In this material:

Waste recycling as a business is an extremely promising activity for investment. This socially significant activity has a positive impact on the environment.

It was not profitable enough 2-3 years ago. Recycling of recyclable materials and disposal of waste to landfills provided great profits. Much has changed since then. Today, household waste is at least 60% recyclable.

Business idea concept

The average person throws out up to 250 kg of garbage per year. The problem of waste disposal and reuse has become urgent.

Many components of waste can be recycled, but up to 96% of waste is sent to landfill.

Advantages of waste recycling business:

1. Since the waste recycling sector is practically not funded, local authorities, as a rule, have a very favorable attitude towards the waste disposal business. The city administration provides financial support and helps find industrial premises.
2. Enterprises that recycle waste are always in demand. Recycling and recycling of waste allows you to save primary raw materials. New companies in this segment are created every year.
3. You can use a sorting complex. This is inexpensive equipment created by domestic manufacturers. Its use will reduce costs.
4. High economic efficiency. According to professionals, the profitability of a waste removal and disposal business can be up to 80%.
5. Garbage is a valuable raw material. The waste recycling business is profitable because there is very little competition in this segment.

Starting a business from scratch

Everything useful should be extracted from garbage whenever possible. For this it is important to create appropriate conditions.

Legal registration:

1. It takes several months to prepare documents for carrying out commercial activities. Obtaining a license from the Department of Rosprirodnadzor is a mandatory condition.
2. To issue a permit, an environmental audit is carried out by the local Department of Environmental Management. A project with a detailed description of the technological process must be submitted to the water and utilities, Rospotrebnadzor, fire inspection.
3. A sanitary zone of 500 m must be created around the waste treatment plant, as established by the requirements of the regulatory authorities. Based on the results of this work, a conclusion is drawn. At least 2 thousand dollars must be invested in order for the production premises to meet the requirements of industrial sanitation and fire safety.

Financial component of entrepreneurial activity

It is important to find ways to attract investment to start a waste recycling business.

Starting capital required:

1. Initially, only the initial stages of processing recyclable materials can be launched. The company can collect and sort waste and create semi-finished products. The organization of a universal waste disposal enterprise requires significant material costs, so the entrepreneur should decide in advance what types of secondary raw materials he will work with.
2. Residents are not inclined to sort the garbage they throw away for free. It is necessary to set a certain price for waste paper or bottles.
3. How to choose a location for a waste recycling business? A production area, landfills, and sources of waste are an ideal solution to create a company that processes recyclable materials.
4. Deep recycling of waste can bring maximum profit. According to experts, over $20 million is needed to build a large universal complex that will process any type of solid waste. household waste: glass, paper, plastic, rubber, wood.
5. If the entrepreneur does not have this opportunity, you can start recycling one type of waste. From 50 to 300 thousand dollars will be required to create a specialized production facility for the recycling of one type of secondary raw material. Such a modest enterprise can generate significant income. The waste recycling business has a large share of utility costs. They make up about 20%.

Garbage recycling

Construction waste contains concrete, wood, brick and metal parts. Extracting metal particles is the purpose of recycling. Vacuum forming of polymer thermoplastic waste is a relatively inexpensive method. Crumb rubber is obtained from car tires, toilet paper is made from waste paper, pressed blocks are made from polymers, and chipboard is made from sawdust. Only 25% of valuable recyclables can be obtained from unseparated waste, so it is necessary to use modern waste sorting lines. Installations for sorting recyclable materials can be automated or manual. Plastic and paper are the best to use.

• food waste — 25%;
• cardboard and paper - 10%;
• polymers - about 50%;
• textiles, rubber, metal, etc. -15%.

Plastic packaging is the most difficult waste to recycle. Obtaining recycled crushed stone by recycling recyclable materials is very profitable.

Production goes through the following stages:

• large parts are processed using a press;
• then using a crusher they are crushed;
• metal is selected with a powerful magnet;
• Particles are sorted using a special storage device.

Organization of production and supply of raw materials

For production, a premises of about 600 m² is required. The warehouse must be at least 100 m². It will be possible to significantly save on the removal of raw materials if the recycling facility is located near residential buildings.

The area where a lot of old buildings are being demolished is suitable for disposal of construction waste. To transport raw materials, you need to purchase a truck with compartments. Disposing of recyclable materials is a labor-intensive process.

About $300 per month must be paid to qualified workers. Up to 40 workers can be involved in such production.

The expensive process of creating a company for processing recyclable materials provides real income in the future if you approach this problem correctly.

The income of a waste processing enterprise depends on the scale of activity. You can recoup the initial investment in 1 year. Then the scope of your activities can be expanded.

Order a business plan

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In European countries, up to 80% of household waste is returned to production. In Russia, the system for collecting recyclable materials is being revived. This is economically beneficial for processors, and gives many entrepreneurs a good chance to open their own business with minimal investment in 2017.

 

About 4 million hectares of land are occupied in Russia garbage dumps, and it is no coincidence that 2017 has been declared the year of ecology. The federal budget includes funds for preferential lending for waste disposal activities. For those who are starting a business from scratch, ideas for collecting recyclable materials will be interesting, since this business does not require large investments, and the need of enterprises is constantly growing. Since there are a lot of varieties of “useful waste,” we will review the recyclable materials in demand in Russia.

What types of waste are in demand?

Expecting to open a business in 2017, you need to know what waste is of interest to existing producers in the city or region. Demand and prices for them are determined by actual and potential buyers. The most profitable is considered to be the processing of ferrous and non-ferrous metals, glass and waste paper (Table 1).

Table 1. Percentage of waste used as secondary raw materials. Based on materials from the study of the SSGA, Novosibirsk.

Type of recyclable materials	Inferred resources, million tons	Degree of use, %	Type of production	Share in the finished product, %
Scrap ferrous metals			steel foundry
Car tires (crumb rubber, reclaimed)			rubber
Blast furnace slag, thermal power plant, ash, mining and processing waste			building materials(crushed stone, gravel, sand)
Plastic waste			products made from thermoplastic polymers
glass breaker
Waste paper			cardboard and paper

Recycled raw materials in Russia are used in almost all industries, and the demand for them is growing. Prices vary by region and are determined by the needs of local producers.

1. Car tires.

This is one of the most promising areas for starting a business from scratch; ideas in this direction deserve special attention. The volume of discarded tires in Russia in 2015 amounted to about 940 thousand tons. More than 80% goes to landfill (of which 20% is burned), and only 17% is mechanically recycled. The content of usable components is shown in table. 2, potential market capacity - in Fig. 1.

Most often, used tires are processed into crumb rubber. The material is 2-3 times cheaper than synthetic rubber. The market is at an early stage of development, but prices have already formed, demand and stable supply have appeared. Certain requirements are imposed on the feedstock: the waste must comply with GOST 8407-89, it must be clean, have a residual layer of rubber, and intact sides. Typically, tires on rims, with studs, and mixed rubber-metal products are not accepted.

2. Waste paper

During 2013-2015, prices for waste paper increased by almost 60%; its export is currently prohibited, and sales are exempt from VAT. This is a traditional raw material in demand on the market; GOST 10700-97 has been developed for it. According to this document, the paper used is divided into 15 classes based on composition and 3 quality groups. The most expensive variety: white drawing, writing, copying (MS-1A), the cheapest - wallpaper, packaging, poster (MS-13B).

Raw materials are universally accepted for processing by factories producing:

1. paper, containers, corrugated cardboard packaging (relevant ones included);
2. linoleum, roofing insulating materials, vinyl leather;
3. toilet paper, napkins, disposable medical linen.

From direction recycling quality requirements depend. The paper must be cleaned, sorted, packaged (pressed) into briquettes weighing 50 kg or more. This processing saves warehouse space and reduces transportation costs.

3. Scrap metal (ferrous and non-ferrous).

The most profitable business, however, its organization is the most expensive of all types of recycling collection. This is due to the need to obtain a license; the rules and conditions for obtaining it, as well as handling scrap metal, are regulated by two main regulations:

1. on licensing of procurement, storage, processing - No. 1287, 12/12/2012;
2. on the handling of scrap and waste of non-ferrous metals - No. 370, 05/11/2001.

Procurement includes the purchase of scrap from individuals and organizations, transportation and sales. Mandatory requirements: drawing up acceptance certificates, monitoring for radioactivity and explosion safety. This entails the purchase of special equipment, training and confirmation of the qualifications of workers.

Licensing conditions, OKVED codes for ferrous metals and non-ferrous metals are different. This is a competitive type of activity, however, in regions with developed metallurgical and metalworking industries, it brings good income. The opportunity to open your own business in this area is simplified if you use a franchise offer, they are presented on the market.

4. Used batteries.

About 65% of the metal that is used in the production of new batteries is recovered from old batteries. The main part is lead (up to 17 kg), and in addition: nickel, zinc, cobalt, silver oxides. This is economically beneficial for enterprises, so the average acceptance prices for this type of recyclable materials are high. For example, in Novosibirsk there are more than 50 companies that buy batteries, and the cost ranges from 570 (45Ah) to 3,400 (220Ah) rubles.

Common places for collecting batteries: garage cooperatives, active roadways, transport companies, car repair services. Reception centers are usually located there and advertisements are posted there. If you consider that most car owners are simply too lazy to specifically look for a place to return a used battery, then they give them away for 150-200 rubles.

However, the collection and storage of batteries is subject to licensing. This is waste of hazard class 3-4, and work with it is regulated by two federal laws: No. 89-FZ (06/24/1998) and No. 99-FZ (05/04/2011). The license is issued to both the individual entrepreneur and the organization. It indicates a specific type of activity, so you can limit yourself only to the collection of batteries, including their neutralization (draining the electrolyte).

5. Polymer waste (PET bottles).

This type of recyclable material is represented by plastic production waste and household waste. While 80% of the former go into recycling, used bags, packaging, and disposable tableware litter recreation areas and large and medium-sized cities everywhere. In the total volume of garbage, the share of plastic is more than 60-70%. The PET bottle holds the palm among polymers.

The main consumers are companies producing building materials, polyethylene film, and plastic household products. Demand for it clearly exceeds supply (Fig. 2). Acceptance prices depend on the quality, purity and degree of processing of the material. Thus, landfill waste costs 2-3 times lower than sorted household waste. The most primitive processing that PET undergoes:

• removing lids and labels;
• sorting by color;
• pressing into bags.

Inexpensive mini-plants for plastic processing significantly increase business profitability. For example, landfill PET waste is accepted at a price of up to 6 rubles/kg, LDPE waste - from 10 rubles/kg, washed and sorted used film - at 11-13 rubles/kg, and granules and agglomerate cost 25-35 rub/kg Despite the fact that the cost of a new film Russian production varies from 39 to 49 rubles/kg.

In fact, the plastic recycling market in Russia is just emerging. Experts estimate its potential at $150 million. From all types of workpieces polymer waste: collection points, waste separation, separate collection of household waste - the latter is the most effective from an economic point of view.

6. Cullet and glass containers.

Along with waste paper, there are old and sought-after recyclables. Cullet took the place of solid glassware for a simple reason. Manufacturers have begun to produce bottles and cans that are so original that this makes them very difficult to reuse.

It is required always and everywhere. Two years ago, the Novosibirsk Ekran plant began opening collection points for recyclable materials from the population, since its shortage was holding back production. He needs up to 5 tons of cullet per month, but with the help of suppliers (including other regions) he manages to collect only 1.5-2 tons.

A collection point for glass containers justifies itself if, for example, a brewery is located nearby. Thus, Baltika uses up to 36% of recycled bottles. But cullet is even more profitable because it expands the list of potential suppliers. These could be companies that install window packages, or you can install containers for separate collection in yards. Glass makes up about 17% of household waste.

7. Computer scrap.

Old electrical equipment, computers, and telephones are in great demand, as evidenced by a simple request in Yandex (Fig. 3). At the same time, prices for scrap are very good (Fig. 4). This activity is usually carried out through intermediary firms that have appropriate licenses and are associated with raw material processors. They do the disassembly and sorting themselves, forming batches for delivery of quite large volumes (from 300 kg).

This is a good option for starting a business from scratch if you organize a reception point in a multi-storey residential area. In almost every apartment there is a lot of rubbish that has been lying around in the corners for years and is simply thrown into the trash. Simply because there is no place nearby where it can be rented out, even for little money.

The collection of equipment containing precious metals does not require licensing, but the company must be registered with the Assay Office. Therefore, in order to avoid obtaining permits at the first stage, you can operate under an agreement with one of these companies, maintaining a representative office in your city or region.

In conclusion.

There are three main sources of recyclables:

• reception directly from the population,
• removal of defects and waste from organizations and enterprises;
• collection, transportation from landfills of solid waste.

The latter is the most stable, although its implementation will require concluding an agreement with the municipal housing and communal services service. It is necessary to provide for the costs of specialized equipment, which are usually small. In general, this activity does not require licensing, with the exception of work with scrap metal and hazardous waste (batteries, mercury). It falls under the patent tax system - the most beneficial for small businesses.

Recycling waste and garbage is not only beneficial for the environment and society as a whole, but also an opportunity to make good money.

The importance of processing production for society

Indeed, garbage is the raw material that literally lies under your feet. Waste recycling as a business can be classified as a socially significant area. The benefits from carrying out this type of activity are not only felt in the entrepreneur’s wallet, but also the environment becomes cleaner. The corresponding business plan is likely to not only receive approval from the municipal authorities, but also the possibility of receiving grants and subsidies from the budget arises.

Therefore, as optimal solution you can choose two areas of activity: integrate the processing stage into the existing production cycle or build a separate waste processing plant. So, let's look at everything in order.

Types of waste for recycling

Can be recycled different types waste. It is their choice that determines the implementation of subsequent stages of production launch. The main varieties include:

• waste paper (paper and cardboard);
• rubber products (for example, tires);
• plastic and polymers;
• glass containers and broken glass;
• sawdust and other wood waste;
• colored and

Stages of the production process

The entire production process consists of several stages. Therefore, the entrepreneur needs to decide: whether his enterprise will only sort and process waste in order to obtain semi-finished products (materials that can become raw materials in other production), or whether it will be a “closed cycle”, and the output will be a finished product. As for semi-finished products, the following examples can be given: from car tires it is obtained crumb rubber, from glass - special granules, and from polymers - small pressed blocks. As a finished product, we can note pellets obtained from wood waste, chipboard is made from sawdust, and toilet paper obtained from waste paper.

By the way, I would like to dwell in more detail on the paper waste recycling business, since its implementation is great opportunity saving the life of many trees. From the resulting raw materials, two types of finished products can be obtained: writing paper and cardboard. Moreover, cardboard recycling is a fairly profitable and quickly payback production process.

Technical equipment for the waste processing process

So, the entrepreneur has decided on the production direction of his business. The next important step is waste recycling technology. To do this, you need to purchase the appropriate equipment. If we consider a universal waste recycling plant, then significant costs will be required at the very beginning of organizing this business. At the same time, the cost of a manually operated machine and automated lines differ significantly in cost.

Equipment for processing one type of waste will still be more accessible. Its list is directly dependent on the choice of production specifics.

Equipment for recycling car tires

For example, when recycling tires you need the following equipment:

• For cutting them, there are separate machines for cutting out sidewalls, cutting tires into separate strips, squeezing rings, etc.
• For grinding and subsequent separation - a chopping machine, rollers for processing the resulting chips into crumbs, a magnetic separator and

As a result, the resulting crumb rubber can be widely used as an additive to asphalt during road repairs. This semi-finished product can be quite successfully sold to road repairmen.

Equipment for processing household and wood waste

If processing is planned household waste, For example, plastic bottles, then in this case it is necessary to purchase equipment for:

• cleaning and washing;
• grinding;
• granulation and production of plastic flakes;
• pressing whole bottles into briquettes.

A basic set of equipment (machines and devices) can cost an entrepreneur up to 500 thousand rubles, an automatic line - at least 1 million rubles.

When processing this type of waste, it is necessary to take into account the fact that the bottles must be carefully sorted, taking into account the color and type of polymer.

Today, the most affordable equipment remains for processing wood waste (pellets), since thanks to its use, a business entity can immediately obtain a finished product, rather than semi-finished products or raw materials. This is the so-called “closed cycle”, and mini-machines perform absolutely all stages of production: from thorough grinding to granulation. And their cost is quite affordable - up to 300 thousand rubles. Finished products in the form of briquettes are fuel for boiler houses and home boilers.

Preparation of necessary documents

If waste recycling is considered as a business, then this already applies to production activities, for which an appropriate license is required. It can be obtained from Rosprirodnadzor for both individual entrepreneurs and legal entities, subject to compliance with all necessary requirements. Among them, it is necessary to highlight the presence of:

• Territory and appropriate premises required for the organization of this production. An important point such as waste storage should also be taken into account. According to sanitary standards, a distance from the residential area must be maintained at least 600 m.
• The necessary equipment is exactly the declared specialization.
• Certified vehicles for waste transportation.
• Concluded employment contracts with employees (professional training of personnel is required).

When applying for this license you must present: project documentation, the corresponding permit from the sanitary and epidemiological station, conclusions of the Ministry of Emergency Situations, Rostechnadzor, Rospotrebnadzor and a lease agreement or documents for the land. Each individual permit is not issued free of charge and costs about 1.5-2 thousand rubles. Also at this stage, costs may arise for putting the territory and premises in order.

The duration of the procedure for obtaining a license ranges from a week to several months. It should be taken into account that separate licenses are required for each type of activity: collection, transportation, storage and processing of waste.

Recruitment

Thus, all the necessary permits have been obtained, the premises have been prepared, the equipment has been delivered and installed. Therefore, it’s time to start recruiting personnel. In other words, it is necessary to organize the production process itself.

Providing production with raw materials

Waste recycling as a business should include such an important point as obtaining recyclable materials. In this case, there are several options that differ from each other depending on the selected type of raw material.

If you plan to process construction waste, then it can be taken from the relevant industries or carpentry workshops. At any construction site there is a constant problem with garbage disposal. And if the entrepreneur offers pick-up, then such raw materials can be obtained for next to nothing (only the costs of organizing transportation will be incurred).

Obtaining car tires can also be arranged with a minimum of investment. For example, it’s easy to negotiate with tire shops and service stations. Waste paper can be obtained from stores that have a lot of packaging and containers, as well as institutions with active document flow.

However, if we're talking about about the processing of household waste, then in this case things are somewhat more complicated. Since the population is involved here, it is possible to organize appropriate waste collection points and conclude special agreements with management companies. This may require special containers in which waste will be collected separately.

Another option for receiving household waste is organizing sites for its reception and storage. Such points should be located in residential areas so that it would be profitable for the population to hand over garbage for a small fee, rather than throw it in a bin. Such a point must be equipped with scales.

Advantages and disadvantages of business

Waste recycling as a business has certain advantages and disadvantages.

So, the advantages include:

• High profitability, which is a huge advantage, as it contributes to good profits.
• Respect and the “green road” from government agencies, as the environment is cleaned up and landfills become smaller.

However, like any production, there are a number of disadvantages, among which it is necessary to highlight the main ones:

• Certain difficulties at the initial stage. As shown above, completing all the necessary documentation may take several months.
• Use of manual labor. In this case, a competent system of employee motivation must be thought out.
• Ensuring a stable supply of raw materials, as well as identifying markets for finished products.

Despite all the above disadvantages, which ultimately represent only difficulties, this deserves the attention of the business sector, since it can benefit not only the business entity, but also the environment and people. Therefore, when business entities express a desire to engage in waste recycling, they should be encouraged by government agencies.

This project involves the creation, on the basis of the municipal enterprise UNR-17 LLC, of ​​a specialized organization for sorting and selling fractions of municipal solid waste.

Discovery being considered independent organization- A waste sorting station with elements of compaction and separate reception of solid household waste. It is expected that the system will be implemented and used separate collection and removal of solid household waste from the territory of the municipality. Basic information about the company being created is presented below. This project is also applicable for implementation in other municipalities of the Russian Federation with certain adjustments.

Company name: Ecotechnologies LLC.

Organizational and legal form: Limited Liability Company. The founder of the Company is Limited Liability Company “UNR-17”.

Address (according to registration documents): Vladimir, st. Lakina, 2.

Postal address: Vladimir, st. Dobroselskaya, 234 "a".

Main activities of the enterprise being created(indicating OKVED codes):

1. 90.00.2 “Removal and treatment of municipal solid waste”,
2. 90.00.3 “Cleaning up the territory, restoring after pollution and similar activities”,
3. 51.57 “Wholesale trade in waste and scrap.”

Subjects interested in drawing up the document are:

1. The founder of the organization - as planning the main indicators of the project;
2. Credit institution - to obtain borrowed capital.

This project is designed for implementation on the territory of the city of Vladimir; it is also possible to cover the territories of Sobinka and Lakinsk, Sobinsky, Sudogodsky and Kameshkovsky districts. It is assumed that the implementation will use the material and technical base of UNR-17 LLC.

The planned net present value from the project is 62,112 thousand rubles.

The project implementation period is 6 years. The discounted payback period is 2.8 years. Payback period - 2.6 years.

The internal rate of return (IRR) determines the maximum acceptable discount rate at which funds can be invested without any losses for the owner, in the amount of 60.2%. The internal rate of return exceeds the bank interest rate.

The planned values ​​of the main absolute economic indicators of the organization's activities at aggregated planning intervals (planning years) are presented in Table 1.

Values ​​of the main economic indicators of the project TABLE 1

Indicator
1. Product sales volume, tons
2. Revenue, thousand rubles.
3. Balance sheet profit, thousand rubles.
4. Net profit, thousand rubles.
5. Net present value (NPV), thousand rubles.

The main advantages of implementing this project are:

1. Possibility of application and implementation in other municipalities of the Russian Federation (with adjustments for regional characteristics, including differences in the volume of accumulation and morphological composition of solid waste in different areas).
2. High social significance of the project.
3. There is a high probability of additional support for the project from municipal authorities.
4. Environmental feasibility of implementation.
5. High profitability of the project for the founding enterprise (receiving income from the supply of raw materials, waste disposal, provision of equipment and production space, as well as the founder’s profit).
6. The enterprise does not require additional permits (licenses). All types of activities subject to licensing are planned to be carried out by UNR-17 LLC, which has the appropriate documentation.

The disadvantages of the project idea are:

1. The project is sensitive to changes in product prices;
2. High risks of material supply;
3. Dependence on pre-sorting of waste on the part of the population and partner organizations.

The following ways to reduce project risks are proposed:

1. Conclusion of long-term contracts with consumers with the absence of price reductions on the part of product buyers and the introduction of penalties for overdue accounts payable.
2. Carrying out an active marketing policy in the field of attracting resources. Active cooperation with the population, local authorities and utility companies.
3. Material simulation and non-material motivation of the population to sort municipal solid waste at the household level.
4. Provision of equipment by the founding enterprise as a contribution to the authorized capital without the need for loan payments

Information about the organization implementing the project

It is assumed that this project will be implemented by UNR-17 LLC, an enterprise engaged in the collection and removal of solid household waste in the city of Vladimir and a number of districts of the Vladimir region.

Limited Liability Company "UNR-17" was formed on November 29, 2004. The founder of the enterprise is a legal entity. LLC "UNR-17" was included in the Unified State Register of Legal Entities of the Federal Tax Service of the Russian Federation for the Oktyabrsky district of Vladimir on November 29, 2004 as a Limited Liability Company (LLC). Location, postal and legal address Companies: 600014, Russian Federation, Vladimir city, Lakina street, 2.

The founder of LLC "UNR-17" is the Limited Liability Company "MSK". The authorized capital of UNR-17 LLC is 10,000 rubles. The main permanent executive body of the Company is the Director.

In accordance with the Charter of UNR-17 LLC, the main activity of the enterprise is “Removal and treatment of solid household waste” (OKVED code: 90.00.2). In addition, the scope of activities of UNR-17 LLC includes the provision of the following services to the population and legal entities:

1. Disposal of hazardous medical and biological waste;
2. Catching stray animals;
3. Sale of storage bins;
4. Maintenance of waste disposal facilities;
5. Implementation of individual fractions of waste sorting.

LLC "UNR-17" operates in the field of handling various wastes on the basis of License No. TO-15-000437(33) dated August 19, 2008, issued by the Office of Technological and Environmental Supervision of Rostechnadzor for the Vladimir Region.

Today LLC "UNR-17" works on waste removal in the cities of Vladimir, Sobinka, Kameshkovo, Sudogodsky, Sobinsky, Kameshkovsky, Suzdal districts of the Vladimir region. The company plans to expand the geography of its activities, as well as retain its status as the largest solid waste management organization in the Vladimir region.

LLC "UNR-17" is a developing company, which, however, has certain many years of experience in the field of municipal waste management, accumulated, among other things, by its predecessor - MUP "Dorozhnik".

Relevance of the project

For the first time, industrial waste sorting was used in Vladimir in March 2010, when a waste transfer station with sorting and pressing elements (MPS) was opened on the basis of UNR-17 LLC. The creation of a waste sorting complex was based on the experience of other regions of the country and neighboring countries. At the same time, in Russia, industrial waste sorting is used only in a few regions, and separate collection of household waste is used only at the level of experimental projects and individual measures to promote waste sorting.

It is most advisable to use foreign experience management of solid household waste with data adjustment based on Russian reality.

The idea of ​​pre-sorting waste came to fruition in 1895 in New York, where citizens were ordered by law to separate their waste. Two years later, the world's first waste recycling plant was launched here. However, later in the 20th century, almost all projects for the separation of secondary raw materials from waste were aimed only at sorting waste at the stage prior to its processing.

The Germans returned to the idea of ​​separating waste at the stage of its emergence in 1994, and Germany was followed by another two dozen European countries and Japan. Now for the residents of these countries there are seven main types of garbage, including special toxic waste, flammable materials, as well as three types of glass - transparent, green, brown. Countries that actively use the separate waste collection method include: Sweden, Austria, Germany, Norway, Finland, Spain, Denmark, Japan, Canada, Israel, USA, Switzerland, the Netherlands, Cyprus.

The most progressive European country in implementing selective waste collection systems is Germany. The system of selective waste collection, which does not provide for further sorting of individual fractions, is actively used in small cities, where utility companies additionally stimulate citizens by reducing fees for solid waste disposal. IN major cities There are also waste sorting complexes. Thus, a two-level sorting system is implemented: at the level of households as a result of separate collection and at the level of waste sorting complexes during industrial sorting.

In 2007, the economic effect in Germany from the use of secondary resources (scrap metal, aluminum, zinc, waste paper) was estimated at 3.6 billion euros. The introduction of new waste management methods led to the creation of an additional 250,000 jobs, and the export of technology and equipment for waste treatment and disposal was estimated at €4 billion. On average, only 25% of household waste in Germany is landfilled, with the majority of waste being recycled or reused.

Figure 1- Application of a separate waste collection system in small towns in Germany

In the Russian Federation today, about 3% of municipal solid waste is recycled, while most of this number is accepted as recyclable materials from the population and enterprises and is in no way connected with the main stream of municipal solid waste. The most common method of waste disposal is its burial (up to 95% of the total solid waste).

However, in a number of Russian cities Sorting and separate collection of solid household waste is already being used. In some territories, experiments were conducted on the separate collection and removal of waste from the population and organizations. In accordance with Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation No. 344 of June 12, 2003, recycling was recognized as the most preferred method of waste management in the Russian Federation.

One of the first experiments in Russia on separate waste collection was carried out by the St. Petersburg branch of Greenpeace in 2003 - 2004. In addition to the usual container, three additional ones were installed at the container sites of two urban districts - for recycling. The four fractions collected in this way (glass, plastic, waste paper, metal) were proposed to be sold to special industrial enterprises. The project is being carried out with the support of the company “Autopark No. 1 “Spetstrans””, which not only provided new tanks for waste, but will also be involved in the removal and recycling of collected secondary raw materials. Thus, it can be noted that conducting experiments on the introduction of a system of selective collection of household waste without the involvement of specialized transport companies is impossible. The population showed a willingness to separately collect different types of waste, but the experiment failed due to the fact that specialized transport company I was not ready to transport such a number of containers. Another problem was the fairly complex waste collection system. According to a survey conducted in April 2003, about 35% of household residents were engaged in sorting household waste at the household level.

Experiments on organizing separate collection on the territory of municipalities are currently being carried out in the cities of Cheboksary, Yaroslavl, Dzerzhinsk, Belgorod and a number of other territories.

Among the number of problems faced by companies implementing programs to introduce selective waste collection in Russia, the following can be highlighted:

1. The inability of enterprises that collect and remove waste from household territories to cope with the increased volume of transportation and the increase in the number of special vehicles required for transportation;
2. Increase in transportation distance and, accordingly, transport costs;
3. A significant complication of the waste collection system, primarily for special enterprises. The need for additional coordination of the actions of all project participants: management companies, special enterprises, waste transfer complexes, recycling enterprises, intermediaries.
4. Low percentage of waste intended for processing, significant contamination of individual fractions.

At the same time, special enterprises rarely encountered the problem of citizens’ reluctance to participate in the system of selective waste collection: certain categories of the population (from 65 to 30%) threw all the garbage into a “common” container without harming the sorting. In addition, practically no educational work was carried out among the population regarding the correctness of waste separation.

An experiment on separate collection and removal of solid household waste is currently being carried out in the city of Vladimir on the basis of the special enterprise UNR-17 LLC. 72 additional containers with the “recycle” icon were installed in the courtyards of the city’s schools. Today it is too early to talk about the economic effect of introducing this system, however, according to the enterprise, the waste intended for sorting fully corresponded to the types of waste that were indicated on the containers. Thus, we can talk about sufficient awareness of the population when separating solid household waste intended for further processing. The system proposed by UNR-17 LLC using two containers (“yellow” for recycling and “green” for disposal) made it possible to partially solve the problem of the difficulty of separating waste into separate fractions by the population. This system also made it possible to reduce transportation costs: instead of 4 - 5 types of containers, the special enterprise has to transport two. However, such a system is not fully selective waste collection, since the fractions removed from households are intended for further sorting, which entails additional costs.

Figure 2- Experimental “yellow” container of LLC “UNR-17” for waste to be recycled

In addition to analyzing the experience of using separate collection of solid household waste to implement this project, it is also necessary to analyze the Russian experience in introducing waste sorting systems at waste sorting stations.

One of the first systems for sorting household waste was introduced in the city of Belgorod. The Belgorod waste sorting experience was used to create a waste transfer station in the city of Vladimir with sorting and pressing elements (MPS) on the basis of UNR-17 LLC.

Today, the main enterprise for the management of solid household waste in Belgorod is the Moscow company REC. The company owns one of the city's waste disposal sites, as well as a waste sorting complex consisting of two conveyor lines equipped with Swedish equipment. This system makes it possible to significantly reduce the company’s transportation costs when waste intended for sorting is transported from households directly to the territory of the complex, and the remaining amount of waste is transported to other city landfills. The Belgorod waste sorting complex today is one of the largest in Russia thanks to several sorting lines, as well as a large number sorting fractions (up to 8).

The market for recycling solid household waste in Russia is extremely poorly developed. The degree of development of this industry can be judged by the percentage of recycled waste to the total amount of collected waste. Today, about 3 - 4% of total number generated waste. At the same time, most of the waste is buried in landfills or landfills. The priority of landfill disposal is largely determined by the historically established (dating back to Soviet times) waste management system. At the same time, the resource of existing landfills in many megacities is close to depletion, and this requires a revision of the waste management system.

Currently in Russia, landfills are considered the most economical way to dispose of waste. In reality, this is not so: the calculations usually do not take into account the costs associated with maintaining the landfill (for the next 100 years) and compensation for damage to the environment. Attempts to modernize the waste management system in many cities come down to considering the possibility of burning the entire mass of solid waste, which is dangerous from the point of view of its impact on the environment and is expensive (about 2.5 thousand rubles per ton). On the territory of most municipalities, instead of specially equipped landfills, there are so-called municipal landfills, which reduces the cost of their organization, but at the same time the rate of waste accumulation due to improper storage increases. This does not take into account the damage caused to the environment and possible sanctions for violating the solid waste disposal technology.

Also, the economic effect of creating waste transfer stations is a significant reduction in the volume of waste transported and disposed of. Sorting, pressing and composting not only simplifies the process of recycling waste, but also allows you to reduce its volume by 7-16 times. For comparison: incineration reduces the volume of waste by only 10 times, but at the same time its toxicity increases, and it costs 3 times more. In addition, it is possible to optimize the routes of specialized transport and use vehicles with increased carrying capacity when transporting waste to the landfill.

One of the main difficulties on the way to recycling solid waste is the absence in our country of a separate waste collection system, which is an inevitable condition for their deep recycling. Thus, 60-80% of the morphological composition of solid waste is a potential raw material for use (35-55%). However, sorting mixed solid waste and transported in one garbage truck allows you to extract only 11-15% of secondary resources. At the same time, it is almost impossible to use organic waste.

The scale of industrial processing of various types of waste is determined by a whole range of factors:

• resource value;
• environmental situation (properties of solid waste as environmental pollutants);
• economic conditions (profitability of using waste in a particular type of production).

Traditional types of secondary raw materials - scrap and waste metals, high-quality waste polymers, textiles, waste paper are easy to collect and recycle. On the contrary, complex multi-component waste, as well as contaminated waste, are practically not processed. The latter include used tires, waste packaging made of polyethylene, colored plastic, etc.

Project concept

In 2010, in Vladimir, with the assistance of the city Administration, the LLC UNR-17 enterprise put into operation a waste transfer complex with sorting elements. However, the operating efficiency of such a complex remains extremely low due to small production volumes and a small percentage of sorted waste fractions from their total volume. IN this project measures are being considered to increase the profitability of sorting and processing solid waste in the city of Vladimir. It is planned to expand the functions of the existing waste transfer station and create a new enterprise for sorting solid household waste with elements of separate collection from households. The founder of such an enterprise can be UNR-17 LLC. It is planned that solid household waste will undergo preliminary sorting by the population: residents will separate the garbage into two containers, one for waste intended for further processing, the other for other waste.

At the moment, on the territory of the waste transfer station of UNR-17 LLC there is one waste sorting conveyor that allows you to separate solid household waste into 7 fractions: cardboard, paper, white and colored glass, PET plastic, hard plastic, polyethylene film. Potential types of waste that can be sorted are aluminum cans, green glass, ferrous scrap, and textiles.

Figure 3 - Waste sorting station with sorting and pressing elements LLC "UNR-17"

It is planned that the main consumers of the enterprise's products (pressed solid waste fractions) will be enterprises in the Vladimir, Moscow and Nizhny Novgorod regions. Larger fractions (of the total accumulation volume) are expected to be sold directly to processing sites (without the use of intermediaries). Fractions that cannot be sorted and processed will be subject to disposal at landfills after compaction on the territory of the complex. The proposed scheme for the sale of individual fractions of solid waste by Ecotechnologies LLC is presented in Figure 4.

Figure 4- Scheme for the treatment, sale and processing (disposal) of solid household waste using MSS

It is expected that the waste transfer station of Ecotechnologies LLC will become the largest sales enterprise in the region.

secondary raw materials and waste. Today in the Vladimir region there are about three dozen enterprises for the collection and sale of recyclable materials. However, collection of recyclables is not connected to the main waste stream. It is carried out by specialized enterprises for the reception of recyclable materials, where the resulting secondary resources are pressed and sent for processing to neighboring regions. LLC "Ecotechnologies" at the time of its creation will be the only organization in the region engaged in the selection of accumulated waste from households and organizations, that is, sorting the main stream of solid waste from municipalities.

It is planned that in the near future (at least 3-7 years) the enterprise will take a monopoly position in the waste sorting market in Vladimir. This is due to the fact that the main flow of resources - municipal solid waste - will be supplied by the founding company - UNR-17 LLC. Since this company is steadily growing and has long-term contracts with more than 95% of the city’s consumers, it can control the flow of these resources in the territory of the municipality of Vladimir. Thus, the emergence of a competing enterprise, Ecotechnologies LLC, in the city is not expected.

However, there is a possibility of competing companies emerging in other areas of the Vladimir region. This can be facilitated by the greening and environmental management policies implemented by some municipalities in the region. Nevertheless, it is possible that there will be no conflict of interest between Ecotechnologies LLC and the newly organized waste sorting complexes, since with a high degree of probability it can be said that, having arisen on the territory of large cities (Kovrov, Murom, Alexandrov, etc.), they will not affect the existing and potential geographic market segments of the region of UNR-17 LLC (Vladimir and adjacent territories).

Today, UNR-17 LLC faces competition in the market for the collection and removal of solid household waste in the Kameshkovsky, Suzdal and Sudogodsky districts. Thus, there is a possibility of a shortage of raw materials for the waste sorting station in these areas. However, such areas are not essential when collecting raw materials for sorting and processing waste, since the morphological composition of the collected waste differs from the morphological composition of waste from large cities and is less suitable for recycling (food waste predominates, a large amount of moisture). In addition, the solid waste collection system and the material and technical base in these territories are least suitable for selective waste collection (long transportation distances, lack of container sites, waste collection by the population without the use of specialized bags).

Product Description

The main product sold by Ecotechnologies LLC should be briquettes of recycled materials, which can then be used in industry, agriculture and other areas human activity. The main purpose of the products is raw materials for recycling at enterprises.

When arriving at a waste sorting station, raw materials (municipal solid waste) will consist of 10 fractions:

1. Cardboard - cardboard boxes and hard paper.
2. Paper - waste paper (clean).
3. LDPE - polyethylene high pressure, stretch film, incl. plastic bags.
4. PET - predominantly polyethylene bottles (preferably without caps).
5. HDPE containers are hard plastic, mainly used for packaging household chemicals.
6. Aluminum (aluminum can).
7. White glass (bottles, broken glass) with various elements packaging (for example, lids)
8. Green glass (bottles, broken glass) with various packaging elements (for example, caps)
9. Dark glass (bottles, broken glass) with various packaging elements (for example, lids)
10. Elimination - small fractions that cannot be sorted, and foreign fractions mistakenly assigned by the population to the “sorting” container.

Today in the city of Vladimir there is one waste sorting conveyor based on UNR-17 LLC, a specialized enterprise for the collection and removal of solid household waste from the municipality's territories. The company owns a specialized complex: “Waste sorting station with sorting and compaction elements.” Currently, about 15% of solid household waste passes through the waste sorting station of LLC “UNR-17” and about 8% of the waste arriving at the station can be used in the future. Despite the fact that today the waste sorting project in the city of Vladimir is considered unprofitable (not recouping the costs of operating and developing the complex), UNR-17 LLC managed to achieve the following results:

1. The enterprise “prepared the ground” for the functioning of a project for the separate collection and removal of solid household waste in the city.
2. The company created the necessary infrastructure for the implementation of the project during the construction of the complex building, as well as the purchase and improvement of the territory on which the station is located.
3. UNR-17 LLC has accumulated the necessary information base on the qualitative and quantitative composition of solid household waste in the city of Vladimir, as well as the volume of waste accumulation in the city.
4. The volume of waste transported to the landfill and subject to burial and passing through sorting was significantly reduced (primarily due to compaction).
5. An environmental effect was achieved from the implementation of the most environmentally friendly waste management scheme - recycling.
6. The company collected necessary information about suppliers and consumers of products, the experience of other territories in implementing similar projects was studied

Below is a calculation of the quantity and composition of solid waste fractions that the enterprise plans to sell during the operation of the project.

Calculation of the quantity and composition of waste fractions to be sorted and sold at Ecotechnologies LLC TABLE 2

Solid fraction household waste	Quantity of solid waste, exported from "yellow" containers in their total number, %	Amount of waste to be sorted in their total number, %	Percentage of solid waste, sortable depending on the amount of content “yellow” containers, %	Percentage fractions by weight, applicants to the Ministry of Railways, %	Quantity resulting In half a year, subject sorting, kg	Amount of waste formed on 150 thousand people In half a year Subject sorting, etc.
Calculation formula	Data in average for the Russian Federation	Data in average for the Russian Federation2	gr. 3 / gr. 2	gr. 2/ ∑ gr. 2	gr. 3 x 158 kg/person.	Gr. 6 x 150000
Aluminum
Glass white
Glass green
Glass themes.
Total

It is assumed that, in accordance with the trend of waste accumulation, the norms for the generation of solid household waste per 1 person in the city of Vladimir will be 316 kg per year or 158 kg per six months or 1.76 m 3. The density of solid household waste is assumed to be 175 kg/m3.

Thus, the general estimated quantity solid household waste sold at the enterprise for six months should amount to 5416.95 tons, provided that the separate collection system covers 150,000 people (about 44% of the population of the city of Vladimir). The annual volume of solid household waste sold at the enterprise is planned to be about 11 thousand tons. It is expected that the population will account for up to 40% of the total volume of household waste accumulation (the contents of “yellow” containers). The same percentage of waste subject to sorting is planned to be removed from the territory of enterprises and organizations of the city (primarily educational institutions, administrative institutions, as well as a number of commercial enterprises). The amount of waste that can be used in the future is planned to be 23.45% of the total amount of municipal solid waste removed annually from the territory of the city of Vladimir. The largest share of waste intended for recycling is cardboard and paper waste.

It is assumed that in the first half of the project, the number of the city’s population participating in this project will be equal to 75,000, i.e. sales volume will reach 50% of the calculated one. This is due, first of all, to the need to carry out educational work among citizens, create an optimal schedule for the removal of solid household waste from the city, as well as carry out preparatory work for the functioning of the waste sorting complex. During the fourth half of the project, it is planned to increase the number of goods sold by the enterprise to 9,030 tons. Thus, it is planned that more than half of the population of the city of Vladimir (250 thousand people out of 340 thousand) will take part in the implementation of the project. It is assumed that the priority areas of the city that can take part in the project will be: South-Western, North-Western, Northern and Eastern ("Dobroye") districts. Mainly separate collection of solid household waste will be introduced in apartment buildings that have their own container sites or the ability to install them. It is also possible to attract residents of new buildings and cottage communities to participate in the project. The least economic effect will be achieved by the implementation of the project in the central part of the city, as well as in the enclave areas: Orgtrud, Lesnoy, Yuryevets, Energetik.

The calculation of the cost of production of the enterprise is shown in Table 3.

Calculation of unit cost of production, calculated for the total volume of sales TABLE 3

Cost items	Average cost per 1 ton of products, rub.	Share of costs in total volume, %
1. Raw materials and supplies
2. Electricity
3. Salaries of production personnel
4. Transport costs
5. Water supply and sewerage
Total variable costs

Cost items	Average cost per 1 ton of products, rub.	Share of costs in total volume, %
1. Salaries of support staff and MOS
2. Salaries of administrative and management personnel
3. Overhead costs of UNR-17 LLC
4. Renting premises
5. General shop expenses
6. Business expenses
7. Depreciation included in the price
Total fixed costs
Total

Table 4 shows the estimated selling price of the enterprise's products, as well as possible directions for selling individual fractions of household waste.

You can find it in full version business plan"waste sorting station with elements of separate collection and compaction of waste"

Waste recycling is the most promising business

A very favorable activity for investment is the waste recycling business. Firstly, there are relatively few waste processing companies, while there is enough raw material for everyone - about 250 kg of household waste per year per person. Secondly, the entrepreneur can organize a reception various types garbage. The high profitability of production turns waste recycling into a very profitable business: so from 1 kg plastic waste you can get up to 0.8 kg of recycled materials. Today, the classic approach to waste disposal (in a container - to a landfill - reclamation) is becoming ineffective and also potentially dangerous - toxic waste poses a certain threat to the environment and human health. State power and the city administration have a favorable attitude toward waste recycling enterprises. And, therefore, the waste recycling business will soon become very popular.

Organization of mini-production for waste processing

The first thing an entrepreneur will have to deal with is organizing the supply of raw materials. It is recommended to start by accepting different types of waste in your area. For these purposes, you will need a truck with compartments where the raw materials will be stored. The main difficulty lies not in collecting, but in sorting waste. You'll need some start-up capital because people won't sort their trash for free. This means you need to set a certain price for bottles or waste paper. Plastic packaging is one of the most difficult wastes to recycle.

According to experts, profitability is good organized business waste recycling can be up to 80%. Consequently, your enterprise will fully pay for itself within a few months. Deep recycling of waste can bring maximum profit. It has been established that the greater the turnover of an enterprise, the longer it takes to pay for itself.

You should decide in advance what types of municipal solid waste (MSW) you will work with, since organizing a universal enterprise for processing solid waste will require very significant material costs.

We draw up a business plan: we calculate costs

The construction of a huge universal complex for processing all types of solid waste (wood, rubber, plastic, metal, paper and glass) will cost, according to experts, a huge amount - over $20 million. But even a more modest enterprise can generate significant income. Setting up a workshop specializing in one type of solid waste will cost from 50 to 300 thousand dollars.

It will take about 2-3 thousand dollars to equip warehouse and production facilities, as well as bring them into full compliance with fire and sanitary standards. If production is located close to residential buildings, it will be possible to save on the removal of raw materials. In this case, garbage and waste for your enterprise will be supplied by local residents.

The cost of a crusher, sorting line and other equipment of domestic production can be approximately estimated at 50 - 70 thousand dollars. Waste paper is purchased for 30 - 50 kopecks, depending on the quality of the paper, and sorted plastic raw materials from 1.5 to 7 rubles. per kilogram.
In total, the minimum investment amount will be: $50 thousand + purchase of raw materials and wages of hired workers and payment of rent for premises and electricity.

Certificates and other necessary documentation

To legally process solid waste, you will need to obtain a license from the Ministry of Environment. The Law “On Environmental Expertise” requires any entity that collects and subsequently processes waste to undergo an environmental assessment. The conclusion is issued for the entire period of the company’s activities, its cost is about 5.5 thousand rubles.

The entrepreneur must also obtain permission from the fire and sanitary services, and prepare project documentation with a detailed description technological processes future waste recycling plant. Each conclusion will cost from 300 to 1000 rubles; it usually takes from 3 months to six months to collect all the documentation. During the operation of your enterprise, its activities will be checked quarterly by local orderlies, firefighters, nature conservationists and other government services.

Production premises and necessary equipment

The best option for organizing a waste processing enterprise is a premises located near a landfill, on the outskirts of the city, or, in extreme cases, in an industrial zone. It is advisable that the nearest residential building be located no further than 600 meters from the enterprise. You can organize your own fleet of vehicles to supply raw materials from the landfill or negotiate with city municipal waste removal companies or companies specializing in cargo transportation.

A small room with an area of ​​no more than 100 sq.m. can be equipped as a warehouse. To set up a workshop, you will need a room with an area of ​​300 - 500 sq.m.

The minimum set of equipment for an enterprise includes: a crusher, a sorting line, a press, a storage hopper, and a magnet. A set of used imported cars or domestic analogues costs from 50 to 70 thousand dollars. Experienced entrepreneurs believe that there is no need to spend money on expensive foreign machines, since domestic units are more reliable, cheaper and more stable in operation. In addition, it is easier to select the components necessary for repairs.

Personnel for waste processing plants

Personnel should be hired depending on the scale of production. A medium-sized waste recycling plant employs about 40 people, sorting, shredding and rejecting waste by about fifteen people per shift. All work is done manually. The enterprise needs both ordinary workers and experienced specialists who can distinguish unsuitable raw materials from suitable ones by eye, train newcomers and control the quality of their work.

Sales of finished products

Depending on what raw materials your enterprise works with, its products will be sold.

Toxic waste (mercury lamps, etc.) is processed by burning. Industrial and construction materials are obtained from them;
- plant waste is processed into compost intended for fertilizing the soil, landscaping areas and growing flowers;
- various electronic waste (picture tubes, electrical appliances) serve as a source of metals - iron, copper, aluminum, as well as glass;
- paper is processed and sold as recycled material for the formation of new varieties.
The cost of one ton of processed and compressed recyclables is calculated as follows:
- polymers up to 9,000 rubles;
- waste paper – up to 1,500 rubles;
- aluminum cans – up to 15,000 rubles.

Consumers of waste disposal company services and products are:

1. Municipal authorities. Their main task is the elimination of the city landfill and environmentally friendly recycling of waste.

2. Pulp, woodworking, glass and other enterprises are interested in recycling their waste. Enterprises cannot afford to store waste on their own territory, and the state imposes significant fines for unauthorized disposal. You can offer business owners waste removal for less than their current disposal costs.

3. Consumers of recycled leather waste, polymer waste, construction waste, rubber products will purchase recyclable materials for industrial and individual purposes from you.

Organizing a waste recycling business is a profitable business, but it requires certain financial investments. Provided there is a well-established sale of recyclable materials or agreements on the removal of waste from various enterprises, the payback period for the business will range from 10 months to 1.5 - 2 years. If an entrepreneur fails to establish distribution channels, the company will incur significant losses. According to expert observations, the profitability of a successful enterprise ranges from 40 to 82%, since there is practically no competition in this segment.