Polypore polypore in folk medicine. Trametes versicolor: medicinal properties, application

With the beginning mushroom season many lovers " quiet hunt“Prepare the necessary equipment and select the time for a trip to the forest. However, the anticipation of a good harvest is not always justified, because there are lean years. Of course, you can buy mushrooms in stores or markets all year round, but the price is not acceptable for everyone. Today the problem can be solved quite simply: you can grow champignons in a greenhouse or in open ground in the garden. In our article we will introduce you to how to grow champignons in the country and how to properly harvest.

How to prepare planting material

The primary task of preparing for mushroom cultivation is the preparation of mycelium (mycelium). This is not so easy to do: you need a certain skill, carefully sterilized containers and special equipment. There are several options for preparing mycelium at home: on grain, on potatoes and agar. The most popular is considered to be grain mycelium.

For it you will need:

collect champignons in a field or forest, and it is advisable to take mushrooms that are already overripe;
cut out a small (several centimeters) piece of mushroom with a disinfected knife;
pour the required amount of grain or oats into the container, fill it with water so as to just cover the mass, no more. To disinfect grain, add hydrogen peroxide to the water (at the rate of 1 glass per 1 bucket);
cook for about 40 minutes;
strain the grain through a fine sieve and dry it;
pour the prepared mass into sterilized containers;
It is recommended to use a quartz or bactericidal lamp for control disinfection;
make small holes (the diameter of a needle) in the disinfected lids and roll up the jars;
Boil the jars for an hour. Water should not flood the lids during boiling;
Using a disinfected instrument, transfer a piece of mycelium into the grain. The transfer must be carried out under the most sterile conditions: use a lamp or an alcohol burner, you can purchase a specially equipped sealed box;
the holes on the sterilized lid must be closed with a sterile bandage or cotton wool and secured with disinfected tape;
Jars should be stored in a dark, cool room at a temperature of +17-23 degrees.

To carry out the entire process, you need to wear sterile medical gloves or treat your hands with an antiseptic. Of course, there is an easier way, but it requires constant repetition and does not guarantee a successful result. You can prepare wild mycelium. To do this, you need to find a place where mushrooms grow abundantly and remove top layer, in which the threads of hyphae are clearly visible. You can preserve such a layer until spring in a cold room with a low level of humidity.

Selecting a location and preparing the bed

After preparing the mycelium, you need to start choosing a place on garden plot, where you can grow mushrooms. The northern shaded side is best suited for the garden bed. Drafts are contraindicated. The optimal location would be an area near the house or under a canopy: the structure will provide the mycelium with diffused lighting and protection from precipitation. You need to dig the required number of trenches in the garden bed (width -1 m, depth - 30 cm). Next, compost is poured into the trenches, which can be prepared at home. To do this, you need to combine equal parts of horse manure (or chicken manure) and straw and fill them with a hot urea solution.

Next, the mixture must be compacted and covered with strong, dense material. After about two weeks, the mixture is enriched with superphosphate and left until fully prepared. When the compost turns light brown and crumbly, it is ready to be used. Growing mushrooms in a greenhouse or greenhouse is also widespread. If you have any of this at your summer cottage, then champignons will delight you with their unpretentiousness and growth rate in greenhouse conditions. Naturally, mushrooms need suitable temperature conditions, lighting and humidity levels. But basically, growing champignons in a greenhouse depends on the correct substrate.

Planting and further care

To plant mushrooms, you need to choose a part of the day when the air warms up well. The temperature should be within 20 degrees, the soil should be well moistened. Plant champignons in shallow holes. The mycelium is divided into small pieces, about 6 cm, and placed in the holes. Then the mycelium should be sprinkled with compost and watered warm water. You can cover the planted areas with special material or film. There is no need to water the mushrooms.

After a few weeks, the cover should be removed and the seedlings should be sprinkled with peat and turf. Forest or field soil in which champignons previously grew will serve as the optimal surface layer. It is recommended to lay the top layer in such a way that there is a small space for air and moisture to penetrate.

Mushrooms do not require special care: it is only important to maintain a certain temperature and humidity level. The optimal temperature will be within 24-26 degrees; at temperatures above 30 the mycelium dies. When the seedlings germinate well, the temperature should be reduced by 9-10 degrees. Reduction can be achieved by spraying cold water or additional shadow. The soil should be kept slightly moist: regularly water the surface layer so that moisture does not penetrate to the mycelium. Excessive moisture can cause mycelium to rot.

Features of harvesting

Champignons grow for 3-4 weeks. A ripe mushroom becomes pale pink in color. As soon as the first signs of readiness appear, the crop should be harvested. Champignons large sizes lose some of their taste. In addition, overgrown mushrooms weaken the mycelium.

A timely harvest and proper watering will not allow the mycelium to become depleted.

When the fruiting bodies of grown champignons reach 2 cm, they are carefully twisted out, and the resulting void is filled with soil. The mycelium will bear fruit for about two months. Perhaps in the first year the harvest will not be abundant, but in subsequent years from 1 sq. m it will be possible to collect up to 6 kg of mushrooms. As you can see, growing champignons in the country is not difficult, but troublesome. However, the result is worth your effort and expense.

Video “Planting champignons in the country”

From this video you will learn how to properly grow champignons in the country.

Growing mushrooms in private households, in country houses and even in apartments is becoming fashionable today. Firstly, in the store mushroom products are not sold at a low price. Secondly, home mushroom, grown without the use of unknown chemicals, environmentally friendly and safe for consumption. Thirdly, mushroom growing can be done profitable business, or at least a good source of additional income. Fourthly, this is a very interesting and exciting hobby. You take a substrate, place mycelium in it, and create conditions. And he begins to grow “like mushrooms.”

You need to think carefully and weigh your desire and capabilities on two scales. If they are approximately at the same level, it is worth taking the risk. Information for beginners: growing champignons at home is a more labor-intensive process than growing oyster mushrooms. But less long-term and more effective than growing porcini mushrooms.

Certain costs will be required for the purchase of materials, arrangement of the premises, as well as patience and certain skills. Provided that you already have a suitable room and you just need to create favorable conditions in it.

Room

It should be moderately cool, such as a cellar or basement. If there is neither one nor the other, it is difficult to advise anything. Perhaps a garage or greenhouse will do (during the cold season). In spring and early summer, before the onset of extreme heat, champignons can be grown without any room at all. The main thing is that the air temperature should not be higher than +20°C. Indoors, in the case of year-round cultivation, the temperature should be constantly maintained in the range of +12°C... 18°C, and humidity in the range of 65-85%.

Substrate

The most important point The list of prerequisites for successful cultivation of champignons includes a substrate (or, as it is also called for its composition, compost). The following composition is generally accepted as a fruitful version of compost.

Horse or cow dung(or pig or bird droppings, which can be taken, but is not advisable).
Alabaster flour.

Table. Proportions of components for making compost from mullein or horse manure.

Component	Image	Quantity (kg)
		10
		5
		0,2
		0,2
		0,7
		0,5

Table. Proportions of components for making compost from bird droppings.

Component	Image	Quantity (kg)
		10
		3
		0,2
		0,7
		0,5

By the way! To cover an area the size of one with mushroom compost square meter, you will need compost made from 40 kg of straw base (other components, according to proportions).

Video - How to disinfect mushroom substrate

How to compost

It is better to carry out this procedure in the air or, as a last resort, in a regularly ventilated room. During the process of ripening compost in a heap, where the straw is layered with manure and watered, the heat can rise to +70˚C. There is an intense release of carbon dioxide, water and ammonia vapor into the atmosphere. Of course, a person should not breathe this mixture for long.

It is good to place the compost site in the sun (the higher the temperature inside this “layer cake”, the faster and better the compost will ripen). But it’s worth providing shelter from the rains, because heavy rain can wash out from the compost all the useful components necessary for the growth of future mushrooms.

Advice! If it is not possible to protect the compost heap with a canopy from atmospheric precipitation, cover it before the rain with roofing felt or thick film. Be sure to lift the film from the sides, leaving the sides open.

The straw for the substrate must be fresh, dry, free from mold and other defects. Before laying, the straw is soaked in a large tank of water for a day. If there is no such reservoir, spread the straw on polyethylene and water it generously several times a day, without letting it dry out.

Laying the compost heap

The straw and manure prepared in this way begin to be laid in layers.

The first layer is straw. Then - manure or droppings.

Each layer of straw is sprinkled with ammonium nitrate and urea in the proportions indicated in the table.

Each layer of straw is watered abundantly with water.

In total there should be at least 3-4 layers of straw and, accordingly, the same amount of manure.

You need to finish the laying with straw.

Give everything a final watering to keep the compost heap moist at all times.

The height of the pile must be at least a meter. Length and width are arbitrary.

Preparing compost for growing
champignons

For a week the multilayer structure basks in the sun. Then comes the moment of the first shake-up. The procedure is carried out with a pitchfork. Shaking out a compost heap is no easy task. But they cannot be neglected, since for speedy composting it is necessary to ensure oxygen access inside.

During the first shaking, gypsum is added. It will improve the structure of the compost.

The second shake-up is carried out without waiting for the next week, 3-4 days after the first. This time superphosphate and chalk are added.

Important! If the pile in the sun is slightly dry, it is watered generously. You cannot let the compost dry out; its formation will stop.

The third and fourth shaking is carried out after four subsequent days. After three weeks, the compost heap will lose its pungent ammonia smell and turn a pleasant chocolate color. The straw in the compost will acquire a soft structure and will be torn with your fingers.

A high-quality compost substrate, completely ready for use, does not stick to the palm, springs in the fist when squeezed, and leaves a wet but not dirty mark on the skin.

Advice! If you have over-moistened the pile, and moisture literally flows out of the compost when compressed, it should be spread out to dry (but not dried, just reduce the humidity to 60%), adding half the amount of chalk.

The finished substrate is filled with racks, boxes or other containers where champignons will be grown. The temperature of the substrate must be reduced before introducing the mycelium.

The process of laying compost for germination

If you plan to grow mushrooms in a room specially designated for this enterprise, for example, on the earthen floor of a cellar, compost is poured directly onto the floor in a layer of 70 cm, forming beds with an area of ½ m² or 75x75 cm.

If you have installed racks in the basement on which future mushroom harvests will carefully grow, they must be equipped with sides, and then the compost can be laid directly on the racks in a layer of 45 cm.
If cultivation is planned in boxes, which can be placed in stacks in the same basement or cellar (no more than two meters in height), because champignons do not need light for development, compost is poured into boxes. Backfill layer – 25 centimeters
If you grow mushrooms in open or greenhouse soil, the compost is compacted directly onto the surface of the ground, 25-30 cm high. Start of laying - early spring when the ground thaws. Canopies are made over the open ridge to protect from precipitation and sunlight that is too intense for shade-loving champignons.
The compost is compacted well by hand and the surface is carefully leveled.

Mycelium

After the preparatory work comes the most important point– planting mycelium. Mushroom mycelium can be planted at a soil temperature no higher than +28°C at a depth of 5 cm. You need to check the temperature with a thermometer. This is important because exceeding even two degrees will kill the mycelium.

Planting material for growing champignons, as well as others cultivated mushrooms, serves as a sterile mycelium, which is grown in special laboratories. Two varieties of champignons have been selected for cultivation:

bisporous white;
bisporous brown.

Their taste qualities and nutritional value do not differ significantly. The only difference is the color of the mushroom, according to its name, white or brown. They sell mycelium or mycelium in bags or jars. Packaging is usually 1-2 kg. The mycelium of both varieties is grown in two ways - on manure and on cereals.

The first, dung mycelium, will be needed for planting 500 g per m² of area. Grain – not 100 g less.

Planting mycelium

The dung mycelium is a rather monolithic lump, which before planting must be divided by hand into small pieces, the size of half a matchbox.

The mycelium prepared in this way is laid out on a large tray in one layer. In the soil, a wedge-shaped peg is used to lift part of the top layer so that a piece of mycelium can be placed there.
Planting is done in a checkerboard pattern with a cell distance of 20 cm.
Part of the mycelium is covered with a substrate no more than 3 cm thick.

Grain mycelium is an ordinary grain on which fungal spores are “planted.” Its sowing is done as you would sow any grain.

The top layer of compost, 3 cm wide, is removed from the bed or box.
“Mushroom grains” randomly scatter over the surface.
The compost is poured back in and lightly pressed down so that there is no void between it and the grains.

By the way! Wild mushroom mycelium is also suitable for growing homemade champignons. If you find a place where champignons grow, take a closer look at the soil. The soil, permeated with a “web” of whitish-gray mushroom spores, is quite suitable for starting your mushroom plantation.

Caring for a champignon plantation

After you have planted, the temperature in the room is maintained high. This is a mandatory condition - the germination of mycelium will not begin at below +24°C and above +26°C. At this time, in the initial phase of mycelium growth, do not expect immediate “sprouting”. Champignons are not vegetables. They grow deep into the soil, gaining a foothold and forming the future harvest. At low temperatures, growth is insufficient; at high temperatures, the formation of a fruiting body is weak.

Compost humidity should be constantly maintained in the range of 55-60%. As soon as it dries, the mycelium “freezes” and stops growth. The compost is moistened superficially, from a sprayer, so that water does not flood the mycelium, otherwise it will mold and die.

It will take 12 days for the mycelium to grow deeper. After this, the temperature in the room necessarily decreases. Either the heating is turned off, or the transoms and ventilation holes are opened - all methods are good to reduce the temperature to +18°C...20°C.

By this time it is necessary to prepare the soil for backfilling. The mycelium will grow upward not on compost, but from nutritious soil of the following composition:

turf land;
loam;
sandstone;
fine-textured peat soil.

Any of the listed structural types will do. The main thing is that the soil is not heavy. To add “airiness” and ensure air penetration into the fungal spores, the soil is sifted onto a coarse sieve.

Before backfilling, the soil is moderately moistened. And cover it with a 3-4 cm layer of compost.

Maintaining temperature within specified limits. – +16°С... 18°С, plus or minus two more permissible degrees.

Maintaining humidity in the range of 65-85% (air) and not higher than 60% - soil layer.

Intensive daily ventilation of the room to remove accumulated carbon dioxide.

You can collect the first homemade mushrooms from your own plantation on the 35-40th day. One fruiting cycle lasts about two months.

Despite all the apparent difficulties and conventions, the growing process, starting from the moment of compost preparation, takes no more than four months. In two months of fruiting, the crop can be harvested 6-7 times. From 5 to 10 kg of mushrooms are collected from a square meter of ridge. The next harvest ripens after 5 days.

Important! Mushrooms must be collected at the stage when the film between the stem and cap is intact and tightly connects them. Opened mushrooms with darkened (for white varieties) plates and damaged film, the remains of which can only be seen on the stem, are best not eaten.

When harvesting champignons, do not cut them with a knife. The mushrooms are twisted out with a gentle hand movement. The holes formed after collection are sprinkled with soil and slightly moistened.

Video - Growing champignons at home (part 1)

Video - Growing champignons at home (part 2)

Video - Harvesting champignons

Growing champignons at home for both beginners and experienced mushroom pickers is modern, fashionable, exciting and profitable occupation. This is both a kind of hobby and a source of additional income, if you approach the matter rationally and competently. Knowing how to grow champignons at home, you can provide yourself, as well as your friends and relatives, with a quality product. Champignons are quite popular, always in demand, tasty and useful product nutrition. They do not linger on store shelves, despite the fact that they do not have the lowest cost. By growing them yourself, you will always be sure of their “pure” origin.

Champignons, photo:

They are healthy: they contain glucose, carbohydrates, vitamins, 18 amino acids, and easily digestible fats. They also go harmoniously with any food; they can be boiled, fried, baked, pickled, canned.

This mushroom is incredibly tasty, low in calories, and is an excellent alternative to meat (which undoubtedly attracts the attention of vegetarians).

Before you start mushroom growing, you should sensibly assess your desires and capabilities. In addition to time and financial investments (purchase of materials), you must have appropriate premises. Some skills, detailed study of information on relevant Internet forums, the presence of a competent adviser will never hurt you. If we compare the process of growing champignons and oyster mushrooms, then our case, of course, is more labor-intensive. But if you compare it with the worries and nuances of growing porcini mushrooms, then it will be much easier and shorter in time.

Where do champignons grow in nature?

If we consider natural conditions, then they are found almost everywhere. Forests, steppes, meadows, forest edges, lowlands, open spaces with moist soil and even semi-deserts, mountain forests are common places of growth.

As for “home” conditions, they can grow in a garden or vegetable garden, cellar, basement, specially equipped garage, or greenhouse.

How to grow champignons? Many years of experience of mushroom pickers have proven that they grow best where the basement is equipped with good ventilation.

In this case, the air temperature should be relatively cool (not higher than +20 °C), and if this process is put into operation, then the mercury column on the thermometer should vary between +12..+18 °C year-round. The humidity percentage should be approximately 70..85%, lighting does not play a special role.

Conditions for growing champignons at home

Necessary factors for a successful process are:

The right choice of location.
Disinfection of the premises.
Organization of microclimate.
Proper preparation of the substrate.
Laying compost.
Selection of mycelium.
Planting mycelium.
Appropriate care.

As mentioned above, under properly organized conditions, mushrooms can be grown for all year round. The technology itself is not highly complex, as it might initially seem. From the very beginning, you need to arrange everything correctly, and then the process will follow the well-worn path. This work can even be called creative, something like a hobby. To date, breeders have developed approximately 50 varieties of this mushroom, which have minor differences in appearance. The color of the cap, its structure, and storage duration may vary, but all cultivated varieties are “children” of the ordinary white champignon.

An example of a light brown variety in the photo:

Let's take a look at basement growing as a basic example, since this method is considered the most common. For so-called “cellar” breeding, it is best to choose high-yielding varieties such as Sylvan 130, Hauser A15 or Somycel 512. They are quite unpretentious, not difficult to care for, and are also very prolific.

Remember - the most important factor for the successful outcome of your efforts is the presence of well-established ventilation in the room where the mushrooms will grow!

Constant influx fresh air is very important, since during growth they emit carbon dioxide, and its excessive concentration in the room leads to stretching and elongation of the mushroom stalk.

How to grow champignons in the basement

How to grow champignons at home - disinfection of the premises:

The most common and frequently used is whitewashing the ceiling, walls, and all surfaces with lime with copper sulfate (copper sulfate) added to it. The so-called “recipe”: 2 or 3 kg of slaked lime + 100 g of copper sulfate per bucket of water (10 liters). When working with disinfectants, be sure to wear a protective mask on your face!
The second method is more dangerous for the human respiratory tract and also requires protection. Take 350 g of bleach, dilute it with 10 liters of water, and apply it by irrigating the walls of the room.
Irrigation of walls and other surfaces with 4% formaldehyde using a construction sprayer is most convenient.
You can fumigate a room with a sulfur bomb - it also gives a very effective preventive effect.
Chlorophos is a radical, destructive method, but it is too poisonous in its composition. It affects not only mold, but also harmful insects.

After any treatment, the room must be properly ventilated - this is also a prerequisite.

Let's return to ventilation, or rather, let's clarify one nuance: the air should be fresh, but drafts should be excluded. It is better to cover the ventilation pipes (“smotherers”) with fine mesh nets - this will create an obstacle to the penetration of insects, as well as a small barrier to air masses. If you have a large, serious room, and cultivation is on stream, then the ventilation system should be more global, with additional fans located above each large box. If opportunities permit, then installing air purifiers with replaceable filters will not be superfluous for this matter.

It is clear that a thermometer and hygrometer are simply necessary for the room where mushrooms are grown. This way you can always control the level of air humidity: if there is a lack, irrigate with water from a spray bottle, if there is an excess, ventilate. With the onset of summer heat, fans decide this problem, but if this type of mushroom is grown all year round, then in addition to all the above-mentioned benefits of civilization, you will also need additional heating of the basement or cellar.

Large cellar room, photo:

It is best if your cellar, in addition to all the requirements for growing, has an earthen floor (not concrete). By and large, the more purposefully the room is adapted specifically for mushroom growing, the better it will be. Any unnecessary additional factors in the basement, cellar, garage or barn that are not related to the topic of growing mushrooms will only interfere and disturb the “microclimate” of the room.

To the “advantages” of mushroom science we can add the fact that they are able to bear fruit perfectly even in complete darkness. This distinguishes them from all other green inhabitants. The weakest light bulb is enough - they will feel comfortable, but the light will most likely be more useful to you in order to comfortably navigate the place.

If growing champignons at home initially has far-reaching plans, and the owner has a large room, then dividing it into 2 zones will be a reasonable, convenient solution. Simply put, mushrooms must originate somewhere, and a specially prepared substrate is designed for this process (more on that a little later). So, in one zone there will be a substrate along which the mycelium will spread (this is called incubation). In the second compartment the boxes with mushrooms will be placed directly, where they will be forced out.

The temperature regime of these two compartments should also be different: the mycelium usually grows at a temperature of +23..+24 C°, and the growth of fungi occurs at a temperature column of +16..+18 C°. If you get used to it and develop your own “schedule” for moving boxes from one zone to another, you will be able to grow these delicious, beloved mushrooms all year round.

Compost for growing champignons

Preparation of compost (substrate) is one of the most critical aspects of mushroom growing. The quality of the mushrooms will directly depend on the properly prepared substrate. Usually, when you buy champignon mycelium, the packaging with the contents indicates the substrate corresponding to the given variety, as well as the nuances of its preparation. The varieties are different, and the composition of the compost and its collection technology may vary. However, most often these parameters do not differ significantly.

The substrate should be prepared either in a room specially designated for these purposes, or in the open air (on the street), under a well-equipped canopy. It is important that the compost is not exposed to precipitation (rain) or sun rays. It is also highly not recommended to pour compost onto “bare” soil - lay a sheet of thick plastic film. Thus, unwanted insects or any other pests will not penetrate into the substrate. It should not come into contact with the ground, but blowing air over it from all sides is a must!

Compost for champignons should be moderately moist, as excess moisture can damage correct processes fermentation.

Be that as it may, the street - best place for the maturation of the substrate, the active release of ammonia and carbon dioxide will not be useful to anyone. The average time for the substrate to be “ready” and fermented is approximately 25-30 days. During this period, it is recommended to stir it at least three times (to ensure uniform fermentation). You will know that the process has come to an end by the absence of the specific smell of ammonia. By this time its color acquires a brownish tint. While the substrate is fermenting, the temperature inside it can be approximately +50..+65 C°, and ready-to-use compost has a temperature of no more than +24..+25 C°.

By the way, to enrich the contents of the compost when first mixing it, you can add crushed lime to the general composition. During the second mixing - superphosphate fertilizer, during the third - ground gypsum or its construction analogue (alabaster). The already “ready” substrate, in addition to the characteristics described above, does not stick to your hands, is springy upon tactile contact, the straw is extremely softened, and is easily divided into fragments.

As an alternative to the process of making your own substrate, you can recommend purchasing ready-made compost, which is sold in the gardening departments of supermarkets or flower shops. Of course, such a substrate will be of lower quality than one prepared by hand, even though it will be written on the packaging that it has all the required characteristics.

Here it’s up to you to decide what is more convenient for you, whether you have the time to carry out all the preparations for growing these mushrooms. Considering general signs"good" compost, let's highlight the main ingredients.

Composition of compost for growing champignons:

For these purposes, it is generally accepted that horse waste products are the best. In addition, it is important to consider that the horses ate hay, and not green grass. The moisture content of horse manure for making up the substrate should be approximately 45%. Horse waste can be replaced with cow or poultry waste, but, according to the experience of experienced mushroom pickers, the harvest on such a “basis” will be much worse. So, you will need about 100 kg of horse manure.
Straw - it is better to choose a dry, rye or wheat variety. You will also need about 100 kg of this.
Alabaster (gypsum) – approximately 6 kg.
In other cases, alabaster is replaced with urea (2.5-3 kg) or the same amount of saltpeter (per 100 kg of straw and 1000 kg of manure). As we remember, these fertilizer additives are added when mixing the compost.
Again, using 100 kg of horse waste, 100 kg of well-dried rye straw, 3 kg of urea, 5 kg of chalk, 2 kg of superphosphate, 8.5 kg of gypsum when mixed will create the optimal ratio of ingredients.

How to grow champignons at home? Use fresh animal products while they still contain the most nutrients. Make sure that the added components do not contain pine shavings or sawdust - they release resin, and these mushrooms sense it and react painfully to its presence. Phosphorus fertilizers, as well as urea, are actually very recommended and useful - they are sources of phosphorus and nitrogen, which are so necessary for champignons. But chalk normalizes the acidity of the substrate, supports optimal level pH.

Champignons: growing at home - the easiest way to create layers:

Take a convenient wide container and fill it hot water, soak the straw for about 24 hours.
After this, we lay it in layers along with manure. You will get approximately 5-6 layers. Do not forget to moisten each layer with not very hot water, lightly, but do not wet it abundantly.
After 3 days have passed, we take a pitchfork and thoroughly mix the compost-straw “pie”, but at the same time add fertilizers - superphosphate with urea (urea). At this stage, the substrate begins to smell strongly of ammonia. After 4 days, we shovel the substrate again, additionally adding those feedings that are required according to the standard for this variety.
In general, mixing the compost should be done approximately 4 or 5 times throughout the entire process. Spare no effort on this - the useful elements will be evenly distributed throughout the entire composition, and the mass will acquire a relatively uniform consistency.

The so-called “care” of compost has already been described above, but I would like to add and repeat the warning regarding excessive moisture. Too much moisture in the substrate will slow down its maturation, but what’s even worse is that it will wash out from the mixture all the useful ingredients required for development and growth.

Compost components (dry hay, horse manure, fertilizers), photo:

Champignon mycelium - planting

The substrate, of course, should be purchased from a reliable representative (best of all - special laboratories). When the compost is already ripe, we transfer it to an appointed place, put it in boxes or special forms where further actions will take place:

To get a good harvest of champignons, 1 m² of compost will require approximately 500 g of mycelium or 400 g of these varietal spores.
If mycelium is used, then small holes, 4 or 5 cm deep, should be made across the entire surface of the container with compost, at a distance of 20 cm from each other. An appropriate amount of mycelium is placed in these holes, but if fungal spores are used for sowing, they are simply scattered evenly over the surface of the substrate.
After some time, you will notice spider threads covering the surface of the compost containers. By this time, the humidity temperature in the room should be at the level of 75-95%. To prevent the substrate from drying out, it can be irrigated from time to time with clean, settled water from a spray bottle, and additionally covered with a clean, damp cloth or paper.
The mycelium of champignons begins to grow at a temperature of +20..+28 C°, the active phase of the spread of the mushroom “web” begins after about 10 or 12 days, then the top layer of compost will need to be sprinkled with the appropriate soil mixture (about 4-5 cm), wait another 3 days, after which transfer the containers with future mushrooms to a colder room with a temperature of +12..+16 C°. Or forcibly lower the temperature in the room to a given mercury column.
Please note that ordinary garden soil for “sprinkling” will not suit you. Prepare in advance a mixture of 1 share of limestone, 5 parts of peat, 4 parts of clean soil. After 3 – 3.5 months, expect the first well-deserved results of your labors.

A harvest from one mycelium can produce from 5 to 8 periods of ripening of new mushrooms. This is called a “wave”; the most generous collection of champignons occurs in the first three “waves”. Here it is important to catch the moment of ripening - when the cap underneath is still covered with thin white skin (film), and the brown plates are not yet visible. The mushrooms need to be unscrewed from their place of growth, but not cut off (so that harmful bacteria do not penetrate into the mycelium through the cut site).

After the crop is harvested, carefully sprinkle the substrate again with the soil mixture described above. During the next two weeks they will grow especially actively.

A mushroom correctly extracted from the soil, photo:

Cap in optimal state of maturation, photo:

How to grow champignons at the dacha in open ground?

In addition to the above-described, most commonly used “basement” method of growing mushrooms, there are other alternative options. For example, how to grow champignons at home, namely in a summer cottage. Sometimes, for some reason (lack of a basement, garage or other suitable premises), the desire to grow these mushrooms seems impossible. But if you are the happy owner of a summer cottage, everything is possible!

The most successful period for this is summer and autumn; here it is also important to choose comfortable place. Champignons - where do they grow? In shaded places, on specially prepared soil, the place for the mycelium should be moderately moist, the soil should not dry out, and the sun's rays should not illuminate the chosen place too much. To protect against drought on hot days, beds are often covered with plastic film or special covering material to create a certain microclimate. It is important to bring mushrooms as close as possible to conditions similar to their natural growth environment. Since we are unable to influence weather conditions, you need to try to give the mushrooms moisture when they need it, as well as the presence of fresh air.

In the garden bed under the trees, photo:

After sowing the mycelium on the beds, in the open ground, growing champignons - their technology is practically no different from the rules for growing in the cellar. After a couple of weeks, the “webs” of mycelium grow over the soil surface; at this point, the temperature is lowered by sprinkling the soil surface with a thin (up to 5 cm) layer of damp soil. The temperature, similarly, should vary between +12..+15 C°, but in no case reach above +20 C°. As with the method described above, it will be much more productive if this land contains peat and limestone. Regular watering (or rather, gentle irrigation) is best done after sunset - this will optimally moisten the soil and prevent the formation of a dense earthen crust. At the right approach To the point, in about 3-4 weeks you can expect a harvest of your own mushrooms.

The mycelium puts out “cobwebs”, photo:

Let's summarize how to grow champignons in the country:

It is better to plant mycelium or spores on soil specially prepared for this purpose. This may be soil brought from a forest area.
The soil should be optimally saturated with fertilizers, well moistened, and free of stones, fragments of bricks or remnants of old roots.
It is best to plant mushrooms in open ground at a neutral air temperature - +21..+22 C°.
If a greenhouse is chosen for planting, you should carefully monitor the level of humidity and air temperature in it. The conditions are not much different from basement or garage mushroom cultivation. It should be remembered that heat and drought are destructive for them.
As already mentioned, the planting method does not differ from the “basement” analogue (20 cm from each other, shallow holes, sprinkling with earth mixture after the “cobwebs” appear).
Once the first mushrooms are obtained, the amount of watering can be reduced (so that the roots do not rot), irrigation is everything in this matter.

After all the waves of the mushroom harvest have died down, the spent substrate can simply be disposed of, or can be quite successfully used as organic fertilizer or mulch for some trees or even flower beds. Of course, it will no longer be suitable for re-growing mushrooms, but it will serve as an excellent supplement for your green inhabitants. As for all kinds of containers, boxes after harvesting and composting, they will require mandatory disinfection, as well as the room where the mushrooms were grown.

Champignon has gained great popularity in industrial mushroom growing. Everything every year larger number champignon lovers try to grow them in their garden plots. Even despite the fact that the technology for growing them is somewhat complicated compared to growing, for example,.

At correct approach and organization of production mushrooms can be grown all year round. They grow quickly, but require special care and financial costs. The ability to grow these mushrooms constantly and collect 5-6 harvests per calendar year attracts many people who want to master this business. Funds with the right approach quickly pay for themselves. In this article we will look at the main methods and expenses for running this business.

Possible cultivation options and their features

At the initial stage, growing champignons can be started at home. A greenhouse, cellar, or basement are perfect for these purposes.

Growing in beds can be called one of the most simple ways. But considering that the entire process will have to be carried out manually, this option is suitable for personal use, and not for large-scale business. In addition, if infected with diseases, the soil will have to be changed completely, which is not very convenient.

Growing mushrooms in bags or wooden boxes has undoubted advantages. In this way, you can easily move mushrooms; if a disease is detected, there is no need to replace all the soil, but you can limit yourself to replacing only in infected bags or boxes. In addition, this method helps to use space in the room more efficiently. The disadvantages include the need to fill bags with soil yourself, which is inconvenient on a large scale.

How to grow champignons at home, watch the following video:

Containers, racks can be attributed to high-tech methods of growing mushrooms. Considering the significant costs of purchasing all the equipment, this method is suitable for farm owners. You can think about purchasing such equipment when you want to scale your business.

Equipment and furnishings of the growing area

When organizing a business, you will need premises.

Can you suggest several options:

Use of an existing utility room or structure (basement, greenhouse, cottage).
Renting premises.
Acquisition of property.

The aspiring entrepreneur decides which option to choose on his own. The region of residence and the amount play an important role here. cash, which he is willing to spend on organizing the cultivation of mushrooms.

The room must be good ventilation system, it is important to maintain a comfortable temperature for growing mushrooms, 24-25 degrees.

Depending on the method of growing champignons must be purchased racks, wooden containers for filling them with compost. At the initial stage, compost can be ordered. Subsequently, it is advisable to make the soil yourself. This will reduce the cost of growing mushrooms.

To grow champignons you will need: mycelium (fungal spores). There are two types of mycelium: grain and compost. Experts advise beginners to purchase compost mycelium. It is characterized by disease resistance and is not afraid of rodents. In the future, you can switch to grain, which gives a much larger harvest.

Mycelium collections can be purchased from specialized companies or farms.

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Preparing the nutritional mixture

The habitat of the cultivated champignon is compost (nutrient mixture). The main raw materials for preparing the substrate are wheat or rye straw and chicken manure. You can use horse or cow manure with straw. The composting process is carried out in piles - concrete, covered areas.

It can be divided into several stages:

preparation and moistening of straw;
introducing droppings or manure;
fertilization;
breaking and moistening the compost;
pasteurization of compost.

Technology for preparing a good substrate very labor intensive. When producing it, you must strictly observe the proportions of the initial components, maintain a certain temperature and humidity regime, and monitor the level of acidity. The fermentation process lasts about a month. Therefore, some novice mushroom growers purchase ready-made compost for myceliums.

Inoculation and germination of mycelium

Compost ready for inoculation is laid out on beds or in containers for growing champignons. After a few days, you can start inoculating the mycelium. The signal for this is the temperature in the thickness of the compost. It should not be higher than +25°C. The consumption of seed material per 1 m2 of bed is about 0.5–1 kg. When grown in bags, the weight of the mycelium is 1% of the weight of the bag.

The optimal temperature inside the substrate for good germination is +25°C…+27°C. To create the required level of humidity, it is recommended to cover the beds or containers with perforated polyethylene or moistened burlap. The period of mycelium germination takes from 14 to 20 days. When the substrate is uniformly overgrown with white mycelium, the coatings must be removed.

Ripening champignons and collecting them

An important step when growing champignons at home is the creation cover soil. This layer has a microclimate that enhances the formation and setting of fruiting bodies. It differs from compost in its nutritional value, water-holding capacity and breathability. For good mycelium growth, the acidity level of the protective layer should be in the range of 6.5 - 7.5 pH.

You can prepare your own covering mixture from peat and garden soil in a 1:1 ratio. The acidity level is determined using an indicator strip and distilled water. If the soil acidity is insufficient, lime is added, and if the soil is too acidic, peat is added. The cover soil should not contain pests and pathogens. It must be moistened before application.

To prevent the covering material from drying out, it must be cover with burlap and moisturize as needed. The outside temperature should be maintained at 18°C. Under such conditions, after 10–14 days, white spots will appear on the surface of the protective layer.

In order to distribute the mycelium in the cover soil more evenly, it is necessary loosen the surface with a rake or brush. After 2 days, the coating should be removed and the soil should be moistened. Germination is complete and the crop needs air. During the ripening period, the premises must be carefully ventilated. At the same time, avoid drafts and intense movement of air masses.

Champignons do not tolerate watering well during this period.

To maintain humidity in rooms with growing champignons, you need to spray the floors or place open containers with water. As soon as the champignons have reached the harvest size, watering can be resumed.

Mushrooms should be picked at the stage when the lower film of the cap has stretched, but has not yet burst. The champignons must be carefully unscrewed from the compost, being careful not to damage the mycelium. The growth site must be immediately covered with soil.

Fruiting occurs in 6–7 bursts. The most productive are the first 2 - 3 rotations. They make up approximately 70% of the total collection. And during the entire fruiting period, from 1 m2 of area you can collect from 6 to 15 kg of fresh champignons. After each new wave of fruiting, it is necessary to remove all diseased and dead mushrooms. Lost moisture in the cover soil should be compensated by watering at the rate of no more than 1 liter per 1 m2 or 0.5 liter per 1 bag.

Active growth lasts from 2 to 4 months. Then comes a period of decline. Very few mushrooms appear, and it makes no sense to grow them further.

An example of organizing a business for growing champignons is presented in the following video:

Sanitary standards for cultivation

In order to exclude the possibility of the appearance and development of pathogenic microorganisms in champignon mushrooms must be observed following conditions:

Harvest sales

Since the cultivation of champignons is supposed to be carried out for the purpose of its subsequent sale online, the business needs to be legalized.

To legally grow champignons and successfully sell them, you need to officially register with tax authorities. Registration as quality will be optimal. When registering, indicate the code 01.12.3 - Cultivation of mushrooms. Form of taxation – Unified agricultural tax with a tax rate of 6 percent.

In addition to the above, to sell the crop you will need a certificate of compliance of the premises with the standards for growing mushrooms. This document is issued by sanitary services after inspecting the premises. When selling champignons, you will have to contact this service again, this time to obtain a quality certificate for the product. It is issued for a certain period, usually for products grown on compost alone.

Implement You can mushrooms in the following ways:

On one's own. With this method, products can be sold at a more favorable price. But this method is suitable only for small volumes for sale. This method will only be successful during the holidays.
Conclude with shops or restaurants . In this case, the entrepreneur will have regular customers, and therefore there will be no problems with sales. But at the same time, at the initial stage you will have to search for buyers for the products.
Sell products wholesale companies. This method also has both positive and negative aspects. When selling wholesale, the price of the product will be correspondingly lower than the retail price, but the ability to sell products in large volumes will bring tangible profits.

Financial calculations

Let’s create an example for growing champignons.

The growing cycle of champignons is 2 months. It is this period that we will take into account.

Expenses

If you make compost yourself, you will need components (soil, straw), which will cost 15,000-20,000 rubles for 30 tons. The average price of mycelium is 8,000-10,000 rubles. The cost of heating and pasteurization will be 40,000-50,000 rubles. It is difficult to indicate the exact amount, since many heat sources can be used (electricity, gas, coal, etc.), the prices of which vary. Costs for wages will not be taken into account, since at the initial stage you can grow champignons yourself or involve relatives in this matter.

So, organization costs cases will amount to no more than 80,000 rubles. If the premises are rented or additional purchases have been made, for example, shelving, these must be included in the amount of expenses.

In the future, it may be necessary to seek the help of an accountant to maintain reporting to the tax authorities.

Let's calculate the income

Let's give some approximate numbers. We emphasize that the amount of harvest depends on the quality of the mycelium, environment, and care. On average, 30 tons of compost can produce 6 tons of champignons.

Therefore, with an average price for selling goods of 90-100 rubles per kilogram, we get 540,000-600,000 rubles.

Profit will be 460,000-520,000 rubles. Of course, this is already on an industrial scale.

Depending on the approach to this business, tangible profits can be obtained within 2-3 months from the start of cultivation.

In conclusion, I would like to add that growing champignons is more difficult than oyster mushrooms. And it is advisable, when preparing for this type of business, to familiarize yourself with the practical experience of growing these mushrooms and communicate with entrepreneurs.