Presentation - global problems of our time. Presentation - global problems of our time Presentation on social studies global problems

Presentation on history on the topic: Global problems of humanity Completed by: Moshkarina Alina Group 126

The global problems of our time are a set of socio-natural problems, the solution of which determines the social progress of mankind and the preservation of civilization as a whole.

On at the moment in the world there are the following global problems: 1) global warming; 2) terrorism; 3) drug addiction; 4) the problem of cancer and AIDS; 5) ozone holes; 6) catastrophic pollution environment; 7) decrease in biodiversity, etc.

1. Global warming is a process of gradual increase average annual temperature atmosphere of the Earth and the World Ocean.

Causes of global warming: reduction tropical forests; air pollution; ozone layer destruction; increase in concentration greenhouse gases.

2. Terrorism is the achievement of political goals through sabotage, blackmail with the lives of hostages and inciting fear in society.

To combat terrorism, the following strategies are distinguished: conservative - this strategy implies partial concessions to the demands of terrorists (payment of ransom, territorial and moral concessions); a progressive strategy means the unconditional destruction of terrorists and their supporters.

3. Drug addiction is a painful attraction or addiction to narcotic substances, used in various ways(swallowing, inhalation, intravenous injection) in order to achieve a stupefying state or relieve pain.

Species narcotic drugs: opiates; n hemp preparations; a methamphetamines; cocaine; g allucinogens; sleeping pills; inhalants.

Treatment of drug addiction is a method aimed at ridding the drug addict of physical and psychological cravings for drugs, as well as reducing the doses taken by the drug addict.

4. Oncological diseases. Oncology is a branch of medicine that studies tumors, their etymology and pathogenesis, mechanisms and patterns of occurrence and development, methods of prevention and treatment.

Types of cancer: sarcoma; to arcinoid; h malignant tumor of the thyroid gland; h malignant tumors of the pancreas; cancer diseases, etc.

AIDS (Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome) is a condition that develops against the background of HIV infection and is characterized by a decrease in the number of CD4+ lymphocytes, multiple opportunistic infections, non-infectious and tumor diseases.

Symptoms of AIDS: enlarged lymph nodes; influenza-like illnesses; temperature; loss of appetite; body aches; chronic fatigue; dark red tumor-like formations on the skin, in the mouth and nose; respiratory infections.

Prevention of AIDS: do not have sexual contact with casual acquaintances; study of social conditions; compliance with sterility rules; cessation of drug use.

5. Ozone holes are a local drop in ozone concentration in the Earth's ozone layer.

Causes of ozone holes: environmental pollution; release of freons into the atmosphere; a sharp drop or rise in temperature; emissions of volcanic gases; change in the area of ​​polar holes.

6. Environmental pollution is the introduction into the environment or the emergence in it of new, usually unusual physical, chemical, informational or biological agents, as well as their natural average long-term level in different environments leading to negative impacts.

Types of contamination: microbiological; mechanical; chemical; aerosol; thermal; light; noise; electromagnetic; radioactive.

7. Decline in biodiversity. Biodiversity is the variety of life in all its manifestations.

Reasons for the decline in biodiversity: increased human migration, increased trade and tourism; nature pollution; insufficient attention to the long-term consequences of actions that exploit natural resources; inability to estimate true value biological diversity and his losses; rapid population growth and economic development, making huge changes in the living conditions of all organisms.

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“Venture philanthropy” - 5. Difference from traditional philanthropy. 15. 9. Goals of venture philanthropy. 12. How is venture philanthropy related to the concept of risk? [email protected]. 6. Gagarin Fund - features. 10. Maria Gagarina “Gagarin Fund” June 29, 2009. 7.

"Economic activity" - Economics and economic activity. Resources. Rules, principles of organizing activities. Exchange connects consumption, production, distribution. Microeconomics. The concept of economics. Nominal GDP is the volume in current prices. Consumption. What does the economy give to a person? Measurers of economic activity.

"Telos Technologies" - Industry standard one hundred telos 01-11-99 for water structuring. A positive conclusion was received (Bryansk Treatment and Diagnostic Center, 1998). 10. Project “telos-water”. Telos generator t-101. Patent base of telos technologies. Non-profit organization Telos Technologies Foundation. Since 1987 Works of Telos enterprises on the subject of preparation (structuring) of drinking water.

"Nobel Prize" - Nobel Prize according to literature. History of the Nobel Prizes. Vargas Llosa has been translated into Russian a lot. Chemistry. 1956 Liu is a PhD and professor of Chinese literature. The Nobel Prize in Chemistry was awarded for the palladium catalyst. But the Peace Prize is announced and awarded in Oslo.

"Subject of Sociology" - Social structure- is a stable connection of elements in social system. Social control- a means of social regulation of people's behavior. Sociologism (E. Durkheim's term) is based on theoretical principles. Realistic conflicts are motivated by the intention to achieve some goal. Social status- the position occupied by an individual in society.

“Cultural Heritage” - Historical and cultural heritage in the regional teacher training program. Historical and cultural heritage of the Oryol region. Faculty of Arts and Folk Culture Faculty of Russian Literature. Interuniversity Department of Historical and Cultural Heritage. The disciplines of the program are designed to prepare a specialist to work as an organizer of local history work in educational institution: additional education teacher, director of children's clubs and studios, tour guide.

Content. 1) Introduction; 2) What are global problems; 3) The emergence of global problems in the world; 4) Features of global problems; 5) Classification of global problems; 6) The role of international organizations and movements in modern world 7)Various development forecasts modern society; 8) Conclusion; 9) Literature used in the presentation.

Introduction. Civilization on our planet is still alive thanks to the fact that people, becoming stronger, were ultimately able to become wiser. A. Nazaretyan (Doctor of Philosophy, Professor) V modern conditions risk factors that globally influence the development of world civilization have intensified. This explains the relevance of our topic “Global problems of our time”. Based on historical analysis, we have to try to comprehend new level global world problems. To do this, we will need knowledge from courses in history, social studies, chemistry, physics, biology, ecology, geography, and life safety.

What are global problems? Until the middle of the 20th century. V political language there was no concept of “global problems” as universal problems of world civilization (French global universal, from Latin globus ball). Only at the level of philosophical generalizations were ideas put forward about the connection between human activity and the state of the biosphere (the environment that supports life on Earth). Thus, the Russian scientist V.I. Vernadsky (his portrait in front of you) in 1944 expressed the idea that human activity was acquiring a scale comparable to the power of natural forces. This allowed him to raise the question of restructuring the biosphere into the noosphere (sphere of activity of the mind). Global problems are a set of problems of humanity that arose in the second half of the 20th century, threatening the existence of world civilization

The emergence of global problems in the world. The first people to appear on Earth, while obtaining food for themselves, did not violate natural laws and natural circulations. But in the process of evolution, the relationship between man and the environment has changed. With the development of tools, man increasingly increased his “pressure” on nature. Thus, 400 thousand years ago, synanthropes destroyed significant areas of vegetation cover in northern China with fire; and in the once forested Moscow region during the time of Ivan the Terrible there were fewer forests than now due to the use of the slash-and-burn farming system since ancient times. The industrial revolution of the 18th-9th centuries, interstate contradictions, scientific and technological revolution of the mid-20th century, and integration aggravated the situation. Problems grew like a snowball as humanity moved along the path of progress. Second world war marked the beginning of the transformation of local problems into global ones.

Classification of global problems. Environmental “ozone hole” deforestation “greenhouse” effect (global warming) environmental pollution: atmosphere, soil, ocean waters, food natural disasters: typhoons, tsunamis, hurricanes, earthquakes, floods, droughts environmental disturbances associated with exploration of space and the World Ocean. Economic food problem of development poles: “North-South” problem of limits economic growth resource depletion economic globalism. Social demographic problem health problem (spread of dangerous diseases: cancer, AIDS, atypical pneumonia...) the problem of education (1 billion illiterate) ethnic, inter-religious conflicts. Political problem of war and peace: the possibility of escalation local conflicts in global, danger nuclear war remaining poles of confrontation, struggle for spheres of influence (USA-Europe-Russia-Asia-Pacific region) differences political systems(democracy, authoritarianism, totalitarianism) terrorism (international, domestic, criminal). Spiritual degradation of “mass culture”, devaluation of moral and moral values people’s departure from reality into the world of illusions (drug addiction); increase in aggression, neuropsychiatric diseases, incl. Due to mass computerization, the problem of scientists’ responsibility for the consequences of their discoveries.

International organizations. International organizations and movements UN United Nations. A universal international organization of states to maintain and strengthen peace, security and develop cooperation between states. UNICEF Children's Fund. The leading UN organization that deals with issues of ensuring the survival, protection and development of children. WHO World organization healthcare. A UN agency whose activities are aimed at combating particularly dangerous diseases, preventing the spread of epidemics, developing international sanitary standards. ILO International Labor Organization. A UN agency dealing with the socio-economic problems of workers (regulation of working hours, social insurance, combating unemployment, etc.).

International organizations. IBRD International Bank for Reconstruction and Development ( World Bank). International financial institution within the UN structure to stimulate the economic development of member countries, promote the development of international trade, maintain balances of payments, and provide long-term loans for development purposes. IMF International Monetary Fund. An international monetary and financial organization to maintain exchange rate stability, promote the development of international trade, and provide foreign currency loans. WTO World trade organization. An international organization that deals with the rules of international trade, designed to prevent “trade wars.” IAEA International Atomic Energy Agency. An organization established for the development international cooperation in the field of peaceful uses of nuclear energy (monitoring nuclear power plants, providing assistance in eliminating accidents, etc.). International Red Cross. International association voluntary societies: assistance to prisoners of war, sick and wounded soldiers, starving people and victims of natural disasters. Greenpeace " Green world" Independent international public organization with the goal of preserving the environment. Roman Club. International non-governmental scientific organization, whose activities are aimed at developing tactics and strategies for resolving global problems. Pugwash movement. Social movement scientists for peace, disarmament, international security, for the prevention of global thermonuclear war and scientific cooperation, the problem of the responsibility of scientists for the fate of their discoveries is discussed (name after the location of the 1st conference in the town of Pugwash in Canada). Anti-globalism. A movement that has its supporters all over the world: radicals advocate international revolution and the destruction of capitalism; moderates for leveling inequality, control over TNCs, maintaining resistance in the third world, preserving “alternative” civilizations.

Various forecasts for the development of modern society Futurology (futurum future) is the study of the future. This concept first appeared in scientific language in 1943 and has become extremely popular these days. A global forecast is a forecast of human development in the light of existing global problems. Global forecasts are developed in three main directions: pessimistic, predicting a global resource, environmental, food crisis in the near future and offering a way out by reducing population and production (English scientist Thomas Malthus); optimistic, believing that the bowels of the Earth, the World Ocean and outer space contain many undeveloped raw materials and energy resources; the population explosion does not last forever; reducing military spending and establishing peace on Earth will become a vital necessity and reality, which means that the path to sustainable economic prosperity will open and social, scientific and technological progress of mankind will become possible (German scientist Fritz Baade); neutral, based on the fact that it is impossible to say with certainty whether global trends will lead to terrible disasters or will be prevented, since there are no limits to a person’s ability to adapt to the environment (American scientist Paul Kennedy).

Conclusion. The variety of global problems is amazing, and the pace of their development is frightening. However, people of good will can do a lot to slow them down, limit their impact and even correct the situation as a whole. Otherwise, humanity will only have to blame itself for all subsequent disasters. Apocalypse or Golden Age? The choice is ours...

Literature used. Kishenkova O.V. Recent history. Grades 9, 11: Method. allowance. M.: Bustard, S; Methodical recommendations in the course “Man and Society”. Ch class. / Bogolyubov L.N. and others. M.: Education, S. 7680; Kennedy P. Entering the twenty-first century. M.: The whole world, p.; Toynbee A. J. Civilization before the court of history. M.: Rolf, p.; Yakovets Yu. V. History of civilizations. M.: Humanite. ed. center VLADOS, S

Goals:

formation of ideas about global problems,
hypotheses, forecasts and projects for their resolution;
acquisition of skills, discussions, formation of skills
discuss, draw conclusions, defend your point of view.
environmental education of students;
acquiring skills to work with additional
material, ability to choose required material, skill
working with statistical material.

Global problems of our time
is a set of socio-natural
problems on the solution of which depends
social progress of mankind and
preservation of civilization. These problems
characterized by dynamism, arise as
an objective factor in the development of society and for
the united people demand their decision
the efforts of all mankind. Global
problems are interconnected and cover everything
aspects of people's lives and concern all countries
peace.

Globalization

The process of global economic, political and
cultural integration and unification. The main consequence of this is
global division of labor, migration (and, as a rule, concentration) on a scale
of the entire planet of capital, human and industrial
resources, standardization of legislation, economic and technological
processes, as well as the rapprochement and fusion of cultures different countries.
This is an objective process that is systemic in nature, that is
covers all spheres of society. As a result of globalization, the world is becoming
more connected and more dependent on all its subjects

The problem of maintaining peace

Nuclear weapons

Thanks to tireless efforts, world community reached
a significant number of multilateral agreements aimed at
reduction of nuclear arsenals, prohibition of their deployment in
certain regions of the world and natural environments(such as space
space and the bottom of the oceans), limiting its spread and
termination of his tests. Despite these achievements, nuclear weapons and
its spread remains the main threat to peace and the main problem
international community.

Local conflicts

Local war - hostilities between two and
more by states limited by political goals
interests of the states participating in hostilities, and
territory - small geographical region, How
usually located within the boundaries of one of the
warring parties

International terrorism

Terrorism in modern times is also becoming a global problem.
Especially if terrorists have lethal means or weapons,
capable of destroying a huge number of innocent people.
Terrorism is a phenomenon, a form of crime, aimed directly
against a person, threatening his life and thereby trying to achieve her goals
goals. Terrorism is absolutely unacceptable from the point of view of humanism, and from the point of view
from a legal point of view is the gravest crime.

The problem of overcoming backwardness and modernization

The main way to overcome the backwardness of developing countries is
carrying out fundamental changes in all spheres of their lives. If
this problem will not be solved, then the continuing situation in
developing countries faces socio-economic
shocks on a global scale and will aggravate other
global problems.

Food problem

The geography of food production is far from
coincides with the geography of its consumption. Most
a reliable way to solve this problem is through
growth in food production in the most
starving countries in Asia, Africa, Latin
America.

Energy and raw materials problem

Fuel extraction
is continuously increasing,
what might happen in the future
lead to serious
global
energy crisis.
Humanity must
refocus on
other energy resources,
first of all on huge
Earth's hydro resources.

Environmental issues

They can lead to worldwide environmental disaster. On our
before our eyes, the era of extensive use of potential is ending
biosphere: there are almost no undeveloped lands left (with the exception of
territory of Russia), the area of ​​deserts is systematically increasing,
Forest areas - the lungs of the planet - are shrinking, the climate is changing
(global warming, greenhouse effect), the number increases
carbon dioxide and decreases - oxygen, is destroyed ozone layer.

Ozone layer depletion

Although humanity has taken measures to limit emissions of chlorine and bromine-containing freons by switching to other substances, for example
fluorinated freons, the process of restoring the ozone layer will take
several decades. First of all, this is due to the huge volume
freons already accumulated in the atmosphere, which have a lifetime of tens
and even hundreds of years.

Ocean pollution

Oil and petroleum products are the most common pollutants
substances in the World Ocean. By the beginning of the 1980s, about 6
million tons of oil, which amounted to 0.23% of world production.
Many countries with access to the sea carry out marine disposal of various
materials and substances, in particular soil removed during dredging,
drill slag, industrial waste, construction waste, solid waste,
explosives and chemicals, radioactive waste. Volume of burials
amounted to about 10% of the total mass of pollutants entering the World
ocean.

Climate change

Climate change is changing the image of our planet.
Weather quirks are no longer something unusual, they are...
becomes the norm. The ice on our planet is melting and this is changing
All. The seas will rise, cities may be flooded and
millions of people could die. None coastal
the area will not escape the dire consequences.

Air, water, soil pollution

Pollution is a process of negative
modifications of the environment - air,
water, soil - through its intoxication with substances,
that threaten the life of living organisms.

Kyoto Protocol

An international document adopted in Kyoto (Japan) in December 1997
addition to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). He
obliges developed countries and countries with economies in transition reduce or
stabilize greenhouse gas emissions in 2008-2012 compared to 1990
year. The period for signing the protocol opened on March 16, 1998 and ended on March 15
March 1999.
The Protocol has been ratified by 181 countries (these countries collectively
accounting for more than 61% of global emissions). A notable exception to
of this list are the USA. The first implementation period of the protocol began 1
January 2008 and will last for five years until December 31, 2012, after which, as
it is expected to be replaced by a new agreement.

Man-made disasters

In the twentieth century, man took to the air, stepped into space, and conquered
itself the energy of an atom.
But the age of triumph of human genius also brought new look disasters -
man-made disasters that claimed thousands of lives. This is the case
when the fruits of technological progress turned against their creator -
a person who is too self-confident
and treated his creations lightly.

Demographic problem

Demographic problem
contradictory, has the opposite
character for different countries: overpopulation in China, depopulation in Russia.
Together with social development this
the problem must find its way
permission naturally, - will
stabilization occurs in this
respect.
However, states facing
now with a demographic problem,
forced to apply appropriate
measures. It is important that they do not wear
violent in nature and did not violate
sovereignty of the individual, family life.

Low birth rate

"zero population growth" in Western European countries
leads to a sharp aging of the population in developed countries,
including the deterioration of the balance between working and
pensioners, etc.

Rapid growth of the world's population

demographic "explosion" characterized by a sharp increase
population in Asia, Africa, Latin America, starting from
60s leads to a sharp aggravation of socio-economic
problems in developing countries, including hunger and illiteracy
tens of millions of people.

International organizations

An international organization is a permanent association that
created on the basis of an agreement international character. Its purpose is
assistance in solving those problems that are specified in the agreement.
International organizations are of an interstate nature - operating
at the level of state governments and non-governmental ones. Also
distinguish between international organizations of a global and regional nature.
There are also classifications by type of activity, by the nature of powers, by
circle of participants, international clubs etc.

United Nations(UN)

An interstate organization created in 1945. The purpose of the organization is to maintain peace between states, strengthen peace, develop and
safety international relations, development of international
cooperation in various fields. The UN is composed of six main
organs ( General Assembly, Security Council, Economic and
Social Council, Secretariat, International Court of Justice and the Guardianship Council).

There are many
various structural
UN units and
various organizations,
working under the auspices of the UN
in different areas
international activities.
Majority Headquarters
main divisions
The UN is located in New York
(USA), but there are also branches in
different parts of the world. For 2007
year the UN counted 192
member state. Is
the largest international
organization.

World Trade Organization (WTO)

It is an organization of global importance. Founded in 1995.
The goal is to streamline the rules of international trade. On
In 2008, the WTO had 153 member countries. Headquarters
located in Geneva (Switzerland). The WTO was created on the basis of the GATT
(General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade). According to the charter, the WTO
can only resolve trade and economic issues.

European Union(EU)

The Organization of European States, created in 1993 on the basis of three
organizations, two of which are still part of it - the EEC (European
economic community - now the European Community), ECSC (European
coal and steel pool - ceased to exist in 2002), Euratom
(European Nuclear Energy Community). This is a unique organization
which is something between international organization And
by the state. Has a common market, a common currency system, etc. Sphere
activities concern many areas - economics, politics, currency, market
labor, etc. In 2007, the EU included 27 states.

Non-Aligned Movement

A movement that unites countries
proclaimed the basis of their
foreign policy course, non-participation in military-political blocs and groupings.

Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE)

Exists since 1975. Is the largest regional
peace organization that deals with security issues. The goal is to prevent and resolve conflicts in the region, eliminate
consequences of conflicts. In 2008, the OSCE included 56
states that are located not only in Europe, but also in Central
Asia and North America.

Big Eight

International club of governments
Great Britain, Germany, Italy, Canada, Russia, USA, France and Japan. Also
also called an informal forum of leaders of these countries (with the participation of the European Commission), in
within the framework of which approaches to current international
problems.
Meetings of the heads of state and government of the G8 countries are held annually
(usually in the summer) in the next chairman country. Participants in the meetings include, in addition to the heads
states and governments of member countries, 2 representatives European Union, namely -
President of the European Commission and head of the country currently holding the Presidency
moment in the EU.

International Monetary Fund (IMF)

a special UN agency established by 185 states. Designed for regulation
monetary and credit relations of the member states and providing them with assistance in case of payment deficit
balance by providing short- and medium-term loans in foreign currency. The fund has
status specialized institution UN. It serves as the institutional basis of the global
currency system.
The IMF was created on December 27, 1945 after the signing of an agreement by 28 countries,
developed at the UN Monetary and Financial Conference in Bretton Woods on July 22
1944. In 1947, the foundation began its activities.
The headquarters of the IMF is located in Washington.

International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA)

international intergovernmental organization for development
international cooperation in the field of peaceful uses of nuclear power
energy.
The most important area of ​​IAEA activity is ensuring
non-proliferation nuclear weapons. Under the Non-Proliferation Treaty
nuclear weapons (NPT), the IAEA is charged with verifying compliance
obligations of its participants.

Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC).

Intergovernmental level organization created in
1960 at the initiative of Venezuela. The goal is control
global oil policy, stabilization of oil prices.
OPEC sets production limits
oil. The headquarters is located in Vienna (Austria). For 2009
year there were 12 countries in OPEC.

North Atlantic bloc (NATO)

Is an international military-political union
direction. Created in 1949 on the initiative
USA. The main goal is the safety and freedom of all
member countries in accordance with UN principles, as in
North America and Europe. To achieve your
goals, NATO uses its military potential and
political influence. The headquarters is located in
Brussels (Belgium). In 2009, NATO included
28 states.