational use and reproduction of natural resources, compliance with environmental quality standards, compliance with environmental legislation requirements. We are talking here about the enterprise’s self-monitoring of its activities in the field of environmental protection. Monitoring allows you to make sure that the enterprise operates in accordance with the adopted environmental protection program.

Monitoring of the state of the environment in the zone of influence of the enterprise is carried out by the environmental service with the goals of:

descriptions of the state of the environment in the zone of influence of the enterprise;

practical implementation of control of atmospheric air, water bodies and soils in the zone of influence of the enterprise;

formation of a database of the state of the environment in the zone of influence of the enterprise;

development by the enterprise of special cartographic materials reflecting environmental situation in the zone of influence of the enterprise.

The environmental service of the enterprise is informationally connected with such departments as the departments of the chief power engineer, the chief mechanic, the department involved in waste removal, operating departments, the laboratory, etc. It accumulates all the information on the implementation of environmental management at the enterprise, compiles and maintains environmental reporting. To improve the efficiency of its activities it is necessary:

development of a system of production and environmental monitoring and organization of activities in the field of production environmental control;

use of non-traditional (non-instrumental) methods and monitoring tools.

The impact of waste on the environment depends on its qualitative and quantitative composition. They are heterogeneous in chemical composition, complex polycomponent mixtures of substances that have different physical and chemical properties that promote the migration of components in the environment. Therefore, waste monitoring is given great attention in methodological guidelines on the development of draft standards for waste generation.

To determine the most rational method of waste management, criteria have been developed for classifying waste into a certain hazard class. The assignment of waste to a hazard class can be carried out by calculation or experimental method. If a waste is classified as hazard class V by the calculation method, it must be confirmed by an experimental method. In the absence of confirmation of hazard class V by an experimental method, the waste may be classified as hazard class IV. High-quality classification of waste is impossible without analyzing its characteristics.

When developing standards for waste generation and licensing waste, enterprises need specialized accredited analytical laboratories, and the draft standards themselves indicate the means of control and measurement that are used to conduct appropriate analyzes and comply with standards for acceptable environmental impact when carrying out licensed activities. This information includes:

information about weighing and other metrological equipment included in the state register and passed state verification;

information about analytical equipment used to conduct quantitative and qualitative chemical analyses;

information about the licensee’s availability of relevant specialists.

For the normal functioning of the laboratory it is necessary to have:

laboratory premises that meet the relevant requirements and have the necessary laboratory equipment;

modern analytical and computer equipment for carrying out and processing analysis results with modern software products;

normative and methodological documents;

chemical reagents and consumables, auxiliary equipment.

The structure of the laboratory should consist of the following divisions:

chemical laboratory for air, water and soil analysis;

information processing hall.

In the information processing room, in addition to physical tables, there are cabinets for storing and placing the necessary equipment, spare and small instruments. To prevent possible corrosion and damage to expensive devices, no chemical operations are allowed in the information processing room.

The list of consumables and reagents required to carry out the measurement program, their quantity is determined based on the methods used, the consumption of reagents for one determination, losses during additional purification, the possibility of regenerating some reagents (solvents) and the permissible shelf life of reagents.

Impact of the enterprise on the environment

Impact of the mining and processing plant on the environment

Research methods and ecological state of the natural environment of the Rechitsa region

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Organization of environmental monitoring in Russia and the world

Fundamentals of organizing environmental control over the state of the environment

Assessment of the environmental impact of an industrial facility

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Assessment of the negative impact of the Dairy Plant LLC enterprise on the water basin, ways and means of minimizing it

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On the Procedure for monitoring the condition and pollution of the environment in the territories of waste disposal facilities by owners of waste disposal facilities, as well as persons who own or use waste disposal facilities...

MINISTRY OF NATURAL RESOURCES AND ECOLOGY OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION

ORDER

In accordance with subclause 5.2.62 of the Regulations on the Ministry of Natural Resources and Ecology of the Russian Federation, approved by Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation dated November 11, 2015 N 1219 (Collected Legislation of the Russian Federation, 2015, N 47, Art. 6586; 2016, N 2, Art. 325),

I order:

1. Approve the attached Procedure for monitoring the condition and pollution of the environment by owners of waste disposal facilities, as well as persons who own or use waste disposal facilities, in the territories of waste disposal facilities and within the limits of their impact on the environment.

2. Clause 8 of the attached Procedure for monitoring the condition and pollution of the environment by owners of waste disposal facilities, as well as persons who own or use waste disposal facilities, in the territories of waste disposal facilities and within the limits of their impact on the environment, comes into force from January 1, 2018.

Minister
S.E.Donskoy

Registered
at the Ministry of Justice
Russian Federation
June 10, 2016,
registration N 42512

The procedure for the owners of waste disposal facilities, as well as persons who own or use waste disposal facilities, to monitor the condition and pollution of the environment in the territories of waste disposal facilities and within the limits of their impact on the environment

I. General provisions

1. The procedure for monitoring the condition and pollution of the environment by owners of waste disposal facilities, as well as persons who own or use waste disposal facilities, in the territories of waste disposal facilities and within the limits of their impact on the environment (hereinafter referred to as the Monitoring Procedure) is established requirements for the organization and implementation of observations of the state and pollution of the environment in the territories of waste disposal sites and within the limits of their impact on the environment, assessment and forecast of changes in its condition, as well as requirements for the registration and presentation of the results obtained.

2. Monitoring the state and pollution of the environment in the territories of waste disposal sites and within the limits of their impact on the environment is part of the system of monitoring the state and pollution of the environment, assessing and forecasting changes in its condition under the influence of waste disposal sites and is carried out in order to prevent, reducing and eliminating (reducing) negative changes in environmental quality, informing state authorities, local governments, legal entities and individuals about the condition and pollution of the environment in the areas where waste disposal facilities are located.

The territory within the environmental impact of waste disposal facilities is determined on the basis of the standards for permissible environmental impact approved in the established manner.

3. The Monitoring Procedure does not apply to monitoring the condition and pollution of the environment at the following facilities:

waste disposal facilities decommissioned (including reclaimed or mothballed) in accordance with the established procedure;

waste disposal facilities located in territories the use of which for waste disposal is prohibited by the legislation of the Russian Federation;

special radioactive waste disposal facilities;

cattle burial grounds;

medical waste disposal facilities.

4. The monitoring procedure is intended for use by owners of waste disposal facilities, as well as persons who own or use waste disposal facilities, the Federal Service for Supervision of Natural Resources (hereinafter referred to as Rosprirodnadzor) and its territorial bodies, the Federal Service for Hydrometeorology and Monitoring environment and its territorial bodies and subordinate organizations, other government bodies, local governments, legal entities and individuals interested in obtaining data on the state and pollution of the environment in the areas where waste disposal facilities are located.

Monitoring of the state and pollution of the environment in the territories of waste disposal facilities and within the limits of their impact on the environment is carried out by the owners, owners of waste disposal facilities, if they directly operate such facilities, or by persons in whose use and operation the waste disposal facilities are located (hereinafter referred to as - persons operating waste disposal facilities) in accordance with the requirements in the field of hydrometeorology and related fields.

5. To organize work to monitor the condition and pollution of the environment in the territories of waste disposal facilities and within the limits of their impact on the environment, to assess and predict changes in its condition by persons operating waste disposal facilities, a program for monitoring the condition and pollution of the environment on the territory is being developed waste disposal facility and within the limits of its impact on the environment (hereinafter referred to as the monitoring program).

The monitoring program is approved by the person operating the waste disposal facility and is sent by notification on paper to the territorial body of Rosprirodnadzor at the location of the waste disposal facility or sent by post with a description of the contents and a notification of delivery.

The monitoring program can be submitted in the form electronic document, signed with a simple electronic signature in accordance with the requirements (Collected Legislation of the Russian Federation, 2011, N 15, Art. 2036; 2011, N 27, Art. 3880; 2012, N 29, Art. 3988; 2013, N 14, Art. 1668 ; N 27, art. 3463; 2014, N 11, art. 1098, N 26, art. 3390; 2016, N 1, art. 65).

6. The results of monitoring the condition and pollution of the environment in the territories of waste disposal facilities and within the limits of their impact on the environment are drawn up in the form of reports, which are compiled by persons operating these waste disposal facilities, and are submitted in a notification procedure to the territorial body of Rosprirodnadzor at the location of the facility waste disposal annually until January 15 of the year following the reporting year. A report on the results of monitoring the condition and pollution of the environment on the territory of the waste disposal facility and within the limits of their impact on the environment (hereinafter referred to as the report on the monitoring results) is drawn up in two copies, one copy of which is kept by the person operating this waste disposal facility, and the second a copy, together with an electronic version of the report on magnetic media, is sent by mail to the territorial body of Rosprirodnadzor at the location of the waste disposal facility.

A report on the monitoring results can be submitted in the form of an electronic document signed with a simple electronic signature in accordance with the requirements of the Federal Law of 04/06/2011 N 63-FZ “On Electronic Signature”.

7. In the cases provided for by paragraph 7 of Article 23 of the Federal Law of June 24, 1998 N 89-FZ “On Production and Consumption Waste” (Collected Legislation of the Russian Federation, 1998, N 26, Art. 3009; 2001, N 1, Art. 21 ; 2003, No. 167; 2004, No. 3607; 2005, No. 1752; 2006, No. 10; 2007, No. 46, art. .5554; 2008, No. 3616; No. 45, No. 17; 2011, No. 4590, No. 4596, No. 45 , art. 6732; 2012, N 26, art. 3446, N 27, art. 3587, N 31, art. 4317; 2013, N 30, art. 4059, N 43, art. 5448, N 48, art. 6165 ; 2014, N 30, art. 4220, art. 4262; 2015, N 1, art. 38, N 27, art. 3994, N 29, art. 4350, 2016, N 1, art. 12, Article 24), reports on the results of monitoring the condition and pollution of the environment in the territories of waste disposal sites and within the limits of their impact on the environment are used to confirm the elimination of the negative impact of waste disposal sites on the environment.

8. In relation to waste disposal facilities equipped with automatic means of measuring and recording the volume or mass of emissions of pollutants, discharges of pollutants and concentrations of pollutants, as well as technical means of recording and transmitting information on the volume and (or) mass of emissions of pollutants, discharges pollutants and the concentration of pollutants in the state data fund of state environmental monitoring (state environmental monitoring) in accordance with the requirements of Article 67 of the Federal Law of January 10, 2002 N 7-FZ “On Environmental Protection” (Collected Legislation of the Russian Federation, 2002, N 2, art. 133; 2004, no. 3607; 2005, no. 25; 2006, no. 10, art. 5498; N 7, art. 834; N 27, art. 3213; N 26, art. 3418; 2009, N 1, art. .1261; N 52, art. 6450; N 1, art. 54; N 29, art. 4281; no. 4590, art. 4596; N 50, art. 7359; 2012, N 26, art. 3446; 2013, N 11, art. 1164; N 27, art. 3477; N 30, art. 4059; N 52, art. 6971, art. 6974; 2014, N 11, art. 1092; N 30, art. 4220; N 48, art. 6642; 2015, N 27, art. 3994; N 29, art. 4359; N 48, art. 6723; 2016, No. 1, Art. 24), by the person operating the waste disposal facility, in the section “Information on indicators characterizing the state and pollution of the environment on the territory of the waste disposal facility and within the limits of its impact on the environment” of the report on the monitoring results, the data indicated in paragraphs 2 and 3 of clause 25 of this Monitoring Procedure are not included.

9. If, based on the results of monitoring, negative changes in the quality of the environment that have arisen in connection with the operation of waste disposal facilities are identified, persons operating these waste disposal facilities, in cases provided for by the legislation of the Russian Federation, immediately provide this information to the authorized state authorities, bodies local government and measures are taken to prevent, reduce and eliminate such changes in the manner established by the legislation of the Russian Federation.

II. Development of a program for monitoring the condition and pollution of the environment on the territory of the waste disposal facility and within the limits of its impact on the environment

10. The monitoring program is developed on the basis of available data on the state and pollution of the environment on the territory of the waste disposal site and within the limits of its impact on the environment.

In this case, at the discretion of persons operating waste disposal facilities, the following may be used:

data from the section "List of environmental protection measures", which is part of project documentation facility associated with waste disposal I-V class hazards, and materials on assessing the impact of a waste disposal facility on the environment;

stock observation data on the state and pollution of the environment in the area where the waste disposal facility is located and within the limits of their impact on the environment;

data on the background state of the environment in the area where the waste disposal facility is located;

observation data available to persons operating waste disposal facilities on the condition and pollution of the environment on the territory of the waste disposal facility and within the limits of its impact on the environment;

materials, previously conducted environmental surveys on the territory of the waste disposal site and within the limits of its impact on the environment.

11. When developing a monitoring program, the following are taken into account:

design characteristics ( technical features) waste disposal facility;

origin, types, quantity and hazard classes of disposed waste;

physical and geographical conditions in the area where the waste disposal facility is located;

geological and hydrogeological conditions in the area where the waste disposal facility is located.

III. Composition and content of the program for monitoring the condition and pollution of the environment in the territories of waste disposal sites and within the limits of their impact on the environment

12. The monitoring program includes the following sections:

general information about the waste disposal facility;

goals and objectives of monitoring the state and pollution of the environment on the territory of the waste disposal facility and within the limits of its impact on the environment;

information about the sources of information used in developing the monitoring program;

justification for the selection of components of the natural environment and natural objects to be monitored on the territory of the waste disposal site and within the limits of its impact on the environment;

justification for the selection of observed indicators of components of the natural environment and natural objects characterizing the state and pollution of the environment on the territory of the waste disposal site and within the limits of its impact on the environment, the frequency of observations;

justification for the choice of sampling sites, points for instrumental measurements, determinations and observations;

composition of the report on the results of monitoring the condition and pollution of the environment on the territory of the waste disposal facility and within the limits of its impact on the environment;



applications.

13. In the section “General information about the waste disposal facility”, details of the letter are provided, which sent the characteristics of the waste disposal facility to the territorial body of Rosprirodnadzor, compiled based on the results of an inventory of waste disposal facilities in accordance with approved (registered with the Ministry of Justice of Russia on 06/08/2010, registration N 17520), as amended by order of the Ministry of Natural Resources of Russia dated December 9, 2010 N 541 (registered with the Ministry of Justice of Russia on February 3, 2011, registration N 19685).

14. The section “Goals and objectives of monitoring the state and pollution of the environment on the territory of a waste disposal facility and within its environmental impact” provides the goals and objectives of monitoring the state and pollution of the environment on the territory of a given waste disposal facility and within its limits impact on the environment.

15. The section “Information on sources of information used in the development of the monitoring program” indicates the sources of information (in accordance with paragraph 10 of this Procedure) used in the development of the monitoring program, and also provides data from these sources of information necessary for organizing and carrying out work to monitor the condition and pollution of the environment on the territory of the waste disposal facility and within the limits of its impact on the environment.

16. In the section “Justification for the selection of components of the natural environment and natural objects to be observed on the territory of the waste disposal site and within the limits of its impact on the environment” the following is given:

data on the background state and pollution of atmospheric air, surface and groundwater, soil, flora and fauna (if necessary), as well as natural objects in the area where the waste disposal facility is located;

data characterizing the potential and direct impact of waste disposal facilities on the atmospheric air, surface and groundwater, soil, flora and fauna (if necessary), as well as individual ecological systems and natural landscapes in the area where the waste disposal facility is located.

Based on a comparative assessment of the above data, a conclusion is made about conducting observations of specific components of the natural environment and natural objects on the territory of the waste disposal facility and within the limits of its impact on the environment.

Deciding on the need to conduct observations of objects flora is accepted based on the results of the analysis of geochemical data on the state of groundwater and/or soil cover if there is evidence of their contamination.

The decision on the need to conduct observations of fauna objects is made based on the results of the analysis of geochemical data on the state of the vegetation cover in the presence of evidence of its pollution and/or on the results of the analysis of physiognomic data on the state of the vegetation cover in the presence of evidence of its oppression.

17. In the section “Justification for the selection of observed indicators of components of the natural environment and natural objects characterizing the state and pollution of the environment on the territory of the waste disposal facility and within the limits of its impact on the environment, the frequency of observations” the following indicators are indicated (physical, chemical, biological, other) conditions and pollution of the environment, the change of which is possible as a result of waste disposal at a given facility, and the frequency of their observation is justified depending on the properties of the components of the natural environment and the accuracy of measurements (determinations).

Herbs, shrubs, trees and other plants can be used as test samples of plant objects characterizing the impact of a waste disposal facility on a given component of the natural environment. Observations of the state of the vegetation cover are carried out during the growing season.

Fish, amphibians, and mammals (rodents) can be used as test samples of animal objects characterizing the impact of a waste disposal facility on a given component of the natural environment.

18. The section “Justification for the selection of sampling sites, points for instrumental measurements, determinations and observations” provides data that allows one to draw a conclusion about the optimal location and sufficiency of sampling sites, points for instrumental measurements, determinations and observations of atmospheric air, surface and groundwater , soils, flora and fauna (if necessary).

The decision on the location and number of sampling sites, points for instrumental measurements of atmospheric air, soils is made taking into account the directions of prevailing winds and taking into account the types of permitted land use in areas adjacent to waste disposal sites.

The decision on the location of sampling sites and points for instrumental measurements of groundwater is made taking into account:

the prevalence and conditions of occurrence of aquifers and impermeable rocks;

location of the boundaries of aquifer recharge areas (within the territory of the waste disposal facility) and the boundaries of their discharge areas (within the territory of the waste disposal facility or within its impact on groundwater).

Observations of the condition and contamination of groundwater in the zone affected by waste disposal facilities are carried out on the first aquifer from the earth's surface. In case of detection of contamination of the first from the earth's surface aquifer and the high probability of this contamination spreading further inland, observations are also carried out on the underlying aquifer. If contamination of the second aquifer from the earth's surface is detected and there is a high probability of this contamination spreading further inland, observations are carried out on the underlying aquifer.

19. In the section “Composition of the report on the results of monitoring the condition and pollution of the environment on the territory of the waste disposal facility and within the limits of their impact on the environment”:

provides requirements for the composition, completeness and detail of information that must be contained in the report on the results of monitoring the condition and pollution of the environment on the territory of the waste disposal facility and within the limits of its impact on the environment, including taking into account the provisions of Chapter IV of this Monitoring Procedure;

Based on the generalization of information presented in the previous sections of the monitoring program, minimum appropriate time intervals for conducting observations of the state and pollution of the environment are proposed.

20. The section “List of sources used” indicates a list of regulatory legal acts, regulatory technical and instructional documents, publications used in the preparation of the monitoring program, indicating their authors, names, sources, publishers and publication dates.

21. The “Applications” section includes:

diagram of the territory of the waste disposal facility and adjacent areas;

layout diagrams of sampling sites, points of instrumental measurements, determinations and observations;

IV. Composition and content of the report on the results of monitoring the condition and pollution of the environment in the territories of accommodation facilities and within the limits of their impact on the environment

22. The report on the monitoring results must correspond to the approved monitoring program and include the following sections:

information about the waste disposal facility;

information on ensuring monitoring of the state and pollution of the environment on the territory of the waste disposal facility and within the limits of its impact on the environment;

information on indicators (physical, chemical, biological, other) characterizing the state and pollution of the environment on the territory of the waste disposal facility and within the limits of its impact on the environment;

processing and documentation of observation data on the state and pollution of the environment on the territory of the waste disposal facility and within the limits of its impact on the environment;

assessment and forecast of changes in the state of the environment;

list of sources used;

applications.

23. In the section “Information about the waste disposal facility”, details of the last letter are provided, which sent the characteristics of the waste disposal facility to the territorial body of Rosprirodnadzor, compiled based on the results of an inventory of waste disposal facilities in accordance with the Rules for the inventory of waste disposal facilities, approved by order of the Ministry of Natural Resources of Russia dated 25.02. .2010 N 49.

24. In the section “Information on ensuring observations of the state and pollution of the environment on the territory of the waste disposal facility and within the limits of its impact on the environment” the following information is provided:

on organizations involved in monitoring the state and pollution of the environment on the territory of the waste disposal facility and within the limits of its impact on the environment;

about the means of sampling, instrumental measurements, determinations and observations used and their compliance with legal requirements;

about the techniques (methods) used for sampling, instrumental measurements, definitions and their compliance with legal requirements;

copies of documents on accreditation of the testing laboratory (center) and the scope of its (his) accreditation in accordance with the Federal Law of December 28, 2013 N 412-FZ “On accreditation in the national accreditation system” (Collected Legislation of the Russian Federation, 2013, N 52, Art. 6977, 2014, N 26, Art. 3366), which carried out instrumental measurements certified by the seal and signature of the authorized official testing laboratory (center);

copies of sampling reports.

25. The section “Information on indicators characterizing the state and pollution of the environment on the territory of the waste disposal facility and within the limits of its impact on the environment” provides the results of observations of the state of physical, chemical, biological and other indicators:

atmospheric air;

surface waters;

groundwater;

soils (in the year of work to assess the condition of soils);

flora and fauna (if necessary).

26. In the section “Processing and documentation of observation data on the state and pollution of the environment on the territory of the waste disposal facility and within the limits of its impact on the environment” the following is given:

results of assessment and dynamics of environmental changes under the influence of a waste disposal facility (compared to background data on the state and pollution of the environment in the area where the waste disposal facility is located and data from previous observations) and data on the forecast of such changes;

ongoing and planned measures to prevent, reduce and eliminate negative changes in environmental quality;

information on informing state authorities, local governments, legal entities and individuals about the condition and pollution of the environment in the area where the waste disposal facility is located.

27. The section “Assessment and forecast of changes in the state of the environment” provides comparative data on the indicators of components of the natural environment and natural objects characterizing the state and pollution of the environment on the territory of the waste disposal facility and within the limits of its impact on the environment, for the reporting period and for previous reporting periods, as well as data on the expected values ​​of indicators of components of the natural environment and natural objects for the upcoming reporting period.

When submitting the first report on monitoring results, environmental changes are assessed in comparison with the background values ​​of indicators of the components of the natural environment and natural objects in the area where the waste disposal site is located.

28. The section “List of sources used” indicates a list of regulatory legal acts, regulatory technical and instructional documents, publications used in preparing the report on the results of environmental monitoring, indicating their authors, names, sources, publishers and publication dates.

29. The “Applications” section includes:

calendar plan for carrying out work to monitor the condition and pollution of components of the natural environment and natural objects;

copies of documents and materials on the compliance of the sampling means used, instrumental measurements, definitions with the requirements of the legislation of the Russian Federation;

copies of documents and materials on the compliance of the sampling techniques (methods) used, instrumental measurements, definitions with the requirements of the legislation of the Russian Federation;

other materials at the discretion of the person operating the waste disposal facility.



Electronic document text
prepared by Kodeks JSC and verified against:
Official Internet portal
legal information
www.pravo.gov.ru, 06.15.2016,
N 0001201606150049

On the Procedure for monitoring the condition and pollution of the environment by owners of waste disposal facilities, as well as persons who own or use waste disposal facilities, in the territories of waste disposal facilities and within the limits of their impact on the environment

Document title:	On the Procedure for monitoring the condition and pollution of the environment by owners of waste disposal facilities, as well as persons who own or use waste disposal facilities, in the territories of waste disposal facilities and within the limits of their impact on the environment
Document number:	66
Document type:	Order of the Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment of Russia (Ministry of Natural Resources and Ecology of the Russian Federation)
Receiving authority:	Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment of Russia (Ministry of Natural Resources and Ecology of the Russian Federation)
Status:	Active
Published:	Official Internet portal of legal information www.pravo.gov.ru, 06/15/2016, N 0001201606150049 Bulletin of normative acts of federal executive authorities, N 30, 07/25/2016
Acceptance date:	March 04, 2016
Start date:	June 26, 2016

Since March 2016, Russian business entities whose work involves the disposal of waste material are required to systematically carry out environmental monitoring. This measure is legally enshrined in the relevant order of the Russian Government.

The natural environment extends over the entire territory negative influence waste storage facility. The procedure for implementing environmental monitoring is established by executive bodies of state supervision and management in the field of control and work with waste material within their competence.

Who should conduct environmental monitoring at waste disposal sites?

Conduct environmental monitoring established pattern are obliged:

• owners of storage facilities and location of waste material and secondary raw materials;
• individuals and legal entities who use waste and their disposal facilities;
• state supervisory authorities at the relevant federal and territorial levels, headed by Rosprirodnadzor;
• representatives of local government, public organizations, legal and individuals who need information about indicators of state dynamics natural environment at the locations of waste material and their storage facilities.

The order on the systematic implementation of environmental monitoring of the state of the natural environment is not relevant for the following business entities:

• mothballed, legally decommissioned waste material disposal sites;
• livestock and animal burial areas;
• storage facilities for pharmaceutical and medical waste raw materials;
• facilities where radioactive waste materials are located;
• illegally organized waste disposal and disposal facilities.

Environmental Monitoring Program

Observation and accumulation of information about the dynamics of the natural environment within the territorial limits of the location of waste and secondary raw materials is carried out according to the established procedure - in accordance with the list of environmental monitoring measures. The environmental monitoring program is developed by relevant specialists of the enterprise whose activities are related to waste disposal, based on information from the following documents and reports:

• reports on previously conducted observations of changes in the state of the environment within the location and influence of the waste material disposal site;
• background indicators of the dynamics of the natural environment in the area where waste raw materials and their storage facility are located;
• background indicators of the dynamics of environmental indicators within the influence of the activities of the site where waste material is located and buried;
• analysis of the impact assessment of the waste material location on the ecological space;
• indicators from the design documentation of enterprises whose activities are related to waste raw materials of all hazard classes, namely the data of the environmental subsection.

When drawing up an environmental monitoring program, information such as the technical and economic characteristics of the enterprise for storing and using waste, the type and class of waste material, physical properties, geological and geographical features disposal of waste raw materials.

This information allows you to adjust the list of environmental monitoring activities and requirements for them depending on the level of harmfulness and negative impact of the business entity on the environment.

After approval at the waste disposal facility, the environmental monitoring program is sent to the supervisory authorities at the appropriate territorial level (territorial bodies of Rosprirodnadzor) in paper and/or electronic form. The letter must also include an inventory of the contents of the parcel and a delivery receipt.

Requirements for reporting documentation on environmental monitoring

The results of environmental monitoring at waste material disposal enterprises are documented in the form of environmental reports in the prescribed form. An environmental report on the dynamics of the state of the natural environment in the areas where waste raw materials are located must contain data on the study of soil, water and air flow samples within the location of the enterprise and on the border of the sanitary protection zone.

The collected samples are examined for the content of nitrates, calcium, copper, mercury, lead, magnesium, cyanide, lithium, magnesium and other harmful substances and compounds. To implement industrial control of the dynamics of the natural environment at waste raw material sites, special instruments, devices and equipment must be used (for example, pits and wells are needed to take water samples).

Environmental reporting is prepared in two copies (in paper and electronic form), the first of which is stored at the waste disposal facility, and the second is sent by mail to the Rosprirodnadzor authorities at the appropriate level. The approved environmental monitoring report should be submitted to the state supervisory authorities at the appropriate level before January 15 of the year following the reporting period.

The Ecosafety company offers the implementation of environmental monitoring in the areas where waste materials are disposed of for enterprises in all fields of activity. We offer fast, high-quality and affordable environmental studies to analyze the dynamics of the natural environment, predict future changes, and program development services environmental observations and preparation of reports for submission to state supervisory authorities.

In accordance with clause 6.4 SP 2.1.7.1038-01 “Hygienic requirements for the design and maintenance of landfills for solid household waste"(hereinafter - SP 2.1.7.1038-01) for municipal solid waste (MSW) landfills, a special program (plan) of production control (monitoring) is being developed, which should include information on monitoring the condition of underground and surface water bodies, atmospheric air, soils, noise levels in the zone of possible adverse influence of solid waste landfills.

Monitoring of solid waste landfills must be carried out taking into account the requirements of the following documents:

• SP 2.1.7.1038-01;
• Instructions for the design, operation and reclamation of landfills for solid household waste, approved by the Ministry of Construction of Russia on November 2, 1996 (hereinafter referred to as the Instructions);
• SanPiN 2.2.1/2.1.1.1200-03 “Sanitary protection zones and sanitary classification of enterprises, structures and other objects” (as amended on April 25, 2014);
• GOST 17.1.5.05-85 “Nature conservation. Hydrosphere. General requirements for sampling of surface and sea waters, ice and precipitation";
• SanPiN 2.1.5.980-00 “Hygienic requirements for the protection of surface waters” (as amended on 02/04/2011 and 09/25/2014);
• SanPiN 2.1.7.1287-03 “Sanitary and epidemiological requirements for soil quality” (as amended on April 25, 2007).

PLEASE NOTE

According to paragraph 7 of Art. 12 of the Federal Law of June 24, 1998 No. 89-FZ “On Production and Consumption Waste” (as amended on December 29, 2014) prohibited disposal of waste at solid waste landfills not included in the State Register of Waste Disposal Facilities (GRORO).
Currently, all solid waste landfills must be brought into compliance with the current environmental legislation of the Russian Federation, as well as carry out an inventory of these facilities and apply in writing to the territorial body of Rosprirodnadzor to register the landfills with the Regional Environmental Protection Agency .
Information on whether the solid waste landfill is included in the GRRORO can be found on the Rosprirodnadzor website in the subsection “State Register of Waste Disposal Facilities”http://rpn.gov.ru/node/853, located in the “Waste Inventory” section.

According to clause 1.30 of the Instructions special monitoring project(i.e. the previously mentioned special program (plan) of production control (monitoring)) should include the following sections:

• monitoring the condition of underground and surface water bodies, atmospheric air, soils and plants, noise pollution in the area of ​​possible adverse influence of the landfill;
• a system for controlling technological processes at a landfill, ensuring the prevention of pollution of underground and surface water bodies, atmospheric air, soils and plants, and noise pollution above permissible limits in cases where the polluting influence of landfills is detected.

Based on clause 6.6 SP 2.1.7.1038-01 and clause 1.31 of the Instructions, the production control system must include devices and structures for monitoring the condition of ground and surface waters, atmospheric air, soil and plants, as well as noise pollution in the area of ​​possible influence of the solid waste landfill.

The monitoring system serves as an information basis for determining the effectiveness of carried out environmental activities at the solid waste landfill, as well as a database for the development of technical and technological solutions to improve the operation of the landfill.

According to clause 6.5 of SP 2.1.7.1038-01, a program (plan) for production control of the solid waste landfill is being developed landfill owner(based on clause 1.30 of the Instructions - according to the technical specifications of the landfill owner) in accordance with sanitary rules on production control over compliance with sanitary and epidemiological requirements. Paragraph 1.30 of the Instructions states that such a program should be agreed upon with the authorities authorized to do so.

MONITORING THE CONDITION OF ATMOSPHERIC AIR

The monitoring system for a solid waste landfill must include constant monitoring of the state of the air environment. For this purpose, samples of atmospheric air in the ground layer above the waste areas of the landfill and at the border of the sanitary protection zone are analyzed quarterly for the content of compounds that characterize the process of biochemical decomposition of solid waste and pose the greatest danger.

In accordance with clause 6.8 of SP 2.1.7.1038-01 and clause 1.36 of the Instructions, the volume of determined indicators and the frequency of sampling are justified in the production control program of the solid waste landfill and are agreed upon with the regulatory authorities. Typically, when analyzing atmospheric air samples, the content of methane, hydrogen sulfide, ammonia, carbon monoxide, benzene, trichloromethane, carbon tetrachloride, and chlorobenzene is determined.

When establishing the degree of atmospheric air pollution above the MPC at the border of the sanitary protection zone and above the MPC r.z. in the work area (Tables 1.3 and 1.4 of the Instructions), appropriate measures must be taken that take into account the nature and level of pollution and aimed at reducing this level.

Extraction
from the Instructions

Table 1.3

MAC OF MAIN POLLUTANTS RELEASED INTO THE AIR ATMOSPHERE AT MSW LANDFILLS

Table 1.4

MAC OF MAIN POLLUTANTS (WORK AREA) RELEASED INTO THE ATMOSPHERE AIR AT MSW LANDS IN THE PERSONNEL WORK AREA

SOIL CONDITION MONITORING

Industrial control of a solid waste landfill should include constant monitoring of the condition of the soil in the area of ​​possible influence of the landfill.

According to clause 6.9 of SP 2.1.7.1038-01, soil quality is controlled by chemical (content of heavy metals, nitrites, nitrates, bicarbonates, organic carbon, pH, cyanides, lead, mercury, arsenic), microbiological (total bacterial count, coli-titer, Proteus titer, helminth eggs) and radiological indicators. The number of chemical and microbiological indicators can be expanded only at the request of the territorial center of state sanitary and epidemiological surveillance(hereinafter referred to as TsGSEN).

Based on clause 1.38 of the Instructions, the quality of soil and plants is controlled for the content of exogenous chemical substances (ECS), which should not exceed the maximum permissible concentration in the soil and, accordingly, not exceed the residual amounts of harmful ECS in the commercial plant mass above permissible limits. The volume of determined chemical substances and the frequency of monitoring are determined in the landfill monitoring project (i.e., in the production control program) and are agreed upon with specially authorized environmental protection authorities.

MONITORING THE CONDITION OF SURFACE AND GROUND WATER

The monitoring program also includes analysis of surface and groundwater.

In accordance with clause 6.7 SP 2.1.7.1038-01, in agreement with the territorial TsGSEN and other regulatory authorities (according to clause 1.32 of the Instruction - in agreement with the hydrogeological service, local sanitary and epidemiological supervision and nature conservation authorities), the condition is monitored groundwater— depending on the depth of their occurrence, control pits, wells or boreholes are designed in the green zone of the landfill and outside the sanitary protection zone of the landfill. A control structure is installed upstream of the landfill along the groundwater flow in order to take samples of water that is not influenced by leachate from the landfill.

Based on clause 1.32 of the Instructions, water samples from control pits, wells and boreholes located upstream of the landfill along the groundwater flow characterize their initial state. Below the landfill along the groundwater flow (at a distance of 50-100 m, if there is no danger of groundwater contamination from other sources), 1-2 wells (pits, boreholes) are laid to take water samples in order to identify the influence of the landfill runoff on it. Wells with a depth of 2-6 m are made of reinforced concrete pipes with a diameter of 700-900 mm to a level of 0.2 m below the groundwater level. The filter bottom consists of a layer of crushed stone 200 mm thick. They go down into the well using a stationary ladder. When groundwater occurs deeper, its control is carried out using wells. The design of structures should ensure the protection of groundwater from accidental contamination, the possibility of drainage and pumping, as well as the convenience of taking water samples. The volume of indicators to be determined and the frequency of sampling are justified in the landfill monitoring program.

According to clause 6.7 of SP 2.1.7.1038-01 and clause 1.34 of the Instructions, sampling sites are designed above the landfill on surface water sources and below the landfill on drainage ditches surface waters.

In the selected samples of ground and surface waters, the content of ammonia, nitrites, nitrates, bicarbonates, calcium, chlorides, iron, sulfates, lithium, COD, BOD, organic carbon, pH, magnesium, cadmium, chromium, cyanide, lead, mercury, arsenic, copper, barium, dry residue. Samples are also examined for helminthological and bacteriological indicators. If in samples taken downstream a significant increase in the concentrations of the determined substances is established compared to the control, it is necessary, in agreement with the regulatory authorities, to expand the scope of the determined indicators, and in cases where the content of the determined substances exceeds the MPC, measures should be taken to limit the entry of pollutants into groundwater up to the MPC level.

"Ecologist's Handbook" No. 2, 2015.

A mixture of different types of waste is garbage, but if they are collected separately, we get resources that can be used. To date, in a large city, per person per year there is an average of 250,300 kg of solid household waste, and the annual increase is about 5, which leads to the rapid growth of landfills, both authorized registered and wild unregistered. The composition and volume of household waste is extremely diverse and depends not only on the country and area, but also on the time of year and many...

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Waste monitoring

Waste is materials and items that are disposed of by their owner. at will(or as required by law), which makes it necessary to organize their collection, sorting, cleaning, transportation and processing, storage and further processing or any other use, as well as disposal.

A mixture of different types of waste is garbage , but if we collect them separately we get resources , which can be used/.

Waste is divided into several types:

Household waste /MSW/ - garbage that accumulates in apartments, houses, large stores, consumer service enterprises, etc.

Industrial waste- waste accumulated at industrial enterprises.

To date, in a large city, per person per year on average 250-300 kg of municipal solid waste (MSW), and the annual increase is about 5%, which leads to the rapid growth of landfills, both permitted (registered) and “wild” (unregistered).

Each of us regularly has a huge number of unnecessary items in our homes: old newspapers, cans, used packaging, used batteries, old refrigerators, and televisions. All this completely unsafe garbage constitutes household waste, which ultimately ends up in a landfill.

The composition and volume of household waste is extremely diverse and depends not only on the country and area, but also on the time of year and many other factors.

Paper and cardboard packaging and wrapping materials make up the most significant part of waste (up to 40% in developed countries).

The second largest category of waste is food waste (20-38%). It would seem that it would be easier to find useful uses for food waste. Such attempts have been made in our country. Food waste was collected in boxes labeled “food waste,” the contents of which were intended to be fed to pigs. But this idea failed. It was all to blame low culture and environmental irresponsibility of the population. Food waste was thrown into boxes without being separated from all other waste. As a result, everything ended up in such “food waste,” and first the pigs, and only then the managers of the pig farms, refused to accept the “generous” gift from the city.

Many household wastes wood, textiles, grass, leaves are utilized by microorganisms. However, in the process of human development, man has created many synthetic chemicals that are not found in nature and, therefore, cannot be decomposed naturally. Plastic currently accounts for up to 8% of weight and 30% of volume packaging materials; absolute quantity plastic waste in developed countries it doubles every ten years. In addition to plastic, more than 10,000 new chemicals are synthesized around the world every year, and most of them, once they are no longer needed, can have an adverse effect on the environment for many years. Unfortunately, manufacturers, having created new products, are not responsible for what happens to them after they have served their useful life.

There are annual norms for the accumulation of household waste per person, per bed in a hotel, per square meter of retail space in a store, etc. major cities trash accumulation rates are usually influenced by the level of development of lung and food industry, packaging materials industry, climate zone and, of course, the mentality and well-being of the population. In the industrial cities of central Russia, the per capita waste rate is now estimated at 225-250 kilograms per year. For comparison: in developed European countries, such as Belgium, Great Britain, Germany, Denmark, Italy, the Netherlands, Sweden, Switzerland, Japan, this figure already in 1995-1996 reached 340-440 kilograms, and in the USA it exceeded 720 kilograms per person per year.

Regular components of household waste that typically end up in yard containers include paper, cardboard, food scraps, textiles, wood, leaves, ferrous and non-ferrous metals, bones, glass, leather, rubber, stones, ceramics, and polymer materials. Often, bulky waste is thrown there: construction waste, old furniture, household appliances and others. Many wastes are toxic. Just one “finger” battery contaminates 20 cubic meters of garbage with heavy metal salts and chemicals, and with broken thermometers and mercury-containing devices ends up in landfills every year large number mercury, in France this figure is calculated - 5 tons.

The problem of protecting the environment from garbage can be solved in two ways - destruction and recycling; the latter implies its transformation into a useful product.

The main methods of solid waste disposal are burial and incineration.

Methods of solid waste disposal - reuse, recycling, composting.

Garbage disposal. Pthe consequences of garbage disposal do not become less destructive and sooner or later, after a year or ten years, they inevitably manifest themselves in the form of soil, groundwater or air pollution. Dumping waste or throwing it into the sea is simply shifting our problems onto the shoulders of our descendants.

Landfills lead to significant environmental degradation: pollution of air, soil and groundwater with methane, sulfur dioxide, solvents, 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-1,4-dioxane (dioxin), insecticides, heavy metals in the form of their salts and others harmful substances. Landfills are the cause of soil subsidence, unproductive use of land plots instead of their useful allocation for gardening, housing construction or socially significant structures, etc. Landfills contribute to the emergence of epidemiological dangers associated with the appearance of rodents and the transmission of various diseases by them. As landfills increase in size, they encroach and gradually occupy “green” areas and suburban recreational areas. This, in turn, requires increased costs for waste transportation and contributes to further pollution of territories by vehicle exhaust gases.

The disposal of solid waste is associated with the allocation of large plots of land for landfills and their separation from beneficial use. In addition, valuable secondary raw materials (waste paper, plastics, glass, metals, etc.), which can and should be involved in useful production cycles, are disposed of in landfills.

Landfill as a means of disposal of waste

In general, despite its long history, humanity has not yet found an acceptable way to get rid of solid waste. From 73% to 97% of solid household waste in different countries is collected by municipal services or, in some cases, by private companies and transported outside the city to landfills or, as they are also called, landfills for waste disposal.

A landfill is not only a place for storing waste, but also a source of fires, unpleasant odors, and an area infested with hordes of rats, crows, and insects that carry infection. Managers of city services responsible for waste collection do not always understand the potential environmental hazard hidden in an open garbage dump, how the water cycle occurs, what substances can appear during the decomposition of waste and what consequences this can lead to public health. It is customary to either bury waste in an official landfill or simply dump it out and then cover it with earth. The garbage is covered with a layer of soil several tens of centimeters thick; At the same time, there is no air pollution and the reproduction of unwanted animals. /After the landfill is filled to capacity, trees are planted in this place or a playground is arranged./ It would seem, what more could you want? The landfill has ceased to be a landfill and you can forget about all the unpleasant aesthetic sensations associated with it. However, not everything is so simple. The most serious problem that can arise is groundwater contamination. Rainwater, seeping through solid household waste buried in a landfill, dissolves toxic substances present in the garbage. These can be salts of iron, lead, zinc and other metals from rusting cans, discharged batteries, accumulators, and various household electrical appliances. It will not do without pesticides, detergents, solvents, dyes and other toxic chemicals. From time to time, “deposits” of mercury are discovered in landfills. Waste fluorescent lamps containing mercury pose a huge danger. Every year, 10 million of them accumulate in the world.

The danger of water pollution is especially likely if the landfill site is chosen in a wetland, as a result of which this entire “bouquet” of pollutants can quickly find its way into groundwater, and from there into the wells of local residents.

Garbage simply covered with soil has no access to oxygen; in this case, rotting occurs with the release of gas, 2/3 consisting of flammable methane. Forming in the depth of buried waste, it can spread in cavities of the earth, penetrate into the basements of buildings, accumulate there and explode when ignited, leading to the destruction of houses and human casualties. If methane spreads to the surface of the earth, it poisons the roots of plants, insects, and microflora. If there is no vegetation, then erosion may begin - washing away the soil cover with rainwater and exposing waste. Finally, as waste decomposes, cavities form and soil subsidence can occur. Water will accumulate in the resulting pits, and the entire former landfill may turn into a swamp. The problem of disposal of household waste, known as the “landfill crisis,” has become especially acute in developed countries with their high population density. In Japanese harbors there are entire “islands” made from mountains of household waste. Many Western countries export both radioactive or acutely toxic waste and household waste to developing countries.

Landfill problems

Until recently, the most common way to deal with household waste in cities - taking it to landfills - does not solve the problem, but aggravates it. Landfills are not only an epidemiological danger, they inevitably become a powerful source biological pollution. This happens due to the fact that anaerobic (without access to air) decomposition of organic waste is accompanied by the formation of explosive biogas, which can pose a threat to humans, has a harmful effect on vegetation, and poisons water and air. Moreover, the main component of biogas - methane - is recognized as one of the culprits greenhouse effect, destruction of the ozone layer of the atmosphere and other global disasters. In total, more than one hundred toxic substances are released into the environment from waste. Landfills often burn, emitting toxic smoke into the atmosphere.

Vast territories have been alienated for landfills for decades; they, of course, could be used more profitably. And finally, in order to equip a landfill and maintain it at the level of modern environmental requirements, large funds are needed. Reclamation of closed (no longer operational) landfills is very expensive. This is a whole set of measures, the purpose of which is to stop the harmful effects of landfills on the environment, including soil and groundwater. Reclamation of just one hectare landfill costs today 6 million rubles. Transport costs for transporting waste are also high, since landfills are usually located far from the city.

Is it dangerous to live next to a landfill?

Dioxins and furans

The combustion of polymer materials containing chlorine is inevitably accompanied by the appearance of chlorine-containing toxic components - dioxins and furans - in the flue gases. That's what they call it large group substances whose molecules are based on two six-membered carbon rings. There are 210 similar compounds known in organic chemistry. If they do not contain chlorine atoms, then these substances are no more toxic than, for example, gasoline, but when hydrogen atoms are replaced by chlorine atoms in the rings, dioxins and furans are formed that are dangerous to nature and humans - about 20 compounds in total to varying degrees toxicity. They have attracted the attention of environmentalists and specialists over the past two decades, especially after an explosion at a chemical plant in the city of Seveso in Italy. Then the cloud, containing high concentrations of dioxin, spread over an area of ​​16 square kilometers and caused mass poisoning of people and domestic animals.

Sources of dioxins and furans - not only emergency situations at enterprises chemical industry. These toxic substances are formed under normal conditions during the combustion of wood, waste, diesel fuel, during copper smelting, pulp production, in cement kilns and other (especially chemical) industries. All of these are controlled emissions of dioxins, but there are also more powerful uncontrolled sources, mainly burning landfills, bonfires in which garbage and plant waste are burned, including in garden plots. Their combustion temperature is relatively low - up to 600o C. In this mode, tens of times more dioxins and furans are formed than in waste incineration plants, which use a high-temperature process (over 1000o C). If the plant technology is strictly followed, the concentration of chlorine-containing toxic components in flue gases drops to the lowest standard values ​​​​adopted in European countries, and now in Moscow. In other words, unlike disposal in landfills, when burning waste at a plant, you can not only control its quantity and impact on the environment, but also, which is very important, control this process.

Researchers from Yale University and the New York State Department of Health answered this question quite clearly: pregnant women living near toxic waste sites have an increased risk of giving birth to a child with serious birth defects. Scientists examined the health of 27,115 infants and found that women living within a one-mile radius of a landfill were 12% more likely to give birth to a sick child.

Further analysis showed that living near landfills increases the likelihood of developing violations nervous system by 29%, bone- muscular system by 16%, skin by 32%. The presence of pesticides in landfills correlates with the formation of cleft palates in newborns and congenital defects of the muscular system, metals and solvents with congenital anomalies of the nervous system, plastics with chromosomal abnormalities. A similar study was conducted in the UK. A study of the health of more than 1,000 newborns found that if their mothers lived within a 3 km radius of landfills toxic substances, their children were 33% more likely to develop spina bifida, heart failure and other birth defects.

A medical study of adults living near an acid dump showed that they had an increased incidence of ear infections, bronchitis, asthma, sore throat, and skin rashes. They suffer from a constant cough, nausea, unsteady gait, and frequent urination.

Burning garbage

Both solid and liquid waste can be incinerated. This method is not rational and economical, since toxic oxidation products are released during combustion. When burning waste, there is rapid wear and tear of installations (incinerators), the release of harmful combustion products into the atmosphere and its re-pollution, and the release of toxic salts of heavy metals into the soil and aquatic environment, and therefore into the human body.

Unfortunately, there is still an opinion in the world that the most effective method of getting rid of household waste is to burn it. Burning garbage dumps, and sometimes even fire in garbage containers in the courtyard of a house a very common occurrence in large cities. Burning household waste allows you to reduce the amount of garbage by 60-70%, but due to its heterogeneity, the garbage does not burn well and smokes; At the same time, very unpleasant odors are released. But that's not the worst thing. Open burning of waste without proper controls can become a source of air pollution. During the combustion of many materials, highly toxic substances are formed. Thus, if previously the cause of the largest number of poisonings in fires was carbon monoxide, mainly formed during the combustion of wooden objects, then recently the number of fatal poisonings from gaseous products of combustion of synthetic materials has sharply increased.

Garbage disposal.Ironically, humanity, having not managed to exhaust non-renewable natural resources (after which, as some scientists believe, our civilization will die), risks suffocating from its waste. But this problem can be solved.And it is much easier to control what goes into a landfill than to control what goes from a landfill into the environment.Garbage can be thought of as a mixture of various valuable substances and components. Most municipal solid waste can either be used again (reuse), used to make new substances (recycling), or returned back to nature (composting). And maybe humanity shouldn’t rack its brains about how to drown, burn, or bury such wealth.

Reuse

A powerful source of reducing solid waste can be the reuse of goods, such as glass containers for refreshments and drinks. alcoholic drinks. Until the 50s. in developed countries, like ours until recently, empty glass bottles it was possible to hand over at special collection points, receiving a deposit value. The bottles were taken to factories, washed, filled with goods and sold again to the consumer. Thus, the chain was closed, and there was practically no waste. One of the problems recyclable containers is a huge variety of types of reusable glassware. The greater the diversity, the more difficult it is to organize a recycling program.

Recycling.Recycling components of solid waste that have economic value is also sometimes called recycling.

The extraction of ferrous and non-ferrous metals requires advanced technologies, significant costs for the operation of mines, processing plants and metallurgical plants. But a landfill is also a deposit of metals that can be sorted, melted down and used again. Producing aluminum from scrap allows you to save up to 90% of the electricity required to smelt it from ores. This is true not only for metals, but also for paper, glass, plastic, rubber and other waste, the collection and recycling of which can reduce the volume of solid waste by 20-30%. Unfortunately, in our country, which is still rich in natural resources, in order to produce new paper, it turns out that it is “more profitable” to cut down hundreds of thousands of trees than to deal with waste paper. Scrap ferrous metals are also not in demand. A ton of such scrap metal is cheap. Can't cover the cost of gasoline. It's cheaper to bury it in a landfill. But non-ferrous metals are handed over, however, only to be sent for smelting abroad. Plastics, aluminum cans for beer and other soft drinks, which are recycled in developed countries, go straight to landfill in our country.

Ideally, paper and cardboard are crushed into paper pulp (pulp), from which various paper products are made; waste paper can also be ground and sold as insulation material. Glass is crushed, melted and made into new glass containers, or crushed and used instead of sand and gravel in the production of concrete and asphalt. The plastic is melted down and made into “synthetic wood” that is resistant to biodegradation, which is used as a material for various fences, decks, posts, railings and other outdoor structures. From crushed rubber, with the addition of a special polymer, it is possible to obtain a material that can compete with both the original rubber and plastics. The textiles are shredded and used to strengthen paper products. However, the scale recycling clearly not yet sufficient.

In the United States, only 13% of household waste is now recycled.

Composting

Another method of disposal of solid waste is composting, that is, creating favorable conditions under which solid waste can be decomposed by soil microorganisms into simple chemical elements. Composting can dispose of most organic materials such as leaves, wood, food waste, garden waste and agricultural waste. In contrast to the decay process, which occurs anaerobically with the formation of biogas, oxygen is required for effective composting. The result is compost or humus, which has a soil-like texture and odor that can be sold for use as fertilizer or mulch.

Composting is a fairly rational way to dispose of waste, which has almost no negative impact on the environment. However, what is good for a garden plot is completely unsuitable for unseparated urban waste; it is too contaminated with heavy metals and other toxic substances.

New approaches to the problem of waste disposal.In the foreseeable future, humanity is unlikely to get along completely without landfills. Therefore, ideally, one should strive for comprehensive recycling. In such a modern enterprise, the first stage involves sorting waste. There is also a point of sale for all items and materials that can either be reused or recycled. The organic part of the garbage is composted and again the compost is sold to gardeners and summer residents. All other waste is subjected to high-temperature combustion in a thermal converter. However, instead of the usual burning with high temperature with excess oxygen, pyrolysis is used thermal decomposition of solids without oxygen access at temperatures from 400 to 700 oC. At this stage, carbon black can be obtained, a valuable product for the rubber industry. With more complete pyrolysis, almost all the carbon contained in the garbage can be converted into gas. The gas, in turn, is burned to produce energy. A thermal converter is, of course, a more convenient and safer way to dispose of waste than a conventional incinerator, but not if unseparated waste is burned. The slag remaining after combustion is buried at a landfill, which is equipped in accordance with all environmental safety requirements, including monitoring wells for monitoring the quality of groundwater, collectors for collecting filtrate and special point cleaning it. Of course, such modern enterprises cannot fundamentally solve the problem of solid household waste, but they can significantly reduce the volume of garbage, extend the life of existing landfills and reduce the negative impact on nature. But humanity still has a real opportunity, if not to completely get rid of landfills, then to significantly reduce their number and reduce the likelihood of an environmental disaster. And there is already such a trend in the world. If in 1975 there were 1,355 landfills in Germany, by 1980 their number had decreased to 531.

To effectively use all the garbage, you must first divide this mixture into its component parts separate hazardous toxic waste from non-hazardous, organic from inorganic, metals from non-metals, etc. From a technological point of view, it is not particularly difficult to melt down scrap metal or make new paper from waste paper , from organic waste not contaminated with toxic waste, obtain high-quality agricultural fertilizer. But how to sort the garbage? There are some objective difficulties here. Household waste not only increases in volume, but its composition also becomes sharply more complex, including an increasing number of environmentally hazardous components. We are accustomed to indiscriminately throwing all the garbage into one container, and in our country only homeless people are professionally engaged in separating garbage. Special installations have been developed for waste sorting. In general, although mechanized waste removal technology is cost-effective and the turnover of some landfills in the West reaches several hundred thousand dollars per day, the equipment and operation of such installations are quite expensive. A cheaper option would be for consumers to sort their own waste. Technically, for example, in the USA, this is done like this: on the side of the road, “color-coded” containers are installed, each of which is intended for a specific type of waste - plastic, glass, paper, etc. A regular garbage truck tows carts with multi-colored garbage cans, and workers load garbage into them according to color. Unsorted waste is poured into a garbage truck.

There are special collection points and programs around the world for the collection of toxic household waste. For example, in the USA, a collection of used rechargeable batteries has been organized. One rechargeable battery can replace a hundred regular batteries, therefore, the use of such a battery leads to a reduction in the amount of waste. More and more people are attracted to the convenience of reusable batteries. They are used in cell phones, video cameras, and laptop computers. However, more than 80% of rechargeable batteries contain nickel (Ni) and cadmium (Cd). They are called “Ni-Cds”. Cadmium batteries do not pose a real risk to human health during their operation. But it’s a completely different matter if such a battery ends up in a landfill. From there, cadmium can end up in groundwater and surface water or, if the batteries are burned in an incinerator, into the atmosphere. To prevent adverse effects, battery manufacturers have founded a special corporation to recycle them. The corporation collects failed batteries and sends them to a facility that extracts useful components from waste. Anyone in America can participate in this program by sending used batteries to a household toxic waste recycling center or returning them to the store where they were purchased. However, “voluntary” waste sorting is ineffective. Residents have no economic incentive to sort out their garbage, and to this can be added poor environmental literacy and low social consciousness.

The public will be much more willing to sort their waste, selecting items that can be reused or recycled without having to pay for them. True, this creates an economic incentive to illegally dispose of waste by burning it in the backyard, dumping it under neighbors’ windows, etc. Therefore, it is very important that the introduction of a fee for the volume of garbage is accompanied by active environmental education and careful monitoring.

Extended producer responsibility

A new ideology in waste disposal was born in the form of the so-called “extended producer responsibility”. In 1991, Germany, due to a catastrophic lack of landfill space, passed a law requiring manufacturers to be responsible for the packaging of a product after it is no longer needed by the consumer. Thus was born the concept of extended producer responsibility for a product from the moment it is produced until it becomes waste.

This concept can be thought of more or less like “taking back an item after it's used,” although the manufacturer is rarely required to directly collect discarded items. This law increased the reuse rate of many materials (such as glass, plastic, steel and paper) from 64 to 72%. Over several years of the program in Germany, the use of raw materials for packaging production decreased by 4 percent annually and continues to decrease. The benefits achieved go beyond reducing the number of landfills. When industrial companies have to worry about what happens to a product after it becomes waste, they inevitably think about how to reduce costs. This also leads to a reduction in the amount of raw materials consumed for packaging the material.

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	The concept of environmental monitoring Monitoring is a system of repeated observations of one or more elements of the natural environment in space and time with specific goals and in accordance with a pre-prepared program Menn 1972. The concept of environmental monitoring was first introduced by R. Clarifying the definition of environmental monitoring by Yu.
11992.		Installation of plasma destruction of hazardous medical waste	17.39 KB
	The installation implements a method of high-temperature plasma oxidation of waste in compliance with the following modern principles process organization: two-stage oxidation in a furnace at a temperature of 1000-1200 C and in an afterburning chamber at a temperature of 1200-1300 C with a residence time of flue gases of at least 2 s; mandatory hardening and rapid cooling of flue gases; multi-stage purification of flue gases from fly ash, heavy metal vapors, acid gases and, if necessary, dioxins and furans; automated control of regime...
12107.		Method for studying the processes of hypergenesis of mineral waste	17.17 KB
	A method for studying the processes of hypergenesis of mineral waste by treating it with drop-liquid substrates in a controlled gas environment, chemical composition, temperature, ultraviolet, followed by complex analysis contacting phases, which will make it possible to subsequently develop geochemical protective barriers during long-term storage of waste. The creation of protective barriers on the surface of stored mineral waste will prevent pollution of the hydrosphere by products of the destruction of the mineral phases included in the waste, preserving their valuable...
13433.		Technologies and methods for processing solid household waste	1.01 MB
	Waste disposal involves a certain process including collection, transportation, processing, warehousing and ensuring their safe storage. The main sources of waste are: residential regions and household enterprises supplying environmental household waste human waste, waste from canteens, hotels, shops and other service enterprises, industrial enterprises that supply gaseous liquid and solid waste that contains certain substances that affect pollution and composition...
21773.		Environmental monitoring of lands	19.58 KB
	Its main tasks include: collection, inventory and visualization of information on the current state and functioning of the most representative variants of soils and lands; element-by-element and comprehensive assessment of the functional-ecological state of soils and other landscape elements; analysis and modeling of the main modes and processes of land functioning; identifying problematic situations in the landscape; providing information to all zones. Indicator monitoring criteria: botanical plant sensitivity to the environment and...
8315.			88.36 KB
	Most waste is not recycled by industry or environmental systems, so the main promising direction for optimizing the interaction between society and nature is the solution environmental problems is the transformation of the linear process of exchange into an endless natural production cycle. A technology that makes it possible to obtain a minimum of solid liquid and gaseous waste is called low-waste and at the present stage of development of scientific and technological progress it is the most realistic. In a set of measures to reduce to a minimum...
12074.		Concentrate of microorganisms - destructors for composting waste from wood processing industries	18.35 KB
	The foundations of technologies for producing a series of biologically active products for intensive agriculture have been created based on solid waste from pulp and paper mills - activated sludge from osprey in combination with bark and sawdust and combined sludge from biological treatment facilities mixed with sediment from primary settling tanks from osprey. A modification of the drug FermKM produced by STC BIO LLC has been developed for the bacterial treatment of these wastes, containing a complex of bacilli of lactic acid microorganisms, cellulolytic bacteria and fungi. There are known methods...