Golden Khokhloma painting. Types of Khokhloma painting

One of the most famous paintings in Russia. Perhaps, there is no person who has not held a painted wooden spoon in his hands or seen beautiful and amazingly richly designed Khokhloma products. But where did this fabulously beautiful painting come from? What craftsman came up with the idea of ​​applying silver to wood and then covering it with varnish, achieving a golden glow? This is what the material collected in this section is devoted to.

Painting of wooden utensils appeared in Rus' a long time ago - in the 16th century. They produced it in large quantities, hundreds, thousands of pieces, since the wood quickly wore out, and utensils were necessary in everyday life. It was sold "at Makariy's", in Moscow and in Ustyug Veliky.

Art historians date the origins of the Khokhloma craft to the second half of the 17th century.

The first mention of this village is found in documents of the 16th century. Even under Ivan the Terrible, Khokhloma was known as a forest area called “Khokhloma Ukhozheya” (Ukhozheya is a place cleared of forest for arable land).

Since ancient times, wooden utensils have been in great use among Russians: ladles and brackets in the shape of a swimming bird, round bowls, dinner bowls, spoons of various shapes and sizes were found in archaeological excavations dating back to the 10th-13th centuries. There are examples that date back several thousand years.

In ancient times, in the dense Trans-Volga forests near the trading village of Khokhloma, the first settlers hiding from persecution were “leaks,” that is, fugitives who took refuge here from persecution for the “old faith,” from tsarist tyranny and landowner oppression. Among them were artists and masters of hand-written miniatures. It was not easy to feed oneself on the meager land by peasant labor, and the fugitives got used to painting wooden dishes, which local craftsmen had sharpened here since ancient times. A previously unknown painting fabulously transformed modest kitchen utensils. But especially beautiful and unique were the various holders, bowls and cups that came out of the hand of one famous master. It seemed that his painting had absorbed the sun's rays - golden, which are at noon, and red - cinnabar at dawn.

People said that the artist painted his dishes not with simple, but with a magic brush woven from the sun's rays. Bright, festive dishes were loved not only by residents in the area; its fame spread throughout Rus'. Seeing the Khokhloma dishes, the tsar immediately guessed who was painting them, and sent guards to the Trans-Volga forests. The forewarned painter managed to escape, but he taught the intricacies of the extraordinary craft to the local residents and left them with paints and a magic brush. This is the old legend about the birth of the bright and original art of Khokhloma painting, which is often called golden, fiery, or fiery. And this is no accident; the art of Khokhloma could not have been born without fire, without hardening products in a Russian oven.

This legend explains how a close connection arose between the Trans-Volga and northern Old Believers, which had a great influence on the art of Khokhloma.
The proximity to a large river and a fair created favorable conditions for various crafts and trade. Fairs were held on the banks of the river, to which goods were brought from the north and south of Russia. The territory of the region looked like a large workshop. Residents of the Trans-Volga villages, scattered in the Nizhny Novgorod and Kostroma provinces, were engaged in various crafts. Peasants who produced the same things settled nearby in nearby villages, and every week they sold their products in a large trading village. Products from all over the area were brought here. They came from Kostroma and Vetluga and brought a variety of painted and carved objects. But wood chips - wooden spoons, cups, bowls - were in particular demand. Dyers at such fairs bought wooden blanks and sold their products. Turners and spoon makers exchanged their goods for wood for further work. Merchants bought the finished products, loaded them onto carts in the summer and sleighs in the winter, and took them to the fair “to Macarius.”

Open lesson 01.2012

SUBJECT:“Khokhloma painting. Sketching the elements of the composition"

TARGET: 1. To acquaint students with the history of fishing and works of folk arts and crafts, the technology of painting and the features of the Khokhloma design.

2. To develop the ability to make sketches based on Khokhloma painting. To promote accuracy in work, development of imagination and observation of students.

3. To cultivate interest and love for folk art, a sense of pride and patriotism for the rich cultural heritage of Russia. Give children the opportunity to feel like folk craftsmen.

Exercise:

decorating various forms with painting using traditional writing techniques for this craft, observing the stylistic features of Khokhloma painting.

Materials: forms for coloring, gouache, watercolor, large and small brushes,

a jar for water, a napkin, a simple pencil.

Visual range: products with Khokhloma painting, postcards, reproductions, albums,

tables with elements of painting, poster “Khokhloma painting”, presentation “Khokhloma painting”.

Organizing time. Checking readiness for class. 3-5 min.

Theoretical part. Introductory conversation with demonstration of Khokhloma painting, presentation. Explanation of the painting sequence. 10-15 min.

Practical part. Self-painting of a model for coloring. 15-20 min.

Final part. Summarizing. 5 minutes.

Conversation:

From the history of the emergence and development of Khokhloma painting.

A long time ago, in the Nizhny Novgorod Trans-Volga region, the custom of decorating wooden utensils with painting arose. In this forested region, almost everything was made of wood. The entire territory of the region was like one workshop scattered across hundreds of villages. Residents, as if by agreement, divided among themselves all types of production of wooden products. Each group of villages had a center - a large trading village, where peasants came every week to the market to sell their products. The villages where wooden utensils were sharpened and painted were located around the large trading village of Khokhloma, which gave its name to the entire art of painting. It was from here that cups and spoons scattered like firebirds all over the earth. When the merchant was asked: “Where does such a miracle come from?”, he proudly answered: “From Khokhloma.” And so it happened: Khokhloma and Khokhloma. To this day, painted dishes are called Khokhloma.

Khokhloma painting is a type of artistic woodworking. This art arose at the end of the 17th century in the Volga region (the village of Khokhloma, Gorky region). From ancient crafts, Khokhloma inherited the classical forms of wooden turning products and clear rhythms of ornament. The painting skill of ancient Rus' enriched it with drawings of plant motifs and techniques for freely executing them with a brush. The original technique of “golden painting” of the product sets Khokhloma apart from other crafts. The technology of “gilding” wood continues to this day.

Examination of product samples (exhibition of works).

Presentation:

Khokhloma painting technique:

1. A wooden product is coated with a liquid solution of “vapa” clay. Clay closes the pores of the wood, creating a waterproof layer.

2. After this, the products are moistened with raw linseed oil and dried well. Then cover with drying oil and dry again, repeating this operation 3-4 times.

3. The next stage is tinning. The product is covered with half-milk: tin or aluminum powder is rubbed into the product with a swab. The products become smooth, shiny and resemble metal.

4. And only now does the dyer (the person who applies the pattern) get to work. The painting is done with oil paints. All elements of painting are performed immediately with a brush, without preliminary pencil drawing.

5. The painted and dried product is coated with oil varnish (previously it was covered with drying oil) and placed in the oven to “heat”. When exposed to temperature, the varnish turns yellow. Then this delightful honey-golden color appears. This is how the phrase “Golden Khokhloma” arose.

Features of Khokhloma painting:

Two writing methods:

riding letter, where the pattern is drawn with red or black paint over a gold background.

The second technique is “under the background”: First, the contours of the pattern are drawn, then the background is covered with color, and after that the remaining unpainted pattern is painted.

The peculiarity of “mountain” painting is to apply a pattern with strokes over a golden background.

The peculiarity of the “background” painting is that the background around the pattern is painted red or black. With this method, leaves, flowers or birds stand out against this background in the form of golden silhouettes.

But usually these two types of painting are intricately intertwined in one product.

colors: red, black, gold, sometimes dark green and yellow

main element of the pattern: “grass”

elements: leaves, flowers, berries,

composition: the pattern is built from grass located on a winding line, the pattern is built like a rosette.

The most favorite among Khokhloma artists is the “grass pattern” or “grass”, which vaguely resembles sedge. Often among the “grass” a flower, bird, or fish is depicted. The most intricate patterns are called “curls”: grass turns into large curls - curls.

Here are the berries. For lingonberry, currant and mountain ash berries, use a seal-poke (a cotton swab). But gooseberries, strawberries and raspberries are painted immediately with a brush. After the red paint has dried, the berries are “enlivened” with yellow.

A blade of grass is a thin, smoothly bending stem, from which curved stems with curls extend in all directions. The pressure of the brush is applied to the widest part of the blade of grass.

“Kudrina” is a floral-leaf pattern with rounded wide leaves with curls.

The leaflet is most often a stylized currant leaf. Leaves and flowers begin with drawing the stems, then draw the main shape of the leaf or flower. Next, draw the veins on the leaves and the stamens of the flowers.

From such elements you can create a pattern.

The sequence of performing elements of Khokhloma painting (using the example of a “plate”).

Practical work: work on compositions.

Quiz.

Where and when did Khokhloma painting originate?

What techniques of Khokhloma painting do you know?

The main element of Khokhloma painting?

Elements of Khokhloma painting?

Color palette of Khokhloma painting?

Compositional construction of a drawing?

Ornament, decor, decoration?

7. Exhibition of works. Summarizing.

Bibliography:

V. Vishnevskaya Khokhloma. Russian artistic crafts. Publishing house "Plakat", Moscow 1981

V. Vishnevskaya The art of folk arts and crafts. Set of color postcards.

S.K.

Zhigalova. Russian folk painting.

Publishing house "Prosveshchenie", Moscow 1974

E. Subocheva.

Khokhloma. Folk crafts. Publishing house "Okolitsa", Moscow 1997.

L. Yakhnin. Cheerful word Khokhloma. Publishing house "Malysh", Moscow 1987

Golden Khokhloma.

(Literary series)

Khokhloma painting,

In the green grass.

Groves, copses,

Silk splashes,

Sunny honey

Golden foliage.

The beauty is chiseled

Brocade sundress,

Along the waves of patterns

The yachts are burning.

What kind of sorcerers

They dressed Khokhloma

In this unspeakable

Holiday outfit?

(P. Sinyavsky)

These fake spoons

Saucers, ladles, nesting dolls,

She painted it for us herself

Golden Khokhloma!

(P. Sinyavsky)

These fake spoons

Saucers, ladles, nesting dolls,

(L. Kulikova)

Chairs, boards and floors,

And cribs and beds,

These fake spoons

Saucers, ladles, nesting dolls,

There is no more elegant coloring book,

As if she came to us from a fairy tale,

Where are the kings and the tower,

"The World of Magic Khokhloma"

Sprouting,

Somehow festively alive

Not easy,

Black and red grass.

The leaves are turning red

From the breath of winter.

We enter the kingdom of Berendey -

Into the world of magical Khokhloma.

Khokhloma - this, perhaps, the most famous type of Russian folk art arose in the 17th century in the Nizhny Novgorod province (the village of Semino). Of course, each of us knows the distinctive features of Khokhloma painting - black, red, golden, sometimes green tones; ornate ornament with plant motifs (rowan or strawberries, flowers, leaves), and sometimes with images of animals: animals, birds, fish.

To this day, an amazing folk legend is associated with Khokhloma in the villages of the Nizhny Novgorod region.

Rumor has it that in ancient times an icon painter, a famous master, lived in the city of Moscow. The Tsar-Father himself admired his skill and generously paid for his work. However, the master became bored with the royal court with its charms, and he decided to go into the wilderness and begin a free life there. And then one day he secretly left the royal court and went into the Kerzhen forests.

He built a house for himself and began to do what he loved again. He dreamed of creating a painting that would be loved by everyone, and would reflect, like a mirror, all the beauty of the Russian land and the Russian soul. And, having admired his native nature, he began to paint the cups in a previously unprecedented, wonderfully beautiful way. And fame spread about the master, and people came from the most distant lands specifically to admire his art.

The formidable king also found out about him. He was angry that the master had left him without permission, and ordered his archers to bring the fugitive back. The master heard about this, called his friends and revealed to them all the secrets of his art. The king's envoys appeared only the next day, and they saw that the artist's house was burning with a bright, bright flame, and he himself had disappeared. The royal people looked for him, looked for him, but never found him. Only its colors remained, having absorbed the scarlet heat of the fire and the blackness of the ashes.

The students continued the art entrusted to them, and so it has lived ever since, reminding us with its fiery patterns of the fabulous history of its founder.

This is a folk legend, and, despite its beauty, it is obvious that there is more fiction than truth in it.

If we talk about reality, historians associate the appearance of Khokhloma with the appearance of Old Believers in the Nizhny Novgorod lands. Among these exiles there were many who were engaged in icon painting or drew engravings for church books. By combining their art with the knowledge and skills of local craftsmen in the manufacture of wooden utensils, as well as wood carving, the Old Believers gave birth to Khokhloma.

Pavlovo Posad shawls and other crafts reflect the spirit and traditions of our people. Today, interest in this type of art is constantly growing. Khokhloma toys, painted dishes and furniture become not only museum exhibits, but also an organic part of our lives. We will talk about them today.

Followers of icon painters

It is not known for certain how Khokhloma painting appeared. According to modern ideas, the fishery dates back more than 300 years. It appeared in the Volga region, where the territory of the Koverninsky district of the Gorky region is now located. Khokhloma toys and kitchen utensils are distinguished by a special honey-golden background color or pattern details. It is he who makes the painting unique. It is believed that the technology for obtaining this shade was taken by the craftsmen from the Old Believers. They knew how to give icons a golden shine without using precious metal.

Technology

Regardless of what Khokhloma painting covers: toys, dishes or furniture, the principle of coloring is the same. The wooden blank is covered with primer and drying oil, and then rubbed with aluminum powder. Previously, tin was used instead, however, modern technologies make it possible to produce aluminum in large quantities, and therefore it is now used in the process of creating Khokhloma utensils. The product coated with metal powder is painted. Then I cover it again with drying oil and two layers of varnish, after which the workpiece is sent to the oven. From there, the painted objects come out golden. Under the influence of high temperature, a special coating changes the color of the product, and the metal layer gives a characteristic shine.

Beautiful and strong

The color characteristic of Khokhloma is obtained due to the special composition covering the pattern. However, the value of such products is not only in their beauty. The varnish that protects the painting is particularly durable. He is not afraid of either high temperature or mechanical stress. Khokhloma toys can be safely given to children. Even if the children decide to bathe them in ice water, nothing will happen to the painting. The same applies to dishes: cups, plates, jugs and spoons covered with Khokhloma are not afraid of either boiling water or cold.

Khokhloma toy: history

Of course, first of all, Khokhloma was used to cover dishes and interior items. In the 17th century, when this tin powder is believed to have appeared, it was expensive, and therefore the products were not affordable for everyone. However, the Khokhloma toy gradually appeared. Drawings using traditional elements began to decorate small figures of animals and people.

Most often, toys were made of wood. Living material was easy to process and was relatively inexpensive. To make their goods, toy makers used birch, aspen, pine and linden. From region to region, the preferences of artisans changed depending on the prevalence of a particular type of wood. The tools used to make toys were an ax and a knife, and sometimes a chisel.

Semenovskaya Khokhloma

Of course, a conversation about folk toys will be incomplete if we don’t remember the matryoshka doll. For many, the history of its origin may be an unexpected discovery. Matryoshka came to Russia at the end of the 19th century from... Japan. Its prototype was the Indian patriarch Jarma, who, according to legend, spent nine long years in fasting and meditation, as a result of which both his arms and legs fell off. The sage's fortitude was also respected in Japan, where he was revered as a god and called Daruma. Numerous figurines depicted him without arms and legs. Gradually, a tradition arose of putting one mini-sculpture into another - and so on up to seven “layers”.

The souvenir was named Fukurumu and came to Russia in this form. Seeing it, artist Sergei Malyutin was inspired to create a new toy. Instead of an old man without arms and legs, he depicted a red-cheeked beauty in a headscarf. This is how the matryoshka appeared. Gradually, the tradition of making such a toy reached the city of Semenov and remained there. Craftsmen here still make and paint nesting dolls today. Often the so-called Semenovskaya Khokhloma is used to decorate toys. It is distinguished from the traditional one by large and bright flowers and a slightly different color scheme.

Khokhloma today

Folk crafts and traditions in our time are of interest not only to historians. A variety of craftsmen turn to them: from simple needlewomen to famous fashion designers and designers. Thanks to the rapid development of information technology, today it is quite easy to find material on the topic. And to the question of how to draw a Khokhloma toy, you can easily find the correct answer. Craft tourism is also developing, when craftsmen travel to the homeland of a particular art form and learn it directly from the keepers of traditions.

Khokhloma toys still delight children who love everything bright and unusual. Many teachers, in order to develop artistic abilities in their students and arouse interest in traditional culture, conduct classes teaching Khokhloma techniques. This type of painting is known and respected abroad. Tourists from different countries, returning home, bring home nesting dolls, kitchen utensils and even furniture covered with Khokhloma painting as gifts. Now we can say with confidence that this type of folk art has found its niche in the modern world and more than one generation will be inspired by its rich patterns.

Khokhloma painting as a traditional artistic craft arose in the 17th century in the Nizhny Novgorod province and received its name from the large trading village of Khokhloma, where all wooden products were brought for auction.

At the moment, there are many versions of the origin of Khokhloma painting, here are the two most common:

First version

According to the most common version, the unique method of painting wooden utensils “like gold” in the forested Trans-Volga region and the very birth of the Khokhloma craft were attributed to the Old Believers.

Even in ancient times, among the residents of local villages, securely hidden in the wilderness of forests, there were many “Old Believers,” that is, people fleeing persecution for the “old faith.”

Among the Old Believers who moved to Nizhny Novgorod, there were many icon painters and masters of book miniatures. They brought with them ancient icons and handwritten books with colorful headpieces, they brought subtle painting skills, free-hand calligraphy and samples of the richest floral designs.

In turn, local craftsmen were excellent at turning, passing on from generation to generation the skills of making tableware forms and the art of three-dimensional carving. At the turn of the 17th-18th centuries, the forest Trans-Volga region became a real artistic treasure. The art of Khokhloma inherited from the Volga masters the “classical forms” of turning utensils, the plasticity of the carved shapes of ladles and spoons, and from the icon painters - the pictorial culture, the skill of the “fine brush”. And, no less important, the secret of making “golden” dishes without the use of gold.

Second version

But there are documents indicating otherwise. The method of simulating gilding on wood, akin to the Khokhloma method, was used by Nizhny Novgorod artisans in painting wooden utensils back in 1640-1650, before the advent of the Old Believers.
In the large Nizhny Novgorod craft villages of Lyskovo and Murashkino, in the Trans-Volga “village Semenovskoye” (the future city of Semenov - one of the centers of Khokhloma painting), wooden utensils were made - brothers, ladles, dishes for the festive table - painted “for tin work”, that is, using tin powder. The method of painting wooden utensils “for tin work,” which probably preceded the Khokhloma method, arose from the experience of icon painters and local Volga region traditions of tableware craft.

Khokhloma - decorative painting of wooden utensils. This type of artistic folk thought originated in the 17th century in villages near the trading village of Khokhloma, Nizhny Novgorod region. In the 20th century, the village of Semino and the city of Semenov became the center of the fishery, where the Khokhloma Painting and Semenovskaya Painting factories are located to this day.

A distinctive feature of the painting is a floral ornament made in black and red paints on a golden background. In order for the dishes to receive a golden glow, tin powder is applied to it, which, after firing in the oven, gives a honey-golden hue.
There are two types of Khokhloma painting: “mountain”, when the background is first painted over, and a drawing remains on top, and “under the background”, when the outline of the ornament is outlined before painting, and only then the background is filled with black paint.

Khokhloma painting is easily recognizable by its traditional elements: flowers, strawberries and rowan berries, and sometimes birds. The painting is done with a thin brush and applied only by hand, so the pattern is never repeated. It decorates dishes, spoons, ladles and even some pieces of home furniture.

Now in the city of Semenov there is an art school that trains masters of Khokhloma painting.

Khokhloma: dishes worthy of a royal table outside the window it’s autumn, and it’s time to remember the wonderful, very autumnal folk craft - Khokhloma painting, isn’t it true, looking at it, you can warm your soul... I remember in my childhood in our house there were such spoons that were a little simpler - they gave it to me, the borscht was much tastier with it)))) the rest were for beauty. Khokhloma painting is a unique phenomenon in world culture. This style of painting wooden utensils is originally Russian, and is unique nowhere else in the world!


Khokhloma painting originated in the Volga region, and got its name from one of the villages of the Nizhny Novgorod district - Khokhloma. In the second half of the 17th century, after church reforms, many Old Believers sought refuge in these places. Among them were icon painters, thanks to whom Khokhloma painting appeared.


When painting icons, the following technology was used: to paint the background gold, the craftsmen used cheaper silver powder rather than gold. After painting, the icon was covered with linseed oil and baked in an oven, as a result of which the background became golden in color. This is such alchemy! Masters began to use a similar technology in Khokhloma painting, only instead of silver they used tin powder (and nowadays aluminum), but the result was the same - the product became sunny gold. Truly, dishes worthy of a royal table, but accessible to ordinary people!


The main colors used in Khokhloma painting are gold, black and red. Sometimes these colors are complemented with green, brown, orange, and yellow. The motifs used in painting are mainly natural: these are herbs, flowers, berries. Horse painting has several varieties, the so-called “grass painting” is the simplest of the Khokhloma paintings:




And this is a painting “like a leaf”, “like a berry”:
This kind of horse painting is called “Gingerbread” or “Ryzhik” and symbolizes the sun:
Background painting is done like this: the master draws the contours of the composition in black or red, and then paints over the background and draws in the details with strokes. This is very labor-intensive work! Background painting includes a type of composition called “kudrina” - fancy patterned leaves, flowers and fruits:
There is also green Khokhloma. Such painting is done at the Khokhloma Painting enterprise in the city of Semenov, Nizhny Novgorod region.
They say that Lyudmila Zykina once came to this enterprise and asked to make something for herself with her favorite flowers - lilies of the valley. Her request was not refused, and then they launched this version of the painting into mass production. And what a wonderful pattern it turned out to be! Thanks to Lyudmila Georgievna Zykina for inspiring the masters to create a new standard of Khokhloma. It is very pleasant and joyful that such an ancient and unique folk craft not only flourishes to this day, but is also developing harmoniously. And, here is such a masterpiece of modern Khokhloma






In the 19th century, Khokhloma dishes could be found not only in Russia, but also in Persia, India, Central Asia, the USA and Australia. And in our time, Khokhloma dishes have become even more widespread.
From the mid-1960s to the present day, the Khokhloma Painting enterprise has been the largest manufacturer of artistic wood products with Khokhloma painting, and the city of Semenov is rightfully considered the capital of Golden Khokhloma.
The original technology of gilding wooden products, developed over centuries, which came from icon painting, has been preserved practically unchanged to the present day.
First, turning utensils ready for further processing are turned from dried linden wood: bowls and barrels, stands and vases, spoons and ladles are cut out.
Next, they are dried and covered with a special red-brown soil, which makes them all look like clay. Then soak in boiled linseed oil (linseed oil) and rub with aluminum powder. They become matte-shiny, reminiscent of silver, and in this form they are sent to the painting workshop. Painted items are varnished two or three times and hardened in an oven at a temperature of 120–130 degrees. The resulting varnish film gives the silver surface a golden shine. Thus the tree turns into “gold”.
Thanks to a special varnish coating and high-temperature processing, the products are practical and safe to use. You can drink and eat from Khokhloma dishes, and it does not lose its appearance from cold and hot dishes, as well as salty and sour foods.
All products of the Khokhloma Painting CJSC enterprise are certified and protected by the internationally registered trademark “Semenov. Khokhloma painting".
Products with Khokhloma painting are a calling card not only of the Nizhny Novgorod region, but of the entire country as a whole.
The Semyonovskaya matryoshka doll, produced at the Khokhloma Painting enterprise, represents the symbol of Russia for many people in the world.
Khokhloma products are supplied to the domestic Russian market from Kaliningrad to Vladivostok, as well as to many countries around the world, where high interest in them has not waned for many centuries.
The company's assortment includes more than 1,800 items of products for utilitarian and decorative purposes - these are sets for fish soup, desserts, sets (about 100 types, in some up to 180 items), carved ladles, bratins, candlesticks, vases, suppliers, barrels, damasks, panels, music boxes, spoons and painted furniture.
In addition to the main assortment, the company prepared a souvenir produced for the 2014 Olympics in Sochi.
And also a nesting doll with the symbol of the Winter Olympics in Sochi.
The enterprise includes large workshops: the first and second art workshop, carpentry, drying and procurement, experimental, pressing, transport, packaging, as well as a materials warehouse and a finished product assembly workshop
Work at the Khokhloma Painting enterprise in the Nizhny Novgorod region.