IN time immemorial On the territory of modern Egypt, a civilization arose in the Nile Valley, leaving behind many secrets and mysteries. Even now it attracts the attention of researchers and ordinary people with its color, its unusualness and rich heritage.

Thirty Dynasties of Egyptian Rulers

It is not known exactly when the hunting tribes entered the Nile Valley and discovered there was a lot of food and a wide river as a reliable source of water. Years passed. Rural communities organized here increased in size and became richer. Then they divided into two kingdoms - the Lower (in the south) and the Upper (in the north). And in 3200 BC. e. ruler Menes was able to conquer Lower Egypt and organized the first dynasty of pharaohs, under whose control was both the delta and the valley of the great Nile.

Single map Ancient Egypt

During the dynastic period, Ancient Egypt often became the dominant state in the region. This state had a complex social structure, advanced technologies for those times, a powerful army and developed internal trade. In addition, the Egyptians managed to achieve fantastic success in the field of construction - they were able to build effective irrigation systems on the banks of the Nile, huge temples and pyramids that amazed even the imagination modern man. In addition, the Egyptians invented the hieroglyphic writing system, organized an effective judicial system, and did many other important and amazing things.

In total, starting from 3200 BC. e., until the conquest of the Egyptians by the Persians in 342 BC. e. there were thirty dynasties of rulers of Egypt. These are truly Egyptian dynasties - that is, their representatives were Egyptians themselves, and not conquerors from distant lands. The last pharaoh of the Thirtieth Dynasty was Nectanebo II. When the Persians invaded his state, he collected his treasures and fled south.

However, the history of Ancient Egypt, as many believe, does not end there yet. Then Alexander the Great was able to recapture Egypt from the Persians, and subsequently Ptolemy, Alexander's military commander, began to rule this region. Ptolemy I proclaimed himself king of Egypt in 305 BC. e. He used local traditions preserved from the ancient pharaohs to gain a foothold on the throne. This (and the fact that he died of natural causes and not as a result of a conspiracy) shows that Ptolemy was a fairly intelligent ruler. As a result, he managed to create his own special dynasty, which ruled here for more than 250 years. By the way, the last representative of the Ptolemaic dynasty and the last queen of Egypt was the legendary Cleopatra VII Philopator.

Some legendary pharaohs

Pharaohs stood at the top of the social ladder and were considered equal to gods. The pharaohs were given great honors; they were considered so powerful that people were literally afraid to touch them.

Pharaohs traditionally wore an ankh around their necks - magic symbol and the talisman to which the Egyptians gave great value. There have been many pharaohs over the centuries and millennia of Egypt's existence, but several of them are worth special mention.

Almost most famous egyptian pharaoh- Ramses II. He ascended the throne when he was about twenty years old and ruled the country for almost seven decades (from 1279 to 1213 BC). During this time, several generations have changed. And many of the Egyptians who lived at the end of the reign of Ramses II believed that he was a real immortal deity.

Another pharaoh worthy of mention - Djoser. He reigned in the 27th or 28th century BC. e. It is known that during his reign the city of Memphis finally became the capital of the state. However, Djoser went down in history primarily because he built the very first pyramid in Ancient Egypt (it is also the world’s first stone architectural structure). More precisely, it was built by the vizier of Djoser - a man with outstanding abilities named Imhotep. Unlike the later pyramid of Cheops, the pyramid of Djoser consists of steps. Initially, it was surrounded by a wall with 15 doors, and only one of them opened. On at the moment there was nothing left of the wall anymore.

There were several female pharaohs in the history of Ancient Egypt. One of them is Hatshepsut, who ruled in the 15th century BC. e. Her name can be translated as “being in front of noble ladies.” Having removed the young Thutmose III from the throne and declaring herself pharaoh, Hatshepsut continued the restoration of Egypt after the Hyksos raids and erected a large number of monuments on the territory of her state. In terms of the number of progressive reforms carried out, she surpassed many male pharaohs.

During the time of Hatshepsut, it was believed that the pharaohs were the incarnations of the god Horus in the earthly world. In order not to sow confusion among the people, the priests reported that Hatshepsut was the daughter of the god Amun. But at many ceremonies, Hatshepsut still appeared in male attire and with a fake beard.

In modern Western culture, Queen Hatspsut has the image of an intelligent, energetic woman endowed with analytical abilities. A place for Hatshepsut was found, for example, in the famous exhibition “The Dinner Party” by artist Judy Chicago, dedicated to the great women who influenced the history of mankind.

Pharaoh Akhenaten, who ruled in the 14th century BC. e.- another popular figure in the history of Ancient Egypt. He carried out truly revolutionary religious reforms. He decided to make the previously insignificant god Aten, associated with the solar disk, the center of the entire religion. At the same time, the cults of all other gods (including Amun-Ra) were prohibited. That is, in fact, Akhenaten decided to create a monotheistic religion.

In his transformations, Akhenaten relied on people who held high positions in the state, but came from commoners. On the other hand, most of the hereditary priestly nobility actively resisted the reforms. Ultimately, Akhenaten lost - after his death, familiar religious practices returned to the everyday life of the Egyptians. Representatives of the new XIX dynasty, which came to power ten years later, abandoned the ideas of Akhenaten, these ideas were discredited.

Pharaoh-reformer Akhenaten, who, according to many scientists, was simply ahead of his time

And a few more words should be said about Cleopatra VII, who ruled Egypt for 21 years. It was truly extraordinary and, apparently, very attractive woman. It is known that she had an affair first with Julius Caesar, and later with Mark Antony. From the first she gave birth to a son, and from the second - two sons and daughters.

And one more interesting fact: Mark Antony and Cleopatra, when they realized that they could not resist Emperor Octavian, who was eager to capture Egypt, began to organize endless drinking bouts and festive feasts. Soon, Cleopatra announced the creation of the “Union of Suicide Bombers,” whose members (and all those close to them were invited to join) swore an oath that they would die together. During the same period, Cleopatra tested poisons on slaves, wanting to find out which of them could bring death quickly and without severe pain.

In general, in 30 BC. e. Cleopatra, like her lover Antony, committed suicide. And Octavian, having established his control over Egypt, turned it into one of the provinces of Rome.

Unique buildings on the Giza plateau

The pyramids on the Giza plateau are the only one of the so-called seven wonders of the world that has survived to this day.

Of greatest interest to Egyptologists and ordinary people is Cheops pyramid. Its construction lasted about two decades and was probably completed in 2540 BC. e. For its construction, 2,300,000 voluminous stone blocks were needed, their total mass was seven million tons. The height of the pyramid is now 136.5 meters. The architect of this pyramid is called Hemiun, the vizier of Cheops.

Pharaoh Cheops gained the reputation of a classical despot. Some sources report that Cheops used harsh measures to force the population to work on the construction of the pyramid. The very name of Cheops after he died was allegedly prohibited from being pronounced. And Egypt's resources were so depleted as a result of his rule that it led to the weakening of the country and the end of the Fourth Dynasty.

The second largest ancient Egyptian pyramid on the same plateau is the Pyramid of Khafre, son of Cheops. It is indeed a little smaller, but at the same time it is located on a higher hill and has a steeper slope. The Pyramid of Khafre has the shape of a regular quadrangular figure with sides of 210.5 meters. Inside there is one burial chamber with an area of ​​71 m2, which once contained the sarcophagus of the pharaoh. This chamber can be accessed through one of two tunnels.

The third pyramid is the pyramid of Pharaoh Mikerin- was erected later than the other two. Its height barely reaches 66 meters, the length of its square base is 108.4 meters, and its volume is 260 thousand cubic meters. It is known that once the lower part of the pyramid was decorated with red Aswan granite, a little higher the granite was replaced by white limestone. And finally, at the very top, red granite was used again. Unfortunately, the cladding has not been preserved; in the Middle Ages, the Mamelukes took it from here and used it for their own needs. The burial chamber in this pyramid is located at ground level.

Near the three pyramids, everyone can see Great Sphinx- lion statue with human face. The length of this statue is 72 meters and the height is 20 meters. Once upon a time there was a sanctuary between the front paws. The exact time of creation of the Sphinx is unknown - there is debate about this. Some believe that it was built by Chefren, others say that it was Jephedra, another son of Cheops. There are also versions that the Sphinx appeared much earlier, about twelve thousand years ago (allegedly the ancient Egyptians simply dug it up during the dynastic period), and very dubious versions that the Sphinx was created by aliens.

Features of society and lifestyle of the ancient Egyptians

The Egyptians believed that after death they would face the judgment of the god Osiris, who would put their good and bad deeds on different scales. And in order for good deeds to outweigh, it is necessary to behave appropriately in earthly life.

In addition, it was important for the inhabitants of Ancient Egypt that their afterlife was similar to earthly life. Therefore, it was necessary to carefully prepare for the transition to another world. A wealthy Egyptian built an afterlife house for himself in advance. When the pharaoh died, not only his body was placed in his tomb, but also many things that could be useful in another life - clothes, jewelry, furniture, etc. In this regard, the fact that the first pyramids were stepped - probably the steps were required so that the pharaoh could ascend to the world of the gods.

Egyptian society consisted of several classes and social status was of great importance here. Wealthy Egyptians had wigs and elaborate headdresses in fashion, and they got rid of their own hair. In this way the problem of lice was solved. But poor people had a hard time - among them it was not customary to cut their hair to zero.

The main clothing of the Egyptians was the usual loincloth. But rich people, as a rule, also wore shoes. And the pharaohs were accompanied everywhere by sandal bearers - there was such a special position.

Another fun fact: for a long time In Egypt, transparent dresses were popular among wealthy women. Also, for demonstration social status Egyptian women (and Egyptians too) wore necklaces, bracelets and other similar accessories.

Some professions in ancient Greek society - warrior, official, priest - were inherited. However, achieving a significant position, thanks to your talents and skills, was also quite possible.

Most able-bodied Egyptians were employed in agriculture, handicrafts, or the service sector. And at the very bottom of the social ladder were slaves. They usually played the role of servants, but at the same time they had the right to buy and sell goods and receive freedom. And having become free, they could eventually even enter the nobility. The humane treatment of slaves is also evidenced by the fact that they were entitled to medical care at the workplace.

In general, Egyptian healers were very enlightened for their time. They were well versed in the characteristics of the human body and carried out very complex operations. According to research by Egyptologists, even transplanting some organs was not a problem for local healers. It is also interesting that in Ancient Egypt, some of the infectious diseases were treated with moldy bread - this can be considered a kind of analogue of modern antibiotics.

Also, the Egyptians actually invented mummification. The process looked like this: internal organs were removed and placed in vessels, and soda was applied to the body itself so that it did not decompose. After the body dried, its cavities were filled with flax soaked in a special balm. And finally, at the last stage, the body was bandaged and closed in a sarcophagus.

Relations between men and women in ancient Egypt

In ancient Egypt, men and women had almost equal legal rights. At the same time, the mother was considered the head of the family. Pedigree was strictly traced through the maternal line and land ownership also passed from mother to daughter. Of course, the husband had the right to dispose of the land while his wife was alive, but when she died, the daughter received the entire inheritance. It turns out that a marriage with the heir to the throne could well give a man the right to rule the country. This was also the reason why the pharaoh took his sisters and daughters as wives - he thus protected himself from other possible contenders for power.

Marriages in Ancient Egypt were mostly monogamous. However, a wealthy Egyptian man, along with his legal wife, could maintain a concubine. On the other hand, a woman who had more than one man could be punished.

Marriage in Ancient Egypt was not sanctified by priests, and the Egyptians did not organize magnificent wedding festivities either. For the wedding to be recognized as valid, the man had to say, “I take you as my wife,” and the woman had to answer, “You take me as your wife.” It is important to add here that it was the Egyptians who were the first to wear wedding rings on ring finger- this custom was later adopted by the Greeks and Romans.

Ancient Egyptian newlyweds also exchanged gifts among themselves. Moreover, in the event of a divorce, you could return your gift (a very good custom). And in the later periods of the history of Ancient Egypt, the conclusion of marriage contracts became a fairly common practice.

Documentary film “Ancient Egypt. The history of the creation of ancient Egyptian civilization"

Ancient Egypt is famous for its pharaohs, who at the moment are practically the property of not only the land of Egypt, but the whole world.

The name "Pharaoh" comes from Greece and is used in Old Testament. It originally meant “Magnificent House.” For quite a long period of time, the rulers of Ancient Egypt were called Nesu. Ancient Egypt, the entire history of the pharaohs of which is shrouded in a veil of some mystery, can tell a lot to our contemporaries. According to one of the Egyptian legends, the first pharaoh of Egypt was the most popular god of Egypt at that time. And we, of course, cannot know for sure whether some of the characters who are spoken of in writings and drawings in stone lived, where they dominated, if they lived, at what time. Accurate information at the moment is available only on the ruling persons of a later time. According to quite a few sources, the very first real pharaoh of Egypt who had the honor of ruling the whole country, was Menes. Some scholars call him Narmera, or Aga. Disputes about the authenticity of the ruler's name continue to this day.

Whatever he was called, he was the founder of a number of rules.

In ancient Egypt throughout history, pharaohs could be not only men, but also the most beautiful women. For example, history has left us enough evidence of the existence of a great female ruler named Hatshepsut and some others.

As a rule, the pharaoh was considered as the embodiment of Horus (Horus), that is, the falcon god, and at the same time the posthumous son of Osiris,

Pharaoh was a figure - the basis of all administrative structure. These pharaoh gods quite often presided over enormous resources. Pharaohs were considered both the supreme military leaders and the high priests of each god in the kingdom. Absolutely all orders came in his name, and all the sacraments were in his place.

Of course, the pharaoh bore quite a serious responsibility on his shoulders. Thanks to his relationship with the gods, he was endowed with the right to maintain order, or, as they also called it, Maat of the Earth, and, thus, the ability to contain the chaos that often arose in the form of all kinds of enemies of Egypt who came from distant foreign lands. But he was also considered responsible for making reasonable proposals and otherwise satisfying all the Egyptian gods so that they would bless Ancient Egypt with abundant floods of the Nile, thereby providing the people with an excellent rich harvest in order to be able to feed the Egyptian people. If he failed to achieve all of the above to one degree or another, then his power could be shaken quite seriously.

In the 4th millennium BC, there were 42 small “states” on the territory of Egypt, the Greeks called them nomi. As a result of wars between them, by the middle of the 4th millennium BC. e. Two large kingdoms arose - Southern (Upper Egypt) and Northern (Lower Egypt). The southern one consisted of 22 nomes, the northern one - of 20. After some time, the king of Upper Egypt conquered Lower Egypt and united the country. Usually they write that he did it Mena near. 3000 BC e. But apparently this event happened much earlier. In any case, several of Mena’s predecessors already styled themselves the rulers of all of Egypt (the so-called zero dynasty). Dates, especially for the third millennium BC, are very approximate even for estimating the reign of various dynasties, not to mention the dating of the reigns of individual pharaohs. It is also unknown how and under what circumstances the changes of dynasties took place.

Pre-dynastic kings, before 3000 BC e.

These pharaohs were probably the immediate predecessors of the pharaohs of the first dynasty. Perhaps under them, Egypt was already a single kingdom, and the unification of the country occurred even earlier. Unfortunately, the names of the predecessors of these pharaohs have not been preserved. Their capital was the city Thinis. ? ? (Scorpio) Ka (Double) Narmer (Catfish)

First Dynasty (from Thinis), beginning c. 3000 BC n. e.

Pharaoh Mena built a new capital - the city of Memphis. With him they began to carry news ancient chronicles. Apparently, this is why the ancient Egyptians considered him the founder of the first dynasty. It’s just that in the chronicles the name of Pharaoh Mena was the first to be discovered there by descendants. Mena (=Gor-Aga=Menes) Jer Waji Den (=Udimu=Densemit=Usefais) Adjib (=Miebis) Semerkhet Kaa (=Kebkhu)

Second Dynasty (from Thinis), ended c. 2780 BC e.

Exact number and the sequence of reign of the pharaohs of this dynasty has not been established. Bedjau Hetepsekhemui Raneb Ninecher Uneg (Weneg) Send (Sened) Peribsen Khasekhem Khasekhemui

Third Dynasty (from Heliopolis), c. 2780 - approx. 2720 BC e.

Djoser considered the founder of the third dynasty, although there is no reliable information about this. If he had predecessors, their names were not preserved in history, and Djoser became famous for the fact that the first pyramid was built under him. The exact number and sequence of reign of the pharaohs of this dynasty have not been established. Djoser Semerkhet (Sekhemkhet) Khaba Neferkara Nebka Khu (=Huni)

Fourth Dynasty (from Elephantine), c. 2720 ​​- approx. 2560 BC e.

Snefru Khufu (Cheops) Djedefra (Rajedef) Khafre (Khefre) Interregnum, power struggle between Khafre's two brothers - Khordjed and Rabauf, later outlawed. Menkaura (Mykerinus) Shepseskar (Shepseskaf)

Fifth Dynasty (from Elephantine), c. 2560 - approx. 2420 BC e.

This maternal dynasty was a continuation of the fourth dynasty. Userkaf Sahura Neferirkara Kapay Shepseskara Neferefre (Neferkara) Niuserra Menkauhor Djedkara Isesi Unis

Sixth Dynasty, c. 2420 - approx. 2260 BC e.

Tepi (=Teti) Userkara Merira Piopi (Pepi) I Merenra I Neferkara Piopi (Pepi) II (d. c. 2270 BC) Piopi II ascended the throne as a teenager and ruled for about 100 years, which is a kind of record in world history. Merenra II Nitokerti (Nitocris), Queen Menkar

Seventh Dynasty

A time of decline and decay ancient kingdom. The ancient Egyptian historian Manetho said about this dynasty: “seventy kings in seventy days.” If this dynasty really ruled, then it would be for a very short time and obviously not over the entire territory of Egypt.

Eighth Dynasty, c. 2260-2220 BC e.

The pharaohs of this dynasty did not have power over the entire country. According to Manetho - “27 kings who reigned for 146 years.” It seems that the eighth dynasty was related to the sixth. But the list of pharaohs of this dynasty, due to the lack of sources, is so far impossible to restore.

Ninth Dynasty (from Heracleoupolis), c. 2220 - approx. 2130 BC e.

This dynasty ruled in the north of Egypt, but also in the south at this time a state was being formed with its capital in Thebes.

The dynasty's possessions were conquered by the pharaoh of the Eleventh Theban Dynasty Mentuhotep I/II.

Eleventh Dynasty (from Thebes), c. 2160—2000 BC e.

The pharaohs of this dynasty united all of Egypt under their rule.

Mentuhotep(nomarch of Thebes, did not accept the royal title)

Intef I (=Antef)	OK. 2160—2120/19
Intef II	OK. 2120/18-2070
Intef III	OK. 2070—2065
Mentuhotep I/II	OK. 2065—2015
Mentuhotep II/III	?
Mentuhotep III/IV	?
Mentuhotep IV/V	OK. 2015—2007
Mentuhotep V/VI	OK. 2007—2000

Twelfth Dynasty (from Thebes), OK. 2000—1785 BC e.

Founder of the dynasty Amenemhet I carried out a coup d'état, took the throne and founded a new dynasty, which was a side of the Eleventh Dynasty.

Amenemhet I	ca.2000—1980
Senusret I	OK. 1980—1935
Amenemhet II	OK. 1935—1896
Senusret II	OK. 1896—1887
Senusret III	OK. 1887—1849
Amenemhet III	OK. 1849—1801
Amenemhet IV	OK. 1801-1792
Nefrusebek (= Sebeknefrura), queen.	OK. 1792—1785

T Thirteenth and Fourteenth Dynasties, c. 1785-1680 BC e.

Lists have been preserved that list large number the names of the pharaohs who ruled after the twelfth dynasty - a total of about one hundred and fifty names. Unfortunately, due to extensive damage to the lists, not all names can be read. Traditionally, these pharaohs are classified as the thirteenth (from Thebes) and fourteenth (from Xois) dynasties. It is difficult to draw a line between them. It is also unknown whether these dynasties followed one another or coexisted simultaneously.

The pharaohs of these dynasties rarely reigned for more than a few years. And often they were removed from the throne after a few months, or even days. Only a few well-known names are listed here.

Sebekhotep I	?
Amenemhet V	1774—1772
Amenemhet VI	?
Sankhiber	?
Hetepibr	?
Sebekhotep II	?
Ranseneb	?
Gore	?
Amenemhet VII	?
Hutover	?
Senusret IV	?
Henger	?
Semenkhara	?
Sebekemsaf I	?
Sebekhotep III	1754-1751
Neferhotep I	1751—1740
Sebekhotep IV	1740—1730
Sebekhotep V	1730—1725
Wahibrayeb	1725—1714
Merneferi	1714—1700
Sebekhotep VI	1700—1698
Neferhotep II	1698-?
Horus II	?
Sebekhotep VII	?-1693
Mentuhotep V	?
Mentumsaf	?
Didymos I	?
Didymos II	?
Senebmi	?
Neferhotep III	?
Sebekhotep VIII	?
Mershepsef-Ini	?
Mentuwoser	?
Senaaib	?
Venvavetemsaf	?

Around 1680 BC e. Tribes of nomads invaded Egypt through the Sinai Peninsula from Asia, who remained known in history as the Hyksos. They captured Lower Egypt and ruled there for 108 years.

And so, I propose to collect all the dynasties and their kings into a single list. But first I would like to highlight the most famous and outstanding of them.

Let's start with Narmera. This is a pharaoh of the Predynastic era. He became the first pharaoh to make Memphis his residence.

Sneferu, pharaoh of the 4th dynasty. Rare pieces of furniture were found in the tomb of his queen Neteferis in Giza, which are today kept in the Cairo Museum.

Khufu, pharaoh of the 4th dynasty, builder of the Great Pyramid of Giza.
Khafre (Khefren), pharaoh of the 4th dynasty, builder of the second pyramid at Giza. The Great Sphinx of the pyramid is an image of King Khafre.

Piopi II, pharaoh of the 6th dynasty, who reached ninety years of age and reigned longer than all other known pharaohs. Mentuhotep, pharaoh of the 11th dynasty. He united Egypt, which was in decline after a long period of internal strife.

Next, Amenemhet I, pharaoh of the 12th dynasty. He usurped the throne of his predecessor, introduced the worship of the Theban god Amun into the cult, and also appointed his son Senusret I as his co-ruler.
Senusret III, pharaoh of the 12th dynasty, known for his bravery. He abolished the privileged position of all provincial officials (nomarchs), fought against Nubia, and also built numerous fortresses in the area of ​​the second cataract of the Nile to prevent raids from the territory of Nubia and protect the Egyptian gold miners working here.
Ahmose , pharaoh of the 18th dynasty. He saved Egypt from the Hyksos invasion and pursued the expelled Hyksos all the way to Southern Canaan.

Amenhotep I, son of Ahmose, pharaoh of the 18th dynasty, revered by subsequent generations (along with his mother Queen Nefertari) as one of the gods.
Thutmose I, pharaoh of the 18th dynasty. He waged a fierce struggle with the Kingdom of Mitanni and, together with his troops, reached the Euphrates River in Syria.

Hatshepsut, queen of the 18th dynasty. The most significant among several women who held the Egyptian throne in the entire history of the country.
Thutmose III, pharaoh of the 18th dynasty. He led over 20 victorious campaigns against Egyptian enemies, reaching the fourth cataract of the Nile in Sudan.
Ekhpaton (or Amenhotep IV) , pharaoh of the 18th dynasty, most famous of the pharaohs of ancient Egypt as the organizer of a religious, social and cultural revolution. He introduced the cult of the supreme main god - the Sun God Aten and built a new capital in el - Amarna. His wife was the beautiful Nefertiti, whose beautiful bust is kept in the Berlin Museum.

Tutankhamun , pharaoh of the 18th Dynasty, who died at the age of eighteen and became widely known thanks to the dramatic discovery of his hitherto intact tomb in the Valley of the Kings (Western Luxor). The treasures found in it occupy a large section of the second floor of the Egyptian Museum.

Next Networks I , pharaoh of the 19th dynasty. The first king to display monumental images of his military battles on the wall of the temple at Karnak. The gigantic pillared hall of this temple was partially built during his reign.
Ramesses II (Ramesses the Great), pharaoh of the 19th dynasty, who reigned for 67 years.
Perhaps it was during the years of his reign that the Exodus of the Jews from Egypt occurred. He owns the construction the largest number the most magnificent monuments of Egyptian antiquity. In the battle of the Egyptians with the Hittites at Kadesh, 4,000 troops took part on the Egyptian side. He later signed a peace treaty with them and married at least two daughters of the Hittite king. There was a rumor that he was the father of 100 sons. He built a common tomb for many of his children in the Valley of the Kings. The tomb of his wife, Queen Nefertari, is the most beautiful in the Valley of the Queens. During his reign, the rock temple at Abu Simbel was cut down.
Ramesses III, pharaoh of the 19th dynasty, during which the famous naval battle of the Egyptians with the Sea Peoples took place, then depicted on the walls of his well-preserved funeral temple in Medinet Habu (Western Luxor). The Philistines are also depicted here for the first time. He was killed as a result of a palace conspiracy.
Shoshenq I, pharaoh of the 22nd dynasty, biblical king Shishak, Libyan by origin. His accession to the throne occurs around the time of the death of the biblical King Solomon. A large list of his conquests in Israel, Judah and other places is carved on the wall of his Temple at Karnak.

Next, Pi(ankhi), pharaoh of the 25th dynasty, of Nubian origin. Having captured Egypt, he ruled it as an Egyptian king. His victory over Libyan forces in the Nile Delta was immortalized on a triumphal stele now in the Egyptian Museum. He is also known to be a special lover of horses. He and other kings of this dynasty reintroduced the old customs royal burial in the pyramids.
Psammetichus I, pharaoh of the 26th dynasty who restored the rule of the native Egyptians. Its capital was Sais, a city in the western Nile Delta. He reigned during his heyday classical Greece, hired Greeks and Carians and encouraged Greek merchants to found several Greek cities in Egypt.
Amasis , pharaoh of the 26th dynasty, fought against the Babylonians who invaded Syria - Palestine, but could not prevent the destruction of Solomon's Temple in Jerusalem.

Perhaps now we can return to full list. Of course, not all the names of the kings have reached us, but those that we have will be given here. To begin with, it is worth saying that the mythical ten kings of Thinis are included in the 0th dynasty. After the IV dynasty, pharaohs, with some exceptions, received official name, consisting of own name pharaoh and the name of the sun god Ra.

Dynasty I: Narmer (Less), Axa, Jer, Jet, Udi-mu, Merpaba, Semerkhet, Kaa.

A total of 8 kings reigning for 253 years.

II dynasty: Hotep-ahaui, Ra-neb, Netheri-mu, Peribsen, Ha-sekhemui, Ka-Ra, Ha-sekhemui.

There were 9 kings in total, reigning for 302 years.

III Dynasty: Sa-Nekht, Djoser-Neterkhet, Snefru.

There are 9 kings in total, and 214 years and reigns.

Ancient kingdom

IV dynasty: Sharu, Khufu, Khafra, Men-kau-Ra, Dadef-Ra, Shepses-kaf, Sebek-ka-Ra.

8 kings, and 284 years of their reign.

V Dynasty: Userkaf, Sahu-Ra, Shepses-ka-Ra, Neferf-Ra, Ni-user-Ra, Men-kau-Hor, Dad-ka-Ra-Isesi, Venis.

A total of 9 kings reigning for 248 years.

VI dynasty: Teti, User-ka-Ra, Pepi I, Meren-Ra, Pepi II, Mezhti-em-saf, Neter-ka-Ra, Queen Neit-akert.

There are 6 kings in total, reigning for 203 years.

First transition period

VII Dynasty: The 70 kings of Memphis who reigned for 70 days.

VIII dynasty includes 27 Memphis kings, 146 years.

IX Dynasty: 19 kings reigning for 409 years.

X Dynasty : 10 kings, 185 years.

Middle Kingdom

XI Dynasty: Intef I, Intef II, Mentu-hotep I, Mentu-hotep II, Mentu-hotep III, Mentu-hotep IV.

There are 16 kings in total, and their reign lasted 43 years.

XII Dynasty: Amonemhet I, Senusret, Amenemhet II, Senusret II, Senusret III, Amonemhet III, Amonemhet IV, Queen Sebek-nefru.

We get 8 kings, 160 years of reign.

XIII Dynasty

No data saved.

Second transition period

XIV Dynasty: 76 kings, 184 years of reign.

XV dynasty includes 6 foreign Phoenician kings who reigned for 284 years.

XVI Dynasty: 32 shepherd Greek kings, 518 years old.

New kingdom

XVII Dynasty: Sekenen-Ra I, Sekenen-Ra II, Sekenen-Ra III, Kamee.

There were 43 shepherd kings and 43 Theban rulers. Together they reigned for 151 years.

XVIII Dynasty: Ahmes I, Amenhotep I, Thutmose I, Thutmose II, Queen Hatshepsut, Thotmes III Men-Kheper-Ra, Amenhotep II, Thutmose IV, Amenhotep III, Amenhotep IV Akhenatep, Smenkh-ka-Ra, Tut-ankh-Amon, Au, Haremheb.

There are 16 kings in total, reigning for 263 years.

XIX Dynasty: Ramesses I, Setehi I, Ramesses II, Mer-en-Ptah, Setehi II, Amon-mes, Si-Ptah, Setekh-nekht.

Total 8 kings, 209 years.

XX Dynasty: Ramesses III, Ramesses IV, Ramesses V, Ramesses VI, Ramesses VII, Ramesses VIII, Ramesses IX, Ramesses X.

There were 12 kings in total who reigned for 135 years.

Late period

XXI Dynasty: Herihor Smendes, Pianhi Paseb-khanu I, Pinedjem I Amonemipt, Masaharta Si-Amon, Pinedjem II, Paseb-khanu II.

Total 7 kings, 130 years.

XXII Dynasty: Sheshenq I, Osorkon I, Takelot I, Osorkon II, Sheshenq II, Takelot II, Sheshenq III, Pami, Sheshenq IV

A total of 9 kings, reigning for 126 years.

XXIII Dynasty: Piankhi I, Pedubast Osorkon III, Takelot III.

Only 4 kings, 28 years of reign.

XXIV Dynasty: Shabaka, Piankhi II, Shabataka, Taharqa, Tanutamon.

5 kings, 40 years of reign.

XXVI Dynasty: Necho I, Psamtek I, Necho II, Psamtek II, Psamtek III, Apris (Khophra), Amasis II, Psamtek IV.

There are only 9 kings, reigning for 150 years and 6 months.

Persian period

XXVII Dynasty: 8 Persian kings, 124 years and 4 months of their reign.

XXVIII Dynasty: Amirtei (6 years old).

XXIX Dynasty: 4 kings, 20 years and 4 months of their reign.

XXX dynasty: Nectanebo I, Jeher Nectanebo II.

There are only 3 kings, reigning for 38 years.

Conquest of Alexander the Great 332 BC e.

Ptolemaic period: Ptolemy I Soter I, Ptolemy II Philadelphus, Ptolemy III Eurgeitis I, Ptolemy IV Philopatra, Ptolemy V Epiphanes, Ptolemy VI Philometer, Ptolemy VII Eurgetis II, Ptolemy VIII Eupater, Ptolemy IX Neos Philopatra, Ptolemy X Soter II, Ptolemy XI Alexander I, Ptolemy XII Alexander II, Ptolemy XIII Philopatra, Ptolemy XIV Philopatra, Ptolemy XV Philopatra, Cleopatra.

Capture by Octavius ​​(Octavian) 30 BC. e.

The ancient Egyptians did not call their rulers “pharaohs.” This word was used by the Greeks and Jews. Science cannot indicate the exact number of rulers of Ancient Egypt, since the history of this great civilization is quite fragmented and there were cases when several kings ruled at the same time in different regions.

Predynastic period

II Dynasty of Ancient Egypt

3890 - 2686 BC

Hetepsekheivi (Hotepsekhemvi)
Reneb (Nebra)
Ninetjer (Ninetjer)
Peribsen (Seth - Peribsen)
Khasezemvi

Ancient Kingdom of Egypt

Ancient Egypt and Dunshur were built during this period.

III Dynasty of Ancient Egypt

Sanakhte (Nebka) 2650 - 2630 BC
Netderichet (Djoser) 2630 – 2611 BC
Sekhemkhet (Djoser Teti) 2611 – 2603 BC
Khaba 2603 – 2599 BC
599 – 2575 BC

IV Dynasty of Ancient Egypt

Snefru 2575 – 2551 BC
2551 - 2528 BC
Djedefre 2528 - 2520 BC
Khafre (Khefren) 2520 - 2494 BC
Mikerin (Mykerina) 2490 - 2472 BC
Shepseskaf 2472 - 2467 BC

V dynasty

Userkafa 2465 - 2458 BC
Sahura 2458 - 2446 BC
Neferirkara Kakai 2477-2467 BC
Shepeseskare Ini 2426 - 2419 BC
Neferefre 2419 - 2416 BC

Menkauhor 2422 - 2414 BC
Djedkare Izezi 2375 - 2345 BC

VI dynasty

Teti 2345 - 2333 BC
Pepi I (Merir) 2332 - 2283 BC
Merenra Nemtiemzaf 2283 2278 BC
Pepi II (Neferkare) 2278 - 2184 BC

First transition period

This was a very troubling time in the history of Ancient Egypt. Power was divided among several kings. Montihotep established his own order in the capital of Thebes.

VII -VIII Dynasties of Ancient Egypt

(2150 – 2135 BC)
Netrikare
Menkare
Neferkare II
Neferkare III
Djedkare II
Neferkare IV
Merenhor
Menkamin
Nikare
Neferkare V
Neferkahor
Neferkare VI
Neferkamin II
Ibi
Neferkaure
Neferkauhor
Neferirkara II
Wajekaire
Sekhemkare
Iti

Isu
Yitenu

IX - X dynasties of Ancient Egypt

2135 – 1986 BC
Neferkare
Several kings named Kheti
Mary – Hathor

XI Dynasty

Iniotef I (Sekhertavi) 2134 – 2117
Iniotef I (Vakhankh) 2117 – 2068
Iniotef I (Nakhtnebtepnefer) 2069 - 2060

This period in the history of Ancient Egypt was marked by the rapid development of foreign trade and large construction projects. A technology for making jewelry was developed. The country's prosperity lasted long enough long time, but the problems of Egypt's internal politics became apparent.

Mentuhotep II 2055 -2004
Mentuhotep III (Sankhkare) 2004 - 1992
Mentuhotep IV (Nebtavire) 1992 - 1987

XII Dynasty of Ancient Egypt

Senusret I (Kheperkare) 1956 - 1911
Amenemheta II (Nubkaure) 1911 - 1877
Senusret II (Haheperre) 1877 - 1870
Senusret III (Jacare) 1836 - 1817
Amenemheta III (Nimaatre) 1817 - 1772
Amenemheta IV (Maaherure) 1772 - 1763
Neferusobek (Sobekkare) 1763 - 1759

Second transition period

The Hyxons invaded the territory of Ancient Egypt and conquered it. Some of the Theban princes seized power. At the end of the XIII Dynasty, Pharaoh Kamosa returned power to the Egyptian kings.

XIII Dynasty of Ancient Egypt

Vegaf 1783-1779
Amenemheta - Senebef
Sezemre - Khutavi
Amenemhet V
Sehetepibre
Yufni
Amenemhet VI
Semenkare
Sehetepibre II
Sevajkare
Nedjemibre
Sobekhotep
Reniseneb
Nor
Amenemhet VII
Sobekhotep II
Henger
Ymir - Mesha
Antef IV
Set
Sobekhotep III
Neferhotep 1696 - 1686
Sihatator 1685 - 1685
Sobekhotep IV 1685 - 1678
Sobekhotep V 1678 - 1674
Jaib 1674 - 1664
Ai 1664 - 1641
Ini
Sevajti
Ined
Hori
Sobekhotep VI
Dedumes
Ibi II
Nor II
Senebmuy
Sehanre
Merkheperre
Merikare

XIV Dynasty of Ancient Egypt

Nehesi
Khatire
Nebfaure
Sekhabre
Merijefare
Sevajkare
Heribre
Sanhibre
Kanefertemre
Neferibre
Ankhkare

XV Dynasty of Ancient Egypt

Salitis
Apahnan (Hian)
Apophis (Auserre Apepi)
Hamoudi

XVI Dynasty of Ancient Egypt

Anat – Kher
User – Anat
Semken
Zaket
Baka
Cap
Pepi III
Bebanh
Nebmaatra
Nikare II
Aahotepre
Aaneterire
Nibahre
Nubuserre
Hauserre
Hammura
Jacob – Baala
Yakbam
Yoam
Amu

XVII dynasty

Antef V
Rahotep
Sobekemzaf
Djehuty
Mentuhotep VII
Nebirau
Nebirau II
Semenenr
Sobekemzaf II
Antef VI
Antef VII
Tao (Senachtenre)
Tao II (Seqenenre)
Kamosa (Wajkheperre)

New kingdom

This period marks the prosperity and revival of art and grandiose construction projects. Towards the end of the reign of the 19th dynasty of the pharaohs of Ancient Egypt, the powers of the priesthood were gaining strength and actually ruled the state. During the 20th Dynasty, the tombs of rulers were looted officials. The priests begin to acquire secular power.

XVIII Dynasty of Ancient Egypt

Ahmose (Nebrekhtire) 1539 - 1514
Amenhotep I (Jeserkare) 1514 - 1493
Thutmose I (Akheperkare) 1493 - 1481
Thutmose II (Aherepenre) 1491 - 1479
1473 — 1458
Thutmose III (Menkheperre) 1504 - 1450
Amenhotep II (Akheperure) 1427 - 1392
Thutmose IV (Menkheperure) 1419 - 1386
Amenhotep III (Nebmaatre) 1382 - 1344
1350 — 1334
Smenkhkara (Ankhehperure) 1336-1334
1334 — 1325
Ai (Kheperkheperure) 1325 - 1321
Horemhebe (Djeserkheperure) 1323 - 1295

XIX dynasty

Ramesses I (Menpekhtire) 1295 - 1294
Seti I (Menmaatre) 1394 - 1279
1279 — 1213
Merepnptah (Baenrekhotehirmaat) 1213 - 1203
Amenmesse (Menmire) 1203 - 1200
Networks II (Userheperuresetepenere) 1200 - 1194
Siptah (Ahenresetepenre) 1194 - 1188
Tausert (Sitremeritamun) 1185-1187

XX Dynasty of Ancient Egypt

Setakht (Userkhaumeriamun) 1186 - 1184
Ramesses III (Usermaatremeriamun) 1184 - 1153
Ramesses IV (Hekamaamremetepenamun) 1153 - 1147
Ramses V (Useermaatreseheperenre) 1147 - 1143
Ramesses VI (Nebmaamtpemeriamun) 1143 - 1136
Ramesses VII (Usepmaamresetepenre) 1136 - 1129
Ramesses VIII (Usermaamtrihenamun) 1129 - 1126
Ramesses IX (Neferkaresetepenre) 1126 - 1108
Ramses X (Khepermaamtresetepenre) 1108 - 1099
Ramesses XI (Menmaamtremetepenrtah) 1099 - 1069

Third transition period

The capital of Ancient Egypt was moved to and then back to Thebes.

XXI Dynasty of Ancient Egypt

Rulers of Upper and Southern Egypt in Thebes:
Smedes (1070 – 1044) Herihor (1080 – 1074)
Amenemnisu (1040) Piankh (1074 – 1070)
Psusennes (1040 – 992) Pinedjem (1070 – 1032)
Amenope (993 – 984) Masakherta (1054 – 1046)
Osohor (984 – 978) Menkheperre (1045 – 992)
Siamun (978 – 959) Smendes II (992 – 990)
Psusennes II (959 – 945) Pinedjem II (990 – 969)
Psusennes III (969-945)

XII Dynasty of Ancient Egypt

Shoshenq I 945-924
Osorkona 924-909
Takelot 909 (?)
Sheshenkom II 883
Osorkona II 883-855
Takelot II 860-835
Sheshenkom III 835-783
Pami 783-773
Sheshenkom IV 773-735
Osorkona IV 735-712

XXIII Dynasty of Ancient Egypt

Pedubaste 828-803
Osorkon IV 777-749
Pefjauvibast 740-725

XXIV Dynasty of Ancient Egypt

Shepsespe Tefnakht 725-720
Vahkare Bakenranif 720-715

Later Kingdom of Ancient Egypt

The Assyrians invade ancient Nubia. The Greeks are trying to restore order. During the XXV Dynasty, there was a return to the old style of government in Ancient Egypt.

XXV Dynasty of Ancient Egypt

Piye 747-716
Shebaka 712-698
Shebitku 698-690
Taharqa 690-664
Tantamani 664-657

XXVI Dynasty of Ancient Egypt

Psammetich I (Psam - Tik) 664-610
Nekau (Necho) II 610-595
Psammetich II 595-589
Apries 589-570
Amasis 570-526
Psammetich III 526-525

XXVII Dynasty of Ancient Egypt

Cambyses 525-522
Darius I 521-486
Xerxes I 486-466
Artaxerxes I 465-424
Darius II 424-404

XXVIII Dynasty of Ancient Egypt

Amirtaios 404-399

XXIX Dynasty of Ancient Egypt

Neferites 399-393
Psammutis 393
Nakoris 393-380
Neferites II 380

XXX dynasty

The last pharaohs of Egyptian origin
Nectaneb 380-362
Teos 365-360
Nectaneb II 360-343

Second Persian period (343-332 BC)

XXXI Dynasty

Founder Manetho
Oh (Artaxerxes III) 343-338
Ass 338-336
Darius III Codomannus 335-332

Greco-Roman period (332 BC - 395 AD)

Macedonian kings in ancient Egypt

Alexander the Great 332-323
Philip Arrhiraus 323-316
Alexander IV 316-304

Ptolemaic Dynasty

Ptolemy I Soter I 323-285
Ptolemy II Philadelphus 282-246
Ptolemy III Euergeter i 246-222
Ptolemy IV Philopator 222-205
Ptolemy V Epiphanes 205-180
Ptolemy VI Philometora 180-164 163-145
Ptolemy VII Neos 145 Philopator
Ptolemy VIII Euergetes II 170-163 and 116-145
Cleopatra and Ptolemy III IX Sotera II 116-107 and 80 - 88
Cleopatra III and Ptolemy X Alexander I 107 - 88
Cleopatra Berenice 81 - 80
Ptolemy XI Alexander II 80
Ptolemy XII Neos Dionysus 80 - 58 and 55 - 51
Berenice IV 58 - 55
Cleopatra VII and Ptolemy XIII 51 - 47
Cleopatra and Ptolemy XIV 47 - 44
and Ptolemy XV Caesarion 44 - 30 BC.

Roman Emperors in Ancient Egypt

August 30 BC - 14 AD

Tiberius 14 - 37
Guy Caligula 37 - 41
Claudia 41 - 54
Nero 54 - 68
Galba 68 - 69
Oton 69
Vitellius 69
Vespasian 69 - 79
Titus 79 - 81
Domitian 81 - 96
Nerves 96 - 98
Trajan 98 - 117
Adrian117 - 138
Antoninus Pius 138 - 161
Marcus Aurelius 161 - 180
Lucius Verruss
Commodus 180 - 192
Pertinax 193
Didius Julianus 193
Septimius Severus 193 - 211
Caracalla 211 - 217
Macrinus 217 - 218
Heliogabala 218 - 222
Alexander Sever 222 - 235
Maximin 235 - 238
Pupienus 238
Gordian 238 - 244
Philip 244 - 249
Decii 249 - 251
Gallus 251 - 253
Valerianus 253 - 260
Gallienae 260 - 268
Claudius II 268 - 270
Aurelian 270 - 275
Tacitus 275 - 276
Florianus 276
Samples 276 - 282
Carus 282 - 283
Numerianus 283 - 284
Diocletian 284 - 305
Galerius 305 - 311
Licinium 308 - 324

Byzantine Christian period

The reign of the Coptic patriarchs began with the reign of Constantine I.