What nature reserves are there in the Trans-Baikal Territory? Specially protected natural areas of the Trans-Baikal Territory for the conservation of rivers of the Amur basin

The Trans-Baikal Territory is located mainly in the Amur basin: the drainage basin formed by the components (Shilka and Argun) and tributaries of the Amur occupies 56% of the region's area. This territory includes, in particular, the central and southern regions of the region, where about 90% of the population lives. Moreover, the basin has a transboundary nature, since it connects the Trans-Baikal Territory with neighboring provinces of China and Mongolia. The most typical environmental problems for this territory are such as reduction of forest areas due to fires and logging, the influence of the mining industry and, first of all, gold mining, domestic pollution of watercourses and coasts, anthropogenic pressure on ichthyocenoses, and so on.

IN last years threats to aquatic and coastal ecosystems in the region have intensified or emerged. The catastrophic fires of recent years could not but affect the water-regulating function of forests. Projects for the construction of dams in riverbeds periodically arise or are revived large rivers(Shilka, Nercha, Amazar). Industrial growth in China has led to increased pollution of the Argun and increased water consumption for the needs of mining and agriculture in Inner Mongolia.

At the same time, in the Trans-Baikal Territory, the risks associated with cross-border Chinese investments in the timber industry and, in the future, in Agriculture. In particular, in the eastern border regions of the Trans-Baikal Territory (Mogochinsky, Tungiro-Olyokminsky, Sretensky, Gazimuro-Zavodsky, Nerchinsko-Zavodsky) clear cuttings of forests are planned in vast areas transferred to long-term lease, which may be one of the negative factors, which have a destructive impact on the state of both ground and aquatic ecosystems over large areas. These threats require both assessment possible consequences, as well as taking the necessary preventive measures, including the creation of new specially protected natural areas (SPNA).

Currently, the areas of protected areas within the Trans-Baikal Territory account for 5.3% of the region’s territory. Some of them are two reserves (Sokhondinsky and Daursky), national park(Alkhanay), natural park (Arey) and 13 reserves are located wholly or partially in the Amur basin. However, predominantly small watercourses fell within the boundaries of these protected areas. Until recently, the region was practically deprived of protected areas in the river beds that belong to the category of large rivers (length more than 500 km) and determine the specifics of the regional part of the Amur basin - Shilka, Argun, Onon, Ingoda, Nerch, Gazimur and the Amur itself. Only a small part of them were associated with specially protected natural areas. Thus, the sources of the Ingoda are protected within the Sokhondinsky nature reserve, and a small (about 10 km) part of the Aginskaya Steppe regional nature reserve goes to the left bank of the Onon.

At the same time, in recent years, in the Chinese border territories along the right bank of the Argunia Amur, large reserves of Erguna, Vuma and Beidzikun have been created. To date, almost the entire Chinese coastal region in the lower reaches of the Argun, for about 300 km along the border with Russia, is occupied by specially protected natural areas, actively used, in particular, for the development of rural and ecological tourism.

It should also be noted that there are significant differences in the dynamics of forest areas on different banks of the Argun and Amur in recent years, manifested in a noticeable fragmentation of forest areas on the Russian side. The key reasons for this should be sought, first of all, in transboundary differences in the organization of fighting forest fires.

This kind of imbalance in approaches to environmental management and conservation in the short term can lead to the formation of an extremely dangerous situation in geopolitical terms, in which the well-being and sustainability of the Chinese border regions will be ensured at the expense of both environmentally friendly forms economic activity, and the export of raw materials from Transbaikalia. This imbalance can cause not only long-term environmental, but also serious reputational consequences, both for the Trans-Baikal Territory and for the country as a whole; Solving this problem is impossible without finding comprehensive solutions, but it must undoubtedly include the creation of new protected areas as a reservoir for conservation biodiversity and potential for the development of ecotourism activities, including (and perhaps primarily) with the attraction of Chinese investments and tour operators. In each of these cases special meaning may have those territories that are geographically linked to main watercourses.

In this regard, in recent years, in the Trans-Baikal Territory, activity has intensified to create new protected areas, one of the functions of which would be to preserve not only basins, but also the main channels of large watercourses. As a result, justifications for the creation of a number of regional reserves were prepared, primarily such as “Relic Oaks”, Verkhneamursky and Sredneargunsky (Fig. 1).

Rice. 1. Borders of created and being created protected areas in the Russian-Chinese border area. 1- reserve “Relitovye oaks” (Russia); 2- Eerguna Nature Reserve (PRC); 3- reserve “Virgin Forest of Wuma” (PRC); 4 - Beijikun Nature Reserve (PRC); 5- reserve “Urushinsky” (Russia); 6 - reserve "Ulegir" (Russia).

Currently, only for one of the above-mentioned reserves - “Relic Oaks” - with the support of the Amur branch WWF Russia a full cycle of organizational measures has been carried out. This made it possible in 2011 to create a regional reserve with an area of ​​30,399.8 hectares in the Gazimuro-Zavodsky district of the Trans-Baikal Territory, which along its entire length (more than 80 km) overlooks the left bank of the Argun, adjacent to the Chinese Vuma reserve.

In 2013, an environmental and economic feasibility study was prepared for the creation of the Verkhneamursky regional reserve with a total area of ​​239,639 hectares, located in the Mogochinsky district. The reserve was organized to protect a valuable natural area, which includes the valleys of the Argun, Shilka and Amazar rivers in their lower reaches, the Amur valley in the upper reaches, as well as the basins of their mountain tributaries. The Shilka, Argun and the Amur formed at their confluence are a kind of “framework” of the river network. The entire left bank of the Amur from the confluence to the border with the Amur region, 46 km long, is located within the designed reserve. It should be noted that this reserve is adjacent to the Chinese reserves Vuma and Beijikun. Currently, documents for the creation of the reserve are at the approval stage.

In 2014, the region prepared an environmental and economic feasibility study for the creation of the Sredneargunsky regional reserve with a total area of ​​247,157 hectares, located in the Nerchinsko-Zavodsky district. The territory of the reserve is extended in the meridional direction mainly along the middle (for the Russian part of the basin) flow of the river. Argun. The reserve was organized to protect the left bank and adjacent ecosystems in the river basin, including its tributaries, including part of the basin major influx like R. Level The Sredneargunsky nature reserve is adjacent to the Chinese nature reserves of Eergun and Vuma. Currently, documents for the creation of this reserve are at the approval stage.

Thus, in the upper reaches of the Amur and in the estuary part of its main components Shilka and Argun, a whole cluster of Russian and Chinese protected areas is being formed. On the Chinese side, these are the Beidzikun, Eerguna and Vuma reserves, on the Russian side, the existing reserves “Relic Oaks” (in the Trans-Baikal Territory) and Urushinsky (in the Amur Region), as well as the newly created reserves Verkhneamursky and Sredneargunsky. After completing the process of their creation, it will be possible to talk about a cluster of seven protected areas with a total area of ​​​​about 1.5-2.0 million hectares.

This potentially creates prospects for the organization international cooperation for the purpose of nature conservation and development of ecological and scientific tourism. The result of such cooperation may be the creation of a Russian-Chinese transboundary reserve with possible (in the future) excursion visits by tourists to adjacent territories, the organization of joint programs and a joint search for sources of financing for environmental activities on the basis of both national and international funds. It should be noted that the work to create new protected areas on key watercourses of the Amur Basin in the Trans-Baikal Territory will continue. First of all, this concerns Nercha - the last of big rivers basin, which does not have its own protected areas. Currently, several options for regional reserves are being considered - in the lower reaches (Nerchinsk Steppe), middle reaches (Nerchinsky) and upper reaches (Nerchugansky). In addition, a justification for the Duldurginsky reserve is currently being prepared, which will include coastal ecosystems and part of the river bed. Onon.

Transbaikal State University

For illustrations, see

The sanitary and health potential of the region's forests is very significant and diverse. However, its use for recreational purposes does not necessarily mean a rejection of other forms of use. Forest ecosystems in this case, they must retain their protective, water protection and other useful functions, and it is possible to use wood reserves, the Ministry of Nature of the Trans-Baikal Territory notes.

Alkhanay National Park

Duldurginsky district, area - 138,234 hectares.

This national park was established in 1999. Its central part is made up of a mountain range, the highest peak of which reaches 1662 m above sea level. Mount Alkhanay is a place of pilgrimage; there are many places of worship associated with the history of the Buryat people. There are two natural monuments in the park - the Alkhanay char and the Alkhanay Gate rocks. Tourists are also attracted by “mud volcanoes,” which are formed as a result of the liquefaction of clay lying above the permafrost layer.

As for the forest cover, the pine pine-larch open forest of the pre-summit part of the mountains is of particular interest. Here, in very difficult natural conditions, Daurian larch reaches a height of two meters, dwarf cedar grows up to 50 cm, and Siberian mountain ash no higher than 25-35 cm.

This oppressed vegetation is gradually replaced by larch forests, in which unique cedar forests are found, uncharacteristic for these places, and even more so for slopes with a height of about 1400 m. Age cedar forests reaches 150−180 years, tree height is 18−20 m. There are individual specimens of Siberian spruce; the undergrowth is dominated by shrub alder and Daurian rhododendron.

Closer to the foot of the mountains they begin to predominate mixed forests: larch-birch and poplar-birch. On the south-eastern side, steppe areas adjoin the mountain range. Total on site national park“Alkhanay” contains more than 340 plant species, about 180 of which are used in official and folk medicine.

The Alkhanai forest is distinguished by its diverse fauna. Squirrel, Asian chipmunk, Siberian roe deer, and mountain hare live here; meet Siberian musk deer, elk,

red deer, Brown bear, wolf, sable, kolinsky, such rare species birds like golden eagle, black stork, whooper swan, demoiselle crane.

Sokhondinsky State Natural Biosphere Reserve

Kyrinsky, Krasnochikoysky and Uletovsky districts, area - 210,988 hectares.

This is the oldest nature reserve in the Trans-Baikal Territory, founded in 1973. It occupies the highest part of the Khentei-Chikoy highland with the Sokhondo mountain range, which, in turn, has two peaks - Big Sokhondo with a height of 2505 m above sea level and Small Sokhondo with a height of 2404 m. There are many rivers and lakes on the territory of the reserve. Lake Bukukun, located at an altitude of 1892 m above sea level, is especially picturesque.

The uniqueness of the Sokhondinsky Nature Reserve lies primarily in the diversity of its landscapes: steppe, taiga, mountain tundra, meadows, swamps, lakes, etc. are represented here. Accordingly, the plant and animal world reserve.

Different types of forests replace each other according to the height. The lower light-coniferous forest belt (1500−1600 m) is represented by Daurian and Siberian larch on the northern slopes and pine on the southern, relatively warm and well-lit slopes.

The upper dark coniferous forest belt (1600−1900 m) consists primarily of pine forests of various types. At the same time, mosses grow on 80% of the soil here. These forests have great importance— they are home to valuable fur-bearing animals.

The subgoltsy belt (1900−2100 m) is represented by sparse cedar and larch woodlands, turning into pine pine thickets. Higher up, the larch-elfin woodland gives way to mountain tundra.

The main inhabitant of the Sokhonda forests is the sable: in the protected area, the population density of this animal is 3-5 times higher than in neighboring areas where hunting is allowed. Siberian weasel, ermine, weasel, wolf, bear, and lynx are also common. Ungulates include wapiti, elk, musk deer, Siberian roe deer, and wild boar. Sometimes found listed in the Red Book of the Russian Federation river otter. In total, the reserve is home to 67 species of mammals and about 250 species of birds.

Next to the Sokhondinsky Nature Reserve, it is planned to create another Trans-Baikal national park - “Chikoy”. In addition, the Russian reserves “Burkalsky”, “Atsinsky”, “Mountain Steppe” and the Mongolian national parks “Onon-Balj” and “Khan Khentiy” are located nearby. A project is currently being discussed to unite these territories into a large transboundary international reserve with possible name"Sources of the Amur".

State Natural Biosphere Reserve "Daursky"

Distribution of forests growing in specially protected areas
natural areas, according to functional significance

Ononsky and Borzinsky districts, area - 45,790 hectares.

The Daursky Nature Reserve was created in 1987 in the south of Transbaikalia. This is one of the few nature reserves in Russia steppe zone- it belongs to the Prionon-Torey district of the dry Mongol-Manchu steppes. In 1994, the Torey Lakes, which occupy most of the reserve, received the status of wetlands of international importance.

These lakes - Barun-Torey and Zun-Torey - are the largest in Transbaikalia. Once every 30 years, the lakes dry up and fill up again. At least 135 species of birds nest along the banks, many of which are protected. Six species of cranes can be found here: Japanese, black, grey, white, white-naped and demoiselle - more than anywhere else in the world. And for relict gull these lakes are the only nesting site in Russia and one of four known in the world. The Daursky Nature Reserve is included in the List of Key Ornithological Areas of International Importance, the International East Asian Network of Important Crane Reserves and the International Network of Important Anseriform Bird Reserves.

“Daursky” is the only habitat of the gazelle antelope in Russia. This ungulate almost completely disappeared by the 1970s, but thanks to the existence of the reserve it was preserved. The territory is also home to 17 species of rodents, including the Mongolian marmot (tarbagan). Among the predators live the fox, the steppe polecat, the wolf, raccoon dog, corsac, and Pallas cats settled among the rocks.

The territory of the reserve is subordinate to the reserve federal significance“Tsasucheisky Bor” is a ribbon pine forest on the right bank of the Onon River. The origin of this island forest, surrounded on all sides by steppes, still remains a mystery. Bor formed by pine unique look: some scientists define it as Krylov pine, others - as grave pine. At the same time, the grass canopy of the forest is represented by a steppe complex of species. Unfortunately, the fires of 1998–2003 caused serious damage to the Tsasucheisky Forest.

The Daursky Nature Reserve together with the Tsasucheysky Bor Nature Reserve, Chinese nature reserve“Lake Dalainor” and the Mongolian reserve “Mongol-Daguur” make up the international protected natural area “Dauria” with a total area of ​​1.725 million hectares.

Prepared by Evgeniya CHABAK

Transbaikalia due to its special biosphere significance natural complexes, has two State Biosphere Reserves - Sokhondinsky and Daursky.

Sokhondinsky Reserve
Sokhondinsky biosphere reserve in the Trans-Baikal Territory of Russia, located on the Sokhondo mountain range. The reserve was founded in 1973 and covers an area of ​​211 thousand hectares. The protected area occupies the Sokhondo mountain range (char), stretching from southwest to northeast for more than 20 km, and 14 km wide. The relief is mountainous, characterized by landforms associated with glaciation - cirques, troughs and moraines. The most significant mountain peaks are Sokhondo (2508 m above sea level) and Small Sokhondo (2404 m).

On the territory of the Sokhondinsky Nature Reserve there are several mountain lakes, the largest is Bukukun (area 58 hectares, depth 20 m, located at an altitude of 1892 m above sea level)

The climate is sharply continental; in winter, under the influence of the Siberian anticyclone, clear, quiet, frosty weather prevails; spring is warm and dry; For summer period The Pacific monsoon is typical, bringing precipitation in the form of showers in July-August. 80% of the annual precipitation falls in summer. Average annual temperature-2.9 °C.

The vegetation of the Sokhondinsky Nature Reserve has a pronounced altitudinal zone: below there is a steppe belt (up to a height of 1106 m); higher (up to 1620 m) - light coniferous taiga (larch and pine); even higher (up to 1940 m) - dark coniferous taiga (cedar, fir, spruce); even higher (up to 2114 m) there is a meadow-dwarf forest belt (with dwarf cedar) and in the highlands there is a goltsovo-tundra belt.

The reserve is home to about 40 species of mammals, 125 species of nesting birds, three species of reptiles, two species of amphibians and 10 species of fish. Typical steppe species are the tolai hare, tarbagan, Siberian jerboa, Daurian hamster, corsac fox, steppe ferret, solongoi, and Daurian partridge.

From the taiga - squirrel, chipmunk, flying squirrel, sable, brown bear, musk deer, nuthatch, woodpeckers, tits. In the light-coniferous taiga there are elk, weasels, thrushes (pale and mottled), buntings (white-capped and grey-headed), capercaillie, buzzard, eagle owl, and scops owl. In the mountain taiga there are sable and musk deer. In the highlands there are ptarmigan, mountain pipit, alpine accentor, Siberian finch, and pika. Sokhondinsky Reserve is a sable reserve in the Southern Transbaikalia.

Daursky Reserve
The Daursky Nature Reserve is located in the Trans-Baikal Territory, near the city of Borzya; founded in 1987 as a biosphere reserve. The area of ​​the reserve is 44.7 thousand hectares. The terrain is flat, protected area includes steppe, lake-steppe, wetland and forest landscapes in the southeast of Transbaikalia. On the territory of the Daursky Nature Reserve there are Torey lakes (they lie on the route of migratory birds through Central Asia), the largest of them is Lake Barun-Torey. The fauna includes 41 species of mammals, 256 species of birds, 4 species of fish, 6 species of amphibians and reptiles, as well as more than 520 species of insects. Since 1994, the Daursky Nature Reserve has been part of a joint nature reserve with Mongolia and China; one of the programs is the reintroduction of the Przewalski's horse and the Mongolian kulan.

The reserve is included in the list of wetlands of international importance (Ramsar territory). Four species of mammals living on its territory (pallas' cat, Daurian hedgehog, Mongolian marmot, gazelle) and 35 species of birds are listed in the International Red Book.

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There are 2 nature reserves located on the territory of our region:

State Natural Biosphere Reserve "Daursky"- a nature reserve in the South-Eastern Transbaikalia. Organized on December 25, 1987, mainly to protect bird nests.

Steppe, lake-steppe, wetland and forest landscapes in the southeast of Transbaikalia. The reserve consists of steppe lakes Barun-Torey and Zun-Torey and several isolated lake and steppe areas with a total area of ​​45,790 hectares. Protected areas surrounded by a protected zone with an area of ​​163,530 hectares. Plots - 9.

The climate is sharply continental, with cold frosty winters with little snow and hot dry summers with a large daily temperature difference.

The duration of the growing season is 120-150 days, the probability of frost remains in the first ten days of June, and frosts on the soil associated with autumn cooling may occur as early as the second half of August. In 2009, in September the temperature dropped to - 5C.

Flora and fauna

The fauna of the reserve includes 4 species of fish, 3 species of amphibians, 3 species of reptiles, 314 species of birds and 47 species of mammals. Three species of cranes nest on the territory of the reserve: the white-naped crane, the gray crane and the demoiselle. The list of vascular plants of the reserve currently includes 360 species. The reserve preserves more than 20 species of plants included in the Red Book - tiger iris, short-leaved asparagus, Chinese tribord and others.

The reserve is subordinated to the Ministry natural resources RF. Since 1997, it has been included in the UNESCO biosphere reserves.

Sokhondinsky State Natural Biosphere Reserve-organized on December 11, 1973. The Sokhondinsky Reserve received biosphere status in 1985. The reserve is located in southern Transbaikalia. The reserve occupies the most elevated part of the Khentei-Chikoy highland with the Sokhondo mountain range. The Sokhondo mountain range stretches along the periphery of the Khentei-Chikoy Highlands from southwest to northeast for almost 20 km with a width of up to 14 km. Golets has two peaks - Big Sokhondo with a height of 2505 m above sea level. u. m. and Maly (2404 m), the pass between them is located at an altitude of 2000 m. Golets Sokhondo is an ancient volcano. There are many lakes in the reserve, mostly of glacial origin. total area 210988 ha. Secured territory reserve 36,060 hectares.

The climate is sharply continental. Winters are dry and have little snow. The duration of stable snow cover is 130–145 days.

Flora and fauna

The flora of vascular plants is represented so far by 923 species, the habitat of 67 species of mammals, about 250 species of birds, 3 species of amphibians, 4 species of reptiles has been established, and mountain rivers and lakes - 8 species of fish. Over 1,200 species of insects have also been recorded.

Goals and objectives of environmental education activities of nature reserves

1. Environmental and educational activities of state natural reserves are carried out for the purposes of:

ensuring support for conservation ideas among broad sections of the population as necessary condition performance of nature conservation functions by nature reserves;

facilitating the solution of regional environmental problems;

participation in the formation of environmental consciousness and the development of environmental culture of the population.

2. The environmental and educational activities of the reserves are intended, first of all, to form among the general public Russian society understanding modern role specially protected natural areas in preserving biological and landscape diversity as the basis of the biosphere, as well as their place in the socio-economic development of the regions. This should ensure effective public support for state nature reserves as national treasures.

3. Systematic organization of environmental education work in state reserves is possible by solving the following problems:

targeted, systematic work with all population groups in each specific region;

work with visitors to specially protected natural areas;

close cooperation with educational institutions, organs state power and local government, by means mass media, other interested organizations;

assistance in vocational training specialists of the relevant profile;

participation in the creation of a unified information space that ensures the exchange of environmental educational information and work experience, both at the Russian and international levels;

formation in the reserves of the necessary organizational, material and technical base for environmental education activities;

continuous development and strengthening of the methodological base for carrying out effective environmental education work in modern level: accumulation of relevant domestic and foreign experience, as well as the development of our own teaching materials.

4. Wildlife sanctuaries

There are 15 nature reserves on the territory of Transbaikalia

Reserve "Aginskaya Steppe"

The reserve was created by Decree of the Head of Administration of ABAO No. 278 dated December 14, 2004. The area of ​​the reserve is 45,762 hectares and is located in the Daurian steppe ecoregion, which is of global importance for the conservation of the Earth's biosphere.

Reserve "Argaleysky"

State nature reserve“Argaleysky” was formed by Resolution of the Head of Administration of the ABAO No. 104 dated May 20, 1997 with a total area of ​​20,000 hectares.

Nature reserve "Atsinsky"

The reserve was formed in 1968 on an area of ​​64,500 hectares.

Akshinsky Nature Reserve

The reserve was formed in 1983 on an area of ​​59,600 hectares. In 1998, the area was increased to 66,600 hectares.

Reserve "Borzinsky"

The reserve was formed in 1968 on an area of ​​45,000 hectares.

Reserve "Butungarsky"

The reserve was formed in 1977 on an area of ​​73,500 hectares.

Nikishinsky Nature Reserve

The reserve was formed in 1981 on an area of ​​70,300 hectares.

Reserve "Olenguysky"

The Olenguysky State Processing Plant was formed by Resolution of the Head of the Administration of the ABAO No. 404 dated November 13, 2002 with a total area of ​​71,000 hectares (66,676 hectares).

Reserve "Oldondinsky"

The reserve was formed in 1998 on an area of ​​51,500 hectares.

Nature reserve "Turovsky"

The reserve was formed in 1980 on an area of ​​42,000 hectares.

Nature reserve "Uldurginsky"

The reserve was formed in 1998 on an area of ​​51,000 hectares.

Reserve "Uryumkansky"

The reserve was formed in 1986 on an area of ​​40,000 hectares.

Reserve "Chitinsky"

The reserve was formed in 1981 on an area of ​​110,600 hectares.

Reserve "Mountain Steppe"

Location: Kyrinsky district. Area: 5273 hectares. The regional reserve "Mountain Steppe" was established in 2003.

Ivano-Arakhleisky Nature Reserve located 70 km from the city of Chita. The creation of the reserve was associated with the need to preserve natural ecosystems in the largest recreation area in the Chita region. Over the course of a year, the territory of the reserve is visited by more than 150 thousand people, who come to relax at numerous recreation centers or in the “wild” way. The reserve seeks to regulate the use of land and water resources, and prevents uncontrolled development and pollution of lake shores.

A good asphalt road leads from Chita to the reserve, crossing the Yablonovy Ridge.

Ivano-Arakhleisky Nature Reserve in facts and figures:

o Formed in 1993.

o Total area – 210 thousand hectares

o Located on the territory of the Chita region.

o Basic natural objects: 6 large lakes, several dozen small lakes, larch taiga, birch and aspen forests.