1. As a rule, are isolated(separated by a comma, and in the middle of the sentence they are separated by commas on both sides) agreed common definitions, expressed by a participle or an adjective with words dependent on them and standing after the word being defined.

For example: A dirty city downpour struck, mixed with dust (B. Past.) ; Anton Pavlovich Chekhov, crossed Siberia on horseback at the end of the last century on a trip to Sakhalin, missed you all the way to the Yenisei(Spread); Master, dozing on the grass, stood up and nodded(Hall.); In the rough grass similar to goat hair, low purple flowers bloomed between the low wormwoods(Color.); Dust, pink from the sparkle of lightning, rushed along the ground(Paust.); loose clouds, soaked in dark water, rushed low over the sea(Paust.).

2. Participles and adjectives with dependent words that come after indefinite pronoun, are usually not isolated, since they form one whole with the preceding pronoun.

For example: Her big eyes, filled with inexplicable sadness, seemed to be searching in my something like hope (Lermontov).

But if the semantic connection between the pronoun and the definition that follows it is less close and a pause is made when reading after the pronoun, then isolation is possible.

For example: And someone sweaty and out of breath, runs from store to store... (V. Panova)

3. Definitive, demonstrative and possessive pronouns are not separated by a comma from the participial phrase that follows them, but are closely adjacent to it.

For example: IN everything published in the book factual data has been verified by the author; IN this forgotten by people I rested in the corner all summer; Your handwritten the lines were hard to read.

But if the attributive pronoun is substantivized or if participle phrase has the character of clarification or explanation, then the definition is isolated.

For example: All, railway related, is still covered in the poetry of travel for me(Paustovsky); I wanted to distinguish myself before this, dear to me, human...(Bitter).

Often sentences with agreed upon definitions allow for variations in punctuation.

Compare: That middle one plays better than the others (That– definition for a substantivized word average). – That one, the middle one, plays better than others(substantivized word That– subject, with it a separate definition average ).

The common definition is not separated by a comma from the preceding negative pronoun.

For example: Nobody qualified for the Olympics did not solve the last problem; Can't compare to these dishes nothing served under the same name in vaunted taverns (although such designs are very rare).

4. Two or more consistent single definitions are separated, standing after the noun being defined, if the latter is preceded by another definition.

For example: . ..Favorite faces, dead and alive, come to mind...(Turgenev); ...Long clouds, red and purple, guarded him[sun] peace...(Chekhov).

In the absence of a previous definition, two subsequent single definitions are separated or not, depending on the author's intonation and semantic load, as well as their location (definitions that stand between the subject and the predicate are separated).

Compare:

1) ...I especially liked the eyes, big and sad (Turgenev); And the Cossacks, both on foot and on horseback, set out on three roads to three gates(Gogol); Mother, sad and anxious, sat on a thick knot and was silent...(Gladkov);

2) Under this thick gray overcoat my heart was beating passionate and noble (Lermontov); I walked along a clean, smooth path, but didn’t follow(Yesenin); He moved his bow across the old gypsy violin lean and gray (Marshak).

5. The agreed single (non-extended) definition is isolated:

1) if it carries a significant semantic load and in meaning can be equated to a subordinate clause.

For example: The caretaker, sleepy, appeared at his cry.(Turgenev);

2) if it has additional circumstantial meaning.

For example: To a young man, to a lover, it’s impossible not to spill the beans, but I confessed everything to Rudin(Turgenev) (Compare: “ if he's in love»); Lyubochka's veil clings again, and two young ladies, excited, run up to her(Chekhov);

3) if the definition is torn off in the text from the noun being defined.

For example: Their eyes closed and, half-closed, they also smiled(Turgenev);

4) if the definition has a clarifying meaning.

For example: And after five minutes it was already pouring heavy rain, cover(Chekhov).

6. Consistent common or single definitions standing immediately before the defined noun are separated if they have an additional adverbial meaning (causal, conditional, concessional, temporary).

For example: Accompanied by an officer, the commandant entered the house(Pushkin); Stunned by the blow of a cargo fist, At first Bulanin staggered in place, not understanding anything.(Kuprin); Tired to the last degree, the climbers could not continue their ascent; Left to our own devices, children will find themselves in a difficult situation; Wide, free, the alley leads into the distance(Bryusov); Disheveled, unwashed, Nezhdanov looked wild and strange(Turgenev); Well aware of the real village life , Bunin literally flew into a rage at the far-fetched, unreliable portrayal of the people.(L. Krutikova); Tired of mom's cleanliness, the guys learned to be cunning(V. Panova); Confused, Mironov bowed to his back(Bitter).

7. An agreed common or single definition is isolated if it is separated from the defined noun by other members of the sentence (regardless of whether the definition is located before or after the word being defined).

For example: And again, cut off from tanks by fire, infantry lay down on a bare slope...(Sholokhov); Spread out on the grass, well-deserved shirts and pants were drying...(V. Panova); Over the noise, they did not immediately hear a knock on the window - persistent, solid (Fedin) (several separate definitions, often at the end of a sentence, can be separated by a dash).

8. Agreed definitions relating to the personal pronoun are isolated, regardless of the degree of prevalence and location of the definition.

For example: Lulled by sweet hopes, he slept soundly(Chekhov); He turned and left, and I, confused, remained next to the girl in the empty hot steppe(Paustovsky); From him, the jealous one, locked in the room, you made me lazy, kind words remember(Simonov).

Definitions for personal pronouns are not separated:

a) if the definition is meaningfully and grammatically connected with both the subject and the predicate.

For example: We went away happy with their evening (Lermontov); He's coming out of the back rooms already completely upset.... (Goncharov); To the hut we arrived soaked through (Paustovsky); She came home upset, but not discouraged(G Nikolaeva);

b) if the definition is in the form accusative case (this construction, with a hint of obsolescence, can be replaced by a modern construction with the instrumental case).

For example: I found him ready to hit the road(Pushkin) (compare " found it ready...»); And then he saw him lying on a hard bed in the poor neighbor's house(Lermontov); See also: And when she’s drunk, the police hit her on the cheeks(Bitter);

c) in exclamatory sentences like: Oh, you're cute! Oh, I'm clueless!

9. Inconsistent definitions expressed by indirect cases of nouns(usually with a preposition) V artistic speech are usually isolated if the meaning they express is emphasized.

For example: Officers, in new frock coats, white gloves and shiny epaulets, paraded through the streets and boulevards(L. Tolstoy); Some kind of plump woman, with rolled up sleeves and raised apron, stood in the middle of the yard...(Chekhov); Five, without frock coats, in only vests, played...(Goncharov).

In a neutral style of speech, there is a steady tendency towards the absence of isolation of such definitions.

For example: Teenagers in knitted hats and down jackets- permanent inhabitants of underground passages.

Inconsistent definitions can also appear before the noun being defined.

For example: In a white tie, in a smart overcoat, with a string of stars and crosses on a gold chain in the loop of his tailcoat., the general was returning from lunch, alone(Turgenev).

Usually similar inconsistent definitions are isolated (the isolation of inconsistent definitions in all of the following cases is influenced by their location):

a) if they refer to your own name.

For example: Sasha Berezhnova, in a silk dress, with a cap on the back of her head and a shawl, sitting on the sofa(Goncharov); Elizaveta Kievna never left my memory, with red hands, in a man's dress, with a pitiful smile and meek eyes(A.N. Tolstoy); Light brown, with a curly head, without a hat and with his shirt unbuttoned on his chest, Dymov seemed beautiful and extraordinary(Chekhov);

b) if they refer to a personal pronoun.

For example: I'm surprised that you, with your kindness, don't feel it(L. Tolstoy); ...Today she, in the new blue hood, was especially young and impressively beautiful(Bitter);

c) if separated from the defined word by any other members of the sentence.

For example: After dessert everyone moved to the buffet, where in a black dress, with a black mesh on her head, Caroline sat and watched with a smile as they looked at her(Goncharov) (regardless of whether the word being defined is expressed by a proper or common noun); On his ruddy face, with direct big nose , bluish eyes shone sternly(Bitter);

d) if they form a series homogeneous members with preceding or following separate agreed upon definitions.

For example: I saw a man wet, in rags, with a long beard (Turgenev); With bony shoulder blades, with a lump under his eye, bent over and clearly afraid of the water, he was a funny figure(Chekhov) (regardless of what part of speech the word being defined is expressed in).

Inconsistent definitions are often identified when naming persons according to degree of relationship, profession, position held etc., since due to the significant specificity of such nouns, the definition serves the purpose of an additional message.

For example: Grandfather, in grandma's katsaveyka, in an old cap without a visor, squints, smiles at something(Bitter); Headman, in boots and a saddle-backed coat, with tags in hand, noticing the priest from afar, he took off his red hat(L. Tolstoy).

Isolation of an inconsistent definition can serve as a means of deliberately separating a given phrase from a neighboring predicate, to which it could be related in meaning and syntactically, and attributing it to the subject.

For example: Women, with a long rake in his hands, wandering into the field(Turgenev); Painter, V drunk , drank a glass of lacquer instead of beer(Bitter).

Compare also: ...It seemed to Mercury Avdeevich that the stars were growing in the sky and the entire yard, with its buildings, rose and walked silently towards the sky(Fedin) (without isolation, combination with buildings would not play the role of definition).

10. Inconsistent definitions are isolated, expressed in turnover with the comparative form of an adjective if the noun being modifiable is usually preceded by an agreed modifier.

For example: Strength, stronger than his will, threw him out of there(Turgenev); Short beard slightly darker than hair, slightly shaded the lips and chin(A.K. Tolstoy); Another room almost twice as much, was called the hall...(Chekhov).

In the absence of a previous agreed definition, the inconsistent definition expressed comparative degree adjective, is not isolated.

For example: But at other times there was no more active person than him(Turgenev).

11. Inconsistent definitions, expressed by the indefinite form of the verb, are isolated and separated with the help of a dash, before which the words “namely” can be placed without prejudice to the meaning.

For example: ...I came to you with pure motives, with the only desire - to do good!(Chekhov); But this lot is beautiful - shine and die (Bryusov).

If such a definition is in the middle of a sentence, then it is highlighted with a dash on both sides.

For example: . ..Each of them solved this issue - leave or stay- for yourself, for your loved ones(Ketlinskaya).

But if, according to the context, there must be a comma after the definition, then the second dash is usually omitted.

For example: Since there was only one choice left - lose the army and Moscow or Moscow alone, then the field marshal had to choose the latter(L. Tolstoy).

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If people did not decorate their speech with additional definitions or clarifying circumstances, it would be uninteresting and dull. The entire population of the planet would speak in business or official style, there would be no fiction books, and fairy-tale characters would not be waiting for children before bed.

It is the isolated definition found in it that colors speech. Examples can be found in simple colloquial speech, and in fiction.

Definition concept

A definition is part of a sentence and describes a feature of an object. It answers the questions “what, s, s?”, defining the object or “whose, s, s?”, indicating its belonging to someone.

Most often, adjectives perform the defining function, for example:

• kind (what?) heart;
• gold (what?) nugget;
• bright (what?) appearance;
• old (what?) friends.

In addition to adjectives, pronouns can be definitions in a sentence, indicating that an object belongs to a person:

• the boy took (whose?) his briefcase;
• Mom irons (whose?) her blouse;
• my brother sent (whose?) my friends home;
• father watered (whose?) my tree.

In a sentence, the definition is underlined by a wavy line and always refers to the subject expressed by a noun or other part of speech. This part of a sentence can consist of one word or be combined with other words dependent on it. In this case, these are sentences with separate definitions. Examples:

• "Joyful, she announced the news." In this sentence, the single adjective is isolated.
• “The garden, overgrown with weeds, was in a deplorable state.” A separate definition is the participial phrase.

• “Satisfied with her son’s success, my mother secretly wiped away her tears of joy.” Here, an adjective with dependent words is a separate definition.

Examples in the sentence show that different parts of speech can be a definition of the quality of an object or its belonging.

Separate definitions

Definitions that give additional information about the item or clarifying its belonging to any person. The meaning of the sentence will not change if a separate definition is removed from the text. Examples:

• “Mom carried the child, who had fallen asleep on the floor, into his crib” - “Mom carried the child into his crib.”

• "Excited about her first performance, the girl closed her eyes before going on stage" - "The girl closed her eyes before going on stage."

As you can see, sentences with separate definitions, examples of which are given above, sound more interesting, since additional explanation conveys the state of the object.

Separate definitions can be consistent or inconsistent.

Agreed Definitions

Definitions that agree with the word whose quality is determined in case, gender and number are called consistent. In the proposal they can be presented:

• adjective - a (what?) yellow leaf fell from a tree;
• pronoun – (whose?) my dog ​​got off the leash;
• numeral - give him (what?) a second chance;
• communion - in the front garden one could see (what?) green grass.

A separate definition has the same properties in relation to the word being defined. Examples:

• “Briefly said (what?), his speech made an impression on everyone.” The participle “said” is in feminine, singular, nominative case, like the word “speech” that it defines.
• “We went out into the street (which one?), still wet from the rain.” The adjective “wet” has the same number, gender and case as the word it defines, “street”.
• “People (what kind?), joyful from the upcoming meeting with the actors, entered the theater.” Since the word being defined is in plural and the nominative case, then the definition agrees with it in this.

A separate agreed definition (examples have shown this) can appear either before or after the word being defined, or in the middle of a sentence.

Inconsistent definition

When the definition does not change in gender and number according to the main word, it is inconsistent. They are associated with the defined word in 2 ways:

1. Adjunction is a combination of stable word forms or an unchangeable part of speech. For example: “He likes (what kind of) soft-boiled eggs.”
2. Control is the setting of the definition in the case required by the word being defined. They often indicate a feature based on the material, the purpose or location of the item. For example: “the girl sat on a chair (what?) made of wood.”

Several parts of speech may express inconsistent separate definitions. Examples:

• A noun in the instrumental or prepositional case with the prepositions “s” or “in”. Nouns can be either single or with dependent words - Asya met Olya (which one?) after the exam, in chalk, but pleased with the grade. (“in chalk” is an inconsistent definition expressed by a noun in the prepositional case).
• Verb in indefinite form, answering the question “what?”, “what to do?”, “what to do?”. There was only one in Natasha's life great joy(which one?) – give birth to a child.
• Comparative degree of adjective with dependent words. From afar we noticed a friend in a dress (what?), brighter than she usually wears.

Each separate definition, examples confirm this, may differ in its structure.

Definition structure

According to their structure, definitions can consist of:

• from single word, for example, a delighted grandfather;
• adjective or participle with dependent words - grandfather, delighted with the news;
• from several separate definitions - a grandfather, delighted with the news he told.

The isolation of definitions depends on which defined word they refer to and where exactly they are located. Most often they are distinguished by intonation and commas, less often by dashes (for example, the greatest success (which one?) is to hit the jackpot in the lottery).

Separating the participle

The most popular isolated definition, examples of which occur most often, is a single participle (participial phrase). With this type of definition, commas are placed if it comes after the word that defines.

• The girl (what?), frightened, silently walked forward. IN in this example The participle defines the state of the object and comes after it, therefore it is separated by commas on both sides.
• The painting (which one?), painted in Italy, became his favorite creation. Here, the participle with a dependent word highlights the object and stands after the word being defined, therefore it is also separated by commas.

If the participle or participial phrase comes before the word being defined, then punctuation marks are not placed:

• The frightened girl silently walked forward.
• The painting, painted in Italy, became his favorite creation.

You should know about the formation of participles in order to use such a separate definition. Examples, suffixes in the formation of participles:

• when creating a real participle in the present. tense from the verb of the 1st conjugation, the suffix is ​​written – ush – yusch (thinks – thinking, write – writers);
• when created in the present day. tense of the active participle 2 sp., use –ash-yasch (smoke – smoking, sting – stinging);
• in the past tense active participles are formed using the suffix -vsh (wrote - wrote, spoke - spoke);
• Passive participles are created with the addition of the suffixes -nn-enn in the past tense (invented - invented, offended - offended) and -em, -om-im and -t in the present (led - led, loved - loved).

In addition to the participle, the adjective is just as common.

Isolation of an adjective

Single or dependent adjectives are distinguished in the same way as participles. If a separate definition (examples and rules are similar to a participle) appears after the word being defined, then a comma is placed, but if before, then not.

• The morning, gray and foggy, was not conducive to a walk. (The gray and foggy morning was not conducive to a walk).

• An angry mother can remain silent for several hours. (An angry mother can remain silent for several hours).

Isolation with a defined personal pronoun

When a participle or adjective refers to a pronoun, they are separated by a comma, regardless of where they are located:

• Frustrated, she went into the yard.
• They, tired, went straight to bed.
• He, red with embarrassment, kissed her hand.

When the word being defined is shared by other words, a separate definition (examples from fiction this is demonstrated) is also separated by commas. For example, “Suddenly the whole steppe shook and, engulfed in a dazzling blue light, expanded (M. Gorky).

Other definitions

A separate definition (examples, rules below) can convey meaning by relationship or profession, then they are also separated by commas. For example:

• The professor, a handsome young man, looked at his new applicants.

• Mom, in her usual robe and apron, has not changed at all this year.

In such constructions, isolated definitions carry additional messages about the object.

The rules seem complicated at first glance, but if you understand their logic and practice, the material will be well absorbed.

separate definitions are:

isolated definitions Members of a sentence that are distinguished by intonation and punctuation and serve as definitions. Separate definitions are: a) agreed upon and b) inconsistent. A. The isolation of agreed definitions depends on the degree of their prevalence, the place occupied in relation to the defined noun, and the morphological nature of the defined word. The following are distinguished: 1) a common definition, expressed by a participle or an adjective with words dependent on them and standing after the noun being defined. The slanting rain, driven by a strong wind, poured like buckets(L. Tolstoy). The mother pushed forward and looked up at her son, full of pride.(Bitter). Definitions of this type are not isolated if the defined noun itself in a given sentence does not lexically express the desired concept and needs a definition. Marya Dmitrievna assumed a dignified and somewhat offended look(Turgenev) (the combination took the form of having no complete meaning); 2) two uncommon definitions that appear after the noun being defined (usually if the noun atom is preceded by another definition). And the theater was besieged by a sea of ​​people, violent, energetic(N. Ostrovsky). Then spring came, bright and sunny(Bitter). But; A decrepit and gray-haired Lezghian sits on a stone between them(Lermontov) (in the absence of a prepositive definition, separation is not necessary); 3) a single postpositive definition, if it has an additional adverbial meaning (indicates a state, reason, etc.). Alyosha, thoughtful, went to his father(Dostoevsky). People, amazed, became like stones(Bitter); 4) a definition separated from the defined noun by other members of the sentence, which strengthens its semi-predicative role. Suddenly the entire steppe shook and, engulfed in a dazzling blue light, expanded(Bitter). And again, cut off from the tanks by fire, the infantry lay down on the bare slope(Sholokhov); 5) a definition standing immediately before the defined noun, if, in addition to the attributive meaning, it also has an adverbial meaning (causal, conditional, concessive, etc.). Captivated by the book, Tonya did not notice how someone climbed over the granite ledge(N. Ostrovsky). Stunned, the mother kept looking at Rybin(Bitter); 6) a definition related to a personal pronoun, due to their syntactic incompatibility, which does not allow the formation of a phrase. Unusually skinny, he ate an awful lot(Fadeev). She, poor thing, didn’t want to cut her hair(Soloukhin). B. The isolation of inconsistent definitions is associated with the degree of their prevalence (the volume of the group being isolated), their morphological expression, the lexical meaning of the word being defined, and the syntactic conditions of the context. 1) Definitions in the form of indirect cases of nouns (usually with prepositions) are isolated if they contain an additional message and express semi-predicative relations. A plump woman, with her sleeves rolled up and her apron raised, stood in the middle of the yard.(Chekhov). A jasmine bush, all white, wet with dew, was right next to the window(Bitter). Most often, inconsistent definitions expressed in the prepositional case form are isolated; a) when own name, since it, being the bearer of an individual name, in itself, as a rule, quite specifically designates a person or object, therefore, an indication of the characteristic has in this case the character of an additional message. Afanasy Lukich, without a hat, with disheveled hair, ran ahead of everyone(Turgenev). Styopka, with a jagged spoon in his hands, took his place in the smoke near the cauldron.(Chekhov); b) with personal pronouns, which, having very general meaning, are specified in context conditions. I'm surprised that you, with your kindness, don't feel it(L. Tolstoy); c) when naming persons by degree of relationship, profession, position, etc., since, thanks to the well-known definiteness of such nouns, the definition serves the purpose of an additional message. Dad, in a vest and with cuffs rolled up, placed his hands on a thick volume of an illustrated magazine(Fedin). Sotsky, with a healthy stick in his hand, stood behind him(Bitter); d) when combined as homogeneous members with separate agreed upon definitions. I saw a man, wet, in rags, with a long beard(Turgenev) ( Wed non-isolation of an inconsistent definition in the absence of a previous agreed definition: I saw a man with a long beard). 2) Usually, common inconsistent postpositive definitions expressed by the comparative degree of the adjective are isolated. A force stronger than his will threw him out of there(Turgenev). A short beard, slightly darker than the hair, slightly shaded the lips and chin(A.N. Tolstoy).

Dictionary-reference book of linguistic terms. Ed. 2nd. - M.: Enlightenment. Rosenthal D. E., Telenkova M. A.. 1976.

17. Separate definitions, circumstances and applications. General and specific conditions of separation.

Separation is the semantic and intonation highlighting of minor members of a sentence to give them greater independence in comparison with other members. Isolated members of a sentence contain an element of an additional message. The additional nature of the message is formed through semi-predicative relations, that is, the relationship of a separate component with the entire grammatical basis. An isolated component expresses an independent event. This is a generally polypropositive sentence.

The distinctions are different. There are separate definitions, circumstances and additions. The main members of the proposal are not isolated. Examples:

Separate definition: The boy, who had fallen asleep in an uncomfortable position right on the suitcase, shuddered.

Special circumstance: Sashka sat on the windowsill, fidgeting in place and swinging his legs.

Separate addition: I heard nothing except the ticking of the alarm clock.

Most often, definitions and circumstances are isolated. Isolated parts of a sentence are highlighted intonationally in oral speech, and punctuationally in written speech.

Separate definitions are divided into:

Agreed

inconsistent

The child, who had fallen asleep in my arms, suddenly woke up.

(agreed separate definition, expressed by participial phrase)

Lyoshka, in an old jacket, was no different from the village children.

(inconsistent isolated definition)

Agreed Definition

The agreed separate definition is expressed:

participial phrase: The child who was sleeping in my arms woke up.

two or more adjectives or participles: The child, well-fed and satisfied, quickly fell asleep.

Note:

A single agreed definition is also possible if the word being defined is a pronoun, for example:

He, full, quickly fell asleep.

Inconsistent definition

An inconsistent isolated definition is most often expressed by noun phrases and refers to pronouns or proper names. Examples: How could you, with your intelligence, not understand her intention?

An inconsistent isolated definition is possible both in the position after and in the position before the word being defined. If an inconsistent definition refers to a defined word expressed by a common noun, then it is isolated only in the position after it:

The guy in the baseball cap kept looking around.

Definition structure

The structure of the definition may vary. They differ:

single definition: excited girl;

two or three single definitions: girl, excited and happy;

a common definition expressed by the phrase: the girl, excited by the news she received,...

1. Single definitions are isolated regardless of the position relative to the word being defined, only if the word being defined is expressed by a pronoun: She, excited, could not sleep.(single isolated definition after the word being defined, expressed by a pronoun) Excited, she could not sleep.(single isolated definition before the word being defined, expressed by a pronoun)

2. Two or three single definitions are isolated if they appear after the word being defined, expressed by a noun: The girl, excited and happy, could not fall asleep for a long time.

If the defined word is expressed by a pronoun, then isolation is also possible in the position before the defined member: Excited and happy, she could not fall asleep for a long time.(isolation of several single definitions before the word being defined - pronoun)

3. A common definition expressed by a phrase is isolated if it refers to the defined word expressed by a noun and comes after it: The girl, excited by the news she received, could not fall asleep for a long time.(a separate definition, expressed by a participial phrase, comes after the word being defined, expressed by a noun). If the word being defined is expressed by a pronoun, then the common definition can be in a position either after or before the word being defined: Excited by the news she received, she could not sleep for a long time. She, excited by the news she received, could not sleep for a long time.

Separate definitions with additional adverbial meaning

Definitions preceding the word being defined are separated if they have additional adverbial meanings. These can be both common and single definitions, standing immediately before the defined noun, if they have an additional adverbial meaning (causal, conditional, concessional, etc.). In such cases, the attributive phrase is easily replaced by a subordinate clause of the reason with the conjunction because, subordinate clause conditions with conjunction If, subordinate assignment with conjunction Although. To check the presence of an adverbial meaning, you can use the replacement of the attributive phrase with a phrase with the word being: if such a replacement is possible, then the definition is separated. For example: Severely ill, the mother could not go to work.(additional meaning of reason) Even when she was sick, the mother went to work.(additional value of concession).

Thus, various factors are important for separation:

1) what part of speech the word being defined is expressed by, 2) what is the structure of the definition, 3) what is the definition expressed by, 4) does it express additional adverbial meanings.

Dedicated Applications

Application- This special kind definition expressed by a noun in the same number and case as the noun or pronoun that it defines: jumping dragonfly, beauty maiden. The application could be:

1) single: Teddy bear, the restless one, tormented everyone;

2) common: Mishka, a terrible fidget, tortured everyone.

An application, both single and widespread, is isolated if it refers to a defined word expressed by a pronoun, regardless of the position: both before and after the defined word:

He is an excellent doctor and helped me a lot.

Great doctor, he helped me a lot.

A common application is isolated if it appears after the defined word expressed by a noun:

My brother, an excellent doctor, treats our entire family.

A single non-widespread application is isolated if the word being defined is a noun with explanatory words: He saw his son, the baby, and immediately began to smile.

Any application is isolated if it appears after a proper name: Mishka, the neighbor's son, is a desperate tomboy.

An application expressed by a proper name is isolated if it serves to clarify or explain: And the neighbor’s son, Mishka, a desperate tomboy, started a fire in the attic.

The application is isolated in the position before the defined word - a proper name, if at the same time an additional adverbial meaning is expressed. The architect from God, Gaudi, could not conceive an ordinary cathedral.

(why? for what reason?)

Application with union How is isolated if the shade of the reason is expressed:

On the first day, as a beginner, everything turned out worse for me than for others.

Note:

Single applications that appear after the word being defined and are not distinguished by intonation during pronunciation are not isolated, because merge with it:

In the darkness of the entrance, I did not recognize Mishka the neighbor.

Note:

Separate applications can be punctuated not with a comma, but with a dash, which is placed if the application is especially emphasized by voice and is distinguished by a pause.

Soon New Year- children's favorite holiday.

What is a separate agreed common definition? Preferably expanded and with example(s)

Tamara

Anya Magomedova

The rule is long. In short, this is a participial turnover. Isolation is the placement of commas at the beginning and end of a turn. As a rule, common agreed definitions are isolated, expressed by a participle or an adjective with words dependent on them and standing after the noun being defined, for example: A cloud hanging over the high tops of poplars was already pouring rain (Cor.); Sciences alien to music were hateful to me (P.).

Explain what a non-separate agreed common definition is?

Preferably with examples in sentences.

Definition - a minor member of a sentence that answers the questions what/s/s? whose/whose/e/s? (which one? white)
Agreed definitions are associated with the word being defined according to the method of agreement, that is, they coincide in the forms of gender, number, case; when the form of the word being defined changes, the agreed definition similarly changes its form (what snow? white, what kind of snow? white)
A common definition consists of a phrase.
Consistent common definitions are not separated, i.e., not separated by commas:
1. standing before the noun being defined: /The snow that fell early in the morning/ had already melted by the evening. (what kind of snow? fell early in the morning)
2. standing after the defined noun, if the latter itself in a given sentence does not express the desired meaning and needs a definition: It is difficult to meet a person /more refined, calm and self-confident/. (what kind of person? more refined, calm and self-confident)
3. expressed in a complex comparative form or superlatives adjective: Messages /most urgent/ are published. (what messages? the most urgent)
4. included in the predicate: Savely stood /stern and trembling with anger/. (“he stood stern and trembling with anger” - predicate)
5. standing after indefinite pronouns (something, anything, etc.): I want to understand and express something /happening in me/ (what something? happening in me)

I.V. KHAZANOVA,
Moscow

Separating agreed definitions

Materials for the online lesson

The editors promised to acquaint our readers with the life of the Internet, in particular, with Russian language lessons. Today we are publishing the first such lesson, prepared by I.V. Khazanova, an employee of NIIRO (Research Institute for Educational Development) and a teacher at Lyceum No. 525.
For now, we are providing a version of the online lesson. It is clear that it will be presented in a different form on the Internet, since this interactive lesson, in which the next step is based on the answers to previous questions.

Definitions. Separate members of the proposal These are the secondary members that stand out in meaning and intonation. They contain an element of additional message, therefore they are logically emphasized and acquire some syntactic independence as part of a sentence. On the letter separate members separated by commas or dashes.

Agreed Definitions expressed by adjectives, participles and other agreeable words.

SEPARATION OF COMMON AGREED DEFINITIONS

The common consensus definition stands out in any position in relation to the word being defined, if it refers to personal pronoun .

She, supported by colleagues, spoke at the meeting.
Supported by colleaguesshe spoke at the meeting.

A common agreed upon definition referring to to noun, is isolated in position after defined word.

Painting, drawn by a famous artist, was in the museum.
Painted by a famous artistpainting was in the museum.

Consistent common and single definitions related to common and proper nouns are isolated if they are torn off from the word being defined, i.e. remotely located.

Right in front of the windows bright and persistent, threw rays to every passerby flashlight.
Narrow and transparent, appears in the sky month.

Test yourself

A. For the highlighted words, select common agreed definitions from the list; add commas where necessary.

1. Comments to the event... do not correspond to the truth. 2. He... I didn’t want to do anything myself. 3. ... boy asked for forgiveness from my parents. 4. Wall...looked strange. 5. Island... was now hiding in the fog. 6. Serves well for hunting gun... 7. ...he was always responsible for all the cool pranks. 8. ...she I hurried to tell my relatives everything.

Distributed in the press, delighted with the news, spoiled by the servants, red with shame, first on the list, painted oil paint, located near the shore, tested over the years(gender, case, number can be changed).

B. Place punctuation marks. In what case is the definition not highlighted?

1. Tired of the windy light (1) he falls in love with a spontaneous, innocent girl with the love of his brother (P. Weil, A. Genis).
2. Finally, the procurator heard both the long-awaited steps and splashing on the stairs (2) leading to the upper platform of the garden (3) in front of the balcony (M. Bulgakov).
3. Between two marble lions, first a hooded head appeared, and then a completely wet man (4) in a cloak clinging to his body (5) (M. Bulgakov).
4. Shocked by all this (6), the accountant reached the secretarial room (7), which was the entrance to the office of the chairman of the commission, and here he was completely amazed (M. Bulgakov).

Answer: (4), (5), (6) .

SEPARATION OF NON-DISTRIBUTED AGREED DEFINITIONS

Single agreed definitions (one, two or more) are isolated in any position if they refer to a personal pronoun.
Two (or more) agreed upon definitions are separated if they come after a defined noun, which usually already has a definition.

1. After tedious roads, rocky, broken, dusty, everyone happily went to wash.
2. Excited, He scared us with his stories.
3. He, excited, scared us with his stories.
4. Bright, picturesquesunset it was already burning out.

Two (or more) agreed definitions are not separated if they appear before the noun being defined.

Test yourself

For the highlighted words, select definitions from the list; Place commas where necessary (gender, number, case can be changed).

1. His look eye... amazed everyone present. 2. ... it stood out among the green young trees. 3. Babushkin cup... caught our attention. 4. River...was captured in his landscape.

Deep, calm, majestic; tall, narrow, patterned; old, rotten, rotten; cheerful, mischievous, laughing.

Agreed definitions placed before the word being defined are separated if they have additional adverbial meanings.

What additional meaning do these agreed upon definitions have?

1. Forcibly attached to a new home, Ivan almost threw up his hands at the woman’s swagger and silently pointed his finger at his pajamas made of a crimson flannel jacket (M. Bulgakov).
2. Cheerful and cheerful by nature, the boy never communicated with his peers, but only with his older comrades.
3. Tired of pessimistic observations and heat, the commissioner returned to the ship dejected.

1 – conditions, 2 – concessions, 3 – reasons.

Test yourself

Select from the examples those that correspond this rule, and add commas.

1. She looks: forgotten in the hall / The billiard cue was resting (A. Pushkin).
2. The Swedish dynasty, founded by a glorious warrior, is one of the most glorious in the world.
3. I came two weeks later and was received by some girl with her eyes slanted towards her nose from constant lies. (M. Bulgakov).
4. Grinev, alien to the art of war, did not suspect that the fate of the campaign was being decided at that moment.
5. The guests, alarmed by these rumors, decided to leave immediately.
6. Exhausted by long idleness behind the mirrored doors of the entrance, the doorman put his whole soul into whistling... (M. Bulgakov).

Answer options:

1, 3, 4, 6;
1, 2, 5;
2, 4, 5, 6 .

This lesson examines cases of separating agreed definitions. They are found more often than others in students' written work, and it makes sense to study this material first. Independent work on the analysis of sentences and the formulation of isolation conditions helps to better understand and assimilate the material. To consolidate the material, it is advisable to invite students to make sentences based on the given examples.
The theory of isolated members of a sentence was developed by A.M. Peshkovsky. He also introduced the term itself into scientific use.

Scientist and teacher Alexander Matveevich Peshkovsky (1878–1933) throughout his entire career scientific activity thought about the interaction between science and school. Main book of A.M. Peshkovsky “Russian syntax in scientific coverage” was first published in 1914 with the subtitle “Popular essay. A manual for self-education and school.” This essay by A.M. Peshkovsky wrote after eight years of work as a teacher in Moscow gymnasiums, trying to acquaint his students with the real scientific grammar of their native language. The book went through eight editions, the last one being published quite recently.

It is in this book that the scientist devotes an entire chapter to the theory of isolated members of a sentence.

Peshkovsky knew how to present serious scientific problems in a simple, lively and interesting manner. The scientist never tried to falsify linguistic facts for the sake of a beautifully invented theory and did not simplify linguistic reality.

For the school A.M. Peshkovsky wrote a book in three parts, “Our Language,” where he tries to teach children to observe language. For example, it provides text without spaces between words.

The cold winter has passed and the sun has grown longer, the sun is shining brightly and the sparrows are chirping cheerfully.

Questions and assignments are given for the text, for example: why is the story more difficult to read than others; will it be understandable reading; how many breaks need to be made in the story; what happens to the voice before the break, etc.
The author tries to lead the student to a conclusion about the role of intonation in speech.
In this way, Peshkovsky involved students in an active process of research and discovery.

Mastery Resources

1. His face had an expression quite pleasant, but roguish.
2. A young officer came in with a face dark and perfectly ugly.
3. I was sitting immersed in deep thought.
4. The moon hangs in the clear evening sky full, visible through the branches of the maple (M. Bulgakov).

At first glance, these examples contradict the rules. In such positions, definitions should be isolated, but if we put commas, the semantic relationships between words will be destroyed. What does it mean the face had an expression or officer with a face? Word face in such a context, it necessarily requires a definition - without it the result is absurd, therefore, in such cases it is impossible to separate the definition from the word being defined.
In the 3rd and 4th examples, the definitions are closely related in meaning to both the subject and the predicate, so we do not highlight them. So any rule must be used meaningfully, and not mechanically.

Preparing for the Unified State Exam

What numbers should be replaced by commas?

Illuminated by the light (1) incorrectly (2) and quiveringly burning (3), they seemed like a wild host of gnomes (4) surrounded by heavy (5) underground steam (6) in the darkness of the night (N. Gogol).

Answer options:

1, 2, 5, 6;
1, 3, 4, 5, 6;
1, 3, 4, 6;
3, 4.

Indicate a sentence with a punctuation error

(1) At the beginning of the 20th century, electric trams appeared in Russian cities.
(2) It is interesting that in the trams of those years the sound alarm was not electric, but manual. (3) During departure, the conductor of the trailer car pulled the rope that stretched to the bell mounted on the ceiling of the rear platform of the motor car. (4) The conductor of the motor car, hearing this signal, pulled his shorter rope, and the bell rang on the front platform. (5) Having heard him, the tram driver, in turn, pressed the bell with his foot, placed to the right of his seat, and only after all these chimes did the tram move off. (6) On the way, the carriage driver almost continuously rang his leg bell, warning oncoming horse-drawn transport and passers-by.
(7) Passengers standing in the carriage held on to soft leather loops attached to special sticks on both sides of the carriage (Ya.Rivosh).

Answer: 5.

Lesson summary

So, agreed common and non-common definitions are always separated if the word being defined is a personal pronoun.
If the word being defined is a noun, then the common definition that comes after it is always isolated.
Before a noun, the definition is isolated under the condition of an additional adverbial meaning.
Two (or more) agreed upon definitions are separated if they come after a defined noun, which usually already has a definition.

Lesson vocabulary

Punctuation
Punctuation marks
Dividing punctuation mark
Distinctive punctuation marks
Agreed Definition
Separate members of the sentence

Punctuation is a collection of rules for using punctuation marks.

Punctuation marks is a space, a period, a question mark and exclamation marks, ellipsis, comma, semicolon, colon, dash, parentheses.

Dividing punctuation mark– single, separates sentence members and parts of a complex sentence.

Distinctive punctuation marks– paired, they highlight sentence members that are given special syntactic significance. Distinctive punctuation marks can be single if the sentence begins or ends with separate members.

Agreed Definition- this is a definition in the same case, gender and number as the word being defined. The agreed definition can be expressed by a full adjective, participle, ordinal number, or pronoun-adjective.

Separate members of the sentence– those that stand out in meaning and intonation. They contain an element of additional message and are thus logically emphasized and acquire some syntactic independence as part of a sentence. In writing, isolated members are separated by commas or dashes.

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Separation(emphasis added by commas) agreed upon definitions depend on several factors:

a) from the part of speech of the defined (main) word;
b) from the position of the definition in relation to the defined (main) word - before the main word, after the main word;
c) from the presence of additional shades of meaning in the definition (adverbial, explanatory);
d) on the degree of distribution and method of expression of the definition.

Conditions for separating agreed definitions

A) The word being defined is a pronoun

1. Definitions that refer to personal pronouns ( I, you, we, you, he, she, it, they), are separated. The degree of distribution of the definition, the method of its expression (participle, adjective), position in relation to the main word usually do not play a role:

I , taught by experience, I will be more attentive to her. She's tired she fell silent and looked around. AND, tired of your happiness, He fell asleep immediately.

2. Definitions that refer to negative pronouns ( nobody, nothing), indefinite pronouns ( someone, something, someone, something), are usually not isolated, since they form a single whole with pronouns:

Can't compare to this novel nothing previously written by the author. There was a flash on his face something similar to a smile.

Notes.

1) With a less close connection, if there is a pause after an indefinite pronoun, the attributive phrase is isolated. For example: AND someone, sweaty and out of breath, runs from store to store(Panova).

2) Adjectives or participles with or without dependent words, associated with the attributive pronoun all, are not isolated if the adjective or participle acts as the main word, and the pronoun all acts as a dependent attribute. For example: Everyone late for the lecture stood in the corridor. (cf.: Late to the lecture stood in the corridor). If the main word is the pronoun all, and the attributive phrase explains or clarifies it, then such a phrase is isolated. For example: All , railway related, is still covered in the poetry of travel for me(cf.: All still filled with the poetry of travel for me).

B) The word being defined is a noun

1. A common definition (participle or adjective with dependent words), homogeneous single definitions are isolated if they appear after the noun being defined. Such definitions are usually not isolated if they appear before the noun being defined.

Wed: Glades, strewn with leaves, were full of sun. - Leaf-strewn meadows were full of sun; I especially liked eyes big and sad. - I especially liked big and sad eyes.

Notes.

1) Common and homogeneous single definitions that appear after a noun are not isolated if the noun needs a definition, if without this definition the statement does not have a complete meaning. In oral speech, it is these definitions that the logical emphasis falls on, and there is no pause between the defined word and the definition. For example: Instead of a cheerful life in St. Petersburg, boredom awaited me off to the side, deaf and distant (Pushkin). Somewhere in this world there is life pure, elegant, poetic (Chekhov).

2) A single adjective after a noun is usually not isolated. For example: To a young man the old man's worries are incomprehensible. A single definition can be isolated only if it has an additional adverbial meaning (it can be replaced with a subordinate clause with conjunctions if, when, because, although etc.). In oral speech, isolated single definitions are necessarily pronounced with pauses. For example: Young a person in love, it’s impossible not to spill the beans(Turgenev). - It is impossible for a young man, if he is in love, not to spill the beans; People, amazed, became like stones(M. Gorky). - People have become like stones, because they were amazed. However, such a selection is always the author’s (!).

2. Before the defined noun there is a common definition (participle or adjective with dependent words), homogeneous single definitions are isolated only if they have an additional adverbial meaning (you can ask questions about them Why? in spite of what? etc.; they can be replaced with adverbial ones subordinate clauses with unions because although etc.). In oral speech, such definitions are necessarily distinguished by pauses.

Wed: Always cheerful and lively, nurses Now they moved concentratedly and silently around Tanya (Cossacks). - Although the nurses were always cheerful and lively, now they moved concentratedly and silently around Tanya.

However, such separation is usually optional and not mandatory. And depending on the intonation (the presence of pauses or their absence), the same definition in the position before the main word - the noun will be isolated or not isolated.

Wed: Wounded in the head, scout couldn't crawl (Since the scout was wounded in the head, he couldn't crawl- pause after a noun to the head). - Scout wounded in the head couldn't crawl(pause after noun scout).

3. Common and single definitions are isolated if they are torn off from the defined noun by other members of the sentence (regardless of whether they are located before the main word or after it).

For example:

1. angry, gloomy, walked around the room(Chekhov). Homogeneous single definitions angry, gloomy refer to a noun Kashtanka and separated from it by predicates stretched, yawned.

2. To meet me clean and clear,, the sound of a bell came(Turgenev). Definitions clean and clear, as if washed by the morning coolness come before the defined noun sounds, but separated from it by other members of the sentence - the predicate brought.

Pay attention!

1) If a separate definition is in the middle of a sentence, then it is separated by commas on both sides.

Glades, strewn with leaves, were full of sun.

2) Determinative phrase coming after coordinating conjunction (and, or, a, but etc.), but not related to it, is separated by a comma from the conjunction according to the general rule.

Kashtanka stretched, yawned and, angry, gloomy, walked around the room.

Union and binds homogeneous predicates and has nothing to do with separate definitions. Definitions can be removed, but the union can be retained: Kashtanka stretched, yawned and walked around the room. Therefore, a comma is placed after the conjunction and.

But a comma is not placed between the conjunction (usually the conjunction a) and the attributive phrase if, when the clause is omitted, a restructuring of the sentence is required.

The ball rests on the surface of the pool, A submerged, pops up quickly.

In this case, it is impossible to remove the attributive phrase without the conjunction a.

The ball floats on the surface of the pool and floats up quickly.

3) The adjective and participle associated with the predicate verb are not definitions, but the nominal part of the predicate. Such adjectives and participles do not obey the rules mentioned above.

Wed: To the hut we got there wet; She came running from the club excited and joyful.

If people did not decorate their speech with additional definitions or clarifying circumstances, it would be uninteresting and dull. The entire population of the planet would speak in a business or official style, there would be no fiction books, and children would not have fairy tale characters waiting for them before bed.

It is the isolated definition found in it that colors speech. Examples can be found both in simple colloquial speech and in fiction.

Definition concept

A definition is part of a sentence and describes a feature of an object. It answers the questions “what, s, s?”, defining the object or “whose, s, s?”, indicating its belonging to someone.

Most often, adjectives perform the defining function, for example:

• kind (what?) heart;
• gold (what?) nugget;
• bright (what?) appearance;
• old (what?) friends.

In addition to adjectives, pronouns can be definitions in a sentence, indicating that an object belongs to a person:

• the boy took (whose?) his briefcase;
• Mom irons (whose?) her blouse;
• my brother sent (whose?) my friends home;
• father watered (whose?) my tree.

In a sentence, the definition is underlined by a wavy line and always refers to the subject expressed by a noun or other part of speech. This part of a sentence can consist of one word or be combined with other words dependent on it. In this case, these are sentences with separate definitions. Examples:

• "Joyful, she announced the news." In this sentence, the single adjective is isolated.
• “The garden, overgrown with weeds, was in a deplorable state.” A separate definition is the participial phrase.

• “Satisfied with her son’s success, my mother secretly wiped away her tears of joy.” Here, an adjective with dependent words is a separate definition.

Examples in the sentence show that different parts of speech can be a definition of the quality of an object or its belonging.

Separate definitions

Definitions that provide additional information about an item or clarify its belonging to a person are considered separate. The meaning of the sentence will not change if a separate definition is removed from the text. Examples:

• “Mom carried the child, who had fallen asleep on the floor, into his crib” - “Mom carried the child into his crib.”

• "Excited about her first performance, the girl closed her eyes before going on stage" - "The girl closed her eyes before going on stage."

As you can see, sentences with separate definitions, examples of which are given above, sound more interesting, since additional explanation conveys the state of the object.

Separate definitions can be consistent or inconsistent.

Agreed Definitions

Definitions that agree with the word whose quality is determined in case, gender and number are called consistent. In the proposal they can be presented:

• adjective - a (what?) yellow leaf fell from a tree;
• pronoun - (whose?) my dog ​​got off the leash;
• numeral - give him (what?) a second chance;
• communion - in the front garden one could see (what?) green grass.

A separate definition has the same properties in relation to the word being defined. Examples:

• “Briefly said (what?), his speech made an impression on everyone.” The participle “said” is in the feminine, singular, nominative case, like the word “speech” that it modifies.
• “We went out into the street (which one?), still wet from the rain.” The adjective “wet” has the same number, gender and case as the word it defines, “street”.
• “People (what kind?), joyful from the upcoming meeting with the actors, entered the theater.” Since the word being defined is in the plural and nominative case, the definition agrees with it in this.

Isolated (this was shown) can appear both before and after the word being defined, or in the middle of a sentence.

Inconsistent definition

When the definition does not change in gender and number according to the main word, it is inconsistent. They are associated with the defined word in 2 ways:

1. Adjunction is a combination of stable word forms or an unchangeable part of speech. For example: “He likes (what kind of) soft-boiled eggs.”
2. Control is the setting of the definition in the case required by the word being defined. They often indicate a feature based on the material, the purpose or location of the item. For example: “the girl sat on a chair (what?) made of wood.”

Several parts of speech may express inconsistent separate definitions. Examples:

• A noun in the instrumental or prepositional case with the prepositions “s” or “in”. Nouns can be either single or with dependent words - Asya met Olya (which one?) after the exam, in chalk, but pleased with the grade. (“in chalk” is an inconsistent definition expressed by a noun in the prepositional case).
• A verb in an indefinite form that answers the question “what?”, “what to do?”, “what to do?”. There was one great joy in Natasha’s life (what?) - giving birth to a child.
• with dependent words. From afar we noticed a friend in a dress (what?), brighter than she usually wears.

Each separate definition, examples confirm this, may differ in its structure.

Definition structure

According to their structure, definitions can consist of:

• from a single word, for example, delighted grandfather;
• adjective or participle with dependent words - grandfather, delighted with the news;
• from several separate definitions - a grandfather, delighted with the news he told.

The isolation of definitions depends on which defined word they refer to and where exactly they are located. Most often they are distinguished by intonation and commas, less often by dashes (for example, the greatest success (which one?) is to hit the jackpot in the lottery).

Separating the participle

The most popular isolated definition, examples of which occur most often, is a single participle with this type of definition is placed if it comes after the word that defines.

• The girl (what?), frightened, silently walked forward. In this example, the participle defines the state of the object and comes after it, so it is separated by commas on both sides.
• The painting (which one?), painted in Italy, became his favorite creation. Here, the participle with a dependent word highlights the object and stands after the word being defined, therefore it is also separated by commas.

If the participle or participial phrase comes before the word being defined, then punctuation marks are not placed:

• The frightened girl silently walked forward.
• The painting, painted in Italy, became his favorite creation.

You should know about the formation of participles in order to use such a separate definition. Examples, suffixes in the formation of participles:

• when creating a real participle in the present. tense from the verb 1st conjugation, the suffix is ​​written -ushch -yushch (thinks - thinking, write - writers);
• when created in the present day. time of the active participle 2 sp., use -ash-yasch (smoke - smoking, sting - stinging);
• in the past tense, active participles are formed using the suffix -vsh (wrote - wrote, spoke - spoke);
• Passive participles are created with the addition of the suffixes -nn-enn in the past tense (invented - invented, offended - offended) and -em, -om-im and -t in the present (led - led, loved - loved).

In addition to the participle, the adjective is just as common.

Isolation of an adjective

Single or dependent adjectives are distinguished in the same way as participles. If a separate definition (examples and rules are similar to a participle) appears after the word being defined, then a comma is placed, but if before, then not.

• The morning, gray and foggy, was not conducive to a walk. (The gray and foggy morning was not conducive to a walk).

• An angry mother can remain silent for several hours. (An angry mother can remain silent for several hours).

Isolation with a defined personal pronoun

When a participle or adjective refers to a pronoun, they are separated by a comma, regardless of where they are located:

• Frustrated, she went into the yard.
• They, tired, went straight to bed.
• He, red with embarrassment, kissed her hand.

When a defined word is separated by other words, the isolated definition (examples from fiction demonstrate this) is also separated by commas. For example, “Suddenly the whole steppe shook and, engulfed in a dazzling blue light, expanded (M. Gorky).

Other definitions

A separate definition (examples, rules below) can convey meaning by relationship or profession, then they are also separated by commas. For example:

• The professor, a handsome young man, looked at his new applicants.

• Mom, in her usual robe and apron, has not changed at all this year.

Such constructions carry additional messages about the object.

The rules seem complicated at first glance, but if you understand their logic and practice, the material will be well absorbed.