Once upon a time, a wise man in the financial field said that money can be obtained from everything, even from those things that lie under our feet.

As practice has shown, he was right, since waste recycling is a very profitable business if you look at it in more detail. Main factor the relevance of this business lies in all its aspects, ranging from positive influences on the environment and ending with making big profits.

The essence of the waste recycling business

There is virtually no competition in the waste recycling market. The positive advantages in this area are that local authorities talk a lot about waste recycling, but they do practically nothing about it, but at the same time, they are under pressure from higher authorities. As a rule, the waste recycling industry is practically not funded, so the local administration always supports such ideas, helps to find industrial premises and provides financial support.

The volumes of production raw materials are not limited. Analytical data from experts suggests that on average a person throws out up to 250 kilograms of garbage per year, with 25% being food waste, 15% being paper, and the remaining waste consisting of metal, textiles, rubber, plastic and other industrially valuable materials. materials.

It is possible to create a waste processing plant, but it is an expensive and labor-intensive process. According to experts, investments in such a processing industry range from several tens of millions to hundreds of millions of rubles. It’s a completely different matter if you take as a basis not a plant, but a workshop.

In this case, investments will be an order of magnitude smaller and amount to about 1,800,000 rubles, and the profit will be no less than when creating an entire plant. It is worth noting that the standard waste disposal scheme is not at all environmentally friendly and poses some danger to the environment, since during disposal there is an accumulation of gases from rotting or combustion. This trend leads to the fact that the authorities have a positive attitude towards any ideas for processing food and household waste population and enterprises.

Despite many positive factors, this business has disadvantages. Entrepreneurs, starting to engage in recycling, are faced with problems such as delivery and sorting of waste, but even here, with the right approach, an adequate solution can be found.

Obtaining permission to create a waste processing workshop

When organizing a waste recycling business, there are many common points, as well as a scheme for obtaining permission to operate that is identical for many CIS countries. In the process of creating a business, you must obtain a license to collect solid household waste and process it. The procedure for obtaining it is quite simple. The head of the future organization is required to organize an environmental assessment, through which a conclusion is issued once and for all.

Having received the expert opinion, the manager is required to collect all documentation, certificates, design documents for the premises, documents describing the production technology, and also obtain permits from fire departments and other authorities. In addition, you will need to obtain permission to generate solid waste on the territory of your future enterprise. Collecting and confirming documentation takes 2-4 months of work, as well as up to 24,000 rubles.

Industrial premises for business

The second most important step is to find a room. Average area waste processing facilities should be at least 600 square meters, where 300-400 sq.m. – these are processing shops, and 100-200 sq.m. – warehouses. In addition to industrial buildings and structures, it is necessary to acquire administrative premises, which can be rented either on the premises of the workshop or separately. Each of the premises should be equipped according to regulatory standards and requirements, in accordance with fire and sanitary safety. This procedure requires from 6,000 to 9,000 rubles.

Recycling waste does not require the manager to search for a specific location, but if you locate the workshops near the city landfill, then you will be able to save not only on the delivery of raw materials, but also on renting premises.

Waste sorting equipment

When purchasing equipment, you should pay attention that its cost is from 1,500,000 rubles. The most minimal equipment includes a sorting line, a storage hopper, a crusher, a magnet and a press. As additional equipment To sort waste, you can purchase a melting furnace, which significantly increases the cost of the project. The most popular equipment, due to its availability and functionality, is created by domestic manufacturers.

Workers and staff

The essence of the recycling business household waste is that 50% of it consists of manual labor. The process of sorting, selection, calibration and many other production stages occurs through the work of employees. As a rule, they work in shifts of 10-15 people. The average number of such workers varies from 20 to 40 depending on the volume of business. In addition to production workers, do not forget that for the quality functioning of your enterprise you will need an accountant, driver, manager and cleaner.

Supply of raw materials

To ensure that your enterprise is always provided with a supply of waste, the easiest way is to enter into an agreement with the management of local landfills. This procedure does not cause any problems if there is permission to collect and process solid waste. In addition, you can enter into agreements with representatives of collection points for containers and plastic waste. Thus, recycling waste will not cause any problems, since ready-made and sorted waste can be obtained at a price of 1 to 5 rubles per kilogram. Everything will largely depend on the specifics of your future workshop. Among other things, local supermarkets, which have large volumes of cardboard and plastic boxes, as well as film, stretch and paper, can become reliable suppliers of raw materials.

Financial plan

Having considered all the main aspects associated with opening a waste processing plant, it is advisable to move on to figures that will fully show the profitability of this business. Based on practice, existing enterprises, whose main task is recycling and sorting waste, are capable of processing from 3 to 5 tons of waste paper, up to 1.5 tons of polymer raw materials, and up to 250 kilograms of plastic containers during one shift.

Price of one ton of pressed raw materials various types, varies on the market from 9,000 to 45,000 rubles. The average monthly profit of such an enterprise from the sale of pressed recycled materials ranges from 150,000 to 3,300,000 rubles, which fully justifies the profitability indicators in this segment, which are about 50%.

Thus, the business of collecting and processing waste waste is highly relevant for implementation. Naturally, the initial investment is much higher than that of hairdressers and flower shops, but the profits made are worth giving it a try.

The waste business is an attractive segment for private investors. In Russia, this area is just beginning to develop, so there are practically no competitors. Raw materials for work large number, there are many directions and opportunities for development even in a crisis. On average, the profitability of a project can reach up to 50%.

The waste recycling industry as a business is also profitable because:

• low-productivity technologies have emerged in Russia, which makes it possible to reduce costs in the millions;
• government agencies are interested in this direction, you can count on support from the local administration;
• ministry natural resources This is not the first year that it has been planning to introduce a ban on the burning of recyclable waste, which will increase the relevance of recycling plants.

Market analysis

According to research by the Russian Technologies company, at least 40% of all household waste in Russia is valuable recyclable materials. But today, no more than 7% of waste is recycled; the rest of the “wealth” is sent to landfills.

We can conclude that our country is flying by today big money, since the waste disposal business is a global trend that is relevant to many investors in all highly developed countries.

Today experts estimate the global waste treatment business at $120 billion. In Russia, according to various estimates, this business can generate from $2 to $3.5 billion per year.

What does the average Russian's trash can contain?

• more than 50% are polymers (polyvinyl chloride, polypropylene, polyethylene and others;
• about a quarter is food waste;
• less than 10% comes from paper products;
• the remaining 15-20% is fabric, rubber, metal products.

As you can see, more than half of the component can go to the waste processing complex. But such calculations are theoretical. In practice, things are not so rosy. Separate collection of solid household waste, which has long been practiced in Europe and America, is a new phenomenon for our citizens. From unseparated waste, sorting lines make it possible to select only 20-25% of the necessary raw materials. Although some cities have already installed special containers for sorting waste, they have not yet brought real results. Therefore, most entrepreneurs who work in this segment have to look for raw materials on their own and sort waste using specialized equipment.

Technologies

The main waste processing technologies include:

1. Composting (biological decomposition), as a result of which it is possible to obtain compost that is used in the field of agriculture. The method is based on the processing of organic matter.
2. Heat treatment is a thermal effect on the substances being processed, as a result of which it decreases several times. Types of processing:
   • burning ( harmful method, since harmful emissions enter the atmosphere);
   • Plasma processing is based on waste gasification, which produces secondary raw materials in the form of slag or ceramic plates and energy. This technique is not harmful to the environment;
   • pyrolysis based on low temperatures. Leads to waste decomposition. The output is secondary raw materials and heat, which is usually converted into thermal electricity. This method does not involve any emissions into the atmosphere.

Video - Waste-free recycling waste in Europe:

Video - Plasma gasification (energy from waste):

Financial calculations

In the financial business plan of a waste recycling plant, the amount of capital investment depends on the type and technology of waste processing, and the chosen scale (mini-production or large full-cycle plant).

The cost of a set of equipment for processing one type of waste will cost from 100 to 270 thousand dollars.

As practice shows, the cost of organizing production is about 5 thousand dollars (rent of premises, installation work, documentation).

Monthly expenses consist of rent, utility and tax payments, transportation costs and amount to about 30% of revenue.

Receiving from 800 to 5,000 dollars per ton of processed raw materials and producing about 30 tons of raw materials per month, you can get from 24,000 dollars (the minimum threshold is taken). Net profit will be $16,800. In this case, it will be possible to recoup the investment in 6-16 months.

Required starting capital: from $100,000.
Monthly profit: from $16,800.
Payback period: from 6 months.

Video - How to make money from garbage:

Required documents

The main document that is necessary for the operation of the enterprise is a license, which is issued by the Ministry of Environment. It is issued once for the entire period of activity and costs 5,500 rubles. This license gives the right to collect and process municipal solid waste. This Ministry also issues permits for the activities and storage of solid waste (issued every year).

After this, design documentation is drawn up with a detailed description of technological operations. Next, you need to obtain permission from the fire inspectorate, SES, water and utilities authorities.

In practice, collecting permits can take from 4 to 8 months. There are no problems with permission to open a business from the local administration, since they are interested in opening processing plants.

It is recommended to choose an LLC with OKVED code 38 “Collection, processing and disposal of waste” as an organizational and legal form.

Premises requirements

A business plan for waste sorting includes preparing the premises. Total area consists of:

• waste sorting complex – 300-500 m²;
• warehouse – 100-200 m².

Workshops must be located in accordance with fire and sanitary standards. About 2-3 thousand dollars should be allocated in the budget for preparing the areas.

In order not to spend money on transportation, it is easier to locate workshops near city landfills. Industrial zones and the outskirts of the city can also be considered a convenient location. The main requirement is a distance of at least 600 meters from residential areas.
Video - Waste treatment plant project:

Equipment

Where to start a business? It’s great if an entrepreneur can allocate investments of $20 million for the development of the project. This is exactly the cost of a solid waste processing plant. But if this is not possible, it is recommended to start in one direction.
Equipment for waste processing depends on the selected raw materials. But no production can be organized without:

• sorting line (includes a screen, conveyors, a cabin with a sorting post);
• press;
• magnetic separator;
• crushers, shredders for grinding;
• storage;
• melting furnace.

Video - Mobile waste sorting complex:

The cost of equipment depends on the type of waste that is planned to be processed and on the scale. On average, organizing a mini-production for recycling waste will cost 100 thousand dollars.
Video - Waste recycling in Japan:

Staff

Recycling solid waste is a very labor-intensive process that requires manual labor. All operations for sorting and selecting defective waste are performed by workers. The mini-production must employ at least 20 people with wages 15-30 thousand rubles depending on the level of responsibility, functions and qualifications. In addition to workers, the main staff must contain:

• sorting line operator;
• press line operator;
• driver.

Video - Garbage disposal in the USA:

Types of raw materials for processing

At the start, you need to decide on the specific type of waste that you plan to process. It's worth starting from geographical features, existing demand for secondary raw materials, the possibility of sales to other cities. Current directions for today:

1. – these are bottles, plastic products, films, bags. The business consists of obtaining intermediate raw materials (flex) in the “waste – finished products” chain. The process of obtaining flex is as follows:
   • sorting into white and colored containers;
   • cleaning from labels and dirt;
   • crushing in a crusher;
   • processing in a steam boiler;
   • washing;
   • processing in a drying chamber.
2. – after processing, glass is obtained, which is supplied to glass factories for the production of various products, as well as for abrasives, ceramic tiles, insulation, bricks, and ceramics. Special lines clean and crush glass products, then melt and filter the resulting mass.
3. waste paper processing– Today, half of the paper used in the world is recycled. The technology for working with paper and cardboard consists of the following stages:

• dissolving the material in water using a pulper;
• removal of all foreign materials (using a cyclone cleaner);
• thermomechanical action;
• fine cleaning of the component;
• filter.

The resulting material is used to make packaging or toilet paper, as well as for the production of roofing coverings.

Sources of raw materials

Obtaining a raw material base for work is not as easy as it might seem at first glance. You can open collection points for secondary raw materials (waste paper, glass containers, plastic) or negotiate a purchase with existing receptionists. Some businessmen set up special containers near garbage cans where area residents can throw away plastic waste. Most of the raw materials are located in landfills; some manage to negotiate with the administration to have trucks bring garbage directly, bypassing the city landfill.

Sales channels

The need for high-quality secondary raw materials is steadily growing. Companies that are interested in purchasing it:

• industrial companies of various types;
• paper mills;
• production and procurement companies for recycled resources.

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Recycling is the most promising business

A very favorable activity for investment is the waste recycling business. Firstly, there are relatively few waste processing companies, while there is enough raw material for everyone - about 250 kg of household waste per person per year. Secondly, an entrepreneur can organize the collection of various types of waste. The high profitability of production turns waste recycling into a very profitable business: up to 0.8 kg of secondary raw materials can be obtained from 1 kg of plastic waste. Today, the classical approach to waste disposal (in a container - to a landfill - reclamation) is becoming ineffective and also potentially dangerous - toxic waste pose a certain threat to the environment and human health. State power and the city administration have a favorable attitude towards waste recycling enterprises. And, therefore, the waste recycling business will soon become very popular.

Organization of mini-production for waste processing

The first thing an entrepreneur will have to deal with is organizing the supply of raw materials. It is recommended to start by accepting different types of waste in your area. For these purposes, you will need a truck with compartments where the raw materials will be stored. The main difficulty lies not in collecting, but in sorting waste. You'll need some start-up capital because people won't sort their trash for free. This means you need to set a certain price for bottles or waste paper. Plastic packaging is one of the most difficult wastes to recycle.

According to experts, profitability is good organized business waste recycling can be up to 80%. Consequently, your enterprise will fully pay for itself within a few months. Deep recycling of waste can bring maximum profit. It has been established that the greater the turnover of an enterprise, the longer it takes to pay for itself.

You should decide in advance what types of municipal solid waste (MSW) you will work with, since organizing a universal enterprise for processing solid waste will require very significant material costs.

We draw up a business plan: we calculate costs

The construction of a huge universal complex for processing all types of solid waste (wood, rubber, plastic, metal, paper and glass) will cost, according to experts, a huge amount - over $20 million. But even a more modest enterprise can generate significant income. Setting up a workshop specializing in one type of solid waste will cost from 50 to 300 thousand dollars.

It will take about 2-3 thousand dollars to equip warehouse and production facilities, as well as bring them into full compliance with fire and sanitary standards. If production is located close to residential buildings, it will be possible to save on the removal of raw materials. In this case, garbage and waste for your enterprise will be supplied by local residents.

The cost of a crusher, sorting line and other equipment of domestic production can be approximately estimated at 50 - 70 thousand dollars. Waste paper is purchased for 30 - 50 kopecks, depending on the quality of the paper, and sorted plastic raw materials from 1.5 to 7 rubles. per kilogram.
In total, the minimum investment amount will be: $50 thousand + purchase of raw materials and wages of hired workers and payment of rent for premises and electricity.

Certificates and other necessary documentation

To process solid waste at legally, You will need to obtain a license from the Ministry of Environment. The Law “On Environmental Expertise” requires any entity that collects and subsequently processes waste to undergo an environmental assessment. The conclusion is issued for the entire period of the company’s activities, its cost is about 5.5 thousand rubles.

The entrepreneur must also obtain permission from the fire and sanitary services, prepare project documentation with detailed description technological processes future waste recycling plant. Each conclusion will cost from 300 to 1000 rubles; it usually takes from 3 months to six months to collect all the documentation. During the operation of your enterprise, its activities will be checked quarterly by local orderlies, firefighters, nature conservationists and other government services.

Production facilities and necessary equipment

The best option for organizing a waste processing enterprise is a premises located near a landfill, on the outskirts of the city, or, in extreme cases, in an industrial zone. It is advisable that the nearest residential building be located no further than 600 meters from the enterprise. You can organize your own fleet of vehicles to supply raw materials from the landfill or negotiate with city municipal waste removal companies or companies specializing in cargo transportation.

A small room with an area of ​​no more than 100 sq.m. can be equipped as a warehouse. To set up a workshop, you will need a room with an area of ​​300 - 500 sq.m.

The minimum set of equipment for an enterprise includes: a crusher, a sorting line, a press, a storage hopper, and a magnet. A set of used imported cars or domestic analogues costs from 50 to 70 thousand dollars. Experienced entrepreneurs believe that there is no need to spend money on expensive foreign machines, since domestic units are more reliable, cheaper and more stable in operation. In addition, it is easier to select the components necessary for repairs.

Personnel for waste processing plants

Personnel should be hired depending on the scale of production. A medium-sized waste recycling plant employs about 40 people, sorting, shredding and rejecting waste by about fifteen people per shift. All work is done manually. The enterprise needs both ordinary workers and experienced specialists who can distinguish unsuitable raw materials from suitable ones by eye, train newcomers and control the quality of their work.

Sales finished products

Depending on what raw materials your enterprise works with, its products will be sold.

Toxic waste (mercury lamps, etc.) is processed by burning. Industrial and construction materials are obtained from them;
- plant waste is processed into compost intended for fertilizing the soil, landscaping areas and growing flowers;
- various electronic waste (picture tubes, electrical appliances) serve as a source of metals - iron, copper, aluminum, as well as glass;
- paper is processed and sold as recycled material for the formation of new varieties.
The cost of one ton of processed and compressed recyclables is calculated as follows:
- polymers up to 9,000 rubles;
- waste paper – up to 1,500 rubles;
- aluminum cans – up to 15,000 rubles.

Consumers of waste disposal company services and products are:

1. Municipal authorities. Their main task is the elimination of the city landfill and environmentally friendly recycling of waste.

2. Pulp, woodworking, glass and other enterprises are interested in recycling their waste. Enterprises cannot afford to store waste on their own territory, and the state imposes significant fines for unauthorized disposal. You can offer business owners waste removal for less than their current disposal costs.

3. Consumers of recycled leather waste, polymer waste, construction waste, rubber products will purchase recyclable materials for industrial and individual use from you.

Organizing a waste recycling business is a profitable business, but it requires certain financial investments. Provided there is a well-established sale of recyclable materials or agreements on the removal of waste from various enterprises, the payback period for the business will range from 10 months to 1.5 - 2 years. If an entrepreneur fails to establish distribution channels, the company will incur significant losses. According to expert observations, the profitability of a successful enterprise ranges from 40 to 82%, since there is practically no competition in this segment.

Site columnist Elizaveta Semyonova figured out how to build a business in the field of recycling and waste processing, what funds and resources are needed for this, how things are with competition in this area and whether it is possible to make money from such a business.

Garbage is a unique resource: people are willing to pay for both its acquisition and its sale. In addition, this resource is inexhaustible.

Waste disposal is a headache for municipal authorities, a potentially knowledge-intensive industry with virtually zero competition and a highly profitable business.

None of the regions of Russia has a developed waste management system. To understand the scale of the problem: on at the moment The country has more than 31 billion tons of unrecycled waste. Unutilized means those with which nothing was done: they were not burned, not buried, and especially not processed - they are simply located on Russian territory.

The problem of waste disposal in the 21st century seems especially ridiculous because at every stage of this process there is money to be made - literally from nothing.

Legal side of the issue

State participation in recycling consists of environmental supervision, licensing, reporting, monitoring compliance with standards and setting tariffs for waste disposal.

The legal regulation of garbage relations (Federal Law “On Production and Consumption Waste”) is determined by five classes: from “extremely hazardous” waste of the first class to “virtually non-hazardous” waste of the fifth. Categorization is based on the level of damage to the environment (examples in order of decreasing damage: mercury, asbestos dust - oil products, acids - pig manure, diesel fuel - tires, paper - shells, sawdust), but for commercial analysis it is more convenient to group classes by origin. The first three classes are industrial and construction waste, and the fourth and fifth are household (the so-called MSW - municipal solid waste).

The owner of waste of classes 1–4 can transfer the right to dispose of it to a person only if that person has the appropriate license: for their use, neutralization, transportation, disposal. From January 1, 2016, any unlicensed activity of this kind will be considered illegal. In addition, all people involved in such a business must have a certificate confirming their professional training.

To find out what class of waste you will have to deal with, its owner (legal entity) must order an examination. In addition to the fact that garbage is considered property, it also has a passport.

The law says nothing about solid waste of the fifth, non-hazardous class. Thus, no permits are needed if the business operates with food waste, metals, waste paper, wood, plastic containers, plastic film.

There are several main stages in the disposal and processing of solid waste.

Transportation

The primary task of waste disposal is its direct removal from the consumer’s territory.

The company of Canadian Brian Scudamore began with a used truck for $700 and the slogan “We"ll stash your trash in a flash!” (“We'll destroy your trash in no time!”) in 1989 While saving money for college, Scudamord free time took away garbage that local authorities could not cope with. Freed from the problem, the clients willingly paid, and the entrepreneur ultimately chose trash over study. Today, his company, 1-800-GOT-JUNK, has annual revenues of more than $100 million, with franchises in the United States, Canada and Australia.

Pros: there is no need for rental, complex equipment and expensive specialists.

Cons: A significant expense item is fuel costs. In addition, it will not be possible to unload garbage on the side of the road; you need to negotiate with the landfill.

Profitability: the cost of removing a standard container (0.8 cubic meters) in Moscow is from 330 rubles. One garbage truck contains 25–60 such containers. Pricing in this area is subject to market laws, but is highly dependent on tariffs for waste storage (disposal).

Starter kit: special transport, drivers.

Competition: Garbage removal for private individuals is included in the “maintenance of residential premises” and is the responsibility of municipalities, but in servicing legal entities, competition is quite high - about 500 official companies are registered in Moscow alone.

Peculiarities: The main problem of this business is reducing transport costs. The solution is achieved in two ways, both of which involve increasing capacity garbage containers: a garbage truck with a press (several times increases transportation productivity and reduces the cost of disposal), a trash can with a press (beneficial for the client because it reduces the frequency of garbage removal).

Pressing

The American company Seahorse Power began developing bins with a press in 2004, introducing the world to the autonomous BigBelly pressing units at solar powered. The operation of the press is based on a chain drive without using the principles of hydraulics, and maintenance of the installation is reduced only to the annual lubrication of the door locking mechanism.

A wireless notification system allows you to automatically monitor container fill levels, providing additional opportunities to improve process logistics. The price tag for the device ($3.1-3.9 thousand) can be considered as a long-term investment, since the capacity of the container is five times higher than that of a conventional tank.

The company is valued today at $5 million.

Source: Wikipedia

Despite the importance of timely waste removal and compaction, the above-described manipulations do not solve the main problem: garbage needs to be stored somewhere or destroyed somehow.

You can look at waste as rubbish that needs to be disposed of, or as a resource. These opposing principles form two approaches to waste management.

Accommodation

Disposal of waste - its storage or burial: waste with an uncertain fate needs to be stored somewhere, but burial implies complete isolation, preventing any interaction with the environment.

Pros: business for the lazy.

Cons: rapid depletion of area (a million-plus city requires an additional 40 hectares annually), relatively low profitability (since landfill tariffs are set by the municipality).

Profitability: disposal of a ton of solid waste in Leningrad region costs 400–1000 rubles, a non-pressing garbage truck can deliver from two to ten tons at a time.

Starter kit: several hectares of free land outside the settlement, water protection and recreational zones.

Competition: There are officially 1,092 landfills in Russia, and almost all of them are already approaching or exceeding 100% occupancy.

Peculiarities: the landfill must have a waterproof bottom and protection from the wind, so ideally it needs to be built. However, most landfills are of “natural” origin - such as “Krasny Bor” in the Leningrad region, located above clay deposits. Clay was supposed to protect groundwater from toxic substances - it turned out not.

Legal subtleties: it is necessary to obtain permission to create a location (confirms compliance with geological, hydrological and other standards), enter the landfill into the unified state register and monitor environmental situation- even after the end of use.

Waste incineration

In most cases, arson is carried out illegally - in order to somehow relieve the pressure on landfills. There are only about ten legal waste incineration plants in Russia today.

Low competition should not create illusions: although it is expected to achieve profit through associated energy production, most waste incineration plants are exclusively subsidized, since the combustion of solid waste by all rules is a very expensive procedure. Therefore, considering such recycling as a business would be overly optimistic.

The only advantage of waste incineration is that it reduces the volume of waste by 90-95%, that is, it saves space at the landfill, but this cannot justify the terrible damage that this causes to the environment.

Those who are passionate about the idea of ​​more progressive waste management need to be prepared for the following obstacle: the fact that in Russia disposal is charged by the state - and charged cheaply - demotivates people to look for any alternative methods of disposal. For comparison, in the United States, burying and incinerating waste is three times more expensive than recycling it.

Sorting

Any processing is impossible without sorting. At the same time, most recyclable materials lose their consumer properties when mixed in a common container - paper, for example, becomes damp and rots. Therefore, recycling is most effective (and easy to implement) if sorting is carried out at the waste collection stage - this way, up to 60-80% of solid waste can be reused. However, this requires a revision of the entire recycling paradigm ( famous project in this area - the Japanese concept of Zero Waste).

Pros: the demand for sorting is quite high - you can find a buyer even abroad (for example, the Swedes and Danes import garbage from Germany and Norway for the purpose of generating electricity).

Cons: expensive equipment - a full-fledged waste sorting complex costs around 4 million rubles. The cost of organizing separate waste collection in St. Petersburg alone costs 1.5 billion rubles.

Profitability: depends on the quality of the raw materials. In rubles per ton: waste paper - from 500 to 10,000, broken glass - 2000–3000, plastic - up to 4000, ferrous scrap metal - up to 8000.

Starter kit: premises, installations (shredder, press, conveyor, crusher and others), workers, (optional) vehicle fleet.

Competition: Only 50 waste sorting complexes are registered in Russia.

Peculiarities: Sorting can be implemented in the form of purchasing individual types of waste (sorting at the collection stage). This is less profitable, but does not require any expensive installations.

Recycling

Recycling is anything that turns waste into something useful, be it energy, new raw materials, fertilizers, and so on.

Composting

The simplest option is composting - recycling organic waste into homogeneous, odorless brown dust that improves the properties of the soil. It consists in accelerating natural decomposition processes and can include up to 30% solid waste (food, grass, manure, cardboard, sawdust). It does not require any complex equipment; the compost heap only needs mixing and moistening.

Pyrolysis

Pyrolysis is the thermal decomposition of waste that occurs without oxygen. It differs from simple combustion in that at the output, in addition to recyclable materials, it allows you to obtain electrical energy, gasoline, diesel and heating oil (analogue of fuel oil). The quality of the pyrolysis product directly depends on the composition of solid waste, so pre-sorting plays a decisive role here. This type of recycling has many advantages: it is environmentally friendly, significantly reduces the volume of waste and provides thermal energy that can be used.

The cheapest is the processing of mono-raw materials. A successful example The Danish company Gypsum Recycling International can serve. GRI was founded in 2001 and, thanks to its sophisticated collection, logistics and patented mobile recycling technology, is today the world leader in recycling efficiency (the process of returning waste, discharges and emissions into technogenesis processes - editor's note), giving a second life to 80% of gypsum waste.

Pros: high profitability and demand for recyclable materials, low level of competition, interest of foreign investors and favor of the authorities, fairly quick payback (from two to five years).

Cons: requires substantial start-up investments (the bill runs to tens of thousands of dollars, in case complex processing- millions, you can save on used equipment), there is no guarantee of full capacity utilization of such high-tech plants, since the waste collection system in Russia today is extremely chaotic.

Due to the underdevelopment of the market, prices for recyclable materials are very unstable: when demand increases, suppliers can no longer cope with waste collection and prices rise sharply; when demand falls, goods quickly accumulate and fill storage facilities, and therefore are sold at bargain prices.

Profitability: very high, especially if the recycling plant is also a manufacturer of the recycled product. For example, buying a ton of green cullet for 2000 rubles, processing it into glass powder, and then blowing a batch of bottles and selling each for 50 ( approximate price in Moscow), you can ultimately earn about 100 thousand rubles.

Starter kit: production premises with an area of ​​at least 200 square meters, a warehouse with an area of ​​at least 100 square meters, equipped in accordance with sanitary and fire requirements, installations, technologists and workers, (optional) vehicle fleet.

Competition: In Russia, only 5% of the total volume of waste is recycled, while 50% of solid waste consists of raw materials that can be reused. In total, there are 243 waste processing plants registered in the country, and none of them carries out a full recycling cycle.

Peculiarities: the efficiency of waste recycling depends on the quality of sorting, so the best waste recycling complex is complex system, established from collection and sorting to distribution to the consumer. This cannot be done without close interaction with the authorities and a whole campaign to create a culture of waste management.

Legal subtleties: processing permit required.

We live in an age of opportunity. Everyone is free to do what they want: one works “for someone else,” another earns money by freelancing, and the third opens his own business. Most believe that owning a business is a guarantee of success and a good standard of living. Despite the fact that high competition in almost all areas of business does not often allow newcomers to gain a foothold in the market, there are still industries where you can earn good money and occupy a certain niche. One of these is the waste recycling market.

Waste recycling as a business

Currently, about 44 million tons of garbage end up in landfills in Russia every year. At the same time, only 30% can be recycled, the rest is left to rot, causing enormous damage to the environment. If you are not an environmentalist, then these words are unlikely to motivate you. And considering that billions of rubles that could be yours rot annually along with tons of garbage?

Waste recycling is a promising business in our country. There is little competition in this area, but there are many “resources”. In addition, the government actively supports such businessmen, helping with renting premises and purchasing necessary equipment.

The average payback period for a waste recycling business is 2–6 months. This is a very good indicator. As for profitability, it usually reaches 30%.

Thus, the waste recycling business is beneficial because:

• actively supported by the state, it provides tax breaks on property used for waste processing, assistance in finding, renting or purchasing premises and equipment;
• raw materials cost 7–10 times cheaper finished product(the amount of waste can currently be considered unlimited);
• a waste recycling plant pays for itself in 3–5 years, which is a good indicator;
• the demand for recyclable materials is high and continues to grow, that is, there is no need to look for buyers;
• This is an opportunity not only to earn good money, but also to help protect the environment.

A small waste processing workshop can be opened in any locality in Russia

Business areas

What exactly does a waste recycling company do? Obviously, waste recycling. But not only that. The search for raw materials, their transportation, and sorting will also fall on the shoulders of the businessman. However, you can narrow the scope and choose only one area of ​​activity.

Garbage collection and transportation

Garbage removal from cities and towns is one of the most popular areas. However, competition in this area is the highest.

You won’t have to look for garbage for transportation for a long time, just submit several advertisements in populated areas or enter into an agreement with local authorities and customers will find you themselves.

The question is who should sell the collected garbage. There are two options.

The first one goes to the landfill. In this case, you will receive funds only for waste removal outside populated areas. This is the least expensive and easiest way to make money from garbage. To implement it you will need:

• freight transport. It can be rented or purchased. A month's rental of one garbage truck costs about 150,000 rubles. Buying a new garbage truck will cost 3,000,000–3,500,000 rubles; a used car in good condition will cost 1,000,000–1,500,000 rubles less;
• enter into an agreement with a landfill for waste disposal. The cost of storing waste is 1,500–2,000 rubles per 5 tons;
• staff, which includes: drivers, accountant, administrator. If your fleet has about 10 cars or more, you need to hire a mechanic and a car mechanic. Approximate monthly fund wages for a company with a fleet of 10 cars will be about 300,000–350,000 rubles, depending on the region;
• permission from SES, Rospotrebnadzor, fire department. These documents can be obtained from the relevant authorities in each specific region.

Thus, in the first six months of operation of a company with ten cars, you will have to invest about 12,000,000 rubles (renting a vehicle) or 30,500,000 rubles (purchasing a vehicle).

The profit from the business will consist of the cost of garbage removal: 5 tons of waste will bring the businessman about 4,000 - 5,000 rubles. Accordingly, the income of an organization with a fleet of 10 cars at full load averages 6,000,000 rubles per month. Over six months, this amount will be 36,000,000 rubles.

There is a second option - selling the removed garbage. But it is quite difficult to find a buyer for unsorted waste, so let’s consider the second type of activity - waste sorting.

For the successful functioning of a business, a pack of modern garbage trucks is needed

Waste sorting

Collection and sorting are interrelated stages. Sorted waste is in high demand in the market. However, in order to engage in this type of activity, expensive equipment is needed. The most budget sorting complex costs 4,000,000 rubles.

Almost all the work in the sorting room is done manually, so for a medium-sized sorting shop you will need at least 5 pairs of workers, and this is another 100,000 rubles in costs per month.

And also to organize sorting it is necessary to rent a room with an area of ​​at least 300 m2. The rental cost will be from 25,000 to 30,000 rubles per month.

Particular attention should be paid to obtaining permission to sort and store waste. Below will be discussed detailed instructions receiving it.

Thus, the cost of organizing and running a waste sorting business will be about 7,000,000 rubles for the first six months, taking into account the purchase of raw materials.

A medium-capacity sorting shop is capable of producing 15–20 tons of products per month. The cost per ton depends on the type of waste and ranges from 5,000 to 10,000 rubles. Accordingly, the average income will be equal to 120,000 rubles per month or 720,000 rubles for six months.

A company collecting and sorting waste is forced to attract many workers, so its labor costs are quite high

Waste sorting as a business idea is attractive because the demand for it is quite high. If you wish, you can find clients even abroad. In addition, competition in this industry is low.

But there are also disadvantages. Waste sorting equipment is not cheap. You will also need a room of impressive size.

Disposal

You don’t have to sort the garbage, but simply get rid of it. The most common method of waste disposal is incineration.

Oddly enough, the waste disposal business is the most expensive and least profitable. The fact is that waste must be disposed of according to certain rules, which are dictated by a variety of government and non-government organizations.

In addition, to carry out recycling it is necessary to collect a lot of permits and only then issue a license.

Waste treatment

Waste treatment activities involve bringing raw materials to a state in which they can be reused.

Before moving on financial indicators waste processing activities, we will consider which materials can be recycled.

Types of materials for processing

There are many options for raw materials: plastic, rubber, paper, wood, glass, metal. Any of these materials are present in sufficient quantities in city landfills.

Now let's get acquainted with the intricacies of working with each material in more detail.

Polymers are not only a popular type of waste, but also the most profitable. There is high unmet demand for recycled polymers. Processing costs for plastic are low. The whole cycle consists of several stages:

• sorting by color;
• removal of dirt, stickers;
• pressing;
• grinding;
• re-cleaning;
• polishing

The resulting material is used to make plastic bottles, packages and much more.

Recycling of plastic products is the most profitable segment of the industry

Paper recycling

The waste paper recycling industry is the most popular among Russian businessmen. Paper and cardboard waste goes through the following stages:

• sorting by type - there are 12 types in total;
• removal of contaminants;
• thermomechanical treatment.

The recycled material is used to produce cardboard packaging and toilet paper.

Rubber is the most dangerous waste; burning it is strictly prohibited. Most often, tires can be recycled; there is a lot of such waste in Russian landfills.

There are several ways to process rubber:

• grinding into crumbs. Everyone has seen playgrounds with rubber coating. This coating is made from such crumbs;
• pyrolysis As a result of pyrolysis, it is possible to obtain artificial oil, technical carbon raw materials, and raw materials for metallurgy.

Recycled rubber is in demand on the Russian market, so this area is one of the most profitable

Glass recycling

Broken glass - gold mine waste recycling. The material can be taken from factories producing any glass products completely free of charge. There are always a lot of marriages there. In addition, this particular waste processing industry is actively supported by the state.

Glass melts at relatively low temperatures, and this is a good saving on electricity.

Glass goes through the following stages of processing:

• cleansing;
• grinding;
• melting;
• grinding;
• grinding.

The last three actions are performed by one machine.

Metal recycling

Metal processing is the most environmentally responsible industry. Metal waste is very harmful to our planet, so its recycling must be taken with the utmost seriousness.

What can be recycled? The list is quite extensive:

• discarded cars and their components;
• industrial waste.

The processing of metals is somewhat more complex compared to the processing of other waste. It consists of the following stages:

• dismantling;
• transportation;
• examination;
• sorting;
• recycling.

Scrap metal recycling is not only a profitable business, but also a contribution to improving the environmental climate in the region

What you need to start a waste recycling business

At the initial stage, a waste recycling company requires more time and administrative resources than material ones. Below is step by step instructions for organizing such a business.

Registration

It is permissible to register a company both in the form of individual entrepreneur and in the form legal entity. The choice depends on the planned scale of activity.

When registering as a legal entity, the LLC form is preferred. This will allow the business to expand in the future. For example, start producing products from recycled materials.

Registration of LLCs and individual entrepreneurs is carried out in tax office. Documents for establishing an LLC include:

• application for state registration of legal entities;
• minutes of the founders' meeting;
• agreement on the establishment of a company;
• charter of the company;
• notification of the transition to the simplified tax system.

When registering a business, you must choose a taxation system. The most preferable from the point of view of cost savings would be the simplified tax system.

The application will need to indicate OKVED activities. In OKVED there is class 38 with a list of activity codes, including:

• 38.1 - waste collection;
• 38.11 - collection of non-hazardous waste;
• 38.12 - collection of hazardous waste;
• 38.21 - treatment and disposal of non-hazardous waste;
• 38.22 - treatment and disposal of hazardous waste.

The cost of registering an LLC is 4,000 rubles. The duration of consideration of the application is no more than three working days. Templates of required documents:

• registration application form;
• notification of the transition to the simplified tax system.

Obtaining permits and licenses

To carry out waste processing activities, it is necessary to obtain a number of permits from various regulatory authorities:

• for use land plot. You can obtain it from your regional land department. Before applying, fill out the form;
• from the SES, for which you should contact Rospotrebnadzor at the place of business. The following documents will be required: an application, a copy of the constituent document, an account opening statement, a rental agreement for premises or a certificate of ownership, a garbage removal agreement, an agreement for disinfection. The application will be reviewed within a month;
• fire authorities. You must contact the fire department at your place of registration;
• from the environmental center;
• from electrical supervision.

You cannot engage in waste recycling without the appropriate license. It can be obtained at Federal service on supervision in the field of environmental management. The cost of the license is 24,000 rubles.

In order to obtain a license, you must:

• submit documents confirming the property base in the form of buildings and structures, equipment for work;
• confirm the presence of certified workers in the team. This is done by providing copies of employee certificates for the right to work with waste and employment contracts;
• have permission from the SES;
• provide information about the waste that the organization will work with;
• have concluded agreements with landfills and landfills. Their copies must be provided to the Federal Service for Supervision of Natural Resources.

In addition to the listed documents, to obtain a license you must provide:

• business registration certificate,
• copies of constituent documents,
• a copy of the tax registration certificate,
• application for a license.

You can submit documents either in person by contacting Rosprirodnadzor or by sending them by mail.

Sample license for waste recycling

Search for premises

You can build a waste treatment plant yourself, or you can rent it. However, it is important to remember that the premises for a waste recycling plant must be at least 600 m2. The processing workshop will occupy 400 m2, 200 m2 will be required for storing raw materials and finished products. Don't forget about the administrative office. It can be either at the factory or separately.

An excellent option would be to use abandoned factories and warehouses. You don't have to pay much to use them.

Independent construction of a structure suitable for waste recycling will cost 15,000,000–20,000,000 rubles.

Renting the building will cost from 50,000 to 80,000 rubles per month, depending on the region.

Recruitment

Low-skilled workers can be hired to sort waste, so there will be no shortage of personnel

Recycling waste is quite a responsible task, which a beginner cannot always cope with. In addition, without certified specialists on the team, it is impossible to obtain a license to operate.

The number of employees depends on the production capacity. You will definitely need waste sorters, an accountant, an administrator and a driver. In total, a medium-sized waste recycling plant employs about 10–30 people.

Table: plant staff

Thus, the plant's staff is 12 people. The monthly wage fund is 270,000 rubles.

Purchase of equipment

Today there are two types of devices on the waste recycling equipment market: stationary and mobile.

Stationary equipment takes up large areas, not intended for movement, has lower productivity. The cost of a complex of stationary installations ranges from 3,000,000 to 5,000,000 rubles.

Mobile devices are more convenient to use and require less intervention. Prices for a waste recycling complex start at 4,000,000 rubles.

The minimum equipment of a processing workshop includes:

• sorting line. Average market value - 1,000,000 rubles;
• storage bunker. Cost - 500,000 rubles;
• crushing apparatus. The minimum price of the device is 1,800,000 rubles;
• magnet. The average price is 1,200,000 rubles;
• bake. The price starts from 800,000 rubles.

Each of the listed devices can be purchased separately, or as part of the complex mentioned earlier. The second option will save about 500,000 rubles.

Equipment can also include vehicles, which cannot be dispensed with in the waste processing business.

Thus, to start a business you need to spend a lot of effort, time and money. But business prospects justify these costs.

How much does it cost to open a waste recycling plant?

Now let’s summarize all of the above and talk about material costs in more detail. Let's say that we want to take this matter seriously, and for this we need own factory for processing. The building will be located near the city, next to a landfill, in order to save money on transportation in the future. The table shows the main average costs.

Table: starting capital for opening a waste recycling plant

The total costs according to the table will be approximately 20,000,000 rubles.

How to open a waste recycling business without start-up capital

Of course, not everyone has 20,000,000 rubles. But this does not mean that you should abandon the business.

You can choose one area of ​​activity, thereby reducing costs. The least expensive step in the waste processing process is its transportation. Your consumer in this case will be a waste recycling plant.

The main costs of such a business will include the cost of transport, licensing and labor. Obviously, the profit from transportation will be less than the profit from a full-cycle waste processing business. This option is suitable for those who do not have large sums at the initial stage.

Business plan for waste recycling: example calculation

Let's move on to the calculations. Let’s assume that the plant employs 10 people, whose average salary is 20,000 rubles per month. The monthly wage fund will be 200,000 rubles. Full cycle plant.

The cost of raw materials depends on the chosen industry. In the example, the costs of purchasing plastic waste will be calculated. The market value of a ton of plastic is approximately 9,000 rubles. In a month, a plant with 10 employees will be able to process approximately 8 tons of waste. Therefore, monthly costs for raw materials will be 72,000 rubles. Let's include in this amount transportation costs, which correspond to approximately 20,000 rubles per month. The table shows the main expense items.

Table: Expected Costs

Expense item	Amount of expenses, rubles
One-time
Equipment	4 500 000
Vehicles (2 cars)	4 000 000
License	24 000
Registration costs	20 000
Total	8 544 000
Monthly	Amount of expenses per month, rubles
Renting premises	50 000
Wages	200 000
Raw materials	72 000
Utility payments	30 000
Other	20 000
Total	372 000

Now let’s determine the payback period and profitability of our business. The table shows the main income items.

Table: estimated income

The average cost of recycled plastic on the market is 70,000 rubles per ton. In a month, a plant of average capacity will process 10 tons, therefore, the income will be 700,000 rubles per month.

In addition to the sale of recyclable materials, income comes from the removal of waste from populated areas. Two cars per month are capable of removing 300 tons of garbage worth 1,200,000 rubles.

The payback period will be 8,544,000/1,800,000 = 4.8 months.

Video: how to make money from garbage

Waste processing is one of the most promising areas of business. The return from the waste recycling plant will not be long in coming. In addition, you will receive support from government authorities, which will allow you to expand your business and increase your income. However, be prepared for large time and material costs, especially at the initial stage.

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