He she they what part of speech. Pronouns

It's hard to say how we would manage without pronouns. Without them it is impossible to construct almost a single phrase. Here, for example, are the previous two. That is, of course, it is possible. But why bother?

If you put together all the pronouns in the Russian language, you will get an impressive document. But it doesn’t make sense to simply lump everything together. Therefore, we have prepared a special article for you. It contains all the basic information about the categories of pronouns, their grammatical features and spelling, as well as a sample morphological analysis. Special tables will help you better master all the necessary knowledge about pronouns in the Russian language. And examples from literary works will help to more clearly imagine how the grammatical characteristics of pronouns are implemented in practice.

What are pronouns

Pronoun called independent part speech that is used instead of nouns, adjectives, numerals and adverbs (or their characteristics) to indicate these nouns, adjectives, numerals and adverbs (as well as their characteristics and quantities) without naming them.

The grammatical features of pronouns depend on which part of speech they refer to. This will be discussed in more detail below.

Pronouns are divided into two types of categories: by meaning and by grammatical features.

Digits by value:

personal;
returnable;
possessive;
interrogative;
relative;
index;
definitive;
negative;
undefined.

Sometimes reciprocal and general pronouns are also added to this classification.

Disorders based on grammatical features:

generalized subject;
generalized-qualitative;
generalized quantitative.

This classification examines how pronouns relate to different parts of speech: nouns, adjectives, numerals. In some sources it is sometimes included here special group pronouns correlating with adverbs.

Now we will analyze all these categories in detail.

Classes of pronouns in Russian

By value:

Personal pronouns. In speech, they indicate its object - the person about whom we're talking about. Pronouns 1 ( I/we) and 2 ( you you) faces indicate participants in speech. 3rd person pronouns ( he, she, it/they) indicate persons who do not participate in the speech.

Obsolete personal pronoun one used to refer to objects of speech female(plural).

Personal pronouns in the Russian language change according to persons and numbers, pronouns of the 3rd person singular - also according to gender, as well as to cases.

In a sentence they play the role of subject or object.

I couldn't shake the feeling that they could see us. (Ch.T. Aitmatov)
Life is always accompanied by effort, hardship and hard work, because it is not a garden with beautiful flowers. (I.A. Goncharov)
Why don't I want to be smarter if I understand how stupid everyone around me is? If you wait for everyone to wise up, it will take too long... and then I realized that this is completely impossible. (F.M. Dostoevsky)

Reflexive pronouns. In speech, they indicate the direction of action to the subject. Reflexive pronoun myself has no shape nominative case, but is declined in all other cases: yourself, yourself, yourself/yourself, (about) yourself. Does not change according to persons, numbers, genders.

In a sentence it acts as a complement.

If you happen to be angry with someone else, be angry with yourself at the same time, at least for the fact that you managed to get angry with someone else. (N.V. Gogol)
There is nothing more pleasant than being obliged to do everything to yourself. (N.V. Gogol)
To live for oneself is not to live, but to exist passively: you need to fight. (I.A. Goncharov)
We often allow ourselves to think that ancient people are like inexperienced children. (L.N. Tolstoy)

Possessive pronouns. In speech, they indicate that a certain object (objects) belongs to a subject (or subjects).

Possessive pronouns:

1 person – my, my, my/my And our, ours, ours / ours;
2 persons – yours, yours, yours / yours And yours, yours, yours/yours;
3 persons – him, her/them.

Are changing possessive pronouns in the Russian language, as you already understood, by persons, genders and numbers, as well as in combination with a noun that is being explained - by cases. Third person pronouns are not inflected.

Our choices, more than our abilities, reveal our true selves. (J.K. Rowling)
In our office, out of thirty-two employees on staff, twenty-eight called themselves: “Golden Pen of the Republic.” The three of us, in order of originality, were called silver. (S.D. Dovlatov)
There are no sounds, colors, images and thoughts - complex and simple - for which there would not be an exact expression in our language. (K.G. Paustovsky)

Interrogative pronouns. Pronouns who?, what?, which?, which?, whose?, which?, how many?, where?, when?, where?, from where?, why? serve question words(indicate persons, objects, signs, quantity) when making interrogative sentences.

They change according to numbers, genders, cases, but not all.

Do you know what is given to man, and only to him? Laugh and cry. (E.M. Remarque)
Dear, dear, funny fool, / Well, where are you, where are you going? (S. A. Yesenin)
What is law? / The law is a tightrope on the street, / To stop passersby in the middle of the road<...>(V.A. Zhukovsky)

Relative pronouns. Pronouns who, what, which, what, whose, which, how many, where, where, when, from, why act, among other things, as allied words in complex sentences and serve to connect the subordinate and main parts complex sentence.

Like interrogatives, relative pronouns who what And How many declined according to cases. The rest are based on numbers, genders and cases. Besides pronouns where, where, when, where, why, which are immutable.

In a sentence, depending on the part of speech they replace, they can act in different syntactic roles.

There are such low characters who love, as if they hate! (F.M. Dostoevsky)
People will always have something to find, discover, invent, because the very source of this knowledge is inexhaustible. (I.A. Goncharov)
Outright anger is much less repulsive than pretense of kindness. (L.N. Tolstoy)
Joy can be compared to oil in a lamp: when there is not enough oil in the lamp, the wick quickly burns out and the light from the lamp is replaced by black smoke. (L.N. Tolstoy)

Demonstrative pronouns. Indicate the signs or number of speech objects. The following pronouns fall into this category: so much, this, that, such, such, here, here, here, there, from there, from here, then, therefore, then, obsolete pronouns this one.

Are changing demonstrative pronouns in the Russian language by cases, gender and numbers.

I've been planning to buy myself a castle for two years. Happy are those who have nothing to lock up. (F.M. Dostoevsky)
Sometimes a person reaches such a line that if he doesn’t step over it, he will be unhappy, and if he steps over it, he will become even more unhappy. (F.M. Dostoevsky)
The truth should be served like a coat, not thrown in your face like a wet towel. (M. Twain)
Anyone who strives for self-improvement will never believe that this self-improvement has a limit. (L.N. Tolstoy)

Determinative pronouns. They are used to indicate a sign of the object of speech. These include: .

Determinative pronouns are declined according to cases and change according to gender and number.

Everyone who stops learning grows old, whether at 20 or 80, and anyone else who continues to study remains young. The most important thing in life is to keep your brain young. (G. Ford)
One good friend worth more than all the blessings of this world. (Voltaire)
Even the most frank thought, the purest and clearly conveyed fantasy, be it truth or fiction, cannot evoke sincere sympathy. (L.N. Tolstoy)
We don't need magic to change this world - within us we already have everything we need for this: we can mentally imagine the best... (J. K. Rowling)

Negative pronouns. In speech they act as an indicator of the absence of the object of speech or its signs. Pronouns no one, nothing, no one, nothing, none, nobody, nowhere and the like, as you can see, are formed from interrogative/relative pronouns by attaching prefixes Not-(under emphasis) and neither-(no emphasis).

In Russian, negative pronouns vary by case, gender and number.

The old truth will never be embarrassed by the new - it will put this burden on its shoulders. Only the sick, the obsolete are afraid to take a step forward. (I.A. Goncharov)
I believe that nothing passes without a trace and that every little step matters for the present and future life. (A.P. Chekhov)
Never make any difficult moves if the same thing can be achieved much more in simple ways. This is one of the most wise rules life. It is very difficult to apply it in practice. Especially intellectuals and romantics. (E.M. Remarque)
Philosophers and children have one noble trait - they do not attach importance to any differences between people - neither social, nor mental, nor external. (A.T. Averchenko)

Indefinite pronouns. Speech expresses indefinite characteristics and the number of objects of speech, as well as their uncertainty.

Pronouns of this category are also formed from interrogative/relative pronouns by adding prefixes to them: not-, some- - something, someone, some, some, several, somehow, something and so on. And also postfixes: - then, -either, - anyone – anyone, somewhere, how much and so on.

Indefinite pronouns in the Russian language change according to gender and number, and are declined according to cases.

You can say a lot of stupid things, following only the desire to say something. (Voltaire)
Some are accustomed to living on everything ready-made, walking on someone’s feet, eating chewed food... (F.M. Dostoevsky)
In hardly anything else is human frivolity more often seen to such a terrifying extent than in the structure of marital unions. (N.S. Leskov)

Mentioned above reciprocal pronouns serve to express attitudes towards two or more persons and objects.

Their number in the Russian language is very large due to the many prepositions, thanks to which for each reciprocal pronoun there is big number variable forms. For example, to each other, about each other, in each other, for each other, one from the other, one for the other, one from under the other, after each other, in the end, from end to beginning, from first to second, from case to case case, time after time, from this to that– and this is not a complete list.

In a sentence they play the role of complements.

People are pressed together like rats in a cage, their anger at each other is natural for lonely kings. (A.V. Korolev)
IN bad weather or simply when we feel like it, we have fun looking at the contents of tin boxes. We carefully unwrap the wax paper bags and show each other what makes us who we are. (G. Petrovich)

General pronouns serve in speech to indicate objects that are combined according to any characteristics that do not express quality. For example, speech objects combined in pairs ( both; both), or identical ( the same, the same), or an integer set ( everyone, everyone, all) and so on.

Table of categories of pronouns in the Russian language

Rank by value	Examples of pronouns
1. Personal	1st person – me, we 2nd person – you, you 3rd person – he, she, it, they (+ one)
2. Returnable	myself
3. Possessives	1st person – mine, mine, mine, mine, our, ours, ours, ours 2nd person – yours, yours, yours, yours, yours, yours, yours, yours 3rd person – his, her, theirs
4. Questions	Who? What? Which? what? whose? which? How many? Where? When? Where? where? For what?
5. Relative	who, what, which, which, whose, which, how many, where, when, where, why
6. Index fingers	so much, this, that, such, such, here, here, here, there, from there, from here, then, therefore, then (+ this, that)
7. Definitive	all, every, all, himself, most, every, any, other, different, every, everywhere, everywhere, always
8. Negative	no one, nothing, no one, nothing, none, no one's
9. Uncertain	someone, something, some, some, several, some, some where, something, somewhere, some, any, some, somewhere, for some reason, someone

“Non-classical” categories are not included in this table intentionally so as not to create confusion.

Correlating pronouns with other parts of speech

In other words, categories based on grammatical features:

Pronouns-nouns indicate a person or thing. They are similar to nouns due to their syntactic and morphological characteristics. For example, in a sentence you can also ask them questions: who? So what? and they act as subject or object. As well as the categories of person (in personal ones, through verbs associated with them), number, gender (expressed in words associated with the pronoun) and case. By the way, the pronoun Who is masculine, and What- average.

Pronouns-nouns in the Russian language include: all personal and reflexive pronouns, some interrogative/relative, negative, indefinite. In particular: he, she, it, they, who, what, no one, nothing, someone, something, someone, something etc.

Pronouns-adjectives in speech they indicate the attribute of an object, and this allows them to be correlated with adjectives. In addition, they show inconsistent signs of gender, number and can be declined according to cases. Although, for example, pronouns what And that's how it is They do not decline and in a sentence, unlike others, they can only be predicates. All other adjective pronouns act either as modifiers or as an integral part of the predicate.

Third person possessive pronouns are also unchangeable: his, her, their.

Adjective pronouns include all possessive pronouns and all attributives, some demonstrative and interrogative/relative, negative and indefinite. Namely: my, yours, yours, ours, yours, which, which, whose, that, this, most, every, every and so on.

Numeral pronouns, as you might guess, indicate the number of objects without indicating it exactly. These include pronouns as much as and their indefinite derivatives a few, some, some.

Pronouns in this category are capable of inflection according to cases (everything is the same). But they do not change by gender and number. They agree with nouns according to the same principle as cardinal numbers.

Pronouns-adverbs, already mentioned above, are a special group that is not always identified. Often they are not classified as pronouns at all. Like adjective pronouns, they indicate a characteristic, but are unchangeable and characterize an action. And this allows us to correlate them with adverbs.

Pronouns of this category do not show signs of gender and number, and are not declined according to cases. They agree with verbs according to the same principle as adverbs. And circumstances play a role in a sentence.

Pronoun-adverbs include: there, where, where, when, so.

Pronouns in Russian - table of categories in relation to parts of speech

Grammar classification	Examples of pronouns
1. Pronouns - nouns	he, she, it, they, who, what, no one, nothing, someone, something, someone, something and others
2. Adjective pronouns	my, yours, yours, ours, yours, which, which, whose, that, this, most, every, each and others
3. Numeral pronouns	as much as, several, how much, how much
4. Pronouns-adverbs	there, where, where, when, so

Cases of pronouns in Russian

Pronouns of different categories have their own peculiarities of changing according to cases. Now we will look at some of them in more detail.

1. Cases of personal pronouns

In indirect cases, not only the endings of these pronouns change, but also the stem:

I.p. I, you, we, you, he, it, she, they

R.p. me, you, us, you, his, his, her, their

D.p. me, you, us, you, his, his, her, their

V.p. me, you, us, you, his, his, her, their

etc. me (me), you (you), us, you, them, them, her (her), them

P.p. (about) me, (about) you, (about) us, (about) you, (about) him, (about) him, (about) her, (about) them.

The 1st and 2nd person singular pronouns do not have clearly defined gender categories: they are used in both masculine, feminine, and neuter.

Third person pronouns, when inflected, may lose their initial consonant: she- But her and so on.

2. For a reflexive pronoun myself There are only forms of oblique cases. It is also declined as a personal pronoun You:

etc. by myself (by myself)

P.p. (About Me

possessive pronouns ( my, yours, ours, yours);
index ( that, this, this);
interrogative/relative ( which, which, whose);
determinatives ( most, himself, all, every, different).

I.p. our, ours, ours, ours; such, such, such, such

R.p. ours, ours, ours, ours; such, such, such, such

D.p. ours, ours, ours, ours; so, so, so, so

V.p. ours, ours, ours, ours; such, such, such, such

etc. ours, ours, ours, ours; like this, like this, like this

P.p. (about) ours, (about) ours, (about) ours, (about) ours; (about) such, (about) such, (about) such, (about) such

Determinative pronouns myself And most, although similar, incline differently. The difference is indicated mainly by emphasis:

I.p. the most, the most

R.p. the most, the most

D.p. myself, myself

V.p. the most, the most

etc. by myself, by myself

P.p. (about) myself, (about) myself

* A capital letter indicates a stressed syllable.

Pay attention to the declension of attributive pronouns all, all, everything:

I.p. all, all, everything

R.p. everything, all, everyone

D.p. everything, everything, everyone

V.p. everything, all, everyone

etc. everyone, all (everyone), everyone

P.p. (about) everything, (about) everything, (about) everyone

When declension of feminine and neuter pronouns, only the endings change, but in masculine the basis also changes.

4. In interrogative/relative ( who what) and the negative ones formed from them ( nobody, nothing) of pronouns, when changing by case, the bases change:

I.p. who, what, nobody, nothing

R.p. who, what, no one, nothing

D.p. to whom, what, no one, nothing

V.p. who, what, no one, nothing

etc. who, what, nothing, nothing

P.p. (about) whom, (about) what, about no one, about nothing.

At the same time, in the prepositional case, the preposition breaks negative pronouns into three words.

5. Like the reflexive pronoun, some negative pronouns do not have a nominative case form:

R.p. no one

D.p. no one

V.p. no one

etc. no one

P.p. not about anyone.

6. Indefinite pronouns are declined in the same way as the interrogative/relative pronouns from which they are formed:

I.p. any, something

R.p. any, something

D.p. to any, something

V.p. any, something

etc. somehow, something

P.p. (about) any, about something

7. There are variable case forms for the indefinite pronoun some:

I.p. some

R.p. some

D.p. to a certain

V.p. no one

etc. some (certain)

P.p. (about) someone

Variant case forms exist for this pronoun in other gender/number as well.

8. Some index fingers ( that's how it is), relative ( what), undefined ( someone, something) pronouns do not change by case. Pronouns and adverbs are not inflected either. there, where, where, when, so.

Morphological analysis of pronouns

We offer you a diagram of morphological analysis of pronouns and an example of such analysis.

Parsing scheme:

Identify the part of speech grammatical meaning pronouns, write the initial form (put in the nominative case (if any), singular).
Describe the morphological features:
- constants (category by meaning, rank by grammatical features, person (for personal and possessive), number (for personal 1st and 2nd persons);
- inconsistent (case, number, gender).
Indicate what role it plays in the sentence.

Sample morphological analysis of pronouns

Don't waste your energy trying to change people... They will not change. U them Who decided to take a strong action, That and rights (F.M. Dostoevsky).

Morphological features: constants - personal, pronoun-noun, 3rd person; inconstant – nominative case, plural.

(at) them

Pronoun; indicates the object of speech without directly naming it, n.f. - They.
Morphological features: constants - personal, pronoun-noun, 3rd person; fickle – Genitive, plural.
Role in a sentence: addition.

Pronoun; indicates the object of speech without naming it, n.f. - Who.
Morphological features: constants – relative, pronoun-noun; inconstant – nominative case.
It plays the role of subject in a sentence.

Pronoun; indicates the object of speech without naming it, n.f. - That.
Morphological features: constants – demonstrative, pronoun-adjective; inconstant – nominative case, singular, masculine.
Role in a sentence: subject.

Spelling pronouns

Personal pronouns

When declension of personal pronouns in Russian in indirect cases, the letter appears at the base of 3rd person pronouns n, if they have a pretext in front of them. For example, about him, to them, about her, among them and so on.

N does not join:

in the dative case, if the pronoun is preceded by a derivative preposition thanks, like, contrary, according to, towards, in spite of: contrary to to her, towards them, according to to him;
if the pronoun is used in a phrase where it is preceded by an adjective or adverb in comparative degree: took more his, bought cheaper their.

Indefinite pronouns

Indefinite pronouns are always written with a hyphen and a prefix some and postfixes -something, -either, -something: someone, somehow, something, somewhere and so on.

When declension of indefinite pronouns in the prepositional case between the prefix some and the pronoun places a preposition. In this case, they are written in three words: about something, about something, about something and so on.

Negative pronouns

Negative pronouns are formed from interrogative/relative pronouns using prefixes not-/nor-. Not- written under stress, in unstressed syllable – neither-: no one to trust - no one to see, no place to leave - nowhere to be found; no one, nothing, not at all, none, nobody.

When declension of negative pronouns in Russian, prepositions can be used in the forms of indirect cases. They break the word into three, which are written separately, and the prefixes become particles: no - not from anyone, nothing - from nothing, no one - not about anyone and so on.

note

1. It is necessary to distinguish between the spelling of prefixes not-/nor- and homonymous particles not/nor:

Remember the spelling: How neither what Not it happened. Confusion in the spelling of particles not/nor leads not only to spelling errors, but also to a distortion of the meaning of the statement. Compare: not with anything(particle neither has an intensifying meaning) – nothing(particle Not has a negative value).
The choice of particle can completely change the meaning of a statement to the opposite: not one (= no one at all) – not one (= many), not once (= never at all) – more than once (= many times).
Don't confuse negative pronouns with prefixes neither- (nowhere, no one, no one) and pronouns with a particle neither (no one, no where, no one). Compare: Neither where not a trace of a person was found. - I have no idea neither who are you, neither where do you live, neither who do you serve.
Pay attention to the difference between phrases none other than - no one else; nothing more than nothing else. Particle Not expresses negation, and the entire phrase is used to contrast parts of the statement with each other. Opposition is expressed by conjunction How(= union A). If the sentence is affirmative and if it is impossible to add a second negation without violating the meaning, use the particle Not and write it separately. For example: Everything that happened was Not nothing more than a stupid prank. He stood uncertainly on the threshold Not who else but the long-awaited guest.
If a pronoun with a particle can be meaningfully replaced by particles exactly, just, then the particle is used Not and the phrase is written separately: none other than; nothing more than. Example: It's arrived ordered letter – nothing more than invitation to a competition that has been awaited for a long time. - A registered letter has arrived - just that invitation to the competition that has been awaited for a long time.
If the sentence is negative, i.e. the predicate has its own negative particle Not, That neither- acts as a prefix and is written combined with a negative pronoun: Neither no one else could have said it better. This is donkey stubbornness neither there was no other way to win.
If the sentence is affirmative, phrases no one else, nothing else are used for joining. A negation not expressed in a sentence exists potentially and can be restored from the context: I only want this and neither anything else (I don’t want).
If the phrase contains a conjunction How, write all words separately and with a particle Not: This package Not nothing more than a gift. If the union How no, write a prefix neither-: Neither who else does not understand me so well.
If a conjunction is used in a sentence A, write the particle Not(apart): I want to say everything Not to someone A only for him alone. If a conjunction is used And, write neither(separately if it is a particle, together if it is a prefix): Much has gone forever and neither that it won't be the same anymore.

2.Do not confuse homonyms: pronoun + preposition and conjunctions/adverbs. Pay attention to how they agree with other members of the sentence, what syntactic role they themselves play, what question can be asked of them, etc.

For what We're going to the store, what are we going to look for there? – For what do you follow me and whine all the time?
For that that you helped me, I will thank you. – But I have a wide soul and a kind heart!
What does it have to do with are all these people here? – They trained a lot and prepared for the competition, and some even abandoned their studies.
Moreover What we were able to unearth from the ancient tomb was a sword and shield. – Moreover, if you think sensibly, he has power on his side.

3.Remember that never mind– this is not a pronoun, but an adverb.

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According to its meaning and grammatical features pronouns in Russian are divided into several categories: personal, reflexive, possessive, interrogative, relative, negative, indefinite, attributive and demonstrative.

Table “Dispositions of pronouns”

To correctly determine the category of pronouns, we will find out what meanings they have in speech and highlight their main grammatical features.

Discharge	Examples	Syntax function
Personal	I, you, we, you, he, she, it, they	I went to the window. My phone rang.
Returnable	myself	Look at yourself in the mirror. Cats are capable of living on their own.
Possessives	my, yours, ours, yours, yours	I know your opinion. His face became sad.
Interrogative	Who? What? Which? what? which one? whose? how much?	Who's knocking on the door? At whose window are the pigeons sitting? How many apples are on the table?
Relative	who, what, which, which, which, whose, how many	I can’t understand what could have delayed them so much. This is the house within whose walls I spent my childhood.
Negative	no one, nothing, no one, nothing, nothing, nobody's, not at all	Nobody answered me. There is no one to ask about this now. There is no mistake here.
Undefined	someone, something, some, someone, how many, anything, someone, some, any, some, someone's, somebody's	Someone was singing a song. Someone's voice was heard in the yard. Mark the seedling with something.
Definitive	himself, most, everyone, any, everyone, whole, different, all, different	Another path lies ahead of us. Tomorrow everything will seem different.
Index fingers	this, that, such, such and such, such and such, so much, so much	Behind that house is a cafe. There was so much joy in her eyes! The essence of the issue is that it is better to solve it together.

In the table we got acquainted with the categories of pronouns with examples of their use in the Russian language. We previously learned.

Personal pronouns “I”, “we”, “you”, “you”, “he”, “she”, “it”, “they” point to a person or object.

Pronouns "I", "we" refer to the first person; "you you"- to the second; "he she it"- to the third.

I climbed a tall pine tree and began to scream (K. Paustovsky).

We followed the elk trail (K. Paustovsky).

Do you remember, Alyosha, the roads of the Smolensk region? (K. Simonov)

Have you seen how a saffron milk cap walks under a pine roof in morocco boots? (A. Kovalenko)

At pronouns "he she it" determined by masculine, feminine and neuter gender.

He sang, and from every sound of his voice you smelled something familiar and vastly wide, as if the familiar steppe was opening up before you, going into an endless distance (I.S. Turgenev).

After Masha rummaged through her works, she settled on novels (A. Pushkin).

To the left, from the edge of the village, a field began; it was visible far to the horizon, and throughout the entire width of this field, flooded with moonlight, there was also neither movement nor sound (A. Chekhov).

Personal pronouns have a singular and plural category.

Let's compare:

I, you - we, you;
he, she, it - they.

However, we mean that pronouns "I" And "We" , "you and "You" are not singular and plural forms of the same word. Pronouns "We" And "You" do not indicate "I'm a lot" or "you are a lot". They indicate the speaker or interlocutor along with other persons participating in a conversation or in a particular action.

All personal pronouns change by case. When they are declined in oblique cases, completely different words appear:

I - me;
you - you;
she her;
they are theirs.

As soon as I touch mathematics, I will again forget everything in the world (S. Kovalevskaya).

Reflexive pronoun "myself" indicates the person being spoken about.

Will you look into yourself? There is no trace of the past there (M. Lermontov).

I erected a monument to myself, not made by hands (A. Pushkin).

This pronoun does not have a nominative case form, grammatical categories of person, gender, or number. It changes only by case:

i.p. -
r.p. myself
d.p. to myself
v.p. myself
etc. yourself
p.p. About Me

horse (im.p.) (whose?) his (r.p.).

The nightingale happened to fly to their noise (I.A. Krylov).

The noise (whose?) of them- inconsistent definition.

Possessive pronouns "his", "her", "their" do not change.

Words that nouns answer ( Who? What?), adjectives ( Which? whose? what? which one?) and numerals ( how much?) are interrogative pronouns.

Who's knocking at the gate? (S.Marshak).

What will I do for people? - Danko (M. Gorky) shouted louder than thunder.

Suddenly he turned to his mother: “Avdotya Vasilievna, how old is Petrusha?” (A. Pushkin).

“What don’t you understand?” - Pavel Vasilyevich asks Styopa (A. Chekhov).

What news did you receive yesterday?

What is the answer to my question?

Which math lesson will it be?

The same pronouns, only without a question, serve to connect simple sentences as part of a complex sentence and are called relative:

Look how many flat-bottomed scows lie on my shore (A. Kataev).

A hundred paces from me there was a dark grove, from which I just left (A. Chekhov).

He was not at all what Konstantin (L. Tolstoy) imagined him to be.

It was already getting dark, and Vasily could not understand who was coming (K. Paustovsky).

Often I wanted to guess what he was writing about (A. Pushkin).

I also thought about the person in whose hands my fate was (A. Pushkin).

Indefinite pronouns

Indicate unknown objects, signs and quantities:

“someone”, “something”, “some”, “several”, “someone”, “something”, “someone”, “anyone”, “anyone”, “someone” ”, “some”, “any”, “any”, “someone’s”, “someone’s”, “someone’s”, “how much”, “as much”.

Someone was playing the violin...the girl sang in a soft contralto voice, and laughter could be heard (M. Gorky).

It became scary, as if in this silence some danger was silently lurking for him (V. Kataev).

In the living room, something small fell from the table and broke (A. Chekhov).

You are unable to act from any motives (K. Fedin).

But, perhaps, he was right about something (M. Sholokhov).

Negative pronouns

Negative pronouns “nobody”, “nothing”, “no one”, “nothing”, “none”, “nobody”, “not at all” serve to deny the presence of some object, sign or quantity or to strengthen the negative meaning of the entire sentence.

I don’t want to sadden you with anything (A. Pushkin).

Nobody really knew anything (K. Simonov).

Vladik stood silently, not bullying anyone and not answering anyone’s questions (A. Gaidar).

They are formed from interrogative (relative) pronouns using an unstressed prefix neither- or shock attachment Not-.

Pronouns “no one”, “nothing” do not have a nominative case.

They were silent because there was nothing to tell each other (I.A. Goncharov).

There is no one to ask when it is your own fault (proverb).

Pronouns “nobody”, “no one”, “nobody”, “no one”, “nothing” can be used with a preposition that comes after the prefix:

not from anyone, on anything, under no one, behind anyone, not from anyone, not because of anything, etc.

In nothing does the national character manifest itself so freely as in song and dance (A. Fadeev).

I don’t want to think about anything, interfere in anything (M. Prishvin).

An attempt to intercept Masha on the road did not lead to anything (A. Fadeev).

“that”, “this”, “such”, “such”, “so much” serve to highlight a certain object, feature, or quantity among others.

I would strictly forbid these gentlemen to approach the capitals for a shot! (A. Griboyedov).

All this would be funny if it weren’t so sad (M. Lermontov).

There are as many heads as there are minds (proverb).

In the dark, I climbed into such a windfall, from which it would be difficult to get out even during the day. However, I managed to get out of this labyrinth (V. Arsenyev).

Determinative pronouns - “all”, “everyone”, “himself”, “most”, “everyone”, “any”, “different”, “different”, “whole”.

Everyone who is young, give us your hands - join our ranks, friends! (L. Oshanin).

Every work of a master is praised (proverb).

Learn to control yourself; Not everyone will understand you like I do; inexperience leads to trouble (A. Pushkin).

To the right the whole village was visible, the long street stretched about five miles away (A. Chekhov).

These pronouns change in gender, number and case, like adjectives.

Video lesson on the Russian language for 6th grade students “Pronoun. Pronoun categories"

Pronouns- these are words that indicate an object, sign, quantity or circumstance, but do not name them.

The initial form of the pronoun is the form im.p., singular, m.r.: my, our, which, which.

In some cases, the pronoun does not change in number or has neither number nor gender; the initial form is im.p.: I, you, we, you, who, what, anyone. In such cases, it should be noted that initial form no, and name the first word form of the existing paradigm.

Main functions pronouns – deictic, anaphoric, quantifier and substitution.

1. Deictic(Greek deixis - indication) the function is manifested in the correlation of what is being said with the conditions of the speech act and its participants (I am the speaker, you are the listener, your is the one belonging to you).

2. Anaphoric(Greek reference) function is the correlation of the elements of a given statement with other parts of the text (one is similar to what has already been said, the other is not what has been said).

3. Quantifier function - correlating a name with various classes of objects and their characteristics: with a class of objects or characteristics about which the speaker would like to receive information (who? which?)

5) The substitution function of pronouns also appears in the flow of speech - the use of pronouns instead of names - nouns, adjectives, numerals, as well as adverbs in order to avoid repetitions.

In a sentence, the pronoun acts as the main or minor members sentences: I don’t know what his plan is now, although we talked about it once.

Lexico-grammatical categories of pronouns

1. Discharges in relation to parts of speech

In a sentence, pronouns can be used instead of nouns, adjectives, numerals, as well as instead of adverbs and words of the state category.

Based on grammatical properties, pronouns can be divided into 5 groups: pronouns-nouns, pronouns-adjectives, pronouns-numerals, pronouns-adverbs and pronouns - words of the state category.

Pronouns-nouns(pronouns, subject-personal pronouns) indicate the subject, answer the questions who? what?, change by case, replace a noun in the text and are the subject and object of a sentence. This category includes the words: I, you, we, you, he, she, it, they, themselves, who, what and derivatives from them.

Pronouns-adjectives(pronominal adjectives, attribute pronouns) indicate the attribute of an object, answer the questions which? whose? what?, change by gender, number and case, replace an adjective in the text, perform the syntactic function of a definition and a predicate. These are pronouns such as mine, yours, ours, yours, yours, this, that, which, every, some.

Numeral pronouns(indefinite cardinal numerals, pronominal numerals, quantitative pronouns) indicate the number of objects, answer the question how many?, change according to cases, can be replaced by cardinal numerals.

Numeral pronouns do not have the categories of gender and number.

Examples: how much, how much, so much, so much, how much, so much, not at all, several, a little, much, little.

Pronouns-adverbs indicate a sign of an action or sign, answer questions with adverbs how? When? Where? Why? why?, do not change, are replaced by an adverb, and act as an adverb in a sentence. These are pronouns such as so, how, where, where, when, why, once, somewhere, never, in any way, there, here.

Pronouns- words condition categories indicate a state, are combined with the verb connective to be, do not change, and are part of the SIS in a sentence. These are words such as what it is, so it is, there is no time, nowhere, nowhere, there is no need: I have no time to talk to you. He had nowhere to go.

2. Classes of pronouns by meaning

According to their meaning, pronouns are divided into 9 categories:

1)Personal pronouns indicate a person (I, we, you, you) or any Living being and an inanimate object (he, she, it, they).

1st and 2nd person personal pronouns do not have forms of the genus.

Verbs with them are put in the form m. and g. kind depending on the gender of a particular person: I went to the theater.

2) Returnable Third person pronouns differ by gender.

The pronoun self indicates the attitude of the actor towards himself. It does not have gender, number and form I.p., because denotes the object of the action: The stranger did not say anything about himself. “The stranger didn’t tell me anything about herself. When constructing sentences with the pronoun yourself, you need to be careful, as it may refer to

to different persons

3. Possessives mentioned in the sentence. My friend doesn’t allow me to joke about myself – ambiguity.

Close to the reflexive pronoun oneself is the reciprocal pronoun each other, which indicates different subjects and objects connected by one action: They looked at each other, their eyes met (Lermontov). Each of the characters is both a subject and an object.

pronouns indicate that something belongs to the speaker (mine, ours), the listener (yours, yours) or the one being spoken about (its, his, hers, theirs). The possessive pronouns my, yours, ours, yours, yours change according to gender, number and case. The possessive pronouns his, her, their are immutable, frozen forms. They must be distinguished from homonymous personal pronouns. Important remember that personal pronouns in a sentence play the role of a complement, they change, when used with a preposition they have an initial H - and possessive pronouns play the role

4. Index fingers(exclusive-demonstrative) pronouns serve to distinguish any objects from the category of homogeneous ones and at the same time to indicate them. These pronouns change according to gender, number and case.

Place-e-sama has 2 forms of V.p.: most, sama - 1st book, obsolete.

When used with the same particle and the pronoun most, the pronoun such indicates the identity of one object with another, already known (the same cloak, the same coat).

5.Interrogative pronouns convey a question about an object, its attribute or quantity. Who sent you? What time is it now?

The pronouns who, what, how many do not have gender or number forms, but change according to cases. The categories of gender and number are conveyed syntactically with such pronouns. With the pronoun who, the verb is used in the form m.p.: Which of the girls won?, with the pronoun what - in the form cf. kind: What happened?

In combination with the pronoun who, pronouns such as this, another, and other take the form m. and f. gender depending on the real gender of the person indicated by the pronoun: Who are you? Who is she?

When clarifying not a person’s personality, but his character, the phrases what for, what is are used: What kind of person is this Ivan Ivanovich?

In rhetorical questions and exclamatory sentences with negation, there is no pronoun, which means “everything without exception, very much”: What a woman who strives to become level with her age will not do! (A. Pisemsky).

6. Relative pronouns are pronouns that coincide in form with interrogatives, but act as allied words - they attach subordinate clause SPP to the main one: There is a moment in a person’s life that is never forgotten and which determines his biography (Polevoy).

7. Negative pronouns - indicate the absence of a person, object or their attribute: no one, nothing, no one, nothing, no one.

Negative pronouns are formed from interrogatives and have the same declension paradigm as them.

neither- are used to strengthen the negation in a sentence: Nobody needs anything.

Negative pronouns with prefix Not- often have an additional connotation of the reason due to which the action could not or cannot be performed: There is no need to die!

8. Undefined pronouns - indicate vague persons, objects and signs. Indefinite pronouns are formed from interrogatives using prefixes no-, some- and postfixes – that, -either, -any: some, some, something, someone's.

In indefinite pronouns someone, something not always under stress and written together. When used with a preposition - in 3 words: not about anything, with someone.

Pronouns with postfixes – this, -either, -something and the prefix are somewhat synonymous, but each of them has special shades.

Pronouns anyone, anything close in meaning to someone, something, but differing in their bookish character: It seemed to him that he already understood the essence of art better than anyone else.

Pronouns someone, something have the meaning “some, few” and are used in situations where the speaker is not indifferent to the specific implied object.

9. Definitive pronouns - indicate a generalized attribute of an object: all, every, any, each, other, other. They change like adjectives: by gender, number, case.

Both adjectives and nouns can act as pronouns.

Pronouns rarely move into other parts of speech: Ours won. They took theirs.

The name of this part of speech speaks for itself. Place of the name, that is, instead of the name. It is immediately clear that those parts that are called nominal can be replaced by a pronoun. The proposal will not suffer from this replacement, but will only benefit. Nouns and adjectives, and other parts with them, may not be repeated; a synonymous pronoun will handle this.

Specific conversation about each

There are not many types of pronouns, they are easy to remember. Each category name is bright and telling. For clarity, you can analyze each of them.

personal, indicate persons (I, he, you), they most often replace nouns.
reflexive, return to themselves (themselves), it cannot have any grammatical category other than case.
possessive, they attract to a specific person, it becomes mine, yours, his, theirs. They successfully replace the adjective.
interrogatives, contain a question (who?, which?, how many?), used in interrogative sentences.
relative,
indicative, they give direction to a specific object (that, that, there).
definitive,
negative, they deny the object and its existence (no one, no need).
Indefinite, they cannot decide who they are talking about in general (something, someone), they are formed from pronouns containing a question, in a prefix way.

Features of pronouns

Some pronouns are unusual and do not seem to be inflected. For example, the third person personal pronouns he, she, they in the dative, instrumental and prepositional cases have an additional letter N to the word: to him, about her, with them.

In negative pronouns, the presence of the prefixes ne- and ni- completely depends on the stress of the syllable. In a stressed strong position the letter E is inserted, in an unstressed position the letter I is inserted. For example, SOMEONE, but NOBODY.

Indefinite pronouns have their own spelling rules. The prefix COME- and the suffixes -TO, -OR, -ANYTHING involved in the formation have a hyphen: someone.

In language there is such a thing as pronouns by reciprocity. There are a great many of them, which appeared due to the abundance of prepositions and the meaning of the relationship to several, and most often, to two objects or individuals. An example of this is the following expressions beloved by Russian people: from case to case, from time to time, from each other.

The pronoun always indicates, but does not specifically name anything. This feature does not allow the pronoun to be given complete freedom. This part of speech often performs a substitute function.

Instructions

Pronouns are associated with nominal parts of speech: they indicate a person, objects, characteristics and quantity, but do not name them. The presence of common grammatical features allows us to distinguish certain groups: nouns or numerals. In , as well as the words they replace, pronouns different members. Right asked question will indicate whether the main (subject, predicate) or secondary (object, definition, adverbial) member of the sentence is a pronoun.

Noun pronouns belonging to different categories can be the subject. Consider: “We (personal) solved a difficult problem”, “Who (interrogative) watched?”, “The teacher guessed who (relative) watched the film”, “Something (uncertain) happened”, “No one (negative) found correct answer”, “This (indicative) is becoming a habit”, “Everyone (indicative) went home.”

Rarely in a complex sentence are pronominal correlative constructions found (which - such, which - such). In such cases, these pronouns perform the function of a predicate: “As is the priest, so is the parish.”

Pronouns of different ranks (with the exception of possessives) in a sentence are quite often an object. For example: “Guests have come to see me,” “Look at yourself carefully,” “Not at all.”

Possessive, attributive, interrogative-relative, indefinite, negative, demonstrative pronouns-adjectives act as definitions. Examples of sentences with a pronoun-attribute: “I invite my friends to my birthday”, “Every sound was clearly heard”, “What day of the week is it today?”, “Some birch trees lost their leaves early”, “No obstacles are scary for brave climbers”, “ My sister has never read a book like this before.”

The circumstance answers semantic questions (“where?”, “from where?”, etc.), they are used less often than indirect ones when determining the syntactic meaning of a pronoun. Pronouns can be adverbial. But usually they are considered from the position of ambiguity and talk about two syntactic characteristics at the same time: additions and circumstances (“to whom?”, “where?” - to him; “from whom?”, “from where?” - from you).

Numeral pronouns “how many, so many” represent a single member of a sentence together with the word with which they are used. As a rule, this word occurs in the nominative or indirect case. Such phrases will be subject or object.

Sometimes they form a complete combination with the noun being defined. A similar construction makes up one member of the sentence: “All the work was done perfectly,” “Every schoolchild enjoys summer holidays.”

note

The words “so, there, there, where”, etc. sometimes called pronominal adverbs. In a sentence they are adverbial.

- This service part speech that is used instead of nouns, adjectives, numerals and adverbs. It does not name objects, their characteristics and quantity, but only points to them or asks about them. Depending on the expressed meaning and grammatical features, nine categories of pronouns are distinguished: demonstrative, personal, possessive, interrogative, relative, negative, attributive, indefinite and reflexive.

Instructions

Personal include: “I”, “you”, “we”, “you”, “he”, “she”, “it”, “they”. These are noun pronouns. They got this name because they indicate the persons participating in the speech. Personal pronouns (in this case the whole word changes) change according to gender, person and number. 1st and 2nd person pronouns indicate the speaker ("I", "you", "you", "we"), and 3rd person pronouns indicate who or what is being spoken about (“he”, “she”, “they”, “it”).

There is only one reflexive in the language - “yourself”. It is similar to the suffix "sya" in reflexives. A reflexive pronoun means that an action performed by someone is directed at the actor himself. The pronoun "oneself" has no person, gender, or nominative case form.

Possessive pronouns are: “your”, “our”, “mine”, “yours”, “yours”. They indicate the attribute of an object by its affiliation. Like adjectives, possessive pronouns vary by case, number and gender (for example, “my jacket”, “my friends”, “my poem”, “my friends” and so on).

Interrogative pronouns: “what”, “who”, “whose”, “which”, “which”, “where”, “how many”, “when”, “from where”, “whither”, “why”, “what for” and others. They are used in interrogative sentences. The ability to decline according to cases, as well as to change according to numbers and genders, depends on the properties of the word they replace.

Indefinite pronouns: “someone”, “something”, “some”, “several”, “once”, “someone”, “something”, “anyone”, “something”, “something” then", "somewhere", "someone", "sometime" and others. They indicate unknown, uncertain objects, properties, quantity. Indefinite pronouns are formed by adding the particle “not” to interrogative pronouns.

Negative pronouns: “nobody”, “nobody”, “nothing”, “none”, “nothing”, “nobody’s”, “nowhere”, “nowhere”, “never” and so on. Used to indicate the absence of objects, features or quantity. They change in the same way as interrogative pronouns.

Determinative pronouns are: “himself”, “all”, “everyone”, “everyone”, “any”, “other”, “other”, “everywhere”, “everywhere”, “always”, etc. They change according to numbers , genders and cases, perform the function of definition in a sentence.

Sources:

what is this pronoun

Personal pronouns include the following - “I”, “you”, “we”, “you”, “he”, “she”, “they” and “it”, which in speech and sentence indicate certain person or subject. Such words have their own morphological and syntactic features.

Instructions

The pronouns “I” and “we” indicate the speaker or a group of people that the speaker may be a member of. “You” and “you,” in turn, signal a specific interlocutor being addressed, or a group of which this interlocutor is part. “He”, “she” and “it” indicate a specific person who is not directly involved in the speech, but who may be spoken about. The pronoun “they,” in turn, denotes a group of persons who do not participate in speech, but are mentioned.