Folk arts and crafts. Russian folk crafts

Goals and objectives:

Introduce students to world of professions, show their features.
Develop moral and aesthetic feelings, make interdisciplinary connections with history, literature, music.
To promote the development of interest in the subject and the cultivation of a feeling of love for the Motherland.

Equipment:

samples of products and illustrations - “Zhostovo”, “Living Gzhel”, “Haze”, “Russian lace and embroidery”, “Russian shawls”, “Gorodets painting”, “Russian nesting dolls”.
map of Russia, tables-drawings, tape recorder, book exhibition,
CD with the presentation “Folk Crafts of Russia”.

Epigraphs for the lesson:

“Work is good if it has benefit and soul.

It is not gold that is expensive and glitters,

But something that is created by the hands of a master is precious.”

The music is quiet.

You can fall in love with Russia only when you see all the beauty of Russian nature, let the tragic and heroic history of the Russian people pass through your soul, marvel at the beauty of architectural ensembles, listen to beautiful music, and touch the true creations of the Russian people.

From time immemorial, our Russian land has been famous for its kind craftsmen, people who created and are creating fabulous beauty with their own hands.

In order to love, you need to see and know all this.

There are a great many folk art crafts in Russia, and today we will get acquainted with some of them.

This year you are graduating from basic school and you need to choose your future path - where to go to study, who to be?

What does the word “profession” mean?

Inquiry Office. A profession is a type of work activity that includes a set of theoretical knowledge, practical experience and work skills.

Another term closely related to this is vocational education.

Professional education– a set of knowledge, skills, abilities that allows you to work as a specialist in one of the sectors of the economy of our country.

Choosing a profession is a very important moment in the life of every person. Most school graduates choose the professions of economists and lawyers. What professions are in demand today in our country and in our city?

Inquiry Office.

Today in the economy of our country there is a shortage of working specialties such as turners, installers, mechanics. There are not enough engineering, technical and construction specialties.

In our city, you can continue your education and get a profession at vocational school No. 28, at the Zeya Medical School, at the Trade and Economic College, at the Polytechnic College.

In the old days, people earned their daily bread by doing various crafts. We will find out what “craft” is at the information desk.

Inquiry Office.

Craft is the small-scale production of finished products, where the basis is manual labor. One of characteristic features is the production of products to order from the consumer.

What do you guys think, have crafts survived today?

Crafts have been preserved and acquired one of the forms of artistic folk art.

Where did this name “trades” come from?

A long time ago, when agricultural technology was still too simple, and infertile lands did not produce good grain harvests, the population was forced to engage in various crafts. Then the trade products were exchanged for bread and other necessary items. People observed nature and reflected these observations in works of folk art. Gradually, work skills were consolidated. The most active development of folk crafts in all regions of Russia began in the second half of the 19th century, along with them the art industry arose, where things were produced in large quantities.

The art of folk crafts is a link between the past and the present, the present and the future.

The Russian land is rich in a variety of folk crafts.

And now we will take a tour of the most famous, most unique centers of folk art.

Today I want to sing and praise
“A kind heart, generosity and intelligence,
The skillful hands of the Russian people.”

Now we invite you to the Moscow region, to the village of Gzhel, where we will get acquainted with a craft known throughout Russia - Gzhel porcelain, which was also mentioned by Lomonosov MV. said: “There is hardly the purest land in the world like our Gzhel, which I have never seen with more beautiful whiteness.”

Gzhel.

Products from Gzhel are so beautiful, so unusual that their fame spread not only in our country, but also abroad.

You've probably seen unusual-looking dishes, in which the beauty of the combination of white and blue colors. The secrets of beauty are hidden in nature itself. To the southeast of Moscow there are about three dozen villages and villages, one of them is the village of Gzhel. Local historians associate the origin of this name with the word “burn,” which is directly related to the craft - clay products were necessarily fired in an oven at high temperatures. So this name spread throughout the entire district, where folk ceramics developed.

People from 40 professions take part in the production of objects. Almost all operations are performed manually. Craftswomen paint products with great love, putting a piece of their heart and kindness of soul into them.

What are they doing in Gzhel? Cups, jugs, sets, mugs, vases, figurines of people and animals. Look how beautiful this white and blue porcelain miracle is. Russian painter B.M. Kustodiev said that Gzhel teapots and cups bloom with “witchcraft blue flowers.”

And indeed, there is some mystery in the fact that cold Blue colour transforms into them, becoming almost warm.

Porcelain teapots, candlesticks, clocks,
Animals and birds of unprecedented beauty.
The village in the Moscow region has now become famous.
Everyone knows its name - Gzhel.
The inhabitants of Gzhel are proud of the blue sky,
You will never meet such beauty in the world.
The blue of heaven, which is so dear to the heart,
The master's brush easily transferred it to the cup.
Each artist has his own favorite pattern
And each of them reflects their dear side.

In modern samples of Gzhel there is a bluish tint. Like heaven, the blue surface of the rivers and lakes of our homeland descended onto the whiteness of this dish.

But the Dymkovo toy came to visit!

Dymkovo toy.

Let us now tell a story about the ancient Dymkovo toy.
In Dymkovo they loved songs and dances, and wonderful fairy tales were born in the village.
The evenings are long in winter and they sculpt there from clay.
All toys are not simple, but magically painted.
And fame spread about Dymka, having earned the right to do so.

Another amazing profession to which people devote their entire lives is toy making. In ancient times, clay toys were not created for fun - they were participants in ancient rituals. They were credited with a special power: to protect, to protect people from all evil. All toys reflect images that live in people's memories and carry on their traditions.

Dymkovo toys are very diverse - there are riders on horses, painted birds and elegant young ladies. The shape of the toys is monolithic, the silhouette of the figures is smooth. The palette of colors is bright, the decorative patterns are creative; they reflect not only fairy-tale representatives, but also the very life of the people.

Ceramic toy is a traditional folk art.

Until now, figured vessels, toys, and ceramic dishes are made in many cities and villages (Filimonovo, Torzhok, Sergiev Posad, etc.).

Matryoshka dolls.

Now guess the riddle: Eight wooden dolls, round-faced and ruddy, in multi-colored sundresses, they are coming to visit us. Guess what the name is?

I don’t know who made the nesting doll.
But I know that hundreds of years
Together with Vanka-Vstanka, as if alive,
The doll conquers the white light.
Where did he get the paints, the skilled craftsman,
In noisy fields, in a fairytale forest?
Created an image of irrepressible passion,
True Russian beauty.
The dawn brought a blush to her cheeks,
The blue of the sky splashed into her eyes
And the nesting doll across the planet
It's still going strong.
He stands proudly, majestically,
With a daring smile on his face,
And her fame flies around the world
About the unknown master creator!

There are different kinds of dolls in the world - made of wood, clay, their fabrics. And there are special dolls - nesting dolls. They are known in all cities and villages - this is an original Russian souvenir for foreigners. The first nesting doll appeared almost 100 years ago. A toy maker (V. Zvezdochkin) from Sergiev Posad made a disassembled toy and painted it. The result was a Russian nesting doll, a prototype of Matryona (a name that was very common at that time). All nesting dolls are different from each other; today they carry images of famous people.

Work is good if there is benefit and soul in it.

Painted scarves.

And now you are greeted by craftsmen from the ancient Russian city of Pavlovsky Posad. For a long time in Rus', a scarf was an accessory of women's clothing. The peasants wove scarves, decorated them with embroidery, and put patterns on them. The production of scarves and shawls originated in Russia in the 19th century, fashion came from France, but even today this handmade art is in demand. There are crafts that can be found in every corner of Russia: embroidery and lace. Lace was used to decorate costumes and household items. Under Peter 1, wearing lace was mandatory for all nobles. Vologda, Kirov, Yelets lace is known and popular to everyone. Lace is made using bobbins - this work requires both creativity and a lot of patience.

Zhostovo.

And now we will go to the village of Zhostovo near Moscow, where painted metal trays are made. This unique art began at the end of the 18th century. Painting is done on a black background; red and blue and other colors are used. Bright bouquets, compositions of roses, peonies, and tulips amaze with their beauty and give rise to a feeling of respect for the craftsmen.

And our tour of folk crafts will be completed by artistic objects of miniature lacquer painting, amazing in beauty and originality.

Palekhskaya, Gorodetskaya, Khokhloma painting- lacquer miniature reflects the life of the people, Russian epics, nature.

Gorodets painting - how could we not know it?
There are hot horses here, well done.
There are such bouquets here that it is impossible to describe.
The stories here are like nothing in a fairy tale.
Look at the painting - the richness of the colors beckons.
Gorodets painting pleases our souls.

In their works, masters create the beauty of their region. At the end of the 19th century, icon painting became widespread. On its basis, black-lacquer miniatures arose - these are lacquer boxes, furniture, and utensils.

Khokhloma brush! Thank you very much!
Tell a fairy tale for the joy of life!
You, like the soul of the people, are beautiful,
You, like people, serve the Fatherland!

Over the centuries, shapes have been formed and polished applied arts.

We live on Far East, which is famous for its craftsmen. Craftsmen sew clothes, shoes, and hats, decorating them with ornaments, beads, and embroidery. They make products from fur, skins, and create souvenirs. At our school we also have our own masters - craftsmen; in the classes of clubs you can find something you like - beadwork, embroidery, wood carving, burning, root plastics and other types..

The peoples of Russia are famous for their talented and hardworking craftsmen. The world of professions is rich and diverse, the main thing in life is to do what you love.

Folk arts and crafts of Russia.

Locality	Where is.	Type of craft.	Founding time.
With. Gzhel	Moscow region	Pottery. Artistic ceramics. Dishes.
Gorodets	Nizhny Novgorod Region	Wood carving and painting. Toys.	XIV century
With. Dymkovo	Kirov region	Painted clay	XIX century
With. Filimonovo	Tula region	Painted clay toys.
Semenov Sergiev Posad	Moscow region Moscow region	Matryoshka dolls. Wood painting. (spoons, dishes). Wood painting.	XV century
Pavlovsky Posad	Moscow region	Painted scarves.	XIX century
With. Zhostovo	Moscow region	Metal painting.	XVIII century
With. Khokhloma	Nizhny Novgorod Region	Wood painting. Lacquer painting.	XVII century
village Palekh	Ivanovo region	Wood painting. Lacquer painting.	XVII century
Dyatkovo Gus-Khrustalny	Bryansk region Vladimir region	Crystal. Glassware	XVII century
Torzhok	Tver region	Lace sewing. Clay toy.	XII century
Tula	Tula region	Production of samovars and gingerbread. Weapons production.	XII century

From time immemorial, the Russian land has been famous for its craftsmen, people capable of creating and creating real beauty with their own hands. Through the art of folk crafts, the connection between the past and the present is traced.
Russian folk crafts are represented by the production of porcelain, decorative painting, making clay toys, knitting down scarves, and lacquer miniatures. The soul of the people lives in Russian works of art.

Gzhel
Unusual blue-white porcelain dishes captivate the eye, enveloping them in a smoky mist - this is the famous Gzhel - folk ceramic craft. The picturesque region of Gzhel near Moscow is located 60 km from Moscow. Gzhel is known and popular not only in Russia, but also far beyond the country’s borders. The blue fairy tale, embodied by the masters of Gzhel in elegant teapots, cups, jugs, vases and plates, pleases the eye and warms the soul. Traditional ornament decorating porcelain products - blue and blue flowers, leaves, cereals, and Gzhel blue rose. Large dishes are decorated with blue paintings of strange birds and depictions of everyday scenes. The history of Gzhel porcelain begins in the 14th century with the production of household items, tiles and tiles. Then there was difficult path to majolica dishes, earthenware, and in the 19th century Gzhel craftsmen began to make dishes from porcelain. Today in Gzhel they produce not only dishes, but also toys, fireplaces, and chandeliers. Masters paint their products only by hand, putting their skill and soul into every stroke.

Khokhloma
Since ancient times, people have been striving to decorate their homes and household items. In the city of Semenov, which is located in Nizhny Novgorod region, since ancient times they decorated wooden utensils with paintings. This is how “Golden Khokhloma” appeared - the art of painting with paints on wood. The technology of painting with gold paints appeared in the 17th century, and since then, strange flowers have lived on a golden background - bright scarlet and brooding black. Golden ornaments decorate wooden furniture. Painted spoons and matryoshka dolls are known all over the world. Today, craftsmen offer not only painted wooden dishes, but also children's furniture, candlesticks, and decorative dishes. A special varnishing technology imparts elegance and special color to wood products. By drying the varnished product in ovens at high temperatures, the product acquires a special golden-honey hue.
The symbol of Russian artistic crafts has become the Matryoshka - a wooden toy in the form of a set of several painted dolls, hollow inside. The Matryoshka appeared about 100 years ago in the city of Sergiev Posad. Traditional painting of Matryoshkas - outfits of peasant girls ancient Rus'. Modern Matryoshkas “wear” a wide variety of outfits; paint colors and painting options make her image unique.

Orenburg downy shawl
Knitted scarves made from goat down are an ancient craft that originated in the Orenburg region 250 years ago. Shawls self made, knitted by the hands of craftswomen, light as feathers and warm as the palms of a mother. Down scarves live a long time and are passed on from generation to generation, warming their ancestors with their warmth and accumulated energy. Russian craftswomen make three types of scarves: shawls, cobwebs and stoles. They are different in shape, knitting density, color and pattern. Down scarves not only fulfill their direct purpose - to insulate and warm, but are also an exclusive decoration. Openwork light shawls and white cobwebs will become an adornment for any woman, emphasizing her grace and delicate taste.

Dymkovo toy
Sloboda Dymkovo, Vyatka province (now Kirov region) became the birthplace of clay toys, painted and kilned. Dymkovo clay toy is a symbol of Russian craft. Toy craftsmen create various images: riders on horses, elegant young ladies, painted birds. Clay toy considered a talisman against evil. Since ancient times, toys in Rus' have been participants in ancient rituals. The life of the people can be traced in the shapes of toys, paintings and decorative patterns, character traits Russian nationality.

Palekh miniature
Palekh is a center of icon painting, located near the city of Ivanovo. Currently, the folk craft “Palekh miniature” has been developed in the city of Palekh to replace the existing school of icon painting. The painting of lacquer miniatures preserves the traditions of ancient Russian art and the skill of icon painters. Miniature lacquer painting is done with tempera on papier-mâché. Boxes, brooches, ashtrays and pincushions are usually painted in gold on a black background. Russian lacquer miniatures are distinguished by the grace of their forms, the skill of the artist’s fine brush, and the poetry of their images.

The filigree jewelry technique is an openwork or soldered pattern on a metal background made of thin gold, silver or copper wire, smooth or twisted into ropes. Filigree products are decorated with small silver or gold balls (grains) and enamel. Artistic metal processing - filigree - has been known for a long time. This artistic and applied art appeared in the 9th century. The finest wire, skillfully twisted, makes each product unique. A wide variety of filigree types allows you to create truly examples of artistic craftsmanship. Brazed filigree involves soldering wire and grain onto sheet metal, volumetric filigree is used for three-dimensional objects - cups, vases, trays, openwork filigree - lace made of wire with soldered grain. The filigree openwork filigree burns and shimmers with all the colors of the rainbow, scattering gold, silver and copper sparks around.

Kasli casting
Garden furniture, trellises, tombstones, household items, sculptures made of cast iron and bronze, made at the Kasli Iron Foundry ( Southern Urals), become a work of art. The traditions of Kasli casting include complex technologies for molding and casting products, hand-chasing, and graphic clarity of the silhouette. The plant was built in the 18th century, and since then the iron foundry has been a center for casting highly artistic products. Openwork lattices, slabs with ornaments, bas-reliefs and sculptures, plates and candlesticks are not inferior in quality and artistic value to the best world samples. Famous sculptors and artists, graduates of the St. Petersburg Academy of Arts, worked at the plant. With their participation, many projects were developed and implemented, incl. production of memorial plaques with portraits, monuments, architectural casting for the Moscow metro.

Folk arts and crafts - work activity folk artists, based on collective experience, art workshops that develop local cultural traditions, including those producing souvenirs (for example, toys).

Craft- small-scale manual production, based on the use of hand tools, the personal skill of the worker, which allows the production of high-quality, often highly artistic products, which find not only aesthetic, but also practical application.

artistic craft- based on collective experience, a culture of labor professional skills and technical techniques for artistic processing of various materials (leather, metal, wood, etc.).

Folk arts and crafts have wide range products. Folk arts and crafts go back to antiquity, to home crafts and village crafts, thanks to which basic necessities were created. Rural crafts have been known since ancient times, in fact, appearing at the moment when humanity needed new tools and household items. In different regions and areas, among different peoples, culture and art differed, therefore, their crafts also differed.

Products are considered folk craft as long as the process of their production is not put into automation or mass production of an industrial or factory type. The skill of making one or another type of artistic product in folk arts and crafts has been passed down from generation to generation.

Russian folk crafts in Russia

Fedoskino miniature- a type of traditional Russian lacquer miniature painting with oil paints on papier-mâché, which developed at the end of the 18th century in the village of Fedoskino near Moscow. The favorite motifs for painting by Fedoskino miniaturists were popular subjects at that time: “ threes", "tea parties", scenes from Russian and Little Russian peasant life. Most valued caskets And caskets, decorated with complex multi-figure compositions - copies paintings by Russian and Western European artists.

“Fedoskino lacquer miniature” is painted with oil paints in three or four layers - shading (general sketch of the composition), writing or re-painting (more detailed work), glazing (modeling the image with transparent paints) and highlighting (completing the work with light paints that transmit highlights to subjects). The original Fedoskino technique is “through-writing”: a reflective material - metal powder - is applied to the surface before painting, Gold leaf or gold leaf, or inserts are made from mother of pearl. Showing through transparent layers glaze colors, these linings give the image depth and an amazing glow effect. In addition to miniature paintings, products are decorated with “filigree” (an ornament of miniature pieces of foil of the desired shape laid out on wet varnish), “tsirovanka” (scratching a design using a pattern on varnish placed on top of a sheet of metal on the surface of the product), “tartan” (a complex mesh , applied with liquid paints using a drawing pen using a ruler), etc.

Zhostovo painting, Painting is usually done on a black background (sometimes on red, blue, green, silver) and the master works on several trays at once.

The main motif of the painting is a simple floral bouquet in which large garden and small wildflowers alternate.

According to their purpose, trays are divided into two groups: for household purposes (for samovars, for serving food) and as decoration.

Trays are shaped like round, octagonal, combined, rectangular, oval, etc.

Palekh miniature, Typical subjects of Palekh miniature are borrowed from Everyday life, literary works of classics, fairy tales, epics and songs. The works are usually done with tempera paints on a black background and painted in gold.

Dymkovo toy, Dymkovo toy is a handmade product. Each toy is the creation of one master. Making a toy, from modeling to painting, is a unique and creative process, never repeated. There are not and cannot be two absolutely identical products. Each toy is unique, unique and inimitable.

For its production, local bright red clay is used, thoroughly mixed with fine brown river sand. The figures are sculpted in parts, individual parts are assembled and sculpted using liquid red clay as a binding material. Traces of molding are smoothed out to give the product a smooth and neat surface.

After complete drying for two to fifty days and firing at a temperature of 700-800 degrees, the toys are covered with tempera white in two or three layers (previously whitewashing was done with chalk diluted in milk). Previously, toys were painted with tempera paints mixed with eggs and kvass, using sticks and feathers instead of brushes. The painted toy was again covered with beaten egg, which gave the faded aniline paints shine and brightness. Today, aniline dyes and soft core brushes are used for painting. The use of a wide range, in which there is a lot of red, yellow, blue, green, scarlet, gives the Dymkovo toy a special brightness and elegance. A strictly geometric ornament is built according to a variety of compositional schemes: cells, stripes, circles, dots are applied in various combinations. The decoration is completed with diamond toys made of gold leaf or gold leaf, glued on top of the pattern.

The most common subjects: nannies with children, water carriers, rams with golden horns, turkeys, roosters, deer and, of course, young people, buffoons, ladies.

Halftones and imperceptible transitions are alien to the Dymkovo toy. All of it is an overflowing fullness of the feeling of the joy of life. She is especially good in pairs and in a group with others, in close proximity to her brothers and sisters from the settlement on the Vyatka River.

Kargopol toy Craftsmen sculpted toys from the remains of clay, without giving them any special meaning. Clay horses, harnesses, figurines of people and animals were inexpensive, were not in particular demand, and they were sculpted more for their own pleasure than for the sake of making money. Initially, toys, like dishes, were “scalded.” After firing, the hot product was immersed in a “chatterbox” - a thick flour solution. Burnt flour left a black lace pattern on the light surface of the vessel or toy. Decorated with scratched archaic ornaments, in their artlessness such toys were more reminiscent of the works of Stone Age artists. More expensive glazed dishes and toys were also made. In the early 1930s, the pottery industry gradually faded away, and the production of toys ceased even earlier. Only a few craftsmen continued to make them.

The earliest of the Kargopol toys that have survived to this day can be considered the works of Ivan Virenturg and Ekaterina Abdulaeva Druzhinin, who worked in the 1930s-1940s. These are mostly single figures of men and ladies, painted with lime, soot and colored clays. They are rough in sculpting, and their flat faces and generalized details of figure and clothing are reminiscent of ancient stone women. The painting of the figures combines ovals, circles, crosses, spots, also reminiscent of ancient ornamental motifs.

The modern Kargopol toy is less archaic. While preserving traditional forms, today's masters make it more elegant, sometimes more clearly emphasizing details, generously painting with oil and tempera, however, avoiding excessive variegation. In addition to human figures, Kargopol residents sculpt horses, cows, bears, deer, heroes of fairy tales and epics. One of the most popular characters in the Kargopol toy was and remains Polkan - half horse, half man (originally half man, half dog) with a thick beard, wearing orders and epaulettes. Among other fairy-tale heroes there is a lion, the Sirin bird, and a horse with two heads.

While preserving tradition, Kargopol toy makers come up with new forms and themes for their works. This is how multi-figure compositions appeared - troikas, carts, hunts, etc. They are decorated not with a faded pattern drawn with colored clay on a limestone background, but with bright tempera painting.

Abashevskaya toy - whistles, depicting animals, often taking phantasmagoric fabulous look. The figurines have an elongated body with short, widely spaced legs and a long graceful neck. Deeply scratched eyes stand out on the small, carefully sculpted head. The heads of goats, deer, and rams are crowned with curved, sometimes multi-tiered horns. Lush bangs, curly beards and manes are clearly modeled, their contours, outlined by a stack, have a strict pattern and high relief.

The whistles are painted with bright enamel colors - blue, green, red, in the most unexpected combinations. Individual details, such as horns, can be painted in silver or gold. Sometimes parts of the figures remain unpainted and contrast sharply with the striking spots of enamel. Under the hands of a master, ordinary pets turn into fabulous creatures.

Abramtsevo-Kudrinskaya carving, artistic craft of wood carving,

In the Kudrinskaya workshop, a special style of ornamental carving was formed, successful combinations of flat-relief carvings with geometric ones were found, and the principles of organic use of carved decor in utilitarian objects were laid down. The products of Vornoskov and his followers - ladles, boxes, barrels, salt shakers, decorative dishes and vases, covered with rhythmic floral patterns, are distinguished by a variety of tinting that emphasizes the natural beauty of wood. The floral patterns are based not only on examples of carved peasant products and home decor, but also on ornamental headpieces of early printed books. The development of the ornament of Kudrinsky masters went from the combination of individual elements - branches, curls, rosettes - to integral ornamental compositions covering the entire product.

Bogorodskaya carving, Bogorodskaya toy- Russian folk craft, which consists of making carved toys and sculptures from soft wood (linden, alder, aspen). Its center is the village of Bogorodskoye (Sergiev-Posad district of the Moscow region). Bogorodskaya carving is performed using a special “Bogorodskaya” knife (“pike”).

One of the distinctive features of the craft has always been the production of moving toys. The most famous toy is “Blacksmiths”, usually depicting a man and a bear, who alternately hit an anvil. This toy, whose age, according to some sources, exceeds 300 years, has become a symbol of both Bogorodsk craft and Bogorodskoye itself, becoming part of the coat of arms of the village.

The Blacksmiths toy is over 300 years old. The Blacksmiths toy became a symbol of the Bogorodsk craft. All you have to do is move the planks and quick work immediately begins. The figures move in a clear rhythm, and hammers knock on the anvil in time. The “Chickens” toy, very similar in principle to “Kuznetsov”, is also a long-liver: children played with it back in the times of Pushkin and Lermontov. The intricate “fun” with balance is based on the idea of rhythm, to which the child is naturally sensitive. Their mechanisms themselves are simple, but their actions are effective. Sound enhances the dynamics of the toy.

Rostov enamel, Enamel(Old Russian finipt, khimipet, from Middle Greek χυμευτόν, the same from χυμεύω - “I mix”) - the production of works of art using glassy powder, enamel, on a metal substrate, a type of applied art. The glass coating is long-lasting and does not fade over time, and enamel products are particularly bright and pure in color.

The enamel acquires the desired color after firing with the help of additives that use metal salts. For example, adding gold gives glass a ruby color, cobalt gives it a blue color, and copper gives it a green color. When solving specific painting problems, the brightness of enamel can, unlike glass, be muted.

Rostov enamel is a Russian folk art craft; has existed since the 18th century in the city of Rostov (Yaroslavl region). Miniature images are made on enamel using transparent fireproof paints, invented in 1632 by the French jeweler Jean Toutin.

Folk crafts are exactly what makes our culture rich and unique. Foreign tourists take with them painted objects, toys and textile products in memory of our country.

Almost every corner of Russia has its own type of needlework, and in this material we have collected the brightest and most famous of them.

Dymkovo toy

The Dymkovo toy is a symbol of the Kirov region, emphasizing its rich and ancient history. It is molded from clay, then dried and fired in a kiln. After that, it is painted by hand, each time creating a unique copy. There cannot be two identical toys.

Zhostovo painting

At the beginning of the 19th century, the Vishnyakov brothers lived in one of the Moscow villages of the former Troitskaya volost (now Mytishchi district), and they were engaged in painting lacquered metal trays, sugar bowls, pallets, papier-mâché boxes, cigarette cases, teapots, albums and other things. Since then art painting Zhostovo style began to gain popularity and attract attention at numerous exhibitions in our country and abroad.

Khokhloma

Khokhloma is one of the most beautiful Russian crafts, which originated in the 17th century near Nizhny Novgorod. This decorative painting furniture and wooden utensils, which are loved not only by connoisseurs of Russian antiquity, but also by residents foreign countries.

The intricately intertwined herbal patterns of bright scarlet berries and golden leaves on a black background can be admired endlessly. Therefore, even traditional wooden spoons, presented on the most insignificant occasion, leave the recipient with the kindest and longest memory of the donor.

Gorodets painting

Gorodets painting has existed since the mid-19th century. Bright, laconic patterns reflect genre scenes, figurines of horses, roosters, and floral patterns. The painting is done in a free stroke with a white and black graphic outline; it decorates spinning wheels, furniture, shutters, and doors.

Filigree

Filigree is one of oldest species artistic metal processing. Elements of a filigree pattern can be very diverse: in the form of a rope, lace, weaving, herringbone, path, satin stitch. The weaves are made from very thin gold or silver wires, so they look light and fragile.

Ural malachite

Known deposits of malachite are in the Urals, Africa, South Australia and the USA, however, in terms of color and beauty of patterns, malachite from foreign countries cannot be compared with that from the Urals. Therefore, malachite from the Urals is considered the most valuable on the world market.

Gusev crystal

Products made at the Gus-Khrustalny crystal factory can be found in museums all over the world. Traditional Russian souvenirs, household items, sets for festive table, elegant jewelry, boxes, handmade figurines reflect the beauty native nature, its customs and primordially Russian values. Products made from colored crystal are especially popular.

Matryoshka

A chubby and plump cheerful girl in a headscarf and Russian folk dress won the hearts of lovers of folk toys and beautiful souvenirs around the world.

Now the nesting doll is not just a folk toy, a keeper of Russian culture: it is a memorable souvenir for tourists, on the apron of which play scenes, fairy tale plots and landscapes with attractions are finely drawn. The nesting doll has become a precious collectible that can cost hundreds of dollars.

Enamel

Vintage brooches, bracelets, pendants, which quickly “entered” modern fashion, are nothing more than jewelry made using the enamel technique. This type of applied art originated in the 17th century in the Vologda region.

Masters depicted floral patterns, birds, and animals on white enamel using a variety of paints. Then the art of multi-color enamel began to be lost, and monochromatic enamel began to supplant it: white, blue and green. Now both styles are successfully combined.

Tula samovar

IN free time An employee of the Tula arms factory, Fyodor Lisitsyn, loved to make something out of copper, and once made a samovar. Then his sons opened a samovar establishment where they sold copper products, which were wildly successful.

The Lisitsyn samovars were famous for their variety of shapes and finishes: barrels, vases with chasing and engraving, egg-shaped samovars, with dolphin-shaped taps, with loop-shaped handles, and painted ones.

Palekh miniature

Palekh miniature is a special, subtle, poetic vision of the world, which is characteristic of Russians folk beliefs and songs. The painting uses brown-orange and bluish-green tones.

Palekh painting has no analogues in the whole world. It is done on papier-mâché and only then transferred to the surface of boxes of various shapes and sizes.

Gzhel

The Gzhel bush, an area of 27 villages located near Moscow, is famous for its clay, which has been mined here since the mid-17th century. In the 19th century, Gzhel craftsmen began to produce semi-faience, earthenware and porcelain. Of particular interest are still items painted in one color - blue overglaze paint applied with a brush, with graphic detailing.

Pavlovo Posad shawls

Bright and light, feminine Pavloposad shawls are always fashionable and relevant. This folk craft appeared at the end of the 18th century at a peasant enterprise in the village of Pavlovo, from which a shawl manufactory subsequently developed. It produced woolen shawls with printed patterns, which were very popular at that time.

Now the original drawings are being supplemented various elements like fringe, are created in different color ranges and remain a wonderful accessory to almost any look.

Vologda lace

Vologda lace is woven on wooden sticks, bobbins. All images are made with dense, continuous, uniform width, smoothly curling linen braid. They stand out clearly against the background of patterned lattices, decorated with elements in the form of stars and rosettes.

Shemogodskaya carved birch bark

Shemogodskaya carving is a traditional Russian folk art craft of birch bark carving. The ornaments of Shemogod carvers are called “birch bark lace” and are used in the manufacture of boxes, teapots, pencil cases, cases, dishes, plates, and cigarette cases.

The symmetrical pattern of Shemogod carving consists of floral patterns, circles, rhombuses, and ovals. The drawing can include images of birds or animals, architectural motifs, and sometimes even scenes of walking in the garden and drinking tea.

Tula gingerbread

Tula gingerbread is a Russian delicacy. Without these sweet and fragrant products, not a single event took place in Rus' - neither funny nor sad. Gingerbread was served both at the royal table and at the peasant table. The traditional shape is given to the gingerbread using a board with a carved ornament.

Orenburg downy shawl

The scarves are knitted from natural goat down and are amazingly soft, beautiful, warm and practical. Openwork web scarves are so thin and graceful that they can be threaded through wedding ring. They are valued by women all over the world and are considered a wonderful gift.

Russian people have long decorated their homes with various crafts and homemade things. Craftsmen most often made their products not just for beauty; all things had their own practical purpose. Real works of art were made from natural materials - wood, clay and stone. Skills, manufacturing technologies and secret techniques were passed down from generation to generation. From this article you will learn what folk craft Central Russia was the most popular.

How did folk crafts originate?

Various crafts began to appear in the 15th and 16th centuries. It is this period that is associated with the emergence of folk crafts. Somewhat later, in the 17th century, craftsmen began to create crafts specifically for sale. Entire villages and settlements worked on the production of folk crafts.

Why did the folk craft of Central Russia begin to develop? The reason is banal - cold and hunger. In times of long cold winter people needed something to feed their families. Poor soils did not produce enough crops and there was not enough to live on, so the craftsmen sold their products and lived on the proceeds. Of course, Russian folk crafts arose where there was a sufficient amount of natural raw materials. Wooden crafts were made in forest areas where rocky soils predominated, stone products, etc. became widespread. As you know, demand creates supply, and folk crafts developed where they were needed.

Folk arts and crafts began to appear a little later - in the middle of the 19th century. In those days, the famous gold thread embroidery, painting and metal processing appeared. The church had a huge influence on the emergence of this craft, namely local schools iconography. They carried out embroidery orders for monasteries and churches.

Folk craft of Central Russia

Russian crafts are famous not only in our country; folk crafts have gained worldwide fame. The list of handmade products could be very long, but we’ll tell you about the main ones:

Gzhel.
Dymkovo toy.
Khokhloma.
Palekh.
Rostov enamel.
and etc.

Dymkovo toy

Many centuries ago, a city was formed on the banks of the Vyatka River, in which a settlement was organized. Every morning the locals lit the stoves, and because of the constantly rising smoke, the settlement was nicknamed Dymkovskaya Sloboda.

Pottery masters lived there. They made dishes and pipes from clay, which were subsequently heated in a furnace. Whistles were made mainly in the form of animals. But this was not done only for the entertainment of children. The Vyatka people met the sun god, Yarilo, to the sound of pipes. The Dymkovo toy is the most famous folk craft of Central Russia. Everyone knows what she looks like. This is a clay Russian woman with a bright apron and black eyebrows. The beauty's dress is painted with various patterns. The main rule is that it should be bright and colorful.

Gzhel

It is difficult to imagine folk arts and crafts without Gzhel. Previously, this name was borne by a village located 50 kilometers from Moscow. Craftsmen lived there and began creating highly artistic porcelain products. They were painted with cobalt. Later, semi-faience dishes also appeared. The masters collected hundreds of different images; many samples are now kept in the Hermitage. The Gzhel people have long transported surplus dishes to Moscow markets; craftsmen often painted dishes to order. Today it is very difficult to imagine folk crafts without Gzhel products.

Palekh

The development of folk crafts dates back to the 13th-14th centuries. At this time, the modern center of Russian culture was formed - the village of Palekh. Then it belonged to Prince Paletsky, later Ivan Buturlin became its owner. It was created in the village a large number of icon painting workshops. In the 20th century, craftsmen in the village were engaged in painting brooches, snuff boxes, cigarette cases, notebooks and beads. Famous Palekhov boxes and Easter eggs many people know. A little later, the use of black varnish and papier-mâché began to emerge in the village.

Khokhloma

The Khokhloma fishery appeared in Russia in the Trans-Volga forests on the Uzol River. Villages were formed there - Semino, Khryashi, Novopokrovskoye and Kuligino. It was there that Khokhloma originated. Unfortunately, the folk crafts of the region have not been fully preserved to this day. We know the works of masters only from the 19th century, although it has been proven that this craft was practiced in the 17th century.

Khokhloma differs from others in its special painting technology. Distinctive feature- applying black paint and cinnabar to a gold background. To gild the dishes, craftsmen rubbed them with tin powder, after which they applied a layer of drying oil and placed them in the oven. Because of high temperature the drying oil turned yellow, and the tin seemed golden. Craftsmen applied patterns and ornaments with a brush by hand. Expensive sets were drawn especially carefully. Today Khokhloma dishes can be seen at various international exhibitions and fairs.

Shawls of Pavlovsky Posad

Pavlovsky Posad is known to many because of the appearance of patterned scarves and shawls there. For the first time such an elegant piece of clothing was made in the city of Pavlov. Hence the name.

At local fairs, which were often held in central squares, patterned shawls sold with a bang. There you could buy colored scarves with a variety of patterns - wildflowers, roses, bouquets and leaves. Scarves are often called printed scarves. Shawls began to be called this word because of the method of applying a pattern to the fabric - heeling. The master laid the fabric on a board and beat it so that the paint would print better. Not every craftsman has mastered the technology of hand-printing. Modern scarves are made using special printing machines.

Rostov enamel

The centers of folk crafts of Central Russia include famous cities and villages, Rostov is one of them. In the 18th century, the craft of enamel was born. This is painting on enameled metal with special paints. In ancient times, masters painted icons. The priests wore clothes with enamel decorations. and the covers of handwritten books were also painted with special fireproof paints. A special feature of this application technology is that before firing, the color of the patterns is always the same. Thanks to the heat of the oven, the products begin to play with bright colors.

Zhostovo

Many people are familiar with painted trays from Zhostovo. This village is located not far from the capital, it was there that local painters created such a work of art as the Masters painted wild and garden flowers on a black background, three horses, still lifes, etc. The first tray was made of papier-mâché.

Also, painters from Zhostovo painted boxes, snuff boxes and caskets. In the mid-19th century, metal trays began to be produced, and papier-mâché products faded into the background. The most famous work art in Zhostovo - this is an oval tray painted around the perimeter. Each workshop puts a mark on its product, by which you can identify the master who made this beauty.

Modern crafts of Russia

Modern folk crafts are actively developing. Today at exhibitions and fairs you can see a wide variety of products, crafts and paintings. The directions of contemporary art are very different, these include:

visualization using light bulbs;
electronic compositions;
photograph;
flash mobs;
sculptures and installations, etc.

Modern folk craft can hardly be called unified; talented craftsmen do what they do well. If several centuries ago you could only draw or sculpt from clay, now there are much more opportunities to express yourself. But, despite this, the basics of painting and painting are studied precisely from the products of ancient, distinctive Russia. The traditions of Russian craftsmen still live in many cities.

In conclusion, I would like to list the remaining areas of folk art that were not discussed in this article:

Fedoksa miniature;
Orenburg down scarves;
Vologda and Yelets lace;
matryoshka;
Karpogol, Abashevskaya and Filimonskaya toys;
filigree;
Kasli casting.

The traditions of our miracle workers, painters and craftsmen continue to live in modern world. Despite scientific and technological progress, ancient Russian folk crafts continue to develop. Works of art that have survived to this day can be seen in museums and exhibitions; you can try yourself in this difficult task at art schools and development centers.