Types of craft. Types of folk crafts

Folk crafts are exactly what makes our culture rich and unique. Foreign tourists take with them painted objects, toys and textile products in memory of our country.
Almost every corner of Russia has its own type of needlework, and in this material we have collected the brightest and most famous of them.

Every work of the master is praised - it’s hard to disagree with this, looking at the “branded” things of Russian masters, which were liked not only in the Motherland, but also loved far beyond its borders...

Dymkovo toy

The bright and elegant Dymkovo toy has become a symbol of the Vyatka land. This is one of the oldest Russian crafts, which Vyatka craftsmen have been practicing for 400 years. The appearance of the toy is associated with spring holiday Whistling, when clay whistles in the form of lambs, horses, goats or ducks came out of the hands of the women of the Dymkovo settlement.
In the 30s of the 20th century, not only a large number of variations of spring toys on the theme of everyday life and fairy tales appeared, but also many new ornaments and color combinations were developed. Each toy is unique and one of a kind, because it is sculpted and painted by a master every time anew. At the same time, there are no analogues of this clay miracle in the world.

Orenburg shawl

This unrivaled item is knitted from goat down and cotton, silk or other threads that form its base. Knitting from down in Orenburg began in the 18th century. The Orenburg down scarf was first presented abroad in 1857 at the Paris International Exhibition. Beauty and grace captivated the European public. These scarves are as integral a part of the original Russian wardrobe as earflap hats. From time immemorial, earflap hats have been worn in Rus' and today this headdress does not lose its relevance.

In the 18th-19th centuries, the French imported tens of thousands of poods of Orenburg fluff, which was considered higher than Kashmir fluff. Shawl, “gossamer” and stole are the three main types of Orenburg scarves. The main quality criteria are that the scarf must pass through the ring and fit into the goose egg. The best “spider webs” are knitted today in the villages of Shishma and Zheltoye, Saraktash district.

Zhostovo painting

At the beginning of the 19th century, the Vishnyakov brothers lived in one of the Moscow villages of the former Troitskaya volost (now Mytishchi district), and they were engaged in painting lacquered metal trays, sugar bowls, pallets, papier-mâché boxes, cigarette cases, teapots, albums and other things. Since then, artistic painting in the Zhostovo style has begun to gain popularity and attract attention at numerous exhibitions in our country and abroad.

Gorodets painting

Gorodets painting has existed since the mid-19th century. Bright, laconic patterns reflect genre scenes, figurines of horses, roosters, and floral patterns. The painting is done in a free stroke with a white and black graphic outline; it decorates spinning wheels, furniture, shutters, and doors.

Gusev crystal

Products made at the Gus-Khrustalny crystal factory can be found in museums all over the world. Traditional Russian souvenirs, household items, sets for the festive table, elegant jewelry, boxes, and handmade figurines reflect the beauty of our native nature, its customs and primordially Russian values. Products made from colored crystal are especially popular.

Ural malachite

Despite the fact that malachite is mined not only in the Urals, this green mineral with a unique pattern is considered a “Russian” stone, because it is the Ural malachite that surpasses others in its magnificence: “on the surface, like velvet, and in a fracture, like satin.” The generally accepted stone processing technique throughout the world, called “Russian mosaic,” came from the Urals. Russian tsars also loved to present malachite products. Thus, Alexander I gave Napoleon a table, a vase and a candelabra made of malachite. Unfortunately, today in the Urals there are almost no true masters left who are capable of creating masterpieces like the vases of Halberg and Stackenschneider, the tabletops of Montferrand or the malachite columns of Bryullov.

Matryoshka

A chubby and plump cheerful girl in a headscarf and Russian folk dress won the hearts of lovers of folk toys and beautiful souvenirs around the world.
Now the nesting doll is not just a folk toy, a keeper of Russian culture: it is a memorable souvenir for tourists, on the apron of which play scenes, fairy tale plots and landscapes with attractions are finely drawn. The nesting doll has become a precious collectible that can cost hundreds of dollars.

Tula samovar

In the 60s of the 18th century, gunsmith Fyodor Lisitsyn decided to organize an enterprise in Tula to produce pots and “devices for heating water.” Soon, not a single fair takes place without the participation of this product of Tula craftsmen. Along the Oka River, “pot-bellied beauties” traveled all over Russia. Interestingly, the price of the product was determined by its weight. Despite the variety of shapes and designs, any samovar had the same structure - the walls of the tray, jug, tap, handles. Often the whole family participated in the manufacture of the samovar - in this way, the older masters passed on their experience and skills to the younger ones.
In 1829, at the St. Petersburg exhibition, the Tula was awarded a small silver medal. Today, Tula samovars are not only an indispensable attribute of Russian tea drinking, but also genuine works of art that glorified Tula not only in home country, but also far beyond.

Shemogodskaya slotted birch bark

Products made from birch bark by craftsmen from the Vologda region are filled with extraordinary warmth. The popularity of birch bark among our ancestors is not accidental - it is a very light, durable and strong material. Dishes, baskets, tues, boxes, jewelry, clothing and shoes were made from birch bark. The most popular was Shemogodskaya slotted birch bark, which received its name from the Shemoksa River, which flows below Veliky Ustyug in the Vologda province. The openwork of the floral ornament, intricately intertwined stems, flowers, leaves and berries - this makes the traditional pattern of Veliky Ustyug birch bark lace inimitable.

Khokhloma painting

Probably, Khokhloma painting appeared in the 17th century in the village of Khokhloma, on the left bank of the Volga. However there is large quantities and other versions of the appearance of this ancient folk craft. Traditional juicy rowan berries in gilded leaves on a black background are unlikely to leave anyone indifferent. Later, images of birds, fish and animals were added with floral ornaments. This type of decorative painting was used to decorate dishes and furniture. Cups, bowls, barrels, and, of course, wooden spoons- here is just a small part of the assortment with Khokhloma painting.
Khokhloma products are valued not only for their beauty, but also for their amazing practicality. In such a bowl you can serve okroshka or serve tea, and not worry that the colors will fade or the varnish will crack. Today, the Nizhny Novgorod village of Kovernino is considered the birthplace of Khokhloma. Khokhloma painting is a unique phenomenon not only for Russia, but for all world art

Tula gingerbread

Tula gingerbread is a Russian delicacy. Without these sweet and fragrant products, not a single event took place in Rus' - neither funny nor sad. Gingerbread was served both at the royal table and at the peasant table. The traditional shape is given to the gingerbread using a board with a carved ornament.

Gzhel

The Gzhel Bush, an area of ​​27 villages located near Moscow, is famous for its clay, which has been mined here since the mid-17th century. In the 19th century, Gzhel craftsmen began to produce semi-faience, earthenware and porcelain. Of particular interest are still items painted in one color - blue overglaze paint applied with a brush, with graphic detailing.

Pavlovo Posad shawls

Bright and light, feminine Pavloposad shawls are always fashionable and relevant. This folk craft appeared at the end of the 18th century at a peasant enterprise in the village of Pavlovo, from which a shawl manufactory subsequently developed. It produced woolen shawls with printed patterns, which were very popular at that time.
Now the original drawings are being supplemented various elements like fringe, are created in different colors and remain a wonderful accessory to almost any look.

Vologda lace

Vologda lace is woven on wooden sticks and bobbins. All images are made with dense, continuous, uniform width, smoothly curling linen braid. They stand out clearly against the background of patterned lattices, decorated with elements in the form of stars and rosettes.

Enamel

Vintage brooches, bracelets, pendants, which quickly “entered” modern fashion, are nothing more than jewelry made using the enamel technique. This kind applied arts originated in the 17th century in the Vologda region.
Masters depicted floral patterns, birds, and animals on white enamel using a variety of paints. Then the art of multi-color enamel began to be lost, and monochromatic enamel began to supplant it: white, blue and green. Now both styles are successfully combined.

Palekh boxes

A small town in the Ivanovo region, Palekh, has been famous for its icon painting craft for a long time. Ever since Tatar-Mongol yoke Small “pysanka” icons, which could be easily hidden, were in great demand. In the middle of the 17th century, Palekh works reached Moscow, and craftsmen began to be invited to work - the Chamber of Facets in the Kremlin, the Trinity Lavra of St. Sergius, and the Novodevichy Convent were decorated with Palekh icons. In the 20th century, Palekh masters were forced to change the subject matter of their works - Pushkin’s fairy tales, scenes from rural life, revolutionary motifs. At this time, an artel is created that transfers lacquer painting to papier-mâché. The exquisite works of Palekh craftsmen - cigarette cases and brooches, boxes and notebooks, caskets and famous boxes - become famous all over the world.

Folk crafts are exactly what makes our culture rich and unique. Foreign tourists take with them painted objects, toys and textile products in memory of our country.

Almost every corner of Russia has its own type of needlework, and in this material we have collected the brightest and most famous of them.

Dymkovo toy


Dymkovo toy - symbol Kirov region, highlighting its rich and ancient history. It is molded from clay, then dried and fired in a kiln. After that, it is painted by hand, each time creating a unique copy. There cannot be two identical toys.

Zhostovo painting


At the beginning of the 19th century, the Vishnyakov brothers lived in one of the Moscow villages of the former Troitskaya volost (now Mytishchi district), and they were engaged in painting lacquered metal trays, sugar bowls, pallets, papier-mâché boxes, cigarette cases, teapots, albums and other things. Since then, artistic painting in the Zhostovo style has begun to gain popularity and attract attention at numerous exhibitions in our country and abroad.

Khokhloma


Khokhloma is one of the most beautiful Russian crafts, which originated in the 17th century near Nizhny Novgorod. This is a decorative painting of furniture and wooden utensils, which is loved not only by connoisseurs of Russian antiquity, but also by residents foreign countries.

The intricately intertwined herbal patterns of bright scarlet berries and golden leaves on a black background can be admired endlessly. Therefore, even traditional wooden spoons, presented on the most insignificant occasion, leave the recipient with the kindest and longest memory of the donor.

Gorodets painting


Gorodets painting has existed since the mid-19th century. Bright, laconic patterns reflect genre scenes, figurines of horses, roosters, and floral patterns. The painting is done in a free stroke with a white and black graphic outline; it decorates spinning wheels, furniture, shutters, and doors.

Filigree


Filigree is one of the oldest types of artistic metal processing. Elements of a filigree pattern can be very diverse: in the form of a rope, lace, weaving, herringbone, path, satin stitch. The weaves are made from very thin gold or silver wires, so they look light and fragile.

Ural malachite


Known deposits of malachite are in the Urals, Africa, South Australia and the USA, however, in terms of color and beauty of patterns, malachite from foreign countries cannot be compared with that from the Urals. Therefore, malachite from the Urals is considered the most valuable on the world market.

Gusev crystal


Products made at the Gus-Khrustalny crystal factory can be found in museums all over the world. Traditional Russian souvenirs, household items, sets for the festive table, elegant jewelry, boxes, and handmade figurines reflect the beauty of our native nature, its customs and primordially Russian values. Products made from colored crystal are especially popular.

Matryoshka


A chubby and plump cheerful girl in a headscarf and Russian folk dress won the hearts of lovers of folk toys and beautiful souvenirs around the world.

Now the nesting doll is not just a folk toy, a keeper of Russian culture: it is a memorable souvenir for tourists, on the apron of which play scenes, fairy tale plots and landscapes with attractions are finely drawn. The nesting doll has become a precious collectible that can cost hundreds of dollars.

Enamel


Vintage brooches, bracelets, pendants, which quickly “entered” modern fashion, are nothing more than jewelry made using the enamel technique. This type of applied art originated in the 17th century in the Vologda region.

Masters depicted floral patterns, birds, and animals on white enamel using a variety of paints. Then the art of multi-color enamel began to be lost, and monochromatic enamel began to supplant it: white, blue and green. Now both styles are successfully combined.

Tula samovar


IN free time An employee of the Tula arms factory, Fyodor Lisitsyn, loved to make something out of copper, and once made a samovar. Then his sons opened a samovar establishment where they sold copper products, which were wildly successful.

The Lisitsyn samovars were famous for their variety of shapes and finishes: barrels, vases with chasing and engraving, egg-shaped samovars, with dolphin-shaped taps, with loop-shaped handles, and painted ones.

Palekh miniature


Palekh miniature is a special, subtle, poetic vision of the world, which is characteristic of Russians folk beliefs and songs. The painting uses brown-orange and bluish-green tones.

Palekh painting has no analogues in the whole world. It is done on papier-mâché and only then transferred to the surface of boxes of various shapes and sizes.

Gzhel

The Gzhel Bush, an area of ​​27 villages located near Moscow, is famous for its clay, which has been mined here since the mid-17th century. In the 19th century, Gzhel craftsmen began to produce semi-faience, earthenware and porcelain. Of particular interest are still items painted in one color - blue overglaze paint applied with a brush, with graphic detailing.

Pavlovo Posad shawls


Bright and light, feminine Pavloposad shawls are always fashionable and relevant. This folk craft appeared at the end of the 18th century at a peasant enterprise in the village of Pavlovo, from which a shawl manufactory subsequently developed. It produced woolen shawls with printed patterns, which were very popular at that time.

Nowadays, original designs are complemented by various elements such as fringe, are created in different colors and remain an excellent accessory to almost any look.

Vologda lace


Vologda lace is woven on wooden sticks and bobbins. All images are made with dense, continuous, uniform width, smoothly curling linen braid. They stand out clearly against the background of patterned lattices, decorated with elements in the form of stars and rosettes.

Shemogodskaya carved birch bark


Shemogodskaya carving is a traditional Russian folk art craft of birch bark carving. The ornaments of Shemogod carvers are called “birch bark lace” and are used in the manufacture of boxes, teapots, pencil cases, cases, dishes, plates, and cigarette cases.

The symmetrical pattern of Shemogod carving consists of floral patterns, circles, rhombuses, and ovals. The drawing can include images of birds or animals, architectural motifs, and sometimes even scenes of walking in the garden and drinking tea.

Tula gingerbread




Tula gingerbread is a Russian delicacy. Without these sweet and fragrant products, not a single event took place in Rus' - neither funny nor sad. Gingerbread was served both at the royal table and at the peasant table. The traditional shape is given to the gingerbread using a board with a carved ornament.

Orenburg downy shawl

The scarves are knitted from natural goat down and are amazingly soft, beautiful, warm and practical. Openwork web scarves are so thin and elegant that they can be threaded through a wedding ring. They are valued by women all over the world and are considered a wonderful gift.

From time immemorial, the Russian land has been famous for its craftsmen, people capable of creating and creating real beauty with their own hands. Through the art of folk crafts, the connection between the past and the present is traced.
Russian folk crafts are represented by the production of porcelain, decorative painting, making clay toys, knitting down scarves, and lacquer miniatures. The soul of the people lives in Russian works of art.

Gzhel
Unusual blue-white porcelain dishes captivate the eye, enveloping them in a smoky mist - this is the famous Gzhel - folk ceramic craft. The picturesque region of Gzhel near Moscow is located 60 km from Moscow. Gzhel is known and popular not only in Russia, but also far beyond the country’s borders. The blue fairy tale, embodied by the masters of Gzhel in elegant teapots, cups, jugs, vases and plates, pleases the eye and warms the soul. A traditional ornament decorating porcelain products is blue and light blue flowers, leaves, cereals, and a Gzhel blue rose. Large dishes are decorated with blue paintings of strange birds and depictions of everyday scenes. The history of Gzhel porcelain begins in the 14th century with the production of household items, tiles and tiles. Then there was difficult path to majolica dishes, earthenware, and in the 19th century Gzhel craftsmen began to make dishes from porcelain. Today in Gzhel they produce not only dishes, but also toys, fireplaces, and chandeliers. Masters paint their products only by hand, putting their skill and soul into every stroke.

Khokhloma
Since ancient times, people have been striving to decorate their homes and household items. In the city of Semenov, which is located in Nizhny Novgorod region, since ancient times they decorated wooden utensils with paintings. This is how “Golden Khokhloma” appeared - the art of painting with paints on wood. The technology of painting with gold paints appeared in the 17th century, and since then, strange flowers have lived on a golden background - bright scarlet and brooding black. Golden ornaments decorate wooden furniture. Painted spoons and matryoshka dolls are known all over the world. Today, craftsmen offer not only painted wooden dishes, but also children's furniture, candlesticks, and decorative dishes. A special varnishing technology imparts elegance and special color to wood products. By drying the lacquered product in ovens at high temperature, the product acquires a special golden-honey hue.
The symbol of Russian artistic crafts has become the Matryoshka - a wooden toy in the form of a set of several painted dolls, hollow inside. The Matryoshka appeared about 100 years ago in the city of Sergiev Posad. Traditional painting of Matryoshkas - outfits of peasant girls ancient Rus'. Modern Matryoshkas “wear” a wide variety of outfits; paint colors and painting options make her image unique.

Orenburg downy shawl
Knitted scarves made from goat down are an ancient craft that originated in the Orenburg region 250 years ago. Handmade scarves, knitted by craftswomen, are light as feathers and warm as the palms of a mother. Down scarves live a long time and are passed on from generation to generation, warming their ancestors with their warmth and accumulated energy. Russian craftswomen make three types of scarves: shawls, cobwebs and stoles. They are different in shape, knitting density, color and pattern. Down scarves not only fulfill their direct purpose - to insulate and warm, but are also an exclusive decoration. Openwork light shawls and white cobwebs will become an adornment for any woman, emphasizing her grace and delicate taste.

Dymkovo toy
The settlement of Dymkovo, Vyatka province (now Kirov region) became the birthplace of clay toys, painted and baked in a kiln. Dymkovo clay toy is a symbol of Russian craft. Toy craftsmen create various images: riders on horses, elegant young ladies, painted birds. Clay toy considered a talisman against evil. Since ancient times, toys in Rus' have been participants in ancient rituals. The life of the people can be traced in the shapes of toys, paintings and decorative patterns, character traits Russian nationality.

Palekh miniature
Palekh is a center of icon painting, located near the city of Ivanovo. Currently, the folk craft “Palekh miniature” has been developed in the city of Palekh to replace the existing school of icon painting. The painting of lacquer miniatures preserves the traditions of ancient Russian art and the skill of icon painters. Miniature lacquer painting is done with tempera on papier-mâché. Boxes, brooches, ashtrays and pincushions are usually painted in gold on a black background. Russian lacquer miniatures are distinguished by the grace of their forms, the skill of the artist’s fine brush, and the poetry of their images.

The filigree jewelry technique is an openwork or soldered pattern on a metal background made of thin gold, silver or copper wire, smooth or twisted into ropes. Filigree products are decorated with small silver or gold balls (grains) and enamel. Artistic metal processing - filigree - has been known for a long time. This artistic and applied art appeared in the 9th century. The finest wire, skillfully twisted, makes each product unique. A wide variety of filigree types allows you to create truly examples of artistic craftsmanship. Brazed filigree involves soldering wire and grain onto sheet metal, volumetric filigree is used for three-dimensional objects - cups, vases, trays, openwork filigree - lace made of wire with soldered grain. The filigree openwork filigree burns and shimmers with all the colors of the rainbow, scattering gold, silver and copper sparks around.

Kasli casting
Garden furniture, trellises, tombstones, household items, sculptures made of cast iron and bronze, made at the Kasli Iron Foundry ( Southern Urals), become a work of art. The traditions of Kasli casting include complex technologies for molding and casting products, hand-chasing, and graphic clarity of the silhouette. The plant was built in the 18th century, and since then the iron foundry has been a center for casting highly artistic products. Openwork lattices, slabs with ornaments, bas-reliefs and sculptures, plates and candlesticks are not inferior in quality and artistic value to the best world samples. Famous sculptors and artists, graduates of the St. Petersburg Academy of Arts, worked at the plant. With their participation, many projects were developed and implemented, incl. production of memorial plaques with portraits, monuments, architectural casting for the Moscow metro.

Russian folk art post
16 most beautiful types of folk art in Russia

Folk crafts are exactly what makes our culture rich and unique. Foreign tourists take with them painted objects, toys and textile products in memory of our country.

Almost every corner of Russia has its own type of needlework, and in this material we have collected the brightest and most famous of them.

~~~~~~~~~~~

The Dymkovo toy is a symbol of the Kirov region, emphasizing its rich and ancient history. It is molded from clay, then dried and fired in a kiln. After that, it is painted by hand, each time creating a unique copy. There cannot be two identical toys.

At the beginning of the 19th century, the Vishnyakov brothers lived in one of the Moscow villages of the former Troitskaya volost (now Mytishchi district), and they were engaged in painting lacquered metal trays, sugar bowls, pallets, papier-mâché boxes, cigarette cases, teapots, albums and other things. Since then, artistic painting in the Zhostovo style has begun to gain popularity and attract attention at numerous exhibitions in our country and abroad.

Khokhloma is one of the most beautiful Russian crafts, which originated in the 17th century near Nizhny Novgorod. This is a decorative painting of furniture and wooden utensils, which is loved not only by connoisseurs of Russian antiquity, but also by residents of foreign countries.

The intricately intertwined herbal patterns of bright scarlet berries and golden leaves on a black background can be admired endlessly. Therefore, even traditional wooden spoons, presented on the most insignificant occasion, leave the recipient with the kindest and longest memory of the donor.

Gorodets painting has existed since the mid-19th century. Bright, laconic patterns reflect genre scenes, figurines of horses, roosters, flowers and ornaments. The painting is done in a free stroke with a white and black graphic outline; it decorates spinning wheels, furniture, shutters, and doors.

Known deposits of malachite are in the Urals, Africa, South Australia and the USA, but in terms of color and beauty of patterns, malachite from foreign countries cannot be compared with that from the Urals. Therefore, malachite from the Urals is considered the most valuable on the world market.

Products made at the Gus-Khrustalny crystal factory can be found in museums all over the world. Traditional Russian souvenirs, household items, sets for the festive table, elegant jewelry, boxes, and handmade figurines reflect the beauty of our native nature, its customs and primordially Russian values. Products made from colored crystal are especially popular.

Matryoshka

A round-faced and plump cheerful girl in a headscarf and Russian folk dress won the hearts of lovers of folk toys and beautiful souvenirs around the world.
Nowadays, the nesting doll is not just a folk toy, a keeper of Russian culture: it is a memorable souvenir for tourists, on the apron of which play scenes, fairy tale plots and landscapes with attractions are finely drawn. The matryoshka doll has become a precious collectible that can cost hundreds of dollars.

Vintage brooches, bracelets, pendants, which quickly “entered” modern fashion, are nothing more than jewelry made using the enamel technique. This type of applied art originated in the 17th century in the Vologda region.

Masters depicted floral patterns, birds, and animals on white enamel using a variety of paints. Then the art of multi-color enamel began to be lost, and monochromatic enamel began to supplant it: white, blue and green. Now both styles are successfully combined.

In his free time, Fyodor Lisitsyn, an employee of the Tula Arms Factory, loved to make something out of copper, and once made a samovar. Then his sons opened a samovar establishment where they sold copper products, which were wildly successful.

The Lisitsyn samovars were famous for their variety of shapes and finishes: barrels, vases with chasing and engraving, egg-shaped samovars, with dolphin-shaped taps, with loop-shaped handles, and painted ones.

Palekh miniature is a special, subtle, poetic vision of the world, which is characteristic of Russian folk beliefs and songs. The painting uses brown-orange and bluish-green tones.

Palekh painting has no analogues in the whole world. It is done on papier-mâché and only then transferred to the surface of boxes of various shapes and sizes.

The Gzhel Bush, an area of ​​27 villages located near Moscow, is famous for its clay, which has been mined here since the mid-17th century. In the 19th century, Gzhel craftsmen began to produce semi-faience, earthenware and porcelain. Of particular interest are still items painted in one color - blue overglaze paint applied with a brush, with graphic detailing.

Bright and light, feminine Pavloposad shawls are always fashionable and relevant. This folk craft appeared at the end of the 18th century at a peasant enterprise in the village of Pavlovo, from which a shawl manufactory subsequently developed. It produced woolen shawls with printed patterns, which were very popular at that time.

Nowadays, original designs are complemented by various elements such as fringe, are created in different colors and remain an excellent accessory to almost any look.

Vologda lace is woven on wooden sticks and bobbins. All images are made with dense, continuous, uniform width, smoothly curling linen braid. They stand out clearly against the background of patterned lattices, decorated with elements in the form of stars and rosettes.

Shemogodskaya carving is a traditional Russian folk art craft of birch bark carving. The ornaments of Shemogod carvers are called “birch bark lace” and are used in the manufacture of boxes, teapots, pencil cases, cases, dishes, plates, and cigarette cases.

The symmetrical pattern of Shemogod carving consists of floral patterns, circles, rhombuses, and ovals. The drawing can include images of birds or animals, architectural motifs, and sometimes even scenes of walking in the garden and drinking tea.

Tula gingerbread is a Russian delicacy. Without these sweet and fragrant products, not a single event took place in Rus' - neither funny nor sad. Gingerbread was served both at the royal table and at the peasant table. The traditional shape is given to the gingerbread using a board with a carved ornament.

The scarves are knitted from natural goat down and are amazingly soft, beautiful, warm and practical. Openwork web scarves are so thin and elegant that they can be threaded through a wedding ring. They are valued by women all over the world and are considered a wonderful gift.

September 4th, 2017 , 10:26 am

I was looking for a complete list of folk crafts and couldn’t find it. It’s not complete on Wikipedia, so I decided to compile it myself. The structure of the text is a little strange, because it was originally compiled in the form of a table. The structure is as follows: Name/Place/Presence of factories, museums/Features.
If you remember anything else, write me and I’ll add it.

Toys
Wooden Toys
1. Bogorodskaya toy. The village of Bogorodskoye, Sergiev Posad district. The factory and museum, although in disrepair. Wooden toy with movements. Bogorodskaya carving is performed using a special Bogorodsk knife “Pike”.
2. Mazyk (Shuya) toy. G. Shuya, Vladimir region. The craft has not survived. Russian folk craft consisting of making toys using an axe. Ofeni were made as amulets.
3. The Bird of Happiness. Arhangelsk region. Now produced in many places, even abroad. It is made from a single block, wood chips, without the use of glue or fasteners, by cutting thin petals and a special bending method; the petals of the resulting wings and tail can be connected with threads. Usually made from pine, spruce, fir or Siberian cedar wood.

Clay toys
4. Abashevskaya toy. S. Abashevo, Spassky district, Penza region. In decline. These are whistles depicting animals, often taking on a phantasmagoric fairy-tale appearance
5. Vyrkovskaya toy. village of Vyrkovo, Kasimovsky district, Ryazan region
Production has been interrupted. The toys were decorated with light brown glaze, as were household dishes. The fashioned toys were dried in Russian ovens in frying pans and covered with liquid glaze, which was a mixture of red lead and vitriol in water. Then the toys were burned in forges. Watering drips conveyed the spotted coloration of the animals.
6. Dymkovo toy. S. Dymkovo, Kirov region. In decline. To produce the Dymkovo toy, local bright red clay is used, thoroughly mixed with fine brown river sand. The figures are sculpted in parts, individual parts are assembled and sculpted using liquid red clay as a binding material. Traces of molding are smoothed out to give the product a smooth surface. Today, aniline dyes and soft core brushes are used for painting. The use of a wide range of colors, in which there is a lot of red, yellow, blue, green, scarlet, gives the Dymkovo toy a special brightness and elegance. A strictly geometric ornament is built according to a variety of compositional schemes: cells, stripes, circles, dots are applied in various combinations. The decoration is completed with diamond toys made of gold leaf or gold leaf, glued on top of the pattern.
7. Filimonovskaya toy. S. Filimonovo, Tula region. Museum, private production only. The bulk of the products of Filimonov craftswomen are traditional whistles: ladies, horsemen, cows, bears, roosters, etc. The images of people - monolithic, sparse in detail - are close to ancient primitive figurines. The narrow bell skirt of the Filimonov ladies smoothly turns into a short narrow body and ends with a cone-shaped head, integral with the neck. In her round hands the lady usually holds a baby or a bird-whistle. The gentlemen are similar to the ladies, but instead of a skirt they have thick cylindrical legs shod in clumsy boots. The heads of the figures are crowned with intricate hats with narrow brims. Interesting compositions are made from several figures, for example “Lyubota” - a scene of a meeting between lovers.
painting
On wood
8. Khokhloma painting. Volga region, Nizhny Novgorod region. Now there are 2 centers: Semenov and Semino. Factories, private. Painting school. Represents decorative painting wooden utensils and furniture, made in red, green and golden tones on a black background
9. Boretsk painting. S. Borok, Shenkursky district, Arkhangelsk province. Now without a place. From the descendants of Marfa Boretskaya, who fled to the Northern Dvina.
10. Gorodets painting. Gorodets, Nizhny Novgorod region.
Now without a place. Bright, laconic Gorodets painting (genre scenes, figurines of horses, roosters, floral patterns), made in a free stroke with a white and black graphic outline, decorated spinning wheels, furniture, shutters, and doors.
11. Mezen painting. Lower reaches of the Mezen River, Arkhangelsk region. Now without a place. The objects are densely dotted with a fractional pattern - stars, crosses, dashes, made in two colors: black - soot and red - “earth paint”, ocher. The main motifs of the geometric ornament - discs, rhombuses, crosses - resemble similar elements of triangular-notched carving.
12. Permogorsk painting. Permogorye is a region in the Krasnoborsky district of the Arkhangelsk region. Now without a place. The basis of the painting is a floral pattern. Three-lobed curved leaves with sharp tips and tulip-shaped flowers, as well as Sirin birds. In the 19th century, genre scenes from peasant life were usually included in the pattern. IN color scheme prevail White background and a red main pattern. Yellow and green background colors are complementary. Great importance in the painting it has a thin black outline. First, a black outline is applied to the white ground with a pen, then it is filled with color.
The range of painted objects is large - wooden and birch bark dishes; cradles, caskets, chests, and headrests were painted. Spinning wheels are the most painted.

13. P Olkhov-Maidan painting. A number of villages in the Nizhny Novgorod region. A toy factory, but more of a family business. Since the middle of the 19th century, in the village of Polkh-Maidan they began to produce unpainted turned wooden utensils, which were sold at fairs. From the beginning of the 1920s, apparently under the influence of similar products by Sergiev Posad masters, Polkhov-Maidan dishes began to be covered with a burnt outline pattern. Soon the burning began to be painted oil paints, and in the mid-1930s. aniline dyes diluted in alcohol. Gradually, the burnt outline of the design is replaced by more economical and easy-to-perform inking.

14. Rakul painting. Krasnoborsky district of the Arkhangelsk region. D. Ulyanovskaya. Now without a place. In the painting main role plays golden ocher and black colors, and is accompanied by green and brown-red. The ornament is very large, mainly in the form of leaves, bushes and birds (magpies, chickens). Not only the outline, but also the details are painted in black. The fishery arose in the middle of the 19th century and began to fade in the 1930s.
On wood with varnish (lacquer miniature)
15. Mstera miniature. The village of Mstery, Vladimir region. Iconography Center. Looks like there's a factory. The painting has the abstract character of a kind of panel. A characteristic feature of Mstera painting is carpet decorativeness, diversity and sophistication of color shades with the unity of the overall tone of the composition. The color scheme is bluish-silver, ocher-yellow and red. The products combine floral and geometric patterns.
16. Palekh miniature. The village of Palekh, Ivanovo region. Iconography Center. The factory and school are in general decline. Typical subjects of Palekh miniatures are borrowed from everyday life, literary works of the classics, fairy tales, epics and songs. A number of compositions are based on the traditions of classical art. The works are usually done with tempera paints on a black background and painted in gold.

17. Kholuy miniature. The village of Kholui, Ivanovo region. Iconography Center. Only a museum. The main difference between Kholuy painting is the use of bluish-green and brown-orange tones.
18. Fedoskino miniature. Fedoskino, Mytishchi district, Moscow region. Factory and school, where they also study Zhostovo painting and Rostov enamel. The original Fedoskino technique is “through writing”: a reflective material is applied to the surface before painting - metal powder, gold leaf or potal, or mother-of-pearl inserts are made. Translucent through transparent layers of glaze paints, these linings give the image depth and an amazing glow effect. In addition to miniature painting, products are decorated with “scania” (an ornament made of miniature pieces of foil the desired shape laid out over wet varnish), “tsirovka” (scratching a design using a pattern on varnish placed on top of a sheet of metal on the surface of the product), “tartan” (a complex mesh applied with liquid paints using a drawing pen using a ruler), etc.
For metal
19. Tagil painting. G. N. Tagil, Sverdlovsk region. Museum, institute and 6 factories in the Ural cities. Still in decline. Predecessor of Zhostovo. In general, a very similar style. A special feature is the two-color brushstroke technique.
20. Zhostovo painting. Der. Zhostovo, Mytishchi district, Moscow Region.
There is a factory. On the rise, although recently it was still in decline. In art Zhostovo masters a realistic sense of the living form of flowers and fruits is combined with a decorative generality, akin to Russian folk brush painting on chests, birch bark tues, spinning wheels, etc. The main motive of the painting is a floral bouquet of a simple composition, in which large garden and small wildflowers alternate. Painting is usually done on a black background (sometimes on red, blue, green, silver), and the master works on several trays at once.
According to their purpose, trays are divided into two groups: for household purposes (for samovars, for serving food) and as decoration.
The shapes of the trays are round, octagonal, combined, rectangular, oval and others.
21. Enamel. 2 main centers: Vologda and Rostov. In Vologda, multicolor enamel was used. Painting on a metal backing with enamel. Manufacturing works of art using glassy powder, enamel, on a metal backing, a form of applied art. The glass coating is durable and does not fade over time; enamel products are particularly bright and pure in color.
The enamel acquires the desired color after firing with the help of additives that use metal salts. For example, gold additives give glass a ruby ​​color, cobalt - Blue colour, and copper is green. When solving specific painting problems, the brightness of enamel can, unlike glass, be muted.
Porcelain, ceramic, earthenware products with painting and enamel
22. Gzhel. Gzhel, Ramensky district, Moscow Region. Bloom! Factories and private production. Blue on white. Nowadays, in addition to painting ceramics, painting on wood
23. Sysert porcelain. Sysert, Sverdlovsk region. Factory in bloom. Modeling and painting of porcelain products 80% of the technological process at the factory is manual labor.
Products are most often covered with underglaze painting with salts, less often with overglaze painting. Soft brownish-gray and light blue colors predominate. The themes of the ornaments are often Ural landscapes.
24. Kuznetsov porcelain. G. Likino-Dulevo, Orekhovozuevsky district, Moscow region. Kuznetsov acquired many other factories where he used the same equipment. There is a museum and factory in Dulevo. On the rise. Kuznetsov porcelain was produced in impeccable technical performance and with exquisite decoration. By the end of the 19th century, production became widespread, images began to be made with stamps, stencils, layering and decalcomania. For decoration, scenes from porcelain paintings of the first half of the 19th century were used: romantic landscapes, genre scenes, bouquets of flowers framed by a stamped design in gold or other paint. The tones that were fashionable in those years were widely used: blue, pink, lilac and yellow. In addition, the emerging Art Nouveau style with images of nymphs, naiads and mermaids was used. Typical mass-produced porcelain dishes were decorated with flat painting with simple plant motifs: roses, daisies with the obligatory addition of tendrils and twigs (the so-called “rocks”).
25. Tavolozhskaya ceramics. Der. V and N Tavolgi, Sverdlovsk region. There is a factory and a private one. Black polished ceramics and green malachite ceramics. This technique uses low-melting enamels applied over high-temperature glazes with copper oxides, which gives the product a unique malachite color. Another technique traditional for this region is also widely used - hand-painted engobes using the flandrovka method.
26. Scopied ceramics. G. Skopin. Ryazan region There is a factory. The ceramic parts were formed on a hand-held machine, then joined with liquid clay and decorated with relief and pressed ornaments, dark brown glaze with the addition of manganese oxide, bright green with copper oxide, thick yellow with iron oxide and, less commonly, cobalt blue. During firing, grains of glaze melted unevenly, spreading picturesquely.
The products include jugs, candlesticks, kvass pots, kumgans, frames for mantel clocks and decorative sculpture of small forms (dragons, centaurs, fairy-tale lions, figures of fish, birds and domestic animals). The image of the Osprey bird, from which the name of the city came, was special.
Carving on wood, stone, bone, birch bark
27. Abramtsevo-Kudrinskaya carving. Abramtsevo estate, Kudrino. Sergiev Posad district. Now there is a factory in Khotkovo. Founded by Mamontov with artists, local peasants adopted it. Vornoskovsky's style especially stood out.
28. Tobolsk carved bone. Tobolsk, a factory where everything is done by hand. Instead of mammoth bone, there is an artificial one - a tarsus.
29. Ural stone carving. All pre-revolutionary big cities Ural. Even private production is flourishing in many villages. TO 19th century A certain style of Ural stone carving has developed, and a permanent canon for the manufacture of elements in compositions appears. For example, leaves and roots were made from serpentine, Zlatoust jasper, ophite, and, less commonly, malachite. Each berry had its own stone. IN late XIX-XX centuries and the 21st century, one of the most popular stories is the Ural folk tales of P. P. Bazhov. Based on its themes, products are made from malachite using metals (most often gilded bronze) and a scattering of various semi-precious semi-precious stones. The most popular of them are the Mistress of the Copper Mountain, Danila the Master at work.

30. Shemogodskaya carving. Shemogodskaya volost, Veliky Ustyug district, Vologda province. There is a plant and a museum in Veliky Ustyug. Ornaments of Shemogod carvers, called “Birch bark lace”. The Shemogod carving pattern usually consists of a creeping stem with elongated leaves and spirally twisted branches. At their tips there are round rosettes, berries, and trefoils. Often, craftsmen introduced geometric patterns from circles, rhombuses - “gingerbreads”, ovals, and segments into floral ornaments. The composition was built on the principle of clear symmetry. The design was completed with a border of leaves, triangles, wavy lines, and mesh. This ornament can include images of birds or animals, architectural motifs, and sometimes even scenes of walking in the garden and drinking tea. Another characteristic feature of this carving are frames with geometric patterns surrounding the design
Metal products
31. Filigree, filigree, granulation. There is no specific place. Known in Rus' since the 9th century! Type of jewelry technology for metal. An openwork or soldered pattern on a metal background made of thin gold, silver or copper wire, smooth or twisted into ropes. Filigree products are often complemented with grain (small silver or gold balls) and enamel.

32. Frost on the tin. Veliky Ustyug. Lost. Tin processing. A thin sheet of tin was processed in such a way that a durable floral pattern was formed on its surface, similar to the one with which frost “paints” windows in winter. The design had various shades - gold, orange with pearlescent tints, silver and malachite. Decorative boxes and secret chests were lined with this kind of tin, sometimes in combination with milled iron.

33. B Eliko Ustyug blackening on silver. Veliky Ustyug, Vologda region. Silver products. Ustyug blackening is always quite noticeably different from the works of Moscow and St. Petersburg masters: the plot engraving has a lot of weight; the pattern is very rich, with much denser color. The background made with strokes forms a kind of grid. Often the image is complemented by carved or chased details. In most cases, the general outline of the object is depicted, without fine detail.
34. Kasli casting. G. Kasli Chelyabinsk region. Cast iron products. The traditions of Kasli casting (graphic clarity of silhouette, combination of carefully finished details and generalized planes with an energetic play of highlights, coating of finished products with black paint of a special recipe - Dutch soot) developed in the 19th century.

Crystal products
35. Gusevsky crystal. G. Gus Khrustalny, Vladimir region. There is a museum, a factory and a college. There are paintings by Vasnetsov. Open again since 2013. Focuses on custom orders. In decline.
36. Dyatkovo crystal. G. Dyatkovo, Bryansk region. Focuses on custom orders. In decline. College and Factory Museum.
37. Pervomaisky crystal. Pos. Pervomaiskoye (Nikolskoye), Smolensk region. Crystal products In 2013, the plant's products were recognized as examples of folk art.
Embroidery, sewing, etc.
38. Vednovskaya line. S. Vednoe, Remeshkovsky district, Tverskaya province. Now without a place. It is distinguished by the use of small cells. The main color is white, sometimes with a colored edging fabric, with a predominance of flooring, combined with hemstitching. The most famous Vednovsky hems are “bug”, “column”, “sheaf”, “goat”
39. Vologda lace. Vologda and region. All the main images in interlocking Vologda lace are made with dense, continuous, equal in width, smoothly wriggling linen braid, “wilyushka”; they stand out clearly against the background of patterned grids decorated with patterns in the form of stars and rosettes
40. Vyatka (Kukar) lace. Center in Sovetskoye (formerly Kukarka), Kirov region. Only private cooperatives now. Traditional paired measured laces of the Kirov region are very diverse in the use of stitching (lace element), simple nets, they often contain rhombic motifs and angular zigzag stripes. Braids with air loops give them a special pattern. In coupling laces, the central latticework is sometimes more active than the edge ornament. Star-shaped, sharp-toothed forms are characteristic of Kirov coupling lace, large and medium-sized piece objects. Complex patterned dynamic floral and foliage ornaments predominate, the decorative expressiveness of which is largely created by the different density of weaving of the parts of each element.
41. Yelets lace. Yelets city, Lipetsk region. Factory and private production. Bloom! Yelets lace is thinner and lighter than Vologda lace.

42. Kadomsky Veniz. Pos. Kadom, Ryazan region. Now a factory. A type of Russian needle embroidery in white on white, combined with lace. On sewing machine The rollers are made, and then the brids that tighten the rollers are cut by hand. Lace weaving is carried out on these bridges. This is the main difference from bobbin weaving.

43. Mtsensk lace. G. Mtsensk, Oryol region. Museum and studio. A lace making school has been opened. Distinctive feature is the use of geometric motifs. Compared to Vologda lace, the pattern in it is less dense and rich, there are almost no background lattices used, so the pattern is more airy.
44. Orenburg shawl. Orenburg region. Factory and private Embroidery Three types: shawl, web and stole. Cobweb and stole are very thin scarves, like cobwebs. Thin cobwebs usually have a complex pattern and are used as decoration.
45. Oryol list. Oryol Region. There is no separate factory. The listing includes a combination of “typing” and “painting.” The contours of the composition are outlined with a “chain stitch”.
The predominant color is red and its shades, achieved through the density of the flooring of various “branchs” - patterned fillings inside the contour. Blue was also added, and later (XX century) - black, yellow, green colors.
The characteristic features of the Oryol list are the unusual outlines of the pattern and a wide variety of brankas: “stack”, “crow’s eye”, “bag with poker”, “wave”, “drobnushki”, “pine”, “horseshoe”, etc.
46. Pavlovo Posad printed shawls. G. Pavlovsky Posad, Moscow Region. Factory.
On the rise, large assortment, many stores. The design of Pavlovo Posad shawls developed from standard patterns characteristic of fabrics of the Moscow region and dating back to oriental shawls (“Turkish pattern”).
In the 1870s, there was a tendency to expand the range of scarves with naturalistic floral motifs. Preference was given to garden flowers, primarily roses and dahlias.
At the end of the 19th - beginning of the 20th centuries, the final design of the style took place: a three-dimensional image of flowers collected in bouquets, garlands or scattered across a scarf on a black or red background, sometimes with the addition of ornaments and stylized plant elements. Scarves were made of translucent or dense woolen fabric.

47. Torzhok gold embroidery. Torzhok, Tver region. School, factory. Nowadays they are emblems for the army and church vestments. In the 19th century, for dense fabrics, mainly the “forged seam” and the “attached” seam along the flooring were used. The most characteristic were floral patterns, the main motif of which was a rose branch with flowers, buds and leaves, complemented by curls, tendrils, and sparkles, which softened the transition from the relief ornament to the background. In the late 1940s - early 1950s, elements of Soviet symbols - stars, sickle and hammer - also began to be introduced into plant patterns.