Four environments of life on earth. §51

The body of mammals has the same sections as other terrestrial vertebrates: head, neck, torso, tail and two pairs of limbs. The limbs have sections typical of vertebrates: shoulder (thigh), forearm (lower leg) and hand (foot). The legs are not located on the sides, as in amphibians and reptiles, but under the body. Therefore, the body is raised above the ground. This expands the possibilities of using limbs. Among the animals, tree-climbing, plantigrade and digitally walking animals, jumping and flying are known.

Rice. 190. Representatives of mammals: 1 - beaver; 2 - cheetah; 3 - dolphin; 4 - macaque; 5 - bat; 6 - antelope

The structural features of mammals allow them to perform a variety of movements, develop high speed when running, fly beautifully, and swim in water. This indicates the long evolution of animals and the ability to adapt to a variety of conditions.

In the structure of the head, the facial and cranial sections are clearly distinguishable (Fig. 191). In front is the mouth, surrounded by soft lips. At the end of the muzzle there is a nose covered with bare skin with a pair of nasal openings. On the front sides of the head are the eyes, protected by movable eyelids, along the outer edges of which there are long eyelashes. The lacrimal glands are well developed, the secretion of which washes the eyes and has a bactericidal effect. Closer to the back of the head, above the eyes, on the sides of the head, large ears protrude, which turn towards the sound source and allow it to be directed towards the sound.

Most mammals have a well-developed coat that protects them from sudden temperature changes - from cooling and overheating.

Rice. 191. External structure of a mammal: 1 - facial section of the head; 2 - cranial section of the head; 3 - mouth; 4 - nose; 5 - ears; 6 - torso; 7 - front and 8 - hind limbs; 9 - claws

In wool, a distinction is made between harder and longer guard hairs and short soft hairs that form the undercoat. Long, stiff hairs located on the muzzle and performing a tactile function are called vibrissae. Animals shed periodically according to the seasons: the thickness and color of their fur changes. In winter, the fur is thicker, and in animals living on snow cover it becomes white. In summer, the coat is thinner and colored in protective dark tones.

The lower end of each hair is immersed in the skin, there is a hair bag around it (Fig. 192), small muscles are attached to it, so the hair can rise like a frightened cat or barking dog. At the base of the hair there are sebaceous glands. Their secretion lubricates the coat, giving it elasticity, reducing the wettability and stickiness of the coat. Mammalian fur comes from the same epithelial primordia as the scales of reptiles. Their common origin is evidenced by the horny scales located on the tails of rats, mice, and beavers. This is one of the signs confirming the related relationship between mammals and reptiles. Depending on living conditions, the coat changes. Thus, burrowing animals have no guard hairs in their fur, it is short and even, and can be laid in any direction without interfering with the animals’ movement underground. In the echidna, hedgehog and porcupine, the awns are modified into hard, sharp spines that serve for protection. The horny structures of mammalian skin include claws, nails, horns and hooves.

Rice. 192. Structure of the skin of a mammal: 1 - sweat gland; 2 - sebaceous gland; 3 - hair; 4 - hair bag; 5 - fat deposits; 6 - muscles

There are many glands in the skin of mammals. In addition to the cluster-shaped sebaceous glands, which have already been mentioned, there are tubular sweat glands (see Fig. 192). The sweat they secrete evaporates, cooling the animal's body. Many animals have developed scent glands. Their secretions serve to mark their territory, as a warning to enemies and competitors, and facilitate meetings of individuals of the same species.

The mammary glands are important. They are modifications of the sweat glands. Their tubular ducts fuse together and open at the top of the nipples. The number of mammary glands usually corresponds to the number of young. The mammary glands produce milk, a high-calorie product that mothers feed their young. This is the basis for the name of the entire class - Mammals.

Mammals are a class of evolutionarily highly developed vertebrates with progressive features: they bear, give birth and feed their young with milk. These signs, combined with intense metabolism, constant high temperature bodies, well-developed brains and complex behavior allowed mammals to master everything habitat, spread widely across the Earth, achieve great diversity and high numbers.

Exercises based on the material covered

Name the general characteristics of mammals using Figures 190 and 191.
What is the structure of mammalian skin?
What are the similarities and differences in the structure of the body covers of mammals and reptiles?
What horny formations develop from the epidermis of mammalian skin?
What glands are there in the skin of mammals?

Class Mammals, or Animals General characteristics. External building. Living environments and habitats.

Goals: Pprovide schoolchildren with the structure of animals class Mammals,

note the progressive features of the organization of Mammals, which allowed them to occupy all the main habitats,

introduce the general characteristics of the orders Monotremes and Marsupials,

prove the need to protect animals of the class Mammals,

carry out moral and environmental education students.

Tasks:

find its components in an object;

learn to generalize;

establish similarities and differences;

find cause-and-effect relationships;

develop communication skills.

Lesson type:learning new material. \

Org moment.

Look at photographs of animals
Based on what external signs did you classify these animals into the class Reptiles and the class Birds?
And now we will try together to find the answer to the question:
What are the features of the external structure of mammals?
General characteristics of Mammals.
About 4 thousand species. Warm-blooded animals, fur. Live birth. Feeding the young with milk. Large brain (the anterior hemispheres are well developed). Diverse and complex behavior. They have various adaptations to living conditions. Differentiation of teeth. The presence of an external ear. The presence of various glands.
Mammal sizes
Pygmy shrew
Blue whale
External structure using the example of a dog
Plantigrade
Digititating
Digititating
Jumping
Tree climbers
Flying
Floating
Mammal head
Auricle
Eye
Eyelid
Brain department
Facial department
Lips
Nose
Oral opening
Mammal fur
Most have a well-developed coat
Meaning of covers:

Provides thermoregulation;

Protects against mechanical damage;

Gives a protective coloring.
Vibrissae
Vibrissae are long, stiff hairs located on the muzzle that perform a tactile function.
The mole has no guard hairs
Horny skin formations

Laboratory work No. 13 External structure of Mammals.
Fastening:
1.You are given five words. Four of them are combined common feature. The fifth does not apply to them. Which? a) hooves; b) hair; c) claws; d) chitin; e) nails2. The limbs of mammals are located: A) both pairs under the body; B) both pairs on the sides of the body; B) one under the body, the other on the sides 3. Vibrissae are: A) wool; B) undercoat; C) whiskers 4. Heat regulation in mammals occurs with the participation of: A) odorous glands; B) sweat glands; C) sebaceous glands
Establish a correspondence between animals and their organs of movement. Write your answers in the table.
1. Red deer2. Red Evening Party3. Harp seal4. killer whale
A. WingsB. FinsV. LegsG. Flippers
1 2 3 4
Let's check ourselves:
1) d) chitin2) a) both pairs under the body3) c) mustache4) b) sweat glands
1 2 3 4 V A G B
Let's check your answers and give marks:
5-6 points score “5”4 points score “4”3 points score “3”
Let's summarize.
Mammals are a class of vertebrates whose main distinctive features which are viviparity (with the exception of the infraclass cloacal) and feeding the young with milk. Externally, animals are characterized by being covered with hair, having mammary glands, jaws with teeth, and ears. Warm-bloodedness, viviparity, feeding their young with milk, a highly developed nervous system, and the ability to regulate body temperature allow mammals to live in a wide variety of conditions. More than 4 thousand species of mammals are known.
Homework:
Answer the questions: Mammals or mammals, which is correct and why? Which mammal has no eyes? Why does a dog stick out its tongue in extreme heat? Optional: Prepare a report on the role of vibrissae in the life of mammals.

Subject : « General characteristics of mammals. living environments, external structure and habitats" (slide 1).

Lesson objectives:

Educational - study common features animals of the class Mammals; to develop knowledge of the external structure of mammals and their habitats;

Developmental - remember and consolidate students’ knowledge about environmental features various groups of mammals; repeat the sequence of work using the cube algorithm;

Educating - continue the ability to work in a group, develop a sense of collectivism and community, aesthetic perception of the surrounding world.

Didactic and material equipment of the lesson : I.N. Ponomareva “Biology. Animals" textbook for 7th grade, Ventana-Graf publishing house, 2009, stuffed mammals, multimedia educational complex 1C-biology, set of educational cubes, animal figurines.

Lesson progress :

Organizational moment .
Update background knowledge, motivational states:

Repetition of working with the cube algorithm (slide 2)
Warm-up – questions on dice (side No. 1, slide 2) questions are distributed among students, and then they answer. A photo series is used to help or confirm their answers (slides 4-5).

-What kind of animal is slaughtered in board game(goat)?

-Which bull rises the highest when flying (yak)?

-What animal was the official mascot of the 1980 Moscow Olympics (a bear)?

-This animal gave the name to a short men's hairstyle (hedgehog)?

-What cat was named after during WWII? german tank t-5 (panther)?

-What animals live on the chessboard (elephant, knight)?

-What kind of animal do shooters see when shooting at a running target (boar)?

-Which American cat is a trademark of sportswear and footwear (puma)?

-Which mountain goat gave its name to a truck (gazelle)?

-Which animal is the best lumberjack (beaver)?

-With what animal, having valuable fur, is the designation for four tens (sable) related in Russian?

-Which animal do taiga people call “bear conscience” or “thunderstorm barometer” (chipmunk)?

-What animal is born with a mustache (cat)?

-Which mammal gave the name to the ancient Russian coin (marten, “kuna” coin)?

-What mammal can be found in the oceans if the water is colored pink and purple (whale)?

-What is “teriology”? What is the origin of this word? (Arises problematic issue, which allows you to move to a new topic.)

Formation of new concepts, methods of action:

"teriology" - a section of zoology that studies the structural features and behavior of mammals (slide 6).
origin of mammals (slide 7 – video clip)
general characteristics of mammals (side of cubes No. 2, slide 8. Students pronounce and discuss all points.)

_mammals have the second name “beasts”;

_about 5000 known modern species animals;

_ distributed throughout the globe;

_higher vertebrates;

_warm-blooded (constant body temperature);

_the body is covered with hair (hair);

_gives birth to live young and feeds them with milk;

_sizes from 4 cm to 33 meters;

_weight from 1.2 grams to 150 tons;

_have a large brain with developed anterior hemispheres;

_have varied and complex behavior (instincts);

_all organ systems achieve the greatest differentiation;

_high development nervous system allows you to quickly adapt to environmental conditions;

_in the class of mammals there are 19 orders, 122 families, 1017 genera, 5237 species of animals.

Students voice famous Russian theriologists (side of cubes No. 2, cube No. 16, slide 9).

external structure of mammals (side of cubes No. 3):

students are divided into groups to study the external structure -

1 group studies parts of the body, limbs of mammals (working with a cat figurine, slide 10);2nd group studies the structure of the head (working with a stuffed hare, slides 11-12);3 group studies the structure of wool, skin and its modifications (slides 13-16). Each group analyzes the material studied and presents it to the team.

Let's think together! (to consolidate the material, we answer the questions of cubes No. 15-16 of side No. 3 together):

-Why can’t you add the particle “Xia” to the class name? (then the name would take on a different meaning - the animals themselves feed on milk);

-Why do animals sleep curled up in a ball? (for less heat transfer);

-Why is shooting of animals allowed in winter? (more valuable fur, no shedding);

-What is the smell of dog? (combustion of sebaceous secretions on the fur of a mammal due to body heat);

-How many mammary glands develop in animals? (by the number of cubs) (impressions of children from S. Mikhalkov’s book “from 2 to 5”: “A little girl washes in the bathhouse with her mother, looking at her carefully. After being silent for a while, she asks her mother: “Mommy, don’t you only have 2 breasts?" “Yes,” the mother answers, smiling. After thinking, the girl says: “Strange, but I thought it was like our cat’s, eight pieces in 2 rows”);

-Why are fat animals nervous and irritable? (this question is assigned to students for homework).

Let's check it in practice - report of students completing research projects for the study of mammals(side cubes No. 4).

Project topics: 1. “We took a dog into the house” (examination of the dog’s fur, whiskers, behavior and habits when executing commands, slide 17).

2. “Ruminants” (observation of cows, horses, goats during feeding. Study of the diversity of ungulates in Kazan, slide 18).

3. “My cat” (observation of cat behavior during pregnancy, caring for offspring, behavior of kittens, slides 19 - 25, mini-presentation).

4. “Mastering imitation in monkeys as evidence of mental development” ( research work“On the imitation of primates to humans and the development of the “candy” and “drink” gestures”, slide 26.)

Application of new concepts, methods of action:

- application of knowledge about the structure of mammals in the field of animal ecology, correspondence of the external structure with the habitat (side No. 5)

- what phenomenon allowed mammals to populate all living environments? (fitness)

- students are again divided into groups to recall from the ecology course the signs of the external structure of various ecological groups of animals (slides 27-28):

Group 1 characterizes chtonobionts and edaphobionts;

Group 2 determines the characteristics of jumping and avionics;

Group 3 characterizes dendrobionts and hydrobionts.

At the end of all characteristics, students fail general conclusion about the adaptations of mammals to different conditions existence and living environments.

let's consolidate knowledge (reflection) (side No. 6, slide 29)

Choose the correct statements:

-mammals are the highest warm-blooded vertebrates.

-the external structure of mammals does not depend on their habitat.

-The skin of mammals is elastic, durable, and has hair.

-caring for offspring is especially pronounced in animals that give birth to helpless young.

-The life of mammals does not depend on the seasons of the year.

-The embryo develops outside the mother's body.

-mammals move on the ground, underground, through trees, in water, in the air.

-aquatic mammals evolved from land ancestors.

-horny formations of the skin can change.

-there are many mammary glands; they develop regardless of the number of babies.

-mammals react to loud sounds with their whole body.

- the limbs of mammals can be modified or lost completely.

-mammal fur protects against temperature changes.

- the tail serves as a rudder or support.

-animals have populated all living environments on the planet

Checking and assessing student answers (slide 30): 13-15 correct answers - grade “5”, 9-12 correct answers - grade “4”, 6-8 correct answers - grade “3”, below 6 – worth working hard again Houses.

mystery animal : Determine the signs by which Cheburashka can be classified as a mammal?

Homework: Work through last question cube No. 16, sides No. 3

Slide 2

Topic: Habitat and external structure of mammals

The purpose of the lesson: to give a general description of animals of the class Mammals, to reveal the features of their external structure in connection with their habitat. Show similarities and differences in the external structure of mammals, birds and reptiles.

Slide 3

Which of these animals belong to the group of mammals and are called animals?

Platypus Horse Porcupine Dolphins Bat Armadillo

Slide 4

Mammals also vary in size.

The smallest animal is the baby shrew - has a body weighing 2 grams: The largest animal that has ever lived on Earth - the blue whale - has a body weighing 130 tons. The blue whale is 65 million times heavier than the shrew!

Slide 5

Lifestyle and behavior of animals.

In a platypus, a baby hatches from eggs: \\ A baby kangaroo is born underdeveloped: Newborn foals can follow their mother: Kittens that are born are completely helpless:

Slide 6

Lifestyle and behavior of animals:

Many animals are awake all year round: And some spend almost six months in hibernation:

Slide 7

Complete the task based on your existing knowledge:

1. Remember what types of living environments exist on Earth. Write their names. 2. Distribute the following animals by habitat: brown bear, saiga, mole, dolphin, elk, bat, whale, camel, hippopotamus.

Slide 8

Mammals have currently mastered different habitats:

Ground-air Air Soil Water Ground-water

Slide 9

Ecological groups of mammals:

Aquatic and semi-aquatic mammals have a streamlined body shape or webbed feet:

Slide 10

Ungulates living in open areas have high slender legs, a dense body, and a long, mobile neck:

Slide 11

Thanks to a variety of adaptations and widespread use of food resources, mammals have gained a dominant position in the animal world.

Slide 12

Assignment: Study the features of the external structure of mammals using the textbook text (§ 63, paragraph 2) and answer the questions:

What divisions are there in the body of mammals? What organs are located on the head and body of mammals? What are the features of the arrangement of limbs in mammals? What is the body of mammals covered with?

Slide 13

Slide 14

Arrangement of limbs of reptiles and mammals:

Slide 15

The structure of mammalian skin:

Slide 16

The kinship of mammals, reptiles and birds is indicated by the presence of horny scales on their bodies:

Slide 17

The horny formations of mammalian skin include:

Horns: Hooves: 3. Claws: 4. Nails:

Slide 18

The structure of mammalian skin:

Slide 19

When a dog is hot, he sticks out his tongue

Slide 20

Cooling of the body of a hare and an elephant occurs thanks to large ears:

Slide 21

On the ventral side of the body, and in some animals on the sides (nutria, beavers) there are mammary glands. They produce milk - complete food for the cubs:

Slide 22

Looking at the photograph, determine which sense organs are developed in mammals.

Slide 23

Consolidation of what has been learned:

In the fairy tale “The Little Humpbacked Horse” there is a phrase: “Miracle Yudo fish whale.” What is biologically incorrect about this phrase? What organs do mammals have on their heads that are not found in fish, amphibians, reptiles, or birds? It was a hot day. I'm very tired. We walked slowly, but my dog was breathing rapidly, sticking out his tongue. What happened to her? Why does an elephant have big ears? Fox, polar bear, sable have thick fur that protects the body from low temperatures. And walruses, whales and seals living in northern latitudes are deprived of such fur. How do they escape the cold? The armadillo has two front legs, two back legs, two left legs and two right legs. How many legs does an armadillo have?

Slide 24

Homework:

Learn § 63 Repeat the general outline of the structure of the nervous system of vertebrates, the structure of the brain of birds and reptiles. Repeat definitions: reflex, instinct.

View all slides

Topic: “General characteristics of mammals. Living environments, external structure and habitats.”

Objective of the lesson: note the progressive features of the organization of Mammals, which allowed them to occupy all the main habitats.

Tasks:

Educational:

Study the general features of the class mammals;

To develop knowledge of the external structure of mammals and their habitats.

Educational:

To recall and consolidate students’ knowledge about the ecological features of various groups of mammals;

Educators:

Continue the ability to work in a group

Develop a sense of collectivism and community, aesthetic perception of the world around us.

Equipment: presentation.

Lesson type: combined.

Teaching methods: problem-based.

Forms of organization educational process: work in pairs, frontal

Progress of the lesson.

Org. moment.

The bell rang

The lesson begins.

Our ears are on top of our heads.

We open our eyes wider,

We listen and remember.

We don't waste a minute.

The cheerful bell rang.

We are ready to start the lesson.

Let's listen, talk,

And help each other.

Checking d/z

Look at photographs of animals. slide

What two classes can animals be divided into?

Based on what external signs did you classify these animals as reptiles and birds?

Updating knowledge. (Statement of a problematic question).

Teacher shows illustrations various representatives class of Mammals and makes riddles on the slide

Me, friends, underground dweller

I'm a digger and a builder

I'm digging, digging, digging,

I'm building corridors everywhere,

And then I'll build a house

And I live peacefully in it.

There is a lot of power in him,

He is almost as tall as a house.

He has a huge nose, like a nose

I grew up a thousand years ago.

Touching the grass with hooves,

A handsome man walks through the forest,

Walks boldly and easily

Horns spread wide

In summer he wanders without a road

Between pines and birches,

And in winter he sleeps in a den,

Hiding your nose from the frost.

(Bear)

Get into the habit of going into the poultry house -

Red tail

Covers his tracks

What class do you think these animals belong to?

(All these animals belong to the class Mammals)

What associations do you have with the word “mammals”?

They feed on milk, highly organized animals, covered with hair, warm-blooded, these include animals.

Right. Where can you find mammals?

In water, on land, in the air, in caves, at the North Pole.

Let's formulate the topic of the lesson.

Today in the lesson we will get acquainted with animals of the Mammal class.

2. Statement of the problematic question: What progressive features of the organization of mammals allowed them to occupy all the main habitats? In order to answer the problematic question, it is necessary to study the general characteristics of the class of Mammals.

Open your notebooks, write down the date and topic of the lesson.

3. Learning new material

Open the textbook article on page 244, find and read the definition of who are mammals?

Mammals are chordates, warm-blooded animals that feed their newborns with their milk.

Let's try to give a general description of the class of Mammals.

About 5 thousand species.

Warm-blooded animals, fur.

Viviparity.

Feeding the young with milk.

Large brain (the anterior hemispheres are well developed).

Varied and complex behavior.

They have various adaptations to living conditions.

Differentiation of teeth.

Presence of an external ear.

Presence of various glands.

Now you and I can answer the problematic question

Conclusion: The progressive structural features of Mammals allowed them to occupy all the main living environments.

And now we will try together to find the answer to the question: What are the features of the external structure of mammals? Slide

Appearance and the sizes are very diverse: from 4 cm (dwarf shrew from insectivores), to 33 m with a mass of 150 tons (blue whale) slide

The body of mammals has the same sections as other terrestrial vertebrates: head, neck, torso, tail and two pairs of limbs. Slide

The legs are not located on the sides, as in amphibians and reptiles, but under the body. Therefore, the body is raised above the ground. This expands the possibilities of using limbs. Slide

In the structure of the head, the facial and brain sections are clearly distinguishable. In front is the mouth, surrounded by soft lips. At the end of the muzzle there is a nose covered with bare skin with a pair of nasal openings. On the front sides of the head are the eyes, protected by movable eyelids, along the outer edges of which there are long eyelashes. The lacrimal glands are well developed, the secretion of which washes the eyes and has a bactericidal effect. Closer to the back of the head, above the eyes, on the sides of the head, large ears protrude, which turn towards the sound source and allow it to be directed towards the sound.

Among the animals known:

Plantigrade

Digititating

Jumping

Tree climbers

Flying

Floating.

Aquatic (dolphin, fur seal, killer whale)

Ground - air (bat, fox)

Soil (mole, mole rat), and

Habitats: Slide

Ground

Woody

Underground

Air

Nutrition methods on slide

- Most mammals have developed fur, which protects them from sudden temperature changes - from cooling and overheating, protects them from mechanical damage, and gives a protective coloring. IN wool differentiate between stiffer and longer ones guard hairs and short soft hairs forming undercoat. Long and coarse hair located on the muzzle and performing a tactile function is called vibrissae. Slide. Animals shed periodically according to the seasons: the thickness and color of their fur changes. In winter, the fur is thicker, and in animals living on snow cover it becomes white. In summer, the coat is thinner and colored in protective dark tones.

The lower end of each hair is immersed in the skin, around it there is hair follicle, small muscles fit into it, so the hair can rise like a scared cat or a barking dog. At the base of the hair are sebaceous glands. Their secretion lubricates the coat, giving it elasticity, reducing the wettability and stickiness of the coat.

Mammals and reptiles are related. Which? Open your textbook to page 246 and find the answer. Slide

There are many glands in the skin of a mammal. Slide

Fill out the table slide

Consolidation

Complete the text about the external structure of mammals.

Students work independently. The tasks are completed on pieces of paper. Then a test is carried out, the children read out the texts.

The body of mammals is covered with ________________. There are _________, ________, _____________ on the head. The legs are located under _________________. Unlike other vertebrates, mammalian eyes have eyelids with ___________, and ears have outer ___________. Mammals feed their young _________________.

If you have time, work on the slides

Homework Slide