Peter 1 carried out reforms. Financial reforms of Peter I - briefly

The table “Reforms of Peter 1” briefly outlines the features transformative activities the first emperor of Russia. With its help, it is possible to concisely, concisely and clearly outline the main directions of his steps to change all spheres of life of Russian society in the first quarter of the 18th century. Perhaps this best way in order for middle-level students to master this complex and quite voluminous material, which is very important for the analysis and correct understanding of the features of the historical process in our country in the following centuries.

Features of the emperor's activities

One of the most complex, difficult and at the same time interesting topics is the “Reforms of Peter 1”. Briefly, the table on this topic demonstrates all the data students need.

In the introductory lesson, it should immediately be noted that the activities of Pyotr Alekseevich affected all layers of society and determined the further history of the country. This is precisely the uniqueness of the era of his reign. At the same time, he was a very practical person and introduced innovations based on specific needs.

This can be clearly demonstrated with a more detailed coverage of the topic “Reforms of Peter 1”. A brief table on the problem posed clearly shows the wide scope with which the emperor acted. It seemed that he managed to have a hand in everything: he reorganized the army, the authorities made significant changes to the social structure, the economic sphere, diplomacy and, finally, contributed to the spread of Western European culture and way of life among the Russian nobility.

Transformations in the army

At the middle level, it is very important that schoolchildren learn the basic facts of the topic “The Reforms of Peter 1”. A brief table on this problem helps students familiarize themselves with the data and systematize the accumulated material. For almost his entire reign, the emperor waged a war with Sweden for access to Baltic Sea. The need for strong and powerful troops arose with particular urgency at the very beginning of his reign. Therefore, the new ruler immediately began to reorganize the army.

One of the most interesting sections in the topic being studied is “The Military Reforms of Peter 1”. Briefly, the table can be depicted as follows.

The significance of military innovations

It shows that the emperor’s steps were dictated by the specific needs of his time, however, many of his innovations continued to exist for a very long time. for a long time. Main goal reforms consisted of the creation of a permanent and regular army. The fact is that previously there was a so-called local system of recruiting troops: i.e. the landowner appeared at the inspections along with several servants, who also had to serve with him.

However, by the beginning of the 18th century this principle had become obsolete. By this time it had already taken shape serfdom, and the state began to recruit soldiers for service from peasants. Another very important measure was the creation of professional military schools for the training of officers and command personnel.

Transformations of power structures

Practice shows that one of the most difficult topics is “ Political reforms Peter 1". Briefly, the table on this problem clearly demonstrates how deep the transformative activity of the emperor was in the governing bodies. He completely changed the central and local administration. Instead of which previously performed advisory functions under the king, he created the Senate on the Western model European countries. Instead of orders, boards were created, each of which performed a specific function in management. Their activities were strictly controlled by the Prosecutor General. In addition, a special secret fiscal body was created to control the bureaucratic apparatus.

New administrative division

The topic “State reforms of Peter 1” is no less complex. Briefly, the table on this problem reflects the fundamental changes that have occurred in the organization of local government. Governorates were created that were in charge of the affairs of a certain region. The provinces were divided into provinces, and those, in turn, into counties. This structure was very convenient for management and met the challenges of the time in question. At the head of the provinces was the governor, and at the head of the provinces and districts was the voivode.

Changes in industry and trade

Particular difficulty is often caused by studying the topic “Economic reforms of Peter 1.” Briefly, the table on this problem reflects the complexity and ambiguity of the emperor’s activities in relation to merchants and merchants, who, on the one hand, sought to create the most favorable conditions for the development of the country's economy, but at the same time he acted using almost serf-like methods, which could in no way contribute to the development of market relations in our country. Peter Alekseevich was not as effective as transformations in other areas. At the same time, this was the first experience in developing trade according to the Western European model.

Transformations in the social structure

The topic “Social reforms of Peter 1” seems simpler. A brief table on this issue clearly demonstrates the fundamental changes that have occurred in Russian society the time being studied. Unlike his predecessors, the emperor introduced the principle of distinction in the military and government spheres depending not on tribal affiliation, but from personal merit. His famous “Table of Ranks” introduced new principle services. From now on, in order to receive a promotion or rank, a person had to achieve some success.

It was under Peter that it was finally formalized social structure society. The main support of the autocracy was the nobility, which replaced the clan aristocracy. The emperor's successors also relied on this class, which indicates the effectiveness of the measures taken.

The study of this problem can be completed by summing up the results. What significance did the reforms of Peter 1 have in the history of Russia? Table, summary on this topic can serve as an effective means of summing up the results. Regarding social transformations, it should be noted that the measures of the ruler corresponded to the demands of his time, when the principle of localism became outdated, and the country needed new personnel who would have necessary qualities to fulfill new tasks that the country faced in connection with the Northern War and Russia’s entry into the international arena.

The role of the emperor's transformative activities

The topic “The Main Reforms of Peter 1”, a table whose summary is an important component in studying the history of Russia in the first quarter of the 18th century, should be divided into several lessons so that schoolchildren have the opportunity to properly consolidate the material. At the final lesson, it is necessary to summarize the material covered and indicate what role the transformation of the first emperor into future fate Russia.

The measures taken by the ruler brought our country onto the European stage and included it among the leading European states. The topic “The main reforms of Peter 1”, table, summary clearly shows how the country reached the world level of development, gaining access to the sea and becoming one of the main members of the European concert of powers.

Most of all, Peter I was interested in the idea of ​​a fleet and the possibility of trade relations with Europe. To put his ideas into practice, he equipped the Grand Embassy and visited a number of European countries, where he saw how Russia lagged behind in its development.

This event in the life of the young king marked the beginning of his transformative activities. The first reforms of Peter I were aimed at changing external signs Russian life: he ordered beards to be shaved and ordered to dress in European clothes, introduced music, tobacco, balls and other innovations into the life of Moscow society, which shocked him.

By decree of December 20, 1699, Peter I approved the calendar from the Nativity of Christ and the celebration of the New Year on January 1.

Foreign policy of Peter I

The main goal foreign policy Peter I had access to the Baltic Sea, which would provide Russia with a connection with Western Europe. In 1699, Russia, having entered into an alliance with Poland and Denmark, declared war on Sweden. The outcome of the Northern War, which lasted 21 years, was influenced by the Russian victory in the Battle of Poltava on June 27, 1709. and victory over the Swedish fleet at Gangut on July 27, 1714.

On August 30, 1721, the Treaty of Nystadt was signed, according to which Russia retained the conquered lands of Livonia, Estonia, Ingria, part of Karelia and all the islands of the Gulf of Finland and Riga. Access to the Baltic Sea was secured.

To commemorate the achievements in the Northern War, the Senate and Synod on October 20, 1721 awarded the Tsar the title of Father of the Fatherland, Peter the Great and Emperor of All Russia.

In 1723, after a month and a half of hostilities with Persia, Peter I acquired the western shore of the Caspian Sea.

Simultaneously with the conduct of military operations, the vigorous activity of Peter I was aimed at carrying out numerous reforms, the purpose of which was to bring the country closer to European civilization, increase the education of the Russian people, and strengthen the power and international position of Russia. The great tsar did a lot, here are just the main reforms of Peter I.

Reform of public administration of Peter I

Instead of the Boyar Duma, in 1700 the Council of Ministers was created, which met in the Near Chancellery, and in 1711 - the Senate, which by 1719 had become the highest state body. With the creation of provinces, numerous Orders ceased to operate and were replaced by Collegiums, which were subordinate to the Senate. The secret police also operated in the management system - the Preobrazhensky order (in charge of state crimes) and the Secret Chancellery. Both institutions were administered by the emperor himself.

Administrative reforms of Peter I

Regional (provincial) reform of Peter I

The largest administrative reform of local government was the creation in 1708 of 8 provinces headed by governors, in 1719 their number increased to 11. The second administrative reform divided the provinces into provinces headed by governors, and the provinces into districts (counties) headed with zemstvo commissars.

Urban reform (1699-1720)

To govern the city, the Burmister Chamber was created in Moscow, renamed the Town Hall in November 1699, and magistrates subordinate to the Chief Magistrate in St. Petersburg (1720). Members of the Town Hall and magistrates were elected by election.

Estate reforms

The main goal of the class reform of Peter I was to formalize the rights and responsibilities of each class - the nobility, peasantry and urban population.

Nobility.

1. Decree on estates (1704), according to which both boyars and nobles received estates and estates.
2. Decree on Education (1706) - all boyar children are required to receive primary education.
3. Decree on single inheritance (1714), according to which a nobleman could leave an inheritance to only one of his sons.
4. Table of Ranks (1722): service to the sovereign was divided into three departments - army, state and court - each of which was divided into 14 ranks. This document allowed a lower-class person to earn his way into the nobility.

Peasantry

Most of the peasants were serfs. Serfs could enroll as soldiers, which freed them from serfdom.

Among the free peasants were:

• state-owned, with personal freedom, but limited in the right of movement (i.e., by the will of the monarch, they could be transferred to serfs);
• palace ones that belonged personally to the king;
• possessional, assigned to manufactories. The owner had no right to sell them.

Urban class

Urban people were divided into “regular” and “irregular”. The regulars were divided into guilds: 1st guild - the richest, 2nd guild - small traders and wealthy artisans. Irregulars, or “mean people,” made up the majority of the urban population.

In 1722, workshops appeared that united masters of the same craft.

Judicial reform of Peter I

Functions supreme court carried out by the Senate and the College of Justice. In the provinces there were court appeal courts and provincial courts headed by governors. Provincial courts dealt with the cases of peasants (except for monasteries) and townspeople not included in the settlement. Since 1721, court cases of townspeople included in the settlement were conducted by the magistrate. In other cases, cases were decided by the zemstvo or city judge alone.

Church reform of Peter I

Peter I abolished the patriarchate, deprived the church of power, and transferred its funds to the state treasury. Instead of the position of patriarch, the tsar introduced a collegial highest administrative church body - the Holy Synod.

Financial reforms of Peter I

The first stage of Peter I's financial reform boiled down to collecting money for maintaining the army and waging wars. Benefits from the monopoly sale of certain types of goods (vodka, salt, etc.) were added, and indirect taxes were introduced (bath taxes, horse taxes, beard taxes, etc.).

In 1704 it was held currency reform, according to which the kopeck became the main monetary unit. The fiat ruble was abolished.

Tax reform of Peter I consisted of a transition from household taxation to per capita taxation. In this regard, the government included in the tax all categories of the peasant and townspeople, who had previously been exempt from tax.

Thus, during tax reform of Peter I a single cash tax (poll tax) was introduced and the number of taxpayers was increased.

Social reforms of Peter I

Education reform of Peter I

In the period from 1700 to 1721. Many civilian and military schools were opened in Russia. These include the School of Mathematical and Navigational Sciences; artillery, engineering, medical, mining, garrison, theological schools; digital schools free training children of all ranks; Maritime Academy in St. Petersburg.

Peter I created the Academy of Sciences, under which the first Russian university was established, and with it the first gymnasium. But this system began to operate after the death of Peter.

Reforms of Peter I in culture

Peter I introduced a new alphabet, which facilitated learning to read and write and promoted book printing. The first Russian newspaper Vedomosti began to be published, and in 1703 the first book in Russian with Arabic numerals appeared.

The Tsar developed a plan for the stone construction of St. Petersburg, focusing on special attention the beauty of architecture. He invited foreign artists, and also sent talented young people abroad to study “arts”. Peter I laid the foundation for the Hermitage.

Medical reforms of Peter I

The main transformations were the opening of hospitals (1707 - the first Moscow military hospital) and schools attached to them, in which doctors and pharmacists were trained.

In 1700, pharmacies were established at all military hospitals. In 1701, Peter I issued a decree on the opening of eight private pharmacies in Moscow. Since 1704, state-owned pharmacies began to open in many cities of Russia.

For growing, studying, creating collections medicinal plants Apothecary gardens were created, where seeds of foreign flora were imported.

Socio-economic reforms of Peter I

For lifting industrial production and the development of trade relations with foreign countries, Peter I invited foreign specialists, but at the same time encouraged domestic industrialists and traders. Peter I sought to ensure that more goods were exported from Russia than were imported. During his reign, 200 plants and factories operated in Russia.

Reforms of Peter I in the army

Peter I introduced annual recruitment of young Russians (from 15 to 20 years old) and ordered the training of soldiers to begin. In 1716 it was published Military Regulations, outlining the service, rights and responsibilities of the military.

As a result military reform of Peter I a powerful regular army and the Navy.

Peter's reform activities had the support of a wide circle of the nobility, but caused discontent and resistance among the boyars, archers and clergy, because the transformations entailed the loss of their leadership role in public administration. Among the opponents of Peter I's reforms was his son Alexei.

Results of the reforms of Peter I

1. A regime of absolutism has been established in Russia. During the years of his reign, Peter created a state with a more advanced management system, a strong army and navy, and a stable economy. There was a centralization of power.
2. Rapid development of foreign and domestic trade.
3. The abolition of the patriarchate, the church lost its independence and authority in society.
4. Tremendous progress has been made in the fields of science and culture. A task of national importance has been set - the creation of a Russian medical education, and also marked the beginning of Russian surgery.

Features of the reforms of Peter I

1. The reforms were carried out according to the European model and covered all spheres of activity and life of society.
2. Lack of a reform system.
3. Reforms were carried out mainly through harsh exploitation and coercion.
4. Peter, impatient by nature, innovated at a rapid pace.

Reasons for the reforms of Peter I

TO XVIII century Russia was a backward country. It was significantly inferior to Western European countries in terms of industrial output, level of education and culture (even in the ruling circles there were many illiterate people). The boyar aristocracy, which headed the state apparatus, did not meet the needs of the country. Russian army, consisting of archers and noble militia, was poorly armed, untrained and could not cope with its task.

Prerequisites for the reforms of Peter I

In the course of the history of our country, by this time significant shifts in its development had already occurred. The city separated from the village, a division occurred agriculture and crafts, manufacturing-type industrial enterprises arose. Domestic and foreign trade developed. Russia borrowed from Western Europe technology and science, culture and education, but at the same time developed independently. Thus, the ground was already prepared for Peter's reforms.

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Reforms of public administration of Emperor Peter 1

Peter's reforms central control historians call large-scale transformations of the state apparatus that took place during the reign of Peter the Great. The main innovations of the ruler are the creation of the Governing Senate, as well as the complete replacement of the system of orders by Collegiums, and the formation of the royal Secret Office of the Holy Synod.

During Peter's accession to the throne as a key post public administration Nobles performed, who received their rank by right of family name and origin. Peter, who came to power, understood that the established system of government was one of the weak links. That it is precisely this that is slowing down the country’s development.

The tsar's travels around Europe from 1697 to 1698 as part of the Grand Embassy allowed him to become familiar with the system of administrative bodies in European states. Based on them, he decides to carry out reforms in Russia.

With the beginning of Peter's rule, the Boyar Duma began to lose its power and subsequently turned into an ordinary bureaucratic department. From 1701, all its work was delegated to a new body called the "Concilia of Ministers", which was a council of heads of the most important government bodies. At the same time, it included many of the same boyars.

Two years before this, the Near Office is created, controlling the financial transactions of each order and making administrative decisions. All royal advisers were required to sign important documents and register these events in a special book of registered decrees.

Establishment of the Senate

On March 2, 1711, Peter the Great formed the so-called Governing Senate, which is the highest body of administrative, judicial and legislative power. The tsar entrusted all his responsibilities to this body during his absence, because frequent trips due to the Northern War could not cause a halt in the development of the state. At the same time, this administrative body was completely subordinate to the royal will and had a collegial structure, the members of which were personally selected by Peter. On February 22, 1711, a new additional post of fiscal was created, which was supposed to exercise additional supervision over officials during the tsar’s absence.

The formation and development of the collegiums occurs in the period from 1718 to 1726. In them the tsar saw an organ capable of replacing the outdated system of slow orders, which, for the most part, only duplicated each other’s functions.

When they appeared, the collegiums completely absorbed orders, and in the period from 1718 to 1720, the presidents of the formed Collegiums were even senators and personally sat in the Senate. It should be noted that subsequently only the main Collegiums remained in the Senate:

• Foreign Affairs;
• Admiralty;
• Military.

The formation of the above-described system of collegiums completes the process of bureaucratization and centralization of the Russian state apparatus. Delineation of departmental functions, as well as general norms activities regulated by the General Regulations are the main difference between the updated Petrine apparatus and the previous management system.

General Regulations

By a royal decree of May 9, 1718, the presidents of the three boards were instructed to begin developing a document called the General Regulations, which would be a system of office management and based on the Swedish charter. This system later it became known as “collegiate”. In fact, the regulations approved a collegial way of discussing and resolving cases, as well as organizing office work and regulating relations with self-government bodies and the Senate.

Tenth March 1720 this document was approved and signed by the ruler of Russia Peter the Great. The Charter included an introduction, as well as fifty-six chapters with general principles work of each device government agency and various applications for interpreting new foreign words, which were in the text of the General Regulations.

Holy Synod

Before the end of the Northern War, Peter the Great begins to plan his church reforms. He orders Bishop Feofan Prokopovich to begin developing the Spiritual Regulations and on February 5, 1721, the tsar approves and signs the establishment of the Theological College, which will later become known as the “Holy Governing Synod.”

Each member of this body was obliged to personally swear allegiance to the king. On May 11, 1722, the post of Chief Prosecutor appeared, supervising the activities of the Synod and reporting all news to the ruler.

By creating the Synod, the sovereign introduced the church into the mechanism of the state, essentially likening it to one of the many existing administrative institutions at that time, endowed certain functions and responsibilities.

Scheme of government under Peter I

Table: reforms of Peter I in the field of public administration

Date of reform	Contents of the reform
1704	The Boyar Duma was abolished
1711	The Senate was established (legislative, control and financial functions)
1700-1720	Abolition of the Patriarchate and creation of the Holy Synod
1708-1710	Local government reform. Creation of provinces
1714-1722	Creation of the prosecutor's office, introduction of the position of fiscal officers
1718-1721	Replacement of orders by collegiums
1722	Change in the system of succession to the throne (now the monarch himself appointed his successor)
1721	Proclamation of Russia as an empire

Scheme: local government after the management reforms of Peter I

Video lecture: Reforms of Peter I in the field of management

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History table: Reforms of Emperor Peter I

Peter I is one of the most prominent rulers Russian state, reigned from 1682 to 1721. During his reign, reforms were carried out in many areas, many wars were won, and the foundation for the future greatness of the Russian empire was laid!

Table navigation: Reforms of Peter 1:

Reforms in the field:	Reform date:	Reform name:	The essence of the reform:	Results and significance of the reform:
In the field of army and navy:		1. Creation of a regular army	Creation of a professional army, replacing the local militia and Streltsy troops. Formation based conscription	Russia became a great military and naval power and won the Northern War, gaining access to the Baltic Sea
		2. Construction of the first Russian fleet	A regular navy appears
		3. Training of personnel and officials abroad	Training of military and sailors from foreign professionals
In the economic sphere:		1. Militarization of the economy	State support for the construction of metallurgical plants in the Urals. During times of military difficulties, bells were melted down to make cannons.	An economic basis for conducting military operations has been created - strengthening the defense capability of the state
		2. Development of manufactories	Creation of many new manufactories Registration of peasants to enterprises (registered peasants)	Industry growth. The number of manufactories increased 7 times. Russia is becoming one of the leading industrial powers in Europe. Many industries are being created and modernized.
		3. Trade reform	1. Protectionism - support for your manufacturer; export more goods than import; high customs duties on the import of foreign goods. 1724 – Customs tariff 2. Construction of canals 3. Search for new trade routes	Growth of industry and flourishing trade
		4. Craft	Association of artisans into workshops	Improving the quality and productivity of artisans
	1724	5. Tax reform	A poll tax was introduced (levied on males) instead of a household tax.	Budget growth. Increasing the tax burden on the population
Reforms in the field of state and local self-government:	1711	1. Creation of the Governing Senate	10 people who made up the king’s inner circle. Helped the king in government affairs and replaced the king during his absence	Increased performance government agencies. Strengthening royal power
	1718-1720	2. Creation of boards	11 boards replaced many orders. The cumbersome and confusing system of executive power has been put in order.
	1721	3. Peter's acceptance of the imperial title		Increasing the authority of Peter 1 abroad. Discontent of the Old Believers.
	1714	4. Decree on unified inheritance	He equated estates with estates, nobles with boyars. Only one son inherited the property	Elimination of the division between boyars and nobles. The emergence of landless nobility (due to the ban on the division of land between heirs) After the death of Peter 1, it was canceled.
	1722	5. Adoption of the Table of Ranks	There are 14 ranks established for officials and military personnel. Having reached the 8th rank, the official became a hereditary nobleman	Opportunities for career growth opened up for everyone, regardless of background
	1708	6. Regional reform	The country was divided into eight provinces	Strengthening the authority of local authorities. Putting things in order
	1699	Urban reform	An elected Burmister Chamber was created	Development of local government
Church reforms:	1700	1. Liquidation of the patriarchate		The Emperor became the de facto head of the Orthodox Church
	1721	2. Creation of the Synod	Replaced the Patriarch, the composition of the Synod was appointed by the Tsar
In the sphere of folk culture and everyday life:		1. Introduction of European style	Mandatory wearing European clothes and shaving beards - a tax was imposed for refusal.	Many were dissatisfied, the king was called the Antichrist
		2. Introduction of a new calendar	The chronology from the Nativity of Christ replaced the chronology “from the creation of the world.” The start of the year has been moved from September to January.	Instead of 7208, the year 1700 came. The chronology has survived to this day.
		3. Introduction of the civil alphabet
		4. Transfer of the capital to St. Petersburg	Peter did not like Moscow with its “inveterate antiquity”; he built a new capital near the sea	A “window to Europe” has been cut. High mortality rate among city builders
In the field of education and science:		1. Education reform	Training of specialists abroad Creation of schools in Russia Support of book publishing	Improving the quality of education, quantity educated people. Training of specialists. Serfs could not attend public schools
	1710	2. Introduction of the civil alphabet	Replaced the old Church Slavonic alphabet
		3.Creation of the first Russian Museum of Kunstkamera
	1724	4. Decree on the establishment of the Academy of Sciences	It was created after the death of Peter 1

PETER'S REFORMS.
Financial reform. It was carried out throughout the reign of Peter. A new set of taxes, large sales of tar, salt, alcohol. The penny becomes the main one and is firmly strengthened.Results: increase in the treasury.
Public administration reform. 1699 - 1721 Creation of the Near Chancellery (later the Governing Senate) Results: the public administration system has become more advanced.
Provincial reform. 1708 - 1715, 1719 - 1720 Russia is divided into 8 provinces: Moscow, Kyiv, Kazan, Ingermandland, Siberian, Azov, Smolensk, Arkhangelsk. Then the provinces will be divided into another 50 provinces. Result: there was a centralization of power.
Judicial reform. 1697, 1719, 1722 New ones formed judiciary: Senate, Justice - Collegium, Hofgerichts, lower courts. The jury trial was cancelled. Results: permissiveness of the governors, the governors made changes to the testimony of the jury, which was not the best way out.
Military reform. from 1699 - until the death of Peter. The introduction of conscription, the creation of a fleet, tables of ranks, new military-industrial enterprises. Result: regular army, new regiments, divisions, squadrons were created.
Church reform. 1700 - 1701 1721 Restoration of the Monastic Order. In 1721 The Spiritual Regulations were adopted, which deprived the church of independence. Results: The church was completely subordinated to the state. Decline of the clergy.

Northern War.
War algorithm:
Cause: between the Swedish Empire and the coalition of northern European states for the possession of the Baltic lands. Initially, the Northern Alliance declared war on Sweden. The Northern Alliance included: Russia, Denmark (later dropped out), Saxony. Allied countries on the side of Russia: Hanover, Holland, Prussia. Allied countries on Sweden's side: Great Britain, Ottoman Empire, Holstein. Commanders-in-Chief on the Russian side: Peter I, Sherementyev, Menshikov. Commanders-in-Chief on the Swedish side: Charles XII. Beginning of the war: 1700. Total number of Russian soldiers: 32 thousand. Total number of Swedish soldiers: 8 thousand. Lost weapons of the countries: Russia - 8 thousand people, 145 guns and all food supplies. Sweden - 3 thousand people. At the very beginning of the war, Russia was at a loss. And the first campaign against Sweden was a failure. Peter sought to recapture previously taken by Sweden Russian lands. And open access to the sea (respectively, opening a window to Europe). Another reason for Russia’s defeat is that most of the soldiers were hired and fled to the side of Sweden. There are only two regiments left - Semenovsky and Preobrazhensky. But Russian army still managed to win. The young king of Sweden, after winning over Russia, went to war with Poland. Next came Battle of Poltava. For which RI was ready, Sweden was confused. Peter thoroughly prepared his troops for this battle. The Republic of Ingushetia finally defeated Sweden near the village of Lesnaya. A convoy from Riga with food for Sweden was destroyed. The lands and access to the sea were open. Victory remained with our troops.