School encyclopedia. Alexey Leonov: wife, personal life Awards and titles of Alexey Leonov

"My family" - Good family will add intelligence - intelligence. Bako Maria My family My friends. Reading fairy tales and family stories. Stolbovsky Nikolay. The family is strong together. The village of Stolbovo was already mentioned in the time of Catherine 2 (last third of the 18th century). He is the big one in his family. Research: “Family diploma” (search for information about the meaning of the surnames of class students).

“Family and kindergarten” - Master class from parents! Adults and children play! Happy starts! Not only parents, but also grandmothers delight with their presence. "Dad, Mom, I - sports family" Working with salt dough. Fairy tales performed by parents and children. Master class for parents. Working with fabric. Educational game with parents, “What we are like – children and adults.”

“Relationships in the family” - Be afraid to hurt with a word! You have to be kind out of habit, not out of calculation. When you do a good deed, do not expect good in return. You are my favorite... Rule No. 5. Read with the whole family! Advise me... Be a role model for your child. The world is still filled with sadness, Trouble strikes on the sly. Read with your child! Unfinished thesis.

“Family Day” - From the story of Peter and Fevronia. As a result, the boyars themselves asked Peter and Fevronia to return. Everyone uses daisies to tell fortunes, What is a daisy? So...grass! Peter and Fevronia were buried nearby, but in different coffins. Peter and Fevronia lived happily ever after and died on the same day. Various doctors treated Peter, but without success.

“Family budget” - Applications. Conclusion. In the last row of the tables we calculate the total amounts for the columns. Income from renting out real estate. Family budget. 7. Reserve - a monthly amount intended for any unexpected expenses. The family budget includes income (see part 2.1). 1.Spreadsheets: Each cell has its own address, for example A4, E1, C5.

“Family Lesson” - Moscow City Pedagogical University City Information Resource Center. Plan for conducting classes using the project method. What rights do we have in the family? Annotation. Designed educationally -methodological project It is recommended to use it in 3rd grade in an ethnic studies lesson. Questions.

1 slide

2 slide

3 slide

Biography. Alexey Leonov was born on May 30, 1934 in the Kemerovo region in the family of a miner. At the age of 9 I went to primary school. After 4 years, the family moved to the father’s place of work in the city of Kaliningrad (formerly Königsberg). In 1953, the young man graduated high school, received a good matriculation certificate.

4 slide

Leonov family. Wife - Svetlana Pavlovna Leonova (1940). Daughters: Leonova Victoria Alekseevna (1961-1996), Leonova Oksana Alekseevna (1967).

5 slide

First space flight. Alexey Leonov made his first space flight in a crew with Pavel Belyaev on the Voskhod-2 spacecraft.

6 slide

Preparation in open space. On March 18, 1965, Alexei Leonov was the first in the world to perform a spacewalk. Leonov's spacewalk, of course, was prepared by dozens of specialist scientists from various fields - doctors, engineers, designers, materials scientists... They foresaw everything that could have been foreseen on Earth, but troubles could not be avoided.

7 slide

Trouble in outer space. ...When Alexey Leonov went into outer space, the space suit swelled due to overpressure(inside 35 hundredths of the atmosphere, outside - zero).

8 slide

Flight to the moon. Some time later, Alexey Leonov was preparing to fly to the Moon, but after the sudden death of General Designer Sergei Pavlovich Korolev, this program was closed. It was decided that automatic lunar rovers would be sufficient to study the Moon.

Slide 9

Second flight into space. But cosmonaut Leonov was lucky enough to participate in another, perhaps even more important program than the flight to the Moon. Alexey Leonov made his second flight into space in 1975 under the Soviet-American SOYUZ-APOLLO program.

10 slide

Transition from Soyuz to Apollo. If the transition from Soyuz to Apollo was too fast, our cosmonauts could get decompression sickness, as if a scuba diver quickly ascended!

11 slide

He retired with the rank of major general of aviation. From 1992 to 2000, he was president of the specialized investment fund Alfa Capital. Since 2000 - Vice President of Alfa Bank. Currently lives and works in Moscow.

12 slide

Medals and orders. A.A. Leonov was awarded two Orders of Lenin, the Order of the Red Star, “For Service to the Motherland in the Armed Forces”, III degree. He was also awarded a large gold medal "For services to the development of science and to humanity", two large gold medals "Space", two de Lavaux medals, a gold medal named after Yu.A. Gagarin, a large gold medal named after K.E. Tsiolkovsky of the USSR Academy of Sciences.

Today, April 12, Russia celebrates Cosmonautics Day. Every space launch at that time involved sweat and blood, and the astronauts risked their lives every second of the flight. But how did these people get into space? What happened to them after the flights? It turns out that in the destinies of many of them there were great tragedies, about which everyone is silent.

Pavel Belyaev

The name of cosmonaut Leonov is known to everyone, and everyone can say that this man was the first to go into outer space. But for some reason everyone forgets about cosmonaut Pavel Belyaev. It was he who led the first manned spacewalk.

Cosmonaut Pavel Belyaev was born on June 26, 1925 in the village of Chelishchevo. He graduated from high school in 1942 and went to work as a turner at the Sinarsky Pipe Plant. In 1943 he voluntarily joined the ranks Soviet army and was sent to the Yeisk Military Aviation School of Pilots. He graduated from college in 1945.

img.happy-giraffe.ru

As a fighter pilot, he participated in combat operations with Japan as part of the 38th Guards Fighter Aviation Regiment of the 12th Attack Air Division of the Pacific Fleet (August - September 1945), then served in aviation units of the USSR Navy.

Since 1956, he studied at the Air Force Academy (now named after Yu. A. Gagarin), from which he graduated in 1959. During his training, he mastered the U-2, Ut-2, Yak-7B, Yak-9, Yak-11, La-11, MiG-15 and MiG-17 aircraft and had a total flight time of more than 500 hours.

kik-sssr.ru

While still studying at the academy, Pavel Belyaev was offered to join the cosmonaut corps. He agreed without hesitation. Already in 1960 he was enrolled in the detachment, where he was elected headman. With great zeal, Belyaev mastered space technology, perfectly studied the ship's hardware, and quickly mastered control skills. A group of future cosmonauts had to undergo a complex set of training. And the most important role in them was given to parachute training. The management believed that these types of skills would be useful for the cadets. In 1964, Belyaev and Leonov had to make a couple of jumps with a delay of thirty seconds. The first jump went well. But when they rose into the sky again, the wind increased. The parachutists jumped, and they began to be carried away from the desired location. Belyaev realized that the landing would be unsuccessful. He pulled the lines, the drift became less, but the speed of descent increased. During landing, Belyaev injured his leg and was sent to the hospital.

Difficult treatment began. Leonov visited the hospital, asking the doctors to return Pavel to duty as soon as possible. Five months passed, and the doctors suggested complex operation on my leg, but they didn’t give any guarantees. Belyaev decided not to risk it and suggested an alternative - to increase the load on the leg, and thus force the bone to heal. He took dumbbells and stood on his bad leg. The pain was hellish, but the future cosmonaut achieved his goal - he cured his leg. Pavel missed a year of training, but was able to return to the group. To do this, he had to pass 7 qualifying jumps, which he coped with excellently. The authorities appreciated his efforts and allowed him to fly.

www.aviaspace.ru

On March 18, 1965, Pavel Belyaev, a cosmonaut from God, and his partner Alexei Leonov launched from Baikonur on board the Voskhod-2 spacecraft. When they entered orbit, the airlock chamber attached to the ship's hatch began to inflate. Leonov, having passed through it, made the first manned spacewalk. Then the mission didn't go as planned. The astronauts had to cope with seven accidents. Of these, three were life-threatening, there was a danger of explosion, and the control system failed. To switch to manual control mode, Belyaev had to unfasten from his seat. He redirected the ship, adjusted the braking system and returned to his place again.

Such manual control operations had not been carried out previously, and Belyaev performed them for the first time. The astronaut spent 22 seconds on this. But during this time, the ship left the desired trajectory and deviated from the course by 165 kilometers. For this reason, the astronauts had to land in the taiga. Rescuers found them only four hours later.

24smi.org

In order to land the helicopter, rescuers needed to prepare a special area. This took two days. In addition, we had to ski to get to the helicopter. These days became the most difficult for them. It was 30 degrees below zero outside, and their clothes were not suitable for such cold weather. But they managed it. Two days later, Leonov and Belyaev were rescued.

But after such torment, Belyaev’s body weakened greatly. After his first flight into space, he was trained to fly on Soyuz-type spacecraft. In 1965 he was promoted to colonel and received the title of Hero Soviet Union. On March 25, 1967, due to health reasons, he was removed from training and replaced by Valery Voloshin.

IN recent years Belyaev felt unwell in his life. He was sick chronic disease duodenum, but did not consult a doctor. In December 1969, his condition deteriorated sharply, and on the 23rd he was urgently taken to the main military hospital. Burdenko. On December 24, Belyaev underwent the first operation, and on December 30, a second surgical intervention was performed. However, the astronaut's health continued to deteriorate, causing inflammation of the peritoneum and cardiopulmonary failure, which ultimately became the cause of his death. Pavel Ivanovich is buried in Moscow at the Novodevichy cemetery. A crater on the Moon and a small planet (2030 Belyaev) are named after him.

www.frasersautographs.com

Pavel Ivanovich is survived by his wife and two daughters. His wife Tatyana Filippovna was left alone after the death of her husband. Star City. Her daughters started their own families, gave birth to children, and the woman was left completely alone. She doesn't like giving interviews and never appears on television. She doesn't go to visit because she's afraid to return to an empty house.

www.kosmonavtika.com

The first man to walk into outer space is now 82 years old. Alexey Leonov has dozens of awards, orders, honorary titles, not only Russian, but also foreign. He has a beloved wife, Svetlana Pavlovna, and a daughter, Oksana.

img-fotki.yandex.ru

Leonov met his wife Svetlana while still studying at an aviation school, and literally within three days he proposed and got married: he had to return to his unit. Svetlana even wedding dress I sewed it in just one night. Two years after the wedding, the Leonovs’ eldest daughter, Vika, was born. And in 1967, two years after Leonov returned from space, his second daughter Oksana was born. In 1996, Victoria died, she was only 35 years old. The girl worked in the Main Directorate "Sovfracht" of the Ministry navy, and died suddenly during a business trip after contracting hepatitis complicated by pneumonia. Alexey Arkhipovich was grieving the death of his daughter; the rest of his family, including his grandchildren Daniil and Karina, helped him cope.

www.smolnews.ru

This is what Alexey Arkhipovich remembers about his first flight:

When they created a spacewalk vehicle, they had to solve many problems, one of which was related to the size of the hatch. In order for the lid to open completely inward, the cradle would have to be cut. Then I wouldn’t fit into it at the shoulders. And I agreed to reduce the diameter of the hatch. Thus, between the suit and the hatch edge there was a gap of 20 mm on each shoulder.
On Earth, we carried out tests in a pressure chamber in a vacuum corresponding to an altitude of 60 km... In reality, when I went into outer space, it turned out a little differently. The pressure in the suit is about 600 mm, and outside it is 10-9; it was impossible to simulate such conditions on Earth. In the vacuum of space, the suit swelled; neither the stiffening ribs nor the dense fabric could withstand it. Of course, I assumed that this would happen, but I didn’t think it would be so strong. I tightened all the straps, but the suit bulged so much that my hands came out of my gloves when I grabbed the handrails, and my feet came out of my boots. In this state, of course, I could not squeeze into the airlock hatch. A critical situation arose, and there was no time to consult with the Earth. While I would report to them... while they were conferring... And who would take responsibility? Only Pasha Belyaev saw this, but could not help. And then I, violating all the instructions and without informing the Earth, switched to a pressure of 0.27 atmospheres. This is the second operating mode of the spacesuit. If by this time the nitrogen had not been washed out of my blood, then the nitrogen would have boiled - and that was all... death. I figured that I had been under pure oxygen for an hour and there shouldn’t be any boiling. After I switched to the second mode, everything fell into place.
Out of nerves, he put a movie camera into the airlock and, violating the instructions, went into the airlock not with his feet, but with his head first. Taking hold of the railing, I pushed myself forward. Then I closed the outer hatch and began to turn around, since you still need to enter the ship with your feet. I wouldn’t have been able to do it otherwise, because the lid, which opened inward, ate up 30% of the cabin’s volume. Therefore, I had to turn around (the internal diameter of the airlock is 1 meter, the width of the spacesuit at the shoulders is 68 cm). This is where the greatest load was, my pulse reached 190. I still managed to turn over and enter the ship with my feet, as expected, but I had such a heatstroke that, breaking the instructions and without checking the tightness, I opened the helmet, without closing the hatch behind you. I wipe my eyes with a glove, but I can’t wipe it, as if someone is pouring on my head. Then I had only 60 liters of oxygen for breathing and ventilation, and now “Orlan” has 360 liters... I was the first in history to go out and immediately move 5 meters away. Nobody else did this. But we had to work with this halyard, put it on hooks so that it wouldn’t dangle. There was enormous physical activity.

The only thing I didn’t do on the way out was to take a photo of the ship from the side. I had a miniature Ajax camera that could shoot through a button. It was given to us with the personal permission of the KGB chairman. This camera was controlled remotely by a cable; due to the deformation of the spacesuit, I could not reach it. But I did filming (3 minutes with an S-97 camera), and I was constantly monitored from the ship by two television cameras, but they had low resolution. A very interesting film was later made from these materials.
But the worst thing was when I returned to the ship - the partial pressure of oxygen began to increase (in the cabin), which reached 460 mm and continued to rise. This is at the norm of 160 mm! But 460 mm is an explosive gas, because Bondarenko burned out on this... At first we sat in stupor. Everyone understood, but they could do almost nothing: they completely removed the humidity, lowered the temperature (it became 10-12 °C). And the pressure is growing... The slightest spark - and everything would turn into a molecular state, and we understood this. We were in this state for seven hours, and then we fell asleep... apparently from stress. Then we figured out that I had touched the boost switch with the spacesuit hose... What actually happened? Since the ship was for a long time stabilized relative to the Sun, then, naturally, deformation occurred: after all, on the one hand, cooling to -140 °C, on the other, heating to +150 °C... The hatch closing sensors worked, but a gap remained. The regeneration system began to build up pressure, and oxygen began to increase, we did not have time to consume it... The total pressure reached 920 mm. These several tons of pressure pressed down the hatch, and the pressure growth stopped. Then the pressure began to drop before our eyes.

Now Alexey Leonov is engaged in painting and writing books.

ria.ru

Georgy Grechko

Georgy Grechko completed three space flights during his professional career, the total duration of which is 134 days, 20 hours, 32 minutes and 58 seconds. The astronaut also performed one spacewalk for 1 hour and 28 minutes.

profilib.com

Georgy Mikhailovich was a candidate for master of sports in motorsport, had the 1st category in parachuting(64 jumps), 2nd category in gliding and shooting, 3rd category in airplane sports.

In 1989, he was nominated as a candidate for people's deputies, but at the last moment before the vote itself he withdrew his candidacy in favor of Boris Yeltsin.

From 1977 to 1990, Georgy Grechko hosted the television program “This fantasy world" In the 1980s, he was the head of the laboratory at the A. M. Obukhov Institute of Atmospheric Physics of the Russian Academy of Sciences.

pravmir.ru/wp-content

Georgy Grechko was awarded the title of Hero of the Soviet Union twice. On the night of April 8 this year, Georgy Grechko died in the 81st hospital named after. Veresaev in Moscow. He was 86 years old. The preliminary cause of death is heart failure. The funeral took place on April 11 at Troekurovskoye Cemetery Moscow.

Georgy Grechko was married three times. His first wife was engineer Nina Viktorovna Tutynina. Grechko filed for divorce before the first flight, for which he almost lost this opportunity. After the divorce, he married Maya Grigorievna Kazekina, a foreign language teacher. Grechko's last wife was chief physician Federation of Cosmonautics of the North-Western Region Lyudmila Kirillovna. She is 22 years younger than Georgy Mikhailovich. Grechko is survived by three children and seven grandchildren.

cdn.tvc.ru

Valentina Tereshkova

Valentina Vladimirovna Tereshkova is the world's first female cosmonaut, Hero of the Soviet Union, the only woman in the world to have made a solo space flight, and also the first woman in Russia with the rank of major general.

Valentina Vladimirovna was awarded the titles of Hero of Socialist Labor of the Czechoslovak Socialist Republic, Hero of Socialist Labor of the People's Republic of Belarus, Hero of Labor of Vietnam and Hero of Labor of the Mongolian People's Republic.

pozdravish.ru

After the first successful flights of Soviet cosmonauts, Sergei Korolev, a spacecraft design engineer, had the idea of launching a female cosmonaut into space. At the beginning of 1962, the search for applicants began following criteria: parachutist, up to 30 years old, up to 170 cm tall and weighing up to 70 kg. Out of hundreds of candidates, five were chosen: Zhanna Yorkina, Tatyana Kuznetsova, Valentina Ponomareva, Irina Solovyova and Valentina Tereshkova.

Immediately after being accepted into the cosmonaut corps, Tereshkova, along with the rest of the girls, was called up for urgent work. military service with the rank of private.

Tereshkova was enrolled in the cosmonaut corps on March 12, 1962 and began training as a student-cosmonaut of the 2nd detachment. On November 29, 1962, she passed her final exams in OKP with excellent marks. Since December 1, 1962, Tereshkova has been a cosmonaut of the 1st detachment of the 1st department. On June 16, 1963, that is, immediately after the flight, she became an instructor-cosmonaut of the 1st detachment and held this position until March 14, 1966.

yaroslavl-room.ru

During her training, she underwent training to test her body’s resistance to the factors of space flight. The training included a thermal chamber, where she had to be in a flight suit at a temperature of +70 ° C and a humidity of 30%, and a soundproof chamber - a room isolated from sounds, where each candidate had to spend 10 days.

Zero-gravity training took place on the MiG-15. When performing a parabolic slide, weightlessness was established inside the plane for 40 seconds, and there were 3-4 such sessions per flight. During each session, it was necessary to complete the next task: write your first and last name, try to eat, talk on the radio.

Particular attention was paid to parachute training, since the astronaut ejected before landing and landed separately by parachute. Since there was always a risk of splashdown of the descent vehicle, training was also carried out on parachute jumps in the sea, in a technological, that is, not tailored to size, spacesuit.

rbk.ru

Initially, a simultaneous flight of two female crews was planned, but in March 1963 this plan was abandoned, and the task of choosing one of five candidates arose.

When choosing Tereshkova for the role of the first female cosmonaut, in addition to successfully completing training, political issues were also taken into account: Tereshkova was from the workers, while, for example, Ponomareva and Solovyova were from the employees. In addition, Tereshkova's father, Vladimir, died during the Soviet-Finnish War when she was two years old. After the flight, when Tereshkova was asked how the Soviet Union could thank her for her service, she asked to find the place where her father died.

Not the last selection criterion was the candidate’s ability to be active social activities- meet people, speak in public on numerous trips around the country and the world, demonstrating in every possible way the advantages of the Soviet system.

gosindex.ru

Other candidates with no worse preparation (based on the results of a medical examination and theoretical preparedness of female cosmonaut candidates, Tereshkova was determined to last place) were noticeably inferior to Tereshkova in the qualities necessary for such social activities. Therefore, she was appointed as the main candidate for the flight, I.B. Solovyov as a backup, and V.L. Ponomarev as a reserve.

At the time of Tereshkova's appointment as a Vostok-6 pilot, she was 10 years younger than Gordon Cooper, the youngest of the first squad American astronauts. She was only 26 years old.

Tereshkova made her space flight (the world's first flight of a female cosmonaut) on June 16, 1963 on the Vostok-6 spacecraft; it lasted almost three days. The launch took place at Baikonur not from the “Gagarin” site, but from a duplicate one. At the same time, the Vostok-5 spacecraft, piloted by cosmonaut Valery Bykovsky, was in orbit.

s9.stc.all.kpcdn.net

On the day of her flight into space, she told her family that she was leaving for a parachute competition; they learned about the flight from the news on the radio.

Tereshkova’s call sign for the duration of the flight is “Seagull”; the phrase she said before the start: “Hey! Sky! Take off your hat! (modified quote from V. Mayakovsky’s poem “A Cloud in Pants”).

During the flight, Tereshkova could not cope with the tasks of orienting the ship:

- I talked to Tereshkova several times. It feels like she's tired, but she doesn't want to admit it. In the last communication session, she did not answer calls from the Leningrad IP. We turned on the television camera and saw that she was sleeping. I had to wake her up and talk to her about the upcoming landing and manual orientation. She tried twice to orient the ship and honestly admitted that she couldn’t get the pitch orientation right. This circumstance worries us all very much: if we have to land manually, and she cannot orient the ship, then it will not leave orbit.

It later turned out that the commands issued by the pilot were inverted to the direction of control movement in manual mode(the ship was turning in the wrong direction as when practicing on the simulator). According to Tereshkova, the problem was the incorrect installation of the control wires: commands were given not to decrease, but to increase the spacecraft’s orbit. In automatic mode, the polarity was correct, which made it possible to properly orient and land the ship. Tereshkova remained silent about this incident for more than forty years, because Sergei Korolev asked her not to tell anyone about it.

livejournal.com

According to Doctor of Medical Sciences, Professor Vladimir Ivanovich Yazdovsky, who was responsible for the medical support of the Soviet space program at that time, women tolerate the extreme stress of space flight worse on the 14th-18th day of the monthly cycle.

However, due to the fact that the launch of the launch vehicle that put Tereshkova into orbit was delayed for a day, and also, obviously, due to the strong psycho-emotional load when putting the ship into orbit, the flight mode prescribed by the doctors could not be maintained.

Yazdovsky also noted that “Tereshkova, according to telemetry and television monitoring, endured the flight mostly satisfactorily. Negotiations with ground communication stations were sluggish. She sharply limited her movements. She sat almost motionless. She clearly showed changes in her health of a vegetative nature.”

drprof.ru

Despite nausea and physical discomfort, Tereshkova survived 48 orbits around the Earth and spent almost three days in space, where she kept a logbook and took photographs of the horizon, which were later used to detect aerosol layers in the atmosphere.

The Vostok-6 descent module landed safely in the Baevsky district of the Altai Territory.

A few days later, Tereshkova was protested due to a violation of the regime in the area of the landing site: she distributed food supplies from the astronauts’ diet to local residents, and she herself ate local food after three days of fasting.

According to pilot Marina Popovich, after Tereshkova’s flight, Sergei Korolev said to her: “As long as I’m alive, not a single woman will fly into space again.” The next flight of a woman into space, Svetlana Savitskaya, took place 19 years later, in August 1982 (Korolev died in 1966).

ria.ru

After completing her space flight, Tereshkova entered the Air Force Engineering Academy. Zhukovsky and, having graduated with honors, later became a candidate of technical sciences, professor, author of more than 50 scientific works. Tereshkova was ready for a one-way flight to Mars.

After returning from space, Tereshkova received a three-room apartment in Yaroslavl on Golubyatnaya Street (now Tereshkova Street), where she moved with her mother, aunt and her daughter. In 2004, she underwent complex heart surgery, which prevented a heart attack. In 2012, she solemnly celebrated her 75th anniversary in Yaroslavl. After Tereshkova saw all the continents of the Earth from space, she began to dream of visiting Australia. After many years, she managed to fulfill her dream.

Valentina Tereshkova married cosmonaut Andriyan Nikolaev five months after the flight. No one could understand why this particular man became her husband. For many, the only explanation for this unexpected marriage was that Khrushchev himself had betrothed them. He was pushed to this by medical scientists who wanted to continue the research of the human body that had begun in space during and after the flight. In addition, the head of state wanted to show the whole world what “correct” soviet people- and they do what they need to do, and marry whoever they need to.

liveinternet.ru

A year later, Valentina and Andriyan had a daughter. An event of national importance, because no one knew how the pregnancy would proceed after the space flight and whether the child would be born healthy. Professor E.M. Kastrubin left interesting memories about this:

- In the summer of 1964, the first female cosmonaut, Valentina Tereshkova, entered the institute to give birth. Near the operating room, A. Nikolaev nervously walked along the corridor, he did not talk to anyone and did not ask anything. About an hour later, a black-haired girl was carried past him into the neonatal ward. After the end of anesthesia, the anesthesiologist hesitantly, but according to tradition, patted the famous patient on the cheeks and asked her to open her eyes. This is how it ended complicated story finding the happiness of motherhood by Valentina Tereshkova.

Divorce star couple shocked many less wedding. It must be said that it was not easy for them themselves - family quarrels in the cosmonaut corps were then sorted out by numerous commissions. Andriyan Nikolaev never married after his divorce from Tereshkova. He died in 2004 from a heart attack. Valentina Tereshkova remarried Yuliy Shaposhnikov, who died in 1999.

In April 2017, the film “Time of the First” directed by Dmitry Kiselev was released. Events take place in 1965. The film perfectly shows how the Soviet Union won victory in the exploration and exploration of outer space.
The first cosmonauts from the USSR - Pavel Belyaev and Alexei Leonov - flew into space 80 days earlier than the cosmonauts from the United States mastered orbit. Cosmonaut Alexey Leonov personally supervised the filming and made sure that the picture conveyed as accurately as possible real story of that time.

Alexey Arkhipovich Leonov. Born on May 30, 1934 in the village of Listvyanka, Tisulsky district, West Siberian Territory (now in the Kemerovo region). Soviet cosmonaut No. 11, the first person to walk into outer space. Twice Hero of the Soviet Union (1965, 1975). Laureate of the USSR State Prize (1981).

Alexey Leonov was born on May 30, 1934 in the village of Listvyanka, Tisulsky district, West Siberian Territory (now in the Kemerovo region).

By nationality - Russian.

The family had many children. Alexey was the eighth child in the family.

Father - Arkhip Alekseevich Leonov (1892-1981), originally from the Oryol province, an electric railway mechanic, worked in the mines of Donbass, trained as a veterinarian and livestock specialist. In the mid-1930s, due to a conflict with the chairman of a collective farm, he was repressed, after which the family was kicked out of the house, and neighbors were allowed to plunder the property of “enemies of the people.” My father served two years - 1936-1938. He was imprisoned without trial for a conflict with the chairman of a collective farm. In 1939, he was rehabilitated with the help of his former colleague in the Red Latvian Riflemen division.

Mother - Evdokia Minaevna Leonova (nee Sotnikova; 1895-1967), housewife.

Grandfather - Minai Yakovlevich, was a mechanic of steam boilers in Rostov, later exiled to Siberia for participating in the revolutionary events of 1905.

Sister - Alexandra Arkhipovna Khadanovich (born 1916), housewife.

Sister - Lyubov Arkhipovna Leonova (born 1919), engineer.

Sister - Raisa Arkhipovna Ganicheva (1921-2008), military representative.

Sister - Nina Arkhipovna Novikova (born 1922), senior commodity expert and railway worker.

Sister - Nadezhda Arkhipovna Kuzmenko (1924-2007), commodity expert.

Brother - Pyotr Arkhipovich Leonov (born 1928), toolmaker at a ship repair plant.

Sister - Antonina Arkhipovna Leonova (born 1930).

Sister - Vera Arkhipovna Leonova (died).

Brother - Boris Arkhipovich Leonov (born 1937), ichthyologist.

For some time the family lived in Kemerovo, where they lived in a barracks. He studied at Kemerovo schools No. 35 and No. 37.

In 1947, the family moved to their father’s new place of work in the city of Kaliningrad, where his relatives still live.

WITH early years drew well. I started with drawings with crayons and charcoal. He collected reproductions of paintings by great masters. The first connoisseurs of his work were the yard boys, who entrusted him with drawing the contours of future tattoos. He recalled: “Whoever wanted to pin an eagle, a coat of arms or a battle scene turned to me - I was especially successful with these drawings.” At school I designed wall newspapers.

In 1953 he graduated from secondary school No. 21 in Kaliningrad. I wanted to enter the Riga Academy of Arts. He was not accepted, although he liked the paintings. The reason for the refusal was housing: a nonresident had no money to rent a corner, and the dormitory was provided only to senior students.

In 1955, he graduated from the 10th Military Aviation School of Initial Pilot Training in Kremenchug, where he entered as a Komsomol recruiter.

In 1957 he graduated from the Chuguev Military Aviation School of Pilots (VAUL) and joined the CPSU.

In 1960 he was enrolled in the first squad of Soviet cosmonauts.

On March 18-19, 1965, together with Pavel Belyaev, he flew into space as a co-pilot on the Voskhod-2 spacecraft. During this flight, Alexey Leonov made the first spacewalk in the history of astronautics, lasting 12 minutes 9 seconds. During his exit he showed exceptional courage, especially in emergency situation, when a bloated space suit prevented him from returning to the spacecraft. Leonov managed to enter the airlock only by releasing excess pressure from the suit, while he climbed into the ship's hatch not with his feet, but with his head first, which was prohibited by the instructions.

Alexey Leonov said about his feelings in outer space: “When I floated out of the airlock into space, a blinding stream of light hit my eyes, just like welding fire. I had to urgently lower the filter. The sky was both black and light at the same time. Infinity - nothing else around. And somewhere far, far below is the blue Earth. It was clear that it was round. I look up: our huge ship is slowly rotating above me, as if it more planet. I take one hand off the rail, the other, and swim away. I am held in place by a strong five-meter halyard. I hear in the headphones the voices of those watching me with the help of television cameras from the Earth: “Look, he’s alive...” I see below me Black Sea coast Caucasus and report no less joyfully: “In Sochi good weather" “We know without you. Complete the task,” they answered me briefly. We were worried and didn’t want to be distracted. The earth slowly floated and rotated under me, like a large and beautiful... globe. I saw Novorossiysk and Tsemes Bay. Just as slowly, the huge black fields of the Kuban, the silver ribbon of the Volga, the dark green of the taiga, the Ob, floated and disappeared on the curves of the horizon. The ship and I slowly rotated along the longitudinal axis, and the Earth appeared either below or above. When the Yenisei was turning under us (12 minutes had passed since I started leaving), the command came to return to the ship.”

Refused before boarding automatic system orientation. Belyaev manually oriented the ship and turned on the braking engine. As a result, Voskhod landed in an off-design area 180 km north of the city of Perm, 70 km west of the cities of Berezniki, Solikamsk and Usolye in the Perm region (59.605N, 55.463E).

The TASS report called this a “landing in a ‘reserve area’,” which was actually the remote Perm taiga. After landing, the huge canopy of the parachute, stuck on two tall spruce trees, fluttered in the wind. Soon an IL-14 was already circling above them. The plane immediately established radio contact and informed the astronauts that they had been found and help would be sent soon. A civilian Mi-1 was lifted from the Perm airfield. From this helicopter, two foresters were lowered into the landing area, who at 17:00 on March 19, having made their way through the taiga for about 4 kilometers, were already close to the heroes. In the landing area, the cosmonauts were met by forest workers and employees of the Berezniki police department.

The next morning, March 20, 3 helicopters arrived at the landing site. They couldn’t sit down, but they threw down everything they needed. To take out the astronauts, the plot where the foresters were originally landed was cleared for the helicopter to land. I had to get down large number trees. And so, on March 21, along the rolled ski track, the cosmonauts, with the help of those accompanying them, reached the plot where the helicopter was waiting for them. On the square. Lenin, a spontaneous meeting of residents gathered in Berezniki - there was a rumor that P. Belyaev and A. Leonov would be taken around the city before being sent to Perm. But the astronauts were sent to regional center directly from the landing site. The lander was evacuated on March 22.

The flight duration was 1 day 2 hours 2 minutes 17 seconds.

For the successful implementation of the flight and the courage and heroism displayed, Lieutenant Colonel Alexei Arkhipovich Leonov was awarded the title of Hero of the Soviet Union on March 23, 1965 with the Order of Lenin and the Gold Star medal.

In 1965-1969, Leonov was part of a group of Soviet cosmonauts who trained for Soviet programs flyby of the Moon L1 / “Probe” and landing on it L3.

The flight of the Zond-7 manned spacecraft under the lunar flyby program was tentatively scheduled for December 8, 1968. Leonov was part of the second crew. But the flight was canceled, despite the fact that the crews wrote a statement to the Politburo of the CPSU Central Committee asking for permission to immediately fly to the Moon to ensure the priority of the USSR (the Americans planned a similar manned flight for December 21-27, 1968). The fact is that previous unmanned flights of the Zond (L1) spacecraft were completely or partially unsuccessful due to the shortcomings of the ship itself - celestial navigation system, controlled descent system, main and backup parachute systems. The priority remained with the United States - Apollo 8 completed a manned flight around the Moon as scheduled.

According to preliminary appointments, Leonov was also the main of two candidates (commander of the main crew (together with O.G. Makarov) to become (according to the schedule of the Soviet program from 1967) in September 1968 the first person who was to visit the surface Soviet moons lunar program, which was also canceled due to the USSR’s loss in the “lunar race” after the successful American landing on the Moon on Apollo 11 in July 1969.

In 1968 he graduated from the Air Force Engineering Academy named after N.E. Zhukovsky, Faculty of Engineering.

On January 22, 1969, he was in a car fired upon by officer Viktor Ilyin during an assassination attempt. Alexey Leonov himself recalled: “We were driving through the Borovitsky Gate to the Kremlin, at that time a policeman jumped out of the crowd through the fence and began shooting with two pistols. The first bullet hit the forehead of the car, the glass flew into the security officer and cut his face. The second bullet hit the driver in the neck. I turned my head and another bullet flew right in front of my face. If I hadn't turned around, the bullet would have been in my temple. The third bullet hit the overcoat, the fourth under the stomach, the fifth went from the back. The seriously wounded driver released the gas, and the car began to back away. Georgy Timofeevich Beregovoi leaned over and pulled the handbrake.” Of the 16 bullets fired by the attacker, 14 hit the car, one wounded a motorcyclist, and another wounded a sentry. The only victim of that unsuccessful attempt was the driver Ilya Zharkov. The attacker Ilyin was detained on the spot by KGB officers, after which the cosmonauts finally ended up in the Kremlin. “There was a whisper in the hall in the Kremlin. Leonid Ilyich Brezhnev was tense. He came up to me and said, “Don’t worry, they didn’t shoot at you, but at me,” said Alexey Leonov.

In 1971, he was the commander of the main crew of Soyuz-11 (together with V.N. Kubasov and P.I. Kolodin). Shortly before the start, the medical commission rejected Kubasov, and the crew was changed. The backups flew - G. T. Dobrovolsky, V. N. Volkov and V. I. Patsaev, who died during the landing of the descent module. Leonov said: “I was the crew commander, and in 11 hours we were replaced. Dobrovolsky flew in my place as commander, with Volkov and Patsayev with him. That's life... I believe very strongly in fate. The biggest victory is victory over yourself. There is a guardian angel or someone else, and such cases confirm this over and over again.”

In 1975 (July 15-21), together with V.N. Kubasov, he made his second flight into space as commander spaceship Soyuz-19 under the ASTP program (Soyuz-Apollo program). Flight duration - 5 days 22 hours 30 minutes 51 seconds. Then, for the first time in the world, the docking of ships from two different countries was carried out.

For the successful implementation of the flight and the courage and heroism displayed, Aviation Major General A. A. Leonov was awarded the second Gold Star medal and the Order of Lenin on July 22, 1975.

In 1970-1991 - Deputy Head of the Cosmonaut Training Center.

In 1981, he completed his postgraduate studies at the Air Force Engineering Academy named after N. E. Zhukovsky. Candidate of Technical Sciences.

Has 4 inventions and more than 10 scientific papers.

In March 1992, Aviation Major General Alexei Leonov retired from service.

Alexey Leonov, in collaboration with science fiction artist Andrei Sokolov, created a number of USSR postage stamps on a space theme. The debut of the tandem in philately took place in March 1967, when artists created a series of three stamps dedicated to Cosmonautics Day. In October of the same year, a series of five “Space Science Fiction” stamps, dedicated to the exploration of the Universe, was released.

The next series of 6 stamps from the Leonov-Sokolov tandem was issued in September 1972 to mark the 15th anniversary of the space age.

To mark the 15th anniversary of the first manned spacewalk, a USSR postal block was issued with a drawing by Alexei Leonov and a facsimile of his signature.

In 1992-1993 he was director of space programs at Chetek.

He received recognition as an artist (he wrote many works together with the artist Sokolov), his works are widely exhibited and published.

Alexey Leonov's height: 163 centimeters

Personal life of Alexey Leonov:

Wife - Svetlana Pavlovna Leonova (nee Datsenko; born 1940), at the time of their acquaintance she worked at KrAZ. We met in 1957 on the street. As Leonov said, he was walking with friends after celebrating his birthday and “came across a girl, Sveta, with big sad eyes.” The next day, already in his flight uniform, he found her. The girl invited him to enter the house. Three days later he had to leave for Germany for practice, so his beloved had practically no time to think. They had a quick wedding.

The marriage produced two daughters.

Eldest daughter- Victoria Alekseevna Leonova (04/21/1961 - July 1996), employee of the Main Directorate "Sovfracht" of the USSR Ministry of the Navy. She died due to viral hepatitis. According to Leonov, the cause of death was a mistake by doctors.

Youngest daughter- Oksana Alekseevna Leonova (born 1967), graduated from the Military Institute foreign languages. From 1992 to 2000 - President of the Alfa Capital Fund. Since 2000 - Vice President of Alfa Bank.

Filmography of Alexey Leonov:

1965 - New Year's calendar
1965 - In the first hour - guest of "Blue Light"
1974 - Big space travel- episode
1979 - Sports of the Land of Soviets (documentary)
1980 - Orion's Loop - introduction
1986 - Continuing flight and feat (documentary)
2005 - Hero Soviet people. Pavel Kadochnikov (documentary)
2009 - Georgy Zhzhenov. Agent of Hope (documentary)
2009 - Boris Chertok. Shot into the Universe (documentary)
2010 - Anatoly Kuznetsov. Before and after Sukhov (documentary)
2012 - Eduard Rozovsky. Master of Light (documentary)

Scripts by Alexey Leonov:

1971 - The Story of My Friend (documentary)
1980 - Orion's Loop

Bibliography of Alexey Leonov:

1968 - Perception of space and time in space
1971 - Psychological characteristics cosmonaut activities
1975 - Psychological problems interplanetary flight
1977 - Solar Wind
1980 - Going into space
1981 - Life among the stars
2004 - Earth and space painting
2017 - Time for the first

Awards and titles of Alexey Leonov:

Twice Hero of the Soviet Union (March 23, 1965, July 22, 1975);
. Order of Merit for the Fatherland, III degree (May 22, 2014) - for achieved labor success, significant contribution to socio-economic development Russian Federation, merits in space exploration, the humanitarian sphere, strengthening the rule of law, active legislative and social activities, many years of conscientious work;
. Order of Merit for the Fatherland, IV degree (March 2, 2000) - for great services to the state in the development of domestic manned astronautics;
. Order of Friendship (April 12, 2011) - for his great contribution to the development of domestic manned astronautics and many years of fruitful social activity;
. Prize of the Government of the Russian Federation named after Yu. A. Gagarin in the field of space activities (2011) - for the development of domestic manned cosmonautics, personal participation in the implementation of the first manned flights, development international cooperation in the field of space activities, popularization of the achievements of domestic astronautics;
. two Orders of Lenin;
. Order of the Red Star;
. Order "For Service to the Motherland in Armed Forces USSR" III degree;
. medals;
. Pilot-cosmonaut of the USSR (1966);
. Hero of Socialist Labor NRB (NRB, 1965);
. Order of Georgiy Dimitrov;
. Order of Karl Marx (GDR, 1966);
. A. Becker medal;
. Hero of Labor of Vietnam (DRV, 1966);
. Order of the State Banner of Hungary (Hungary, 1966);
. Order of Distinction, 1st class (Syria, 1966);
. gold medal “For Military Valor” (Italy, 1967);
. Order of the Red Banner (MPR);
. Order of Merit, III degree (Ukraine, April 12, 2011) - for significant personal contribution to the development of the rocket and space industry, achievements in the creation and implementation space systems and technologies, high professional skills;
. medal “For Strengthening Friendship in Arms”, 1st degree;
. Honorary Badge “For Services to the Smolensk Region” (March 2011);
. Honorary title “Honorary Citizen of the Moscow Region” (October 2014);
. Title "Honorary Citizen" Kaliningrad region"(July 2015);
. Title “Honorary Citizen of the Vladimir Region” (March 2016);
. Alexey Leonov Medal No. 001 (September 1, 2014);
. Title “Honorary Citizen of Kemerovo” (April 12, 1967);
. Ludwig Nobel Prize (2007);
. Order of St. Constantine the Great (Union of Knights of the Golden Order of St. Constantine the Great);
. Order of the Golden Star (Foundation of Heroes of the Soviet Union and Heroes of the Russian Federation together with the organizing committee of the International Forum “Potential of the Nation”);
. Order "Pride of Russia" ( Charitable Foundation“Pride of the Fatherland”, 2007);
. National Award “For the Glory of the Fatherland” in the nomination “Glory of Russia” (International Academy of Social Sciences and International Academy of Philanthropy, 2008);
. Order "For the Glory of the Fatherland" II degree (2008);
. Imperial and Royal Order of St. Stanislaus, 1st degree (2014);
. USSR State Prize (1981) (together with A.V. Filipchenko);
. Lenin Komsomol Prize (1979) - for the book-album “Man and the Universe” (together with A.K. Sokolov);
. Honored Master of Sports of the USSR (1965);
. honorary citizen of the cities: Belgorod, Berezniki, Vladimir, Vologda, Kaliningrad, Kaluga, Kemerovo, Nalchik, Perm, Cherepovets; Arkalyk (Kazakhstan); Kremenchug, Chuguev (Ukraine), Veliko Tarnovo, Vidin, Svishtov (Bulgaria), Usti nad Labem (Czech Republic), San Antonio (Chile);
. award edged weapon - personalized officer's dagger "Alexei Leonov";
. Knight of the Order of St. Anne, III degree, from the head of the Russian Imperial House, Maria Vladimirovna Romanova (2008);
. Knight of the Order of St. Anne, II degree, from the head of the Russian Imperial House, Maria Vladimirovna Romanova (2011);
. honorary member Russian Academy arts;
. “Person of the Year 2013” (Russian Biographical Institute and Institute of Economic Strategies) (2013).

Details Category: Meeting with space Published 11/20/2012 12:13 Views: 15984

S.P. Korolev was not only a brilliant designer spaceships, but also a wonderful psychologist. The choice of the first cosmonaut was surprisingly correct. And the first to go into space had to be the artist - Alexey Arkhipovich Leonov.

In 1960 A.A. Leonov was enrolled in the first group of Soviet cosmonauts. On March 18-19, 1965, together with Pavel Belyaev, he flew into space as a co-pilot on the Voskhod-2 spacecraft. During this flight Leonov made the first spacewalk in the history of astronautics lasting 12 minutes 9 seconds. The purpose of the spacewalk was to study the possibility of a person staying and working in outer space, as well as testing the Berkut spacesuit. During the exit, A. Leonov showed exceptional courage, especially in an emergency situation when a swollen space suit prevented the cosmonaut from returning to the spacecraft. Leonov managed to enter the airlock only by releasing excess pressure from the suit, while he climbed into the ship's hatch not with his feet, but with his head first, which was prohibited by the instructions. But let’s better listen to Leonov himself: “When they were creating a ship for going into outer space, they had to solve many problems, one of which was related to the size of the hatch. In order for the lid to open completely inward, the cradle would have to be cut. Then I wouldn’t fit into it at the shoulders. And I agreed to reduce the diameter of the hatch. Thus, between the suit and the hatch edge there was a gap of 20 mm on each shoulder.

On Earth, we carried out tests in a pressure chamber in a vacuum corresponding to an altitude of 60 km... In reality, when I went into outer space, it turned out a little differently. The pressure in the spacesuit is about 600 mm, and outside it is 10 - 9; it was impossible to simulate such conditions on Earth. In the vacuum of space, the suit swelled; neither the stiffening ribs nor the dense fabric could withstand it. Of course, I assumed that this would happen, but I didn’t think it would be so strong. I tightened all the straps, but the suit bulged so much that my hands came out of my gloves when I grabbed the handrails, and my feet came out of my boots. In this state, of course, I could not squeeze into the airlock hatch. A critical situation arose, and there was no time to consult with the Earth. While I would report to them... while they were conferring... And who would take responsibility? Only Pasha Belyaev saw this, but could not help. And then I, violating all the instructions and without informing the Earth, switched to a pressure of 0.27 atmospheres. This is the second operating mode of the spacesuit. If by this time the nitrogen had not been washed out of my blood, then the nitrogen would have boiled - and that was all... death. I figured that I had been under pure oxygen for an hour and there shouldn’t be any boiling. After I switched to the second mode, everything fell into place.

Out of nerves, he put a movie camera into the airlock and, violating the instructions, went into the airlock not with his feet, but with his head first. Taking hold of the railing, I pushed myself forward. Then I closed the outer hatch and began to turn around, since you still need to enter the ship with your feet. I wouldn’t have been able to do it otherwise, because the lid, which opened inward, ate up 30% of the cabin’s volume. Therefore, I had to turn around (the internal diameter of the airlock is 1 meter, the width of the spacesuit at the shoulders is 68 cm). This is where the greatest load was, my pulse reached 190. I still managed to turn over and enter the ship with my feet, as expected, but I had such a heatstroke that, breaking the instructions and without checking the tightness, I opened the helmet, without closing the hatch behind you. I wipe my eyes with a glove, but I can’t wipe it, as if someone is pouring on my head. Then I had only 60 liters of oxygen for breathing and ventilation, but now Orlan has 360 liters... I was the first in history to go out and immediately move 5 meters away. Nobody else did this. But we had to work with this halyard, put it on hooks so that it wouldn’t dangle. There was enormous physical activity.

The only thing I didn’t do on the way out was to take a photo of the ship from the side. I had a miniature Ajax camera that could shoot through a button. It was given to us with the personal permission of the KGB chairman. This camera was controlled remotely by a cable; due to the deformation of the spacesuit, I could not reach it. But I did filming (3 minutes with an S-97 camera), and I was constantly monitored from the ship by two television cameras, but they did not have high resolution. A very interesting film was later made from these materials.

But the worst thing was when I returned to the ship - the partial pressure of oxygen began to increase (in the cabin), which reached 460 mm and continued to rise. This is at the norm of 160 mm! But 460 mm is an explosive gas, because Bondarenko burned out on this... At first we sat in stupor. Everyone understood, but they could do almost nothing: they completely removed the humidity, lowered the temperature (it became 10 - 12°C). And the pressure is growing... The slightest spark - and everything would turn into a molecular state, and we understood this. Seven hours in this state, and then fell asleep... apparently from stress. Then we figured out that I had touched the boost switch with the spacesuit hose... What actually happened? Since the ship was stabilized relative to the Sun for a long time, deformation naturally occurred: on the one hand, cooling to -140°C, on the other, heating to +150°C... The hatch closing sensors worked, but a gap remained. The regeneration system began to build up pressure, and oxygen began to increase, we did not have time to consume it... The total pressure reached 920 mm. These several tons of pressure pressed down the hatch and the pressure growth stopped. Then the pressure began to drop before our eyes.”

But the adventures of Leonov and Belyaev did not end there. Before landing, the automatic attitude control system failed. P.I. Belyaev manually oriented the ship and turned on the braking engine. As a result, Voskhod landed in an off-design area 180 km north of the city of Perm. TASS reported that the ship landed in a “reserve area,” which was simply the remote Perm taiga. The astronauts spent two nights alone in the wild forest in severe frost. Only on the third day did rescuers on skis make their way to them through the deep snow, who were forced to cut down the forest in the Voskhod landing area in order to clear the landing area for the helicopter. The flight lasted 1 day 2 hours 2 minutes.

In subsequent years, Leonov was part of a group of Soviet cosmonauts who trained under Soviet lunar exploration programs. But the Americans were ahead of the USSR in this. After graduating from the N. E. Zhukovsky Air Force Engineering Academy (engineering faculty) in 1968, Leonov was preparing for other space flights, but for various reasons they were not implemented. And finally, on July 15-21, 1975, together with V.N. Kubasov, he committed second flight into space as commander of the Soyuz-19 spacecraft under the ASTP (Soyuz-Apollo) program. Flight duration - 5 days 22 hours 30 minutes. Then For the first time in the world, the docking of ships from two different countries was carried out.

For the successful implementation of the flight and the courage and heroism displayed during this process, Aviation Major General A. A. Leonov was awarded the second Gold Star medal and the Order of Lenin on July 22, 1975.

Brief biography

Alexey Arkhipovich Leonov born in 1934 (19340530) in the village of Listvyanka, Tisulsky district, West Siberian Territory (now it is Kemerovo region), was the eighth child in the family. He spent his childhood in Kemerovo and Kaliningrad, where the family moved. He graduated from high school in Kaliningrad, then from the Military Aviation School of Initial Pilot Training in Kremenchug, where he entered as a Komsomol recruiter. In 1957 he graduated from the Chuguev Military Aviation School of Pilots.

In 1970-1991 he worked as deputy head of the Cosmonaut Training Center. He completed his postgraduate studies at the Air Force Engineering Academy named after N. E. Zhukovsky. Candidate of Technical Sciences. Since March 1992, Aviation Major General A. A. Leonov has been in reserve. Has 4 inventions and more than 10 scientific papers.