The most famous palindrome. Research project linguistic features of the English palindrome

Words that are read backwards in the same way as correctly in Russian, that is, from left to right, are called palindromic words. Whole sentences are made from them, and even some poems are written in this genre. The word "palindrome" comes to us from Greek, and means "back, again."

What are palindromes?

The meaning of such words is perfect symmetry. Inverted phrases are composed simply in free time, and not only for entertainment.

Coming up with such phrases very well develops creative thinking, increases the intellectual capabilities of the individual, and forces the brain to work outside the pattern.

Various games with words strengthen ingenuity, which helps in learning and in any work.

Many phrases can be invented with the help of a dictionary and originality of thought. Here, for example, is one of the modern palindromes - “And the muse is glad to the muse without mind and reason.”

But this phrase appears in Gogol’s novel: is Mirgorod a city or a road?”

Writers and poets, since they have a strong intellect in the field of linguistics and think in phrases, easily compose palindromes.

The history of the appearance of such symmetrical phrases

The very first palindrome came to us from the ancient world. This is an amazing phrase that is absolutely symmetrical and easy to read not only from left to right and right to left, but also horizontally.

The phrase has meaning, it is not just a bunch of words. Its approximate translation is: “The sower of Arepo holds the wheels with difficulty.” This square is known as the work of one of the Romans. It's called a superpalindrome. And the ancient Romans considered the phrase magical, and painted it on their walls as a charmed symbol protecting the house from evil spirits.

In European countries, inverted phrases, as palindromes are called, became popular in the Middle Ages, during the Baroque and Rococo eras, when poetry and lyricism flourished.

Russia adopted such verse as a separate genre of literature only in the 17th century. The first Russian poem of this kind, “Razin,” was written in 1920 by V. Khlebnikov. But this genre of literature reached its peak only in the 80-90s of the 20th century. Among Russian writers, only a few wrote such lines - G. R. Derzhavin, V. Bryusov, N. Lodygin, and others.

Types of inversion phrases

There are not many identical words in the Russian language; therefore, not all palindromes are perfectly symmetrical. For example, you have to replace and with th, add letters, modify the word. Several types of inverted phrases were formed.

Palindromes can be absolute or imprecise. What is their difference? An absolute inversion phrase has no punctuation between words. That is, the words are not broken off, are not modified, and there are no missing letters in such palindromes. In contrast, imprecise palindromes make phrases difficult to read because the letters are in different words.

For example: “He is marvelous, a palindrome - and neither muzzle nor paws are visible.”

Or: “Muse, wounded by the awl of experience, you will pray for reason.

There are also cyclic inverted phrases, syllabic ones. There are quite a lot of them.

Many bloggers and simply those who like to “use their brains” play with palindromic words and constantly come up with something new and fresh.

Children's palindromic phrases

There are inverted phrases for children and adults, which are invented at various competitions by students who do not care about censorship. But we will focus on children's ones. In preschool children, palindromes can spark interest in literature and grammar. After all, a child’s development is still ongoing. But this time is spent outside or at home reading a book - it depends on the parents.

Children's palindromes are always simple. Poets and thinkers, when creating a palindrome for children, try to create an accurate phrase, small and, moreover, interesting. The most famous inverted phrase for children was written by the poet Afanasy Fet - “And the rose fell on Azor’s paw.”

The same saying was later used in the children's film "Pinocchio". If anyone remembers, the cunning Malvina dictated this proposal to the wooden boy for recording. This is a clear example of inverted phrases from movies. There is little meaning in this saying, but the phrase is really simple and funny for children. After this film, all children and adults remembered it, but maybe not everyone knew that it was a palindrome.

Famous Poems

Funny, witty poems are also made from shapeshifters. But creating even a couple of lines, observing the lines and rhythm, is far from easy.

The longest and most complex palindrome arranged in poetic lines is the work “THE PRICE WINDOW”, written by R. Adrianov. 6 thousand letters in size - a lot of work, mental energy and intellectual power have been put into it. Separating such phrases into strings is a terribly difficult job. Therefore, not all poets cope with this genre.

In general, in many languages ​​of the world there are such inverted phrases. In Latin, in English. All languages ​​that have words that have symmetrical spelling have their own palindromes.

Many poets, in order to diversify their style and develop their abilities, tried to write at least a couple of lines in the form of palindromes. Here, for example, is a line from the famous couplet by D. Avaliani.

Sea, awaken faith - bright, quickly I go by storm

Poems are written in polypalindromes - that is, each thought form is written in the form of an inversion and is located on one or two lines. Achieving rhyme in these cases is difficult, but not impossible. There are examples where rhyme is still present.

And he is yellow, the dream is the basis of the heat, and Milkin’s call!

Are there mirages? There's a dream, oh, lie down!

Many modern poets compose their palindromic poems. This genre is gradually developing, new phrases suitable for shifters are being found. But few of his contemporaries can compare with the same V. Khlebnikov or Derzhavin.

Many palindromic poems were written by the Russian poet Vladimir Lvovich Gershuni, Dmitry Avaliani and poetess Elena Katsyuba.

Holiday palindromes

New Year's inverted phrases are also very interesting. In this unusual way you can sign a postcard and congratulate friends and relatives. The problem is that the words "new" and "year" are not popular. But you can come up with something for Christmas with the words "angel", "stomp", "frost in" or "young".

Christmas holidays are celebrated in the family. And if your first palindrome does not have a very clear meaning, your relatives will understand you.

How to come up with your own palindrome?

People take up the task of inventing inverted phrases with interest, since this activity infects them with excitement and trains their literary abilities.

Firstly, you need a sufficient vocabulary for such creativity, at least 5-6 thousand verbal units. Secondly, you must first practice using a regular game. It is useful to compose several small ones from one, or to compose one from two. Constantly solving such small linguistic problems in your head stimulates the development of abilities that will be useful in writing more complex elements - inversion phrases.

After practicing playing with words and flipping through Ozhegov’s dictionary, you can try to compose your own version of a palindrome. Not everyone is good at this. But if you have a talent for writing palindromes, you can start composing inverted phrases for competitions. Various competitions “fuel” interest in literature, poetry, and grammar. Perhaps this is the first step towards writing your own poems.

Conclusions

So, inverted phrases are expressions “on the contrary”. With some mental training and a good vocabulary, anyone can write their own set of palindromes and possibly win the competition.

A linguistic phenomenon when one word is read the same way backwards is scientifically called “palindrome”, and in common parlance it is called inversion. In the English language there are a dime a dozen of such words...

What does it mean

The word itself is ancient Greek and means “running backwards.” A palindrome is a word or phrase that can be read equally well in either direction. Here are several analogues of the Russian word "shalash":

And

SAIPPUAKUPPINIPPUKAUPPIAS

The first means a laboratory for measuring tomatoes, and the second is simply a seller of soap dishes. The most famous humorous English phrase palindrome needs no introduction: Madam, I am Adam. Also classic examples are:

Do you see God?
Was it Eliot's toilet I saw?
Murder for a jar of red rum.
Some men interpret nine memos.
Never odd or even.

What happens

The palindrome is very common in the works of experimental poets (like the Russian poet Veniamin Khlebnikov), in language games (in American schools, children in English classes are asked to create a crossword puzzle from palindromes). Palindrome is also very popular as a linguistic joke or entertainment.

Just for fun

King, are you glad you are king?
Fall leaves after leaves fall.
Says Mom, "What do you do?" - You do what Mom says.
You know, I did little for you, for little did I know you.
First Ladies rule the State, and state the rule: "ladies first."
Please me by standing by me please.
Blessed are they that believe they are blessed.
Escher, drawing hands, drew hands drawing Escher.
You can cage a swallow, can"t you, but you can"t swallow a cage, can you?
Did I say you never say "never say never"? You say I did.

Palindrome poem

The poems below were written by James A. Lindon. From the first line to the last, as well as from the last to the first, the poems read exactly the same. They were first published in the book Dmitry Borgmann“Beyond Language” or in another version “Super Language”.

Entering the lonely house with my wife
I saw him for the first time
Peering furtively from behind a bush -
Blackness that moved,
A shape amid the shadows,

Revealed in the ragged moon.

Put him to flight forever -
I dared not
(For reasons that I failed to understand),
Though I knew I should act at once.

I puzzled over it, hiding alone,

He came, and I saw him crouching
Night after night.
Night after night
He came, and I saw him crouching,
Watching the woman as she neared the gate.

I puzzled over it, hiding alone -
Though I knew I should act at once,
For reasons that I failed to understand
I dared not
Put him to flight forever.

A closer look (he seemed to turn) might have
Revealed in the ragged moon
A momentary glimpse of gleaming eyes
A shape amid the shadows,
Blackness that moved.

Peering furtively from behind a bush,
I saw him, for the first time
Entering the lonely house with my wife.

Palindrome crosswords

The examples above show how each word can be read the same way both forward and backward, both vertically and horizontally.

C A R E S A N E L E R E F E R E L E N A S E R A C

N E T E W E T E N

T R A P R A J A A J A R P A R T

S T E P T I M E E M I T P E T S

W E D E K E D E W

F A R A D A L E D A R E B E R A D E L A D A R A F

He is marvelous, palindromic, and

no muzzles or paws are visible...

Kirill Reshetnikov

(from ancient Greek πᾰλίνδρομος - “moving backwards”) - these are words, phrases and sentences that are read equally from left to right and from right to left.

Palindromes, or inverted words, are possible starting with three-letter words: bob, grandfather, kok, oko, navel, shish. Although among geographical names there is a palindrome of two letters, for example, the Yaya River in Siberia. The most five-letter palindromic words are: order, argument, tavern, Cossack, lump, revolver, flood, rotor, stomp, sabbath, hut. Palindrome sentences are most often playful or humorous. In ancient times in Russia they were called “crawfish poems.”

This is what palindromic phrases look like.

And in the Yenisei it is blue.

And the lama is small.

And the fox is smart - the rat brought cheese to him.

And the muse is glad to the muse without mind and reason.

Watermelon flew into a bison

Watermelon at the bison.

Argentina beckons the Negro.

And the rose fell on Azor's paw.

And the dog is barefoot.

Asya, milk is near the meat.

And the brush is like a mother-in-law!

Oborin is great - he is both timid and Leo.

This is the power of the capitalist type.

City of roads.

The town of Bishkek is very expensive.

Yes, looking for a taxi is hell!

Fashion house

Road out of town:

now a ditch, now a lapel.

The sky is expensive, but you need a vegetable garden.

Eat less unwashed food!

It is known that even the hedgehog has NZ at home.

And the city values ​​a vegetable garden by the road.

And Lehman is broke!

And Ivan was little, but he was beating a lancer at the linden trees with a pitchfork!

And while you are poor, do not wait, O Jew, for women, but mine.

Ira, cook!

The Cossack carried hay to the donkey, and porridge to the Cossack.

Romantic whale at sea.

The cat is learned, but how insensitive he is!

Cook, save the onions.

I climb into the knot.

While flying, it will catch up with another woodpecker.

Lyosha found horns on the mountain.

The leader raved cheerfully and proudly.

Did you wake up Lida?

The midget catfish was sawing on the bridge.

Rot your tuxedos, Komsomol!

Poppy is alien to bugs.

The path is small, but it leads to the portals.

The truth beckons me with its radiance.

The world is like Rome.

Oksana and her kitten get wet.

Cossack muzzle behind the scenes.

He looks like an angel, but he lies down on the sofa.

Ivan rode on a pitchfork.

On the forehead, you idiot!

You need a sword in your fist, and a bow in your suitcase.

There is a suitcase on the house.

Cancer got into our pocket.

Strength is our talisman.

You can't see how amazing he is.

Isn't it amazing, mom?! Ham, but cute!

Not married, but gentle.

Chopin didn't go.

But the archangel is invisible, the frost lay like a pattern on the temple, and it is marvelous.

But you eat less, he doesn’t wash.

Wow, I see someone alive!

There is milk near Misha.

He's been in hell for a long time.

He is marvelous, a palindrome, and neither muzzle nor paws are visible.

It, salmon meat, is salted.

He chopped and sweated from wine, it was cold - he was in a daze; That summer we drank heavily.

Should I dig up a slipper?

Oh, and dashing!

“Let me in!” - A bowl of soup is flying to Maxim. - “Let go, the soup is flying!”

Leps sang.

Tartu is dear as a city of losses.

The sea flows, not the rum.

A raccoon is drowning.

Cake and bananas, soup. My son's mouth is full.

Coffee cake is not a foxtrot.

You, my dear, go fast: there is a mine near the road, behind an expensive vegetable garden, and behind it is a city by the sea; go, if you wash.

I'll be at the oak tree.

Horror - the angel lay down on the soot.

I don’t knit brooms anymore.

Lyosha found a saw near the linden trees.

He died - and peace be upon him.

The mind stupidly floated beyond the limits on the path to insanity.

Appreciate the lead in yourself.

The rustle from the oak tree seems good.

I come with a sword, judge.

I'm dumb and tender, don't marry me.

I am dumb: the fox bit me.

I'm not crying, I'm sure.

I'm not old, brother Senya.

I finally met the lady.

I compared this and that - that’s why I distinguished myself.

I will die, farmer, - I ate persimmons.

Palindromes can also be used in poetry. An interesting couplet by D. Avaliani, written in Homeric hexameter.

The sea is mighty. In tone with him, I will answer noisily with Homer:

Sea, awaken faith - bright, quickly I go like a storm.

There are many poetic phrases that can be read equally in both directions.

Muse, wounded by the awl of experience, you will pray for reason.(D. Avaliani)

Here the weirdos honor the cicada.(D. Avaliani)

We will illuminate and destroy the world!(V. Gershuni)

But you are as thin as a note.(N. Ladygin)

I sang, shining and blind...(A. Khanmagomedov)

Prayer for the white horse.(I. Fonyakov)

He lay down on the temple, and the archangel was marvelous and invisible.(Folklore)

You could be our god, you deception!(B. Goldstein)

Morning crept across the port.(V. Ryabinin)

The history of palindromes dates back to time immemorial. The oldest surviving palindrome is written in Latin and was created around the 4th century. AD. This is a phrase "Sator Arepo tenet opera rotas" , which means “The sower of Arepo can hardly keep his wheels.” Typically, this palindrome, consisting of five five-letter words, was written in the shape of a square.

In this form, the phrase is read in four ways: horizontally and vertically, from left to right and from right to left.

It is worth saying that in ancient times, amazing properties were attributed to the palindrome, “sharpened” into a square. It was believed that it had magical powers and was able to protect against diseases and evil spirits. It is no coincidence that such “magic” phrases were carved on the walls of temples and palaces of the ancient Romans, and in the Middle Ages - on the facades of Christian churches.

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Introduction

While sorting out my children's library, I lingered on the colorful book by Alexei Nikolaevich Tolstoy “The Golden Key, or the Adventures of Pinocchio.” I stopped at my favorite picture of my childhood and read the famous phrase with completely different eyes, “And the rose fell on Azor’s paw.” And I had questions: What is the name of this proposal? Are there many such phrases? Are there similar sentences in other languages? This is how an interest in the topic of inversions or palindromes arose, as I later learned. “And the rose fell on Azor’s paw” is the most famous palindrome. Well, have you already remembered what it is? The Literary Encyclopedia says: PALINDROM [Greek - “running backwards”, otherwise palindromon, inversion] - a word or phrase constructed in such a way that it can be read both on the right and on the left, maintaining the meaning. When I became acquainted with this phenomenon myself, I decided to ask my classmates and other school students what they knew about palindromes. I conducted a survey asking the following questions:

What is a palindrome?

What is a changeling?

Give examples of Russian palindromes.

Give examples of English palindromes.

The result can be seen in the diagram.

Thus, we can conclude that only 10% of students in grades 10-11 are familiar with the term “palindrome”. 10% of elementary school students, 15% of grades 5-6, 24% of grades 7-9, and 36% of grades 10-11 know the meaning of the word shifter. A large percentage of students were able to give 10 or more examples of Russian palindromes. The situation was more difficult with English palindromes. Analyzing the diagram, I came to the conclusion that children and adolescents are not sufficiently familiar with this topic, so I decided to work on the topic of palindromes.

Relevance: insufficient familiarity with the phenomenon of palindrome.

Object: palindrome as a specific form of literary creativity.

Material for research: palindromes collected in the literature and the Internet.

Subject of research: English palindrome and how it can be used to attract interest in learning the language.

Target: study the history of the development of the palindrome, describe the features of the English palindrome and use them to attract interest in learning the language.

Tasks: collecting new and attracting classical material to study this problem, analyzing and classifying the material, formulating the general linguistic features of the English palindrome.

Practical significance: The study may be useful and interesting for school students who are interested in the English language. The practical significance of the study lies in the fact that the collected palindromes can be used by those wishing to expand and deepen their knowledge of the language.

The following were used for the study methods: literature search and analysis, classification, student survey. As a practical outlet for our research work, we have made a brochure in English. It features a fun quiz where the answers are English palindromes. By solving these riddles, students have the opportunity to consolidate their knowledge of lexical items. If the answer causes difficulties, you can use dictionaries to solve the problem and thereby enrich your vocabulary

Research methods: continuous sampling, classification, description.

Origin and history of the development of palindrome

Palindromes are words and entire phrases that can be read both from left to right and from right to left, and when read, the same thing will happen. There are palindromes in almost all languages ​​of the world, if only because there are elementary palindromes - names of people consisting of only 3 letters, for example, Bob. Palindrome refers to a rare form of versification, where the process of composition is associated with significant technical difficulties, and the result does not always satisfy the aesthetic sense. It is most often classified as experimental poetry, associated with understanding the secrets of the craft. But, along with this “in-house” interpretation of the palindrome, there is also its amazing popularity in the wider reading environment - almost every European can name one or two palindromes known to him.

Therefore, the interest of research in this curious form - its origin, history of development and theory - is explained by the length of the “experiment” of poets with the palindrome, which dates back more than two thousand years and yet continues to be considered an experiment.

The history of palindrome goes back to ancient times. Palindromic verses were known in ancient China. Many researchers also note the incantatory and prayerful properties of palindromes, which made it possible to use them as spells. Thus, it was believed that when pronouncing a “turnaround” phrase TAKE THE COW AND THE VIRGIN AWAY FROM THE THIEF, justice had to prevail. Folk proverbial constructions also often had a palindromic structure: cf. Like a lion and that mother is great.

The oldest surviving superpalindrome is written in Latin and dates back to the 4th century. AD This is the phrase "Sator Arepo tenet opera rotas", which means "The sower of Arepo can hardly keep his wheels." Due to the amazing properties of the square, in the Middle Ages it was credited with magical powers. In addition to its purifying qualities, Sator Arepo protected property and sleeping people from fire, and the phrase was considered so miraculous that it was endowed with the ability to extinguish fire if depicted on a wooden tablet and thrown into the flame. In 1742, the ruler of Saxony issued a decree that such tablets should be kept on hand in every house to fight fires. They even say that this formula was included in the coats of arms of fire departments in Germany and Lorraine, along with the fireproof reptile - the salamander.

By the X-XI centuries. palindromes spread first to Italy and then to Western Europe. From the XII-XIII centuries. information about them, although rare, appears in textbooks on poetry and treatises on versification. This is due to the opening of the first universities and the formation of a unified European Latinized education system.

The first appearance of an independent palindromic form in music dates back to the 14th century. Both musical and poetic palindromes throughout the entire historical period of their existence were considered one of the highest manifestations of technical skill, exquisite “jokes of the masters” of poetry and music, intended for select connoisseurs.

Martin Gardner quotes several English palindromes from Bomobo's book Literary Curiosities

L. Mercer: “A man, a plan, a canal, - Panama!” (Man, plan, canal - Panama!)

Judging by these examples, from the 19th century the genre of “curious poems” from poetry textbooks finally moved to the entertainment sections of popular magazines and in this form continued to exist until the 20th century. Poetry and magic give way to jokes and fun.

In Russian poetry until the 20th century. The most famous are two palindromic lines by G. Derzhavin: My mind is dawning And I come with the sword of the judge

Numerous in the 20th century. experiments in the field of poetic language could not help but affect palindromic forms. Russian experimental poets V. Khlebnikov and V. Bryusov turned to them, who tried to introduce an aesthetic principle into palindromes and inversions. In the 1920s, I. Selvinsky and A. Tufanov actively worked on palindromes; in later years, the palindrome form was used by S. Kirsanov. In the 1970s, A. Voznesensky tried to find an organic combination of palindromic technique with visuality. Among the modern palindromists, the most famous are V. Gershuni, D. Avaliani, B. Goldstein, G. Lukomnikov (Boniface), A. Bubnov.

Basic principles of construction. Palindrome classification.

Palindrome in its broad sense is not limited to just the verbal form. A palindrome can be called an object that has a linear or cyclic form of organization, in which the symmetry of its components is specified from beginning to end and from end to beginning. Palindromes can be in the form of verse (that is, broken into lines) or written in prose - linearly, without breaking into lines. Single-line palindromes, accordingly, belong neither to verse nor to prose.

"Live not on evil

"Was it a car or a cat I saw?"

"Pull up if I pull up"

"Some men interpret nine memos"

"Not New York, Roy went on"

Sometimes palindromic structures are used in the titles of works: the title of a story by L. Levin (Lawrence Levin) Dr Awkward & Olson in Oslo. The syllabic structure of the palindrome forces authors to use word forms that are few in syllables, so the English palindrome often lacks verb forms and uses short nouns. Syntactic constructions of palindrome are distinguished by structural brevity.

Let us also consider the classification of palindromes:

1. Words are palindromes- these are separate words that are read the same in both directions.

COOK- ship's cook.

REVOLVER- revolver.

The longest palindromic word in the Oxford English Dictionary is " TATTARRATTATT", coined by James Joyce in the novel Ulysses, meaning a knock on the door. Many sources say that the longest English palindrome is " REDIVIDER"(9 letters) - "partition". According to the Guinness Book of Records, the longest palindromic English word is " DETARTRATED", this is the past tense of the word "detartrate", indicating the removal of tartrate (salts and esters of tartaric acid). The longest palindrome word in the world - 19 letters, is considered to be a Finnish word SAIPPUAKIVIKAUPPIAS(lye merchant).

2. Palindrome phrase- a phrase that reads the same both from left to right and from right to left:

Bast foot stomped

The leader was delirious

Prayer for the white horse

Both the leopard and the hydra ate

There is a funny palindromic dialogue in English:

"Madam, I'm Adam"(“Madam, I am Adam,” the first man introduced himself to the first woman).

"Eve"(“Eve,” she answered modestly in a palindrome).

There are world records in composing palindromes:

palindromic composition composed by the American E. Benbow (1987), containing 100,000 words. This phrase begins with the words: “Al, sign it, Lover!...”, and its ending is: “...revolting, Isla”;

3. Quasi-palindrome- the same as a regular palindrome, but without taking into account soft and hard signs, the assumptions “i” = “th”, “w” = “u” are also possible:

“Sensation: I laid eggs!” - Alexander Volovik

“The truth beckons me with its radiance”- V. Gershuni

“And he sees the dream of wondrous youth”- N. Brennikov

4. Pseudo-palindrome- a phrase that, when read the other way around, takes on a different meaning.

“There is snow on Ritka” - “GenSek tyrant”- Sergey Fedin

5. Rectus- this is a piece of text consisting of at least one letter, when placed “in a circle” starting from two, generally speaking, different places clockwise, you can read two different phrases. Example: mother/darkness (A. Voznesensky). Other examples: river/square, slide/cahors, pine/pump, rickshaw/ball, bite/cod, etc.

Tokyo. / Kyoto.

6. Super palindrome is a piece of text consisting of M (where M = N × N) letters, which, when arranged in a square table of size N × N, matches the sequence of letters when read in the following 4 ways:

1) in lines from left to right and from top to bottom;

2) in columns from top to bottom and from left to right;

3) along the lines from right to left and from bottom to top;

4) in rows from bottom to top and from right to left.

Net ewe ten (to catch ten sheep in a net)

Step time emit pets

7. Recently, interlingual palindromes or werewolves have been created. Words from different languages ​​can be written in a single transliteration, as, for example, in a dialogue.

Currency. But you love? (“But do you love?”), or compose a non-transcriptional palindrome, implying the interchange of letters of different languages ​​with similar phonetics: for example,

Crack "Insert". (“Insert” is a key on the keyboard)

"User!" - I'm dreaming. Yes pop! (yes - yes) Ball in the forehead. (ball [ball] - ball) Mile - lim. (lim = limit - limit)Fire - sheriff. (fire - fire)

And love called. (love [love] - love) Rot, King! (king - king) Chimera - remix. (remix - remix)

Practical uses of palindromes

When learning English, we often face the problem of memorizing words. We were wondering what word games could be used to learn words and expressions faster and more effectively. Playful forms of working with words develop memory and maintain interest in language.

The phenomenon of “palindrome” in language, although not new, is very interesting and peculiar. The combination of different styles of speech, word creation, the significance of each word and at the same time a limited set of sounds and syllables create the magic of words. Composing palindromes is a very difficult and painstaking task, but if you are lucky enough to create a successful and, most importantly, meaningful little masterpiece, he will be destined for a long life as an exemplary representative of this amazing genre. Some experimental poets write entire poems in palindromes - palindromons - this is already the pinnacle of skill. Such poems, as a rule, do not rhyme or are built on assonance. Rhyming palindromons are extremely difficult to write. Palindromes are not usually considered from the point of view of their truth - but only from the point of view of their form. Their shape is symmetrical and therefore sacred. We plan to continue studying palindromic structures and their linguistic features. Palindromes are, without a doubt, the most popular area of ​​“game-linguistic” creativity of masters of words. The number of existing palindromes has long gone into the hundreds and thousands. Books are being published that are called: “The Art of Palindrome” (M., 2010), “Anthology of Russian Palindrome” (M., 2002, hereinafter referred to as ARP), “New Anthology of Palindrome” (M., 2008)

To the question of my questionnaire “What is a palindrome?” The answer was repeatedly given: “It’s some kind of medicine.” And this is true. Palindrome is a cure, but a cure for boredom and a cure for the mind. Therefore, let's get treatment!

Conclusion

The purpose of our research work was to identify palindromes that help improve the level of knowledge of the English language. To achieve this goal, we solved several problems.

In the theoretical part, we got acquainted with the literature on this topic and found out the definition of the word “palindrome”. A palindrome is a word or phrase that reads the same from left to right as from right to left.

In the practical part of our work, we examined the features of English palindromes. We conducted a survey among students and identified their level of knowledge about palindromes. We have compiled a small list of English palindromes.

As a practical outlet for our research work, we have made a brochure in English. It features a fun quiz where the answers are English palindromes.

The work can be used in English and Russian language lessons, during class hours and extracurricular activities.

LITERATURE

Anthology of Russian palindrome, combinatorial and handwritten poetry. Comp. and comm. G. Lukomnikova and S. Fedina. Cons. D. Avaliani. - M.: Gelios-ARV, 2002.

Beregovskaya E., Berger J.-M. Interesting rhetoric. - M.: Languages ​​of Russian culture, 2002

Biryukov S.E. I will understand the mind and experience. M., 1988, No. 4

Bubnov A.V. Palindrome language. Kursk, 1996

Fedin S. The best games with words. - M.: Iris, 2002.

http://www.languages-study.com/guinness-2.html

http://www.screen.ru/vadvad/Vadvad/Arp/Skld.htm

Appendix 1. Games with Russian palindromes

You can make up a whole little story from palindromic words. Let's say it's like this.

A soldier was walking along the road, and he met an old man. “Hello, father,” the soldier told him. And the man responds by saying: “I am not a father.” “And who are you?” - the soldier was surprised. “Who am I? Yes, my title reads the same on both sides.” - “How is this?” - “And so - grandfather. I’m a grandfather, and this word is read the same whether on the right or on the left.” “And, really,” the soldier was surprised, “and you, I see, are a master of making riddles, grandfather, make another one.” - “Are you asking for another one? Well, guess then what my name is - and this word is read the same on both ends. Yes, okay, I’ll tell you myself - this is the name Titus. But here's a riddle for you. I live in a house whose name also reads the same on both ends.” “I guessed it,” the soldier laughed, “your house is called...”.

Can you give the name of the house where the grandfather named Titus lives? Let me remind you that the word for this house is read the same on both ends. (Hut).Then - here's another task for you.

Near the house where my grandfather lived, there grew a plant, the name of which also reads the same on the right and on the left. (Bean).

Here are two more selections of phrases that you need to read carefully and find palindromes in each selection.

1. The old man has become old. The godfather bit the fox. I’ll invite Glasha to visit. Happy sir - sitting in the field.

2. The train is coming to the field. A Cossack stabs a heifer. Maybe the weather will help us. The Cossack rested his turnip.

Palindromic words can be presented as rhyming riddles. Try to solve them.

Read from the beginning - a necessary accessory

car or carriage,

and at the end there is a whetstone in the form of a whetstone. (wheel - touchstone)

And this word - read from the beginning, read from the end -

means the military techniques of a Chinese fighter. (wushu)

Remembering the capital of a large state,

you will immediately find a palindromic word;

and if you read it from the end,

You will find agreement without quarrel. (Rome - peace)

There is a writer in Russian literature,

whose surname is in a palindromic figure. (Nilin)

You read from left to right,

like walking along a path.

If you turn back, you will end up in the garden;

there are rows of apple trees

with large and sweet fruits. (trail - aport)

Can you guess the title of Nabokov's late novel?

if you read a woman's name on the right and left. (Ada)

An abbreviation that reads the same from the beginning and from the end,

attached to the name of the Swedish quartet. (ABBA)

Left and right you read -

you get a piece of earth or clay. (lump)

Appendix 4. Games with English palindromes

reward - drawer,

“Reverse Me!”

I`m the high point. Reverse me and I`m something to cook in

I'm uncooked. Reverse me and I`m armed conflict.

I`m a portion of the whole. Reverse me and I`m something to catch something in.

I perceived with the eyes. Reverse me and I existed.

I`m a heavy weight. Reverse me and I`m a negative.

I`m a wild animal. Reverse me and I move like water.

I`m a number. Reverse me and I`m an open-meshed fabric used for catching fish.

I`m an obstruction used to hold back water. Reverse me and I`m crazy.

I was victorious. Reverse me and I`m the present time.

I dug minerals out of the ground. Reverse me and I`m a coarse cloth that jeans are made of.

CONTENTS

Introduction……………………………………………………………..…3

1.The origin and history of palindromes……………………………….....5

1.1 Basic principles of palindrome construction......….. …………….5

2. Linguistic features of palindromes…....………………………...............7

2.1 Types of palindromes.............................................................................9

3. Using the palindrome technique in poetry and prose......…………... …13

4. Practical part………………………………………………………...15

Conclusion……………...…………………………………………….…..17

Literature................................................... ........................................................ .18

Application………………………………………………………………………. ……….19

INTRODUCTION

A palindrome is a word, phrase, number, or other sequence of characters which reads the same backward or forward, such as madam or kayak. Sentence-length palindromes may be written when allowances are made for adjustments to capital letters, punctuation, and word dividers, such as “A man, a plan, a canal, Panama!”, “Was it a car or a cat I saw? " or "No "x" in Nixon".

Relevance: insufficient knowledge about the linguistic features of the palindrome.

Material for the study : palindromes collected on the Internet.

Subject of research : linguistic characteristics of English palindrome.

TheObjective of the work is to explore the history of the palindrome, and describe the features of English palindrome.

To achieve the set aim I’ve determined the followingtasks :

to get general information about palindromes

to find information about history of palindromes

to learn some facts about the typical palindromes andthe common features of the English language palindrome.

to interview the pupils and teachers of our school

to analyze information

to create a computer presentation

to make a conclusion

The practical importance : the materials can be used in English lessons, will help to better understand the development of modern English, a variety of linguistic and poetic forms.

In my work I have used the followingmethods of research :

a. Theoretical study

b. The observation

c. The questionnaire

d. Interweaving

e. Generalization

Hypothesis : Not many people know what a palindrome is and can hardly give any examples of palindrome words or phrases.

Palindrome refers to a rare form of poetry where the writing process is associated with significant technical difficulties, but the result does not always satisfy the aesthetic sense. It is most often referred to as experimental poetry related to the comprehension of the secrets of craft and art of versification. But along with this interpretation of the palindrome, and there its amazing popularity in the general reading environment - almost every European would call one or two palindromes known to them.

Therefore, the interest to study this curious form - its genesis, history and development of the theory - is due to the length of the "experiment" of poets with a palindrome, which has more than two thousand years and still continues to be considered experimental .

It is expected that the study of poetry samples and information about palindrome will help to better understand the features of the palindrome as a form and genre, to clarify its varieties and trace the evolution of the palindrome from its origins to modern times.

1. The origin and history of palindromes

It is known that palindromes first appeared on the vessels, vases and other objects of the spherical shape, "Inscription-palindrome can be read by turning the" rotation of the body "in any direction or approaching it from all sides." Since antiquity palindromes were placed on the portals of houses and temples, on fountains and tombstones.

The origin of the palindrome is caused by the interaction of several equally important factors. Firstly, the aesthetic sense of mirror symmetry, it is almost a mathematical expression, not only in numbers and in letters. Secondly, the aesthetics of the game - the game of the mind, an intellectual exercise in the highest skill. Palindrome placed in Mystery crafts, famous and subservient only the initiated, like "The Glass Bead Game" by H. Hesse. The most logical justification for the emergence of European palindrome is necessary to consider the variety of forms of writing, which coexisted in the ancient Mediterranean since the time of Alexander the Great.

1.1Basic principles of palindrome construction

British composer also composed music in the palindrome or based on palindromic themes; the slow movement of his is a palindrome, as is the slow movement of his String Quartet No. 1. His hour-long consists of thirty-two variations and a fugue on a palindromic theme of Haydn (from the minuet of his Symphony No. 47). All of Simpson's thirty-two variations are themselves palindromic, equating to a remarkable feat in string quartet writing.

In , a is a in which one line of the melody is reversed in time and pitch from the other.

The longest palindromic song was composed by Edward Benbow in November 1987, she begins Al words, sign it, Lover! and ends with the revolting, Isla. The composition consists of 100,000 words.

3. Using palindrome technique in poetry and prose

Palindromes are willingly used in visual poetry, thereby creating the so-called videopalindromes - visual poetry, based on the technique of the palindrome. Such structures are created by recording of the text on the closed line (generally a circle), resulting in a cyclodrome. Cyclodrome reads the same in both directions at the beginning of the end splice; while a physical copy of the initial letters of the forward and reverse reading can be different. For example, the longest English word palindrome TATTARRATTAT, which is recorded in the Oxford dictionary I Love Me, Vol. I/S.Wordrow Palindrome Encyclopedia. Chapel Hill, North Carolina, 1996.

Bergerson H.W. Palindromes and Anagrams.N.Y., 1973.

Crystal D. Language play. , 1998.

E. Greber Palindromon B Revolutio // Russian Literature XLIII. 1998 S. 159CH203.

Palindrome // The Oxford Companion to English Literature / Compiled and edited by sir Paul Harvey. Oxford, 1967. P. 610.

Appendix

Dictionary palindromes

A nut for a jar of tuna- NutForflaskstuna.

Able was I here I saw Elba -Iwasstrong, ByeNotsawElba

Ada-Ada

Anna -Anna

Asko Oksa –AskoOksa

Bob -Bean

Civic-civil

Dad-dad

Dammit, I" mmad! - Damn it, I'm crazy!

Deed - business

Dr Awkward – Doctor Okward (story title)

Emma Lamme – Emma Lame

Enny Lynne- Annie Lynn

Eve - Eve

Hannah - Hannah

Kayak - kayak

Level - level

Livenotonevil– Life is not about evil

Ma is as selfless as i am. - Mom is as selfless as I am.

Madam, I’m Adam - Madam, I’m Adam

Malayalam - malayalam

Mom - mother

Net ewe ten (to catch ten sheep in a net)

Niagara o roar again – Niagara roars again

Noon-noon

Not New York, Roy went on –RoywasNotVNewYork

Nun - monarchy

Olson in Oslo – Olson in Oslo (story title)

Otto - Otto

Peep - squeak

Pull up if I pull up - stop if I stop

Racecar - racing car

Radar - radar

Rats live on no evil star. - Rats do not live on any evil star.

Redder – more red

Reviver - reviver

Rotor - rotor

Sagas - sagas

Sanna Rannas – Sanna Rannas

Sator arepo tenet opera rotas - The sower of Arepo keeps the wheels in business

Shahs - Shahs

Solos - solo

Some men interpret nine memos – Several men explain nine memos

Step time emit pets

Tattarrattat – the sound of a door opening, the sound of a drum

Tenet - principle

Was it a car or a cat I saw? – Was it a car or did I see a cat?

Was it a rat I saw? - Was it really the rat I saw?

Yay - cheers

Palindromes - biyaz

Ball to the forehead

Fire - sheriff

User! – I’m dreaming

Yes pop

And love was calling

Rot it, King

Mile – lim

CrackVInsert

Chimera– remix

Some famous names as fine palindrome examples:

Lon Nol was a was Prime Minister of Cambodia

Nisio Isin was a Japanese novelist

Robert Trebor was an actor

Stanley Yelnats is a character of a movieHoles

Names of Places in Palindrome Style

Notton, Yorkshire, England

Kanakanak (Alaska)

Neuquen (Argentina)

Yreka Bakery (Yreka, California)

Madoko Dam, Zimbabwe

Renner (South Dakota)

Semmes (Alabama)

Caraparac, Peru

Allagalla, Sri Lanka

Glenelg (cities in Ontario, Maryland, and Australia)

Vellev, Denmark

Capac (Michigan)

Lon Nol (Vietnam)

Tassat, France

Navan (Ireland)

Elleyelle, Nigeria

Akka, Morocco

Tumut (Australia)

Ward Draw (South Dakota)

Ruppur, Bangladesh

Oruro, Bolivia

Kivik, Sweden

Sajas, France

Wassamassaw (South Carolina)

Hattah, Australia

Names of Girls& Boys with Palindromes

Elle

Hannah

Anna

Ava

Ada

Emma

Ara

Asa

Bob

Nathan

Kerek

Nitin

Siris

Nissin

Palindromic Names of Twins

Nadia & Aidan

Lexa & Axel

Nella & Allen

Kira & Arik

Nala & Alan

Palindromic Phrases & Sentences

Dammit, I'm mad!

Wonder if Sununu"s fired now.

Don't nod.

Dog God.

Borrow or rob?

Evil rats on no star live.

Evil olive

I"m a fool; aloof am I.

Let Omro open one poor motel.

A new order began, a more Roman age bred Rowena.

Murder for a jar of red rum.

Satan, oscillate my metallic sonatas!

Did Hannah see the bees? Hannah did.

Live, O Devil, revel ever!Live! Do evil!

Ma is as selfless as I am.

Must sell at tallest sum.

Cigar? Toss it in a can.It is so tragic.

See, slave, I demonstrate yet arts no medieval sees.

Madam, I"m Adam.

Denim axes examined.

Naomi, did I moan?

May a moody baby doom a yam.

A dog, a plan, a canal: pagoda.

Desserts, I stressed!

Eva, can I stab bats in a cave?

Stack cats.

Poor Dan is in a droop.

Golf? No sir, prefer prison-flog.

Draw, O coward!

No cab, no tuna nut on bacon.

Ten animals I slam in a net.

Meet animals; laminate "em.

Never odd or even.

No lemon, no melon.

Party boobytrap.

Tino dump mud on it.

Rise to vote, sir.

Stella won't have wallets.

Won't lovers revolt now?

Was it a car or a cat I saw?

So many dynamos!

Let O"Hara gain an inn in a Niagara hotel.

Reviled did I live, said I, as evil I did deliver.

Ma is a nun, as I am.

A nut for a jar of tuna.

Wonton? Not now.

Lay a wallaby baby ball away, Al.

No, Mel Gibson is a casino"s big lemon.

Gate man sees name, garage man sees name tag.

Drab as a fool, aloof as a bard.

Draw pupil's lip upward.

Anne, I vote more cars race Rome to Vienna.

As I pee, sir, I see Pisa!

Dennis and Edna sinned.

Go deliver a dare, vile dog!

A Santa at Nasa.

Draw nine men forward.

Acrobats stab orca.

Do you see God?

Zeus was deified, saw Suez.

Are we not drawn onward, we few, drawn onward to new era?

Camp Mac

Evil, a sin, is alive.

Devil never even lived.

No, it never propagates if I set a gap or prevention

Emu love volume.

No, I save on final perusal - a sure plan if no evasion.

God saw I was dog.

No, Sir, panic is a basic in a prison.

He did, eh?

Hey Roy! Am I mayor?Yeh!

I"m a pup, am I?

Oh, cameras are macho.

In words, alas, drown I.

Laid at a dial.

Sh...Tom sees moths.

Lid off a daffodil.

No, tie it on.

Seven eves.

Marge,lets send a sadness telegram.

My gym.

Name now one man.

Was it Eliot's toilet I saw?

Pull up, Eva, we're here!Wave! Pull up!

Oprah defined Harpo.

Niagara, eh? I hear again!

O Geronimo, no minor ego.

Pass mom's sap.

Some men interpret nine memos.

Rail delivers reviled liar

Salt an atlas.

Too bad I hid a boot.

Won't I panic in a pit now?

Selim's tired - no wonder, it's miles!

Yo bro! Free beer for boys!

Was it a bar or a bat I saw?

Too hot to hoot.

Yawn a more Roman way.

Star comedy by Democrats.

Now I draw an award.I won!