How to determine homogeneous members of a sentence and what they are. What are homogeneous members

In order to make it easier to convey to the listener the meaning of what was said, in Russian they use homogeneous members offers. Compare: “The shady forest calls to the traveler. The shady forest beckons the traveler. The shady forest promises coolness.” Or the same thing, but presented in one sentence: “The shady forest calls, beckons the traveler and promises coolness.”

A sentence with homogeneous predicates, examples of which you will see in this article, helps to simplify the semantic load, while eliminating the need to pile up several syntactic structures in the text.

Features of the composition of simple sentences

You probably know how simple sentences differ from complex ones. The former have only one, which, as a rule, includes a subject and a predicate (or one of these members). And complex sentences There may be two or more such bases.

But in addition to the above-mentioned ways of expressing thoughts in the Russian language, there are also so-called complicated constructions. That is, those that include, for example, homogeneous members. This means that a simple sentence with homogeneous predicates “This lecture is interesting and informative” is not entirely simple. In Russian grammar it will be considered complicated.

By the way, there is still a complication with introductory words or sentences, as well as isolations, appeals, etc. We will focus on the first version of complicated constructions.

Basic signs of homogeneity for members of a sentence

But before we start discussing homogeneous subjects and predicates, let's remember general rules, relating to all members of the sentence.

The main sign of homogeneity for both the main and secondary members of any sentence is that in this construction they will be equal, performing one syntactic function, referring to one member in the sentence and, accordingly, answering the same question.

Between them, regardless of the part of speech, there is either a coordinating or non-union syntactic connection, emphasizing their equality. The first is expressed, as a rule, using the intonation of enumeration, and the non-union connection is expressed only intonationally.

What predicates can be homogeneous

AND minor members, and in the Russian language, becoming one of the homogeneous ones, they can nevertheless have dependent words (however, the same applies to secondary members). For example: “The girl looked out the window and sighed.” In this sentence there are two homogeneous predicates (looked and sighed), but the first of them is extended by an addition (to the window), and the second has no dependent words.

Most often, all homogeneous members of a sentence - predicate, subject or others - belong to one part of speech, but there are also constructions in which they can belong to different grammatical classes, expressed by phraseological units or phrases.

For example, in the sentence “Andrey joked and laughed to tears,” the predicates are expressed by the verb (joked) and (laughed to tears), which does not prevent them from being homogeneous.

How a series of homogeneous members is grammatically arranged

To grammatically combine homogeneous members in a sentence, both enumerative intonation and conjunctions are used. The latter can be connective (and, yes), adversative (a, but), and also divisive (or, or). In the example “She either talks on the phone or runs to her friends,” the main member of the sentence is the predicate - connected by the disjunctive conjunction “or”. And in the example: “This boy is small, but smart,” they are connected by the adversative conjunction “but.”

Comma between homogeneous subjects and predicates

The main punctuation rule when writing homogeneous members of a sentence is that in the absence of conjunctions, a comma is placed between them. Homogeneous predicates are no exception. Examples “The rain whispered, lulled, evoked languor”, “Under the sun the drops sparkled, shimmered and seemed silver” confirm this.

But notice that in the second sentence, between two of the three predicates there is a coordinating conjunction “and”, which eliminates the comma. True, this is only possible if it is not repeated, otherwise you will have to pay attention to the subtleties.

When to use a comma in sentences with repeated conjunctions

In the construction “And his hands, and his face, and his clothes were covered with a thick layer of soot,” homogeneous subjects are connected by a repeated conjunction “and,” and this case already requires a comma to be placed between them.

In a situation where a union breaks homogeneous members into semantic pairs, each of them is taken as a single component from a homogeneous series: “Squeals and screams, laughter and the stomping of feet were heard through the open window and beckoned into the courtyard.”

Please note that homogeneous subjects and predicates in this construction are connected in different ways: the subjects “squealing and screaming”, “laughter and stomping” are collected in pairs, and there is a comma between them. And between the predicates “were heard” and “beckoned” there is a coordinating conjunction, so a comma is not needed there.

A comma is also placed in sentences where homogeneous members are connected by so-called double conjunctions (not only..., but also...; not so much... as...; if not..., then..., etc.).

Please note that in the sentence “Snow covered not only the lawn in front of the house, but also hung on the trees with a white blanket” and similar ones, the comma in the double conjunction is placed before its second part.

Comma in sentences with several rows of homogeneous members

A sentence with homogeneous predicates (you can see examples in the article) in some cases has several rows of homogeneous members. They need to be distinguished from constructions where there is only one such row, and repeating conjunctions between homogeneous members.

In the sentence “In this house a cat and a dog lived peacefully and did not quarrel” there are 2 rows of homogeneous members (the subjects are “the cat and the dog”, as well as the predicates “they lived and did not quarrel”). They are united in pairs by the connecting conjunction “and”, but are not used in this construction.

Sentences with homogeneous predicates: examples of colons for the main members of a sentence

Sentences, regardless of the part of speech in which they are expressed, may contain words that have a general meaning and are equally related to each lexical unit from this series. For example, in the sentence “Fruits were piled on the counter in bright heaps: apples, pears, plums and peaches,” the generalizing word “fruit” carries a generic concept.

If a simple sentence with homogeneous predicates or other members of the sentence includes a colon after it. When reading, as a rule, there is a pause at this point: “Mom managed to do everything: cook dinner, do the laundry, wipe the dust and sing songs.”

By the way, the generalizing word always turns out to be the same member of the sentence as the homogeneous members associated with it, since they have the same syntactic function.

Examples of dashes for main parts of a sentence

If a homogeneous series ends with a generalizing word, then it is separated by a dash: “Milk, berries, and mushrooms - everything in the village seemed especially tasty.” “Her thin hands, curls at her temples, even the flowers on her dress - everything aroused delight and seemed beautiful” - homogeneous predicates here are separated from homogeneous subjects with a dash, since they are followed by a generalizing word.

Together with a generalizing word, an introductory word can also be used (that is, in one word, namely, somehow, etc.), then a comma is placed between them: “No fleeting glances, no sudden blush, no sighs - in a word, nothing did not escape his attentive eyes.”

Some cases when a dash is placed

A dash for homogeneous members can appear not only in the case of enumeration. So, if homogeneous predicates carry a sharp semantic opposition of one in relation to another or a sudden addition, a dash is placed between them: “I went out into the garden - and froze when I saw a squirrel on the roof of the gazebo.” The dash in such sentences emphasizes the surprise, the suddenness of the action: “The prince met Cinderella and immediately fell in love with her.”

By the way, if homogeneous members do not have unions with each other, but at the same time express opposition, they are also separated by a dash: “He is light - he is darkness, he is faith - he is unbelief.”

How to recognize heterogeneous and homogeneous predicates: examples

If words are used in a sentence to emphasize the multiplicity of objects, the duration of an action or its repetition, such members of the sentence belong to homogeneous ones.

Please note: “We sailed, sailed, sailed in a thick, impenetrable fog.” The predicate in the Russian language in this construction is considered as a single member of the sentence.

Parts of a compound predicate, which is expressed by a combination of verbs (I’ll go rest, let me look, take it and complain, etc.), cannot be homogeneous members. A construction with them cannot be considered as a sentence with homogeneous predicates.

Example sentences with phraseological units(neither give nor take, neither fish nor meat, and laughter and sin, etc.) are classified according to the same criteria.

1. Homogeneous members of the sentence

Homogeneous members of the sentence - these are the members of a sentence that answer the same question asked from the same word and perform the same syntactic function. Any members of a sentence can be homogeneous: and subjects, and predicates, and definitions, and additions, and circumstances. Usually these are words of the same part of speech, but they can be different.

For example: Students at the seminar answered smartly, intelligently, in beautiful language . From one predicate verb we ask the same question (How? ) to two adverbs - smartly And sensibly– and to one phrase expressed by a combination of an adjective and a noun, beautiful language. But they are all similar circumstances.

Homogeneous members of a sentence can be connected by union creative writing and (or) non-union connection, that is, either there are unions with homogeneous members, or not.

• If homogeneous members of a sentence are connected only intonationally, no unions, then before each homogeneous member of the sentence, starting after the first, you need to put a comma .

For example: Bloomed in the garden roses , lilies , daisies – homogeneous subjects.

• single connecting conjunctions : AND, EITHER, OR, YES(in the meaning of I), then between two homogeneous members of the sentence comma is NOT included.

For example: Suddenly a storm came with large And frequent hail - homogeneous definitions . Autumn freshness , foliage And fruits the garden smells fragrant- homogeneous additions. I'll send you a postcard or I'll call you on the phone– homogeneous predicates. Only Anyutka stayed at home cook Yes(=and) tidy up the room.

• If homogeneous members are connected single adversative conjunctions AH, THEN, BUT, YES(in the meaning of BUT) or subordinating conjunction ALTHOUGH, That comma between them is put .

For example: Movie interesting , Although a little drawn out– homogeneous predicates. It is not an iron key that opens the heart , but kindness- homogeneous additions. Father I wanted to leave towards him , Yes(=but) for some reason I changed my mind– homogeneous predicates.

• If homogeneous members of a sentence are connected repeating conjunctions AND...AND, EITHER...OR, THAT...THAT, OR...OR, NOT THAT...NOT THAT, That a comma is placed before the second conjunction or starting from the second , if there are more than two homogeneous members.

For example: They ran to the noise And women , And guys – homogeneous subjects. The felled aspen trees were crushed And grass , And small shrub- homogeneous additions. I'm imagining That noisy feasts , That military mill , That combat fights– homogeneous subjects.

Pay attention to this option, when the conjunction before the first of three homogeneous members of the sentence can be omitted, but nevertheless the placement of punctuation marks will not change.

For example: I imagine noisy feasts , That military camp , That combat fights. you me can't you hear , or don't understand , or you just ignore– homogeneous predicates.

• If homogeneous members are connected double alliances NOT ONLY...BUT ALSO, AS...AND, IF NOT...THEN, ALTHOUGH AND...BUT, NOT SO MUCH...HOW MUCH, That a comma is always placed before the second part of the conjunction . The first part of the double conjunction comes before the first homogeneous member of the sentence, the second part of the conjunction comes before the second homogeneous member of the sentence.

For example: These standards can be met How masters of sports , so and for beginners - homogeneous additions. The glow of the fire was visible not only above center cities , but also on the outskirts– homogeneous circumstances.

• Homogeneous members of a sentence can form groups.

If from one word is given same question to each group of homogeneous members of the sentence, then they are group-by-group homogeneous, and a comma is placed between groups of homogeneous members of a sentence.

For example: In literature lessons we read (what?) poetry And fables , (what?) stories And stories – two groups of homogeneous complements .

If the groups were asked various questions (and from different words) , these groups are heterogeneous, between them comma is NOT included .

For example: On (which?) spacious And light the clearing grew (what?) daisies And bells – homogeneous subjects and homogeneous definitions.

IMPORTANT! Homogeneous definitions must be distinguished from heterogeneous ones, characterizing the object from different sides. In this case, there is no enumeration intonation and a coordinating conjunction cannot be inserted. Comma between them NOT put .

For example: Buried in the ground round hewn oak table– adjectives characterize an object with different sides(by shape, by manufacturing method, by the material from which the item is made), they are not homogeneous, although they answer the same question.

NO comma between two verbs in the same form, acting as a single compound predicate , indicating movement and its purpose or forming a single semantic whole.

For example: I'll go look at the class schedule. Be careful not to stumble on a slippery path. Try to determine to taste.

NO comma in stable terms with repeating conjunctions: both day and night; both old and young; both laughter and grief; here and there; neither back nor forward; neither yes nor no; for no reason about anything; neither fish nor meat; neither light nor dawn; not a sound, not a breath; out of the blue . They are usually used in speech in a figurative sense and are not homogeneous members.

2. Compound sentence

Compound sentence - a sentence consisting of several simple sentences (several grammatical bases) interconnected union or non-union communication Simple sentences equal in rights, neutral in relation to each other, from one part of a complex sentence it is impossible to pose a question to the other part.

• Always between parts of a complex sentence there is a comma if they are connected non-union connection .

For example: Came harsh winter, frost bound the rivers with ice.

• Parts of a compound sentence can be connected by coordinating conjunctions. As a rule, in such cases between parts of the sentence before the conjunction there is a comma.

For example: The heat and fatigue took their toll , And I fell asleep dead asleep. We were unable to buy tickets for the concert , But we still had a wonderful evening.

IMPORTANT! Distinguish compound sentence with two or more grammatical stems from a simple one, where there is only one grammatical stem and homogeneous predicates can be connected by a coordinating conjunction.

For example: The dazzlingly bright moon was already above the mountain and flooded the city with a clear greenish light.– union AND homogeneous predicates are connected, and a comma is not placed before it.

But there are some cases when a comma before the conjunction AND in a compound sentence NO need to put :

• When the first and second part have one common minor clause. It can be any member of a sentence - an object, a circumstance, etc.

For example: Hundreds of fireflies flew in the thick evening air And the fragrance of blooming magnolias was heard - general circumstance (hundreds of fireflies were flying And the fragrance was wafting (where?) in the air).

• Eat general subordinate clause , relating to both the first part of a compound sentence and the second part.

For example: Until the teacher entered the classroom, the children did not calm down And there was a loud noise in the classroom.

• If available general introductory word.

For example: According to the class teacher, the boys behave badly in class And girls imitate them in every possible way.

• consists of two names.

For example: Frost and sun. A hoarse groan and an angry grinding sound.

• If a complex sentence consists of two interrogative sentences.

For example: What time is it And how much time is left until the end of class ? You will come to me or I will come to you ?

• If merged two exclamations or incentives offers.

For example: How to end the quarter well And how nice it is to take a break from school ! Let the sun shine And the birds are singing !

• If merged two vaguely personal sentences(implies one action producer).

For example: They began to exhibit grades in the journal And noticed the absence of one test paper.

• If merged two impersonal sentences with synonymous predicates.

For example: You must complete all 24 tasks And need to do it in ninety minutes.

Incorrect punctuation is one of the typical mistakes allowed in written speech. The most difficult ones usually include placing commas in sentences where there are heterogeneous or homogeneous definitions. Only a clear understanding of their features and differences helps make the entry correct and readable.

What is the definition?

This is a denoting attribute, property or quality of an object denoted by a noun. Most often expressed by an adjective ( white scarf), participle ( running boy), pronoun ( our home), ordinal number ( second number) and answers the questions "which one?" "whose?". However, there may be cases of use as a definition of a noun ( checkered dress), a verb in the infinitive form ( dream of being able to fly), adjective in simple comparative degree (an older girl appeared), adverbs ( hard boiled egg).

What are homogeneous members

Definition this concept is given in syntax and concerns the structure of the simple (or predicative part). Homogeneous members are expressed by words of the same part of speech and the same form, depend on the same word. Consequently, they will answer general question and perform the same syntactic function in a sentence. Homogeneous members are connected with each other by a coordinating or non-union connection. It should also be noted that it is usually possible to rearrange them within a syntactic structure.

Based on the above rule, we can say that homogeneous definitions characterize an object on the basis of common (similar) features and qualities. Consider the sentence: “ In the garden, white, scarlet, burgundy buds of roses that had not yet bloomed proudly towered over their fellow flowers." The homogeneous definitions used in it denote color, and therefore characterize the object according to the same characteristic. Or another example: " Soon, low, heavy clouds hung over the city sweltering from the heat." In this sentence, one feature is logically connected to another.

Heterogeneous and homogeneous definitions: distinctive features

This question often causes difficulties. To understand the material, let’s take a closer look at what features each group of definitions has.

These are the main features, knowledge of which will allow you to easily distinguish between sentences with homogeneous definitions and heterogeneous ones. This means using punctuation marks correctly.

In addition, when performing syntactic and punctuation analysis of a sentence, you need to remember the following important points.

Definitions that are always the same

1. Adjectives next to each other characterize an object according to one characteristic: size, color, geographical location, assessment, sensations, etc. " At the bookstore, Zakhar purchased reference books on German, Italian, and French culture in advance.».
2. A group of synonyms used in a sentence: they call the same feature differently. " From early morning everyone in the house was in a cheerful, festive mood caused by yesterday's news».
3. Definitions that appear after the noun, with the exception of terms such as grab overhead crane. For example, in A. Pushkin’s poem we find: “ Three greyhounds are running along a boring winter road" In this case, each of the adjectives refers directly to the noun, and each definition is logically highlighted.
4. Homogeneous members of a sentence represent a semantic gradation, i.e. designation of the characteristic in increasing order. " The sisters, overwhelmed by a joyful, festive, radiant mood, could no longer hide their emotions».
5. Inconsistent definitions. For example: " He entered the room briskly tall man in a warm sweater, with shining eyes, a bewitching smile».

Combination of a single adjective and participial phrase

It is also necessary to dwell on the next group of definitions. These are adjectives and participial phrases used side by side and related to the same noun. Here, punctuation depends on the position of the latter.

Definitions that correspond to the scheme “single adjective + participial phrase” are almost always homogeneous. For example, " In the distance, dark mountains towering above the forest could be seen" However, if the participial phrase is used before the adjective and refers not to the noun, but to the entire combination, the rule “punctuation marks for homogeneous definitions” does not work. For example, " On wet ground yellow leaves swirling in the autumn air gradually descended».

One more point needs to be taken into account. Consider this example: “ Among the dense, spreading fir trees, darkened in the twilight, it was difficult to see a narrow path leading to the lake" This is a sentence with isolated homogeneous definitions expressed participial phrases. Moreover, the first of them is located between two single adjectives and clarifies the meaning of the word “thick”. Therefore, according to the rules for the design of homogeneous members, they are distinguished in writing by punctuation marks.

Cases when a comma is not required but is preferred

1. Homogeneous definitions (examples of which can often be found in fiction) designate different, but usually accompanying each other, causal features. For example, " At night,(you can insert BECAUSE) Long shadows from trees and lanterns were clearly visible in the deserted streets" Another example: " Suddenly, deafening sounds reached the old man’s ears,(BECAUSE) terrible blows thunder».
2. Sentences with epithets that give a diverse description of the subject. For example, " And now, looking at the big one, Luzhin, she... was filled... with pity"(V. Nabokov). Or from A. Chekhov: “ Rainy, dirty, dark autumn has arrived».
3. When using adjectives in figurative meaning(close to epithets): “ Timofey's large, fishy eyes were sad and carefully looked straight ahead».

Such homogeneous definitions - examples show this - are an excellent means of expressiveness in work of art. With their help, writers and poets emphasize certain significant details in the description of an object (person).

Exceptional cases

Sometimes in speech you can find sentences with homogeneous definitions, expressed by a combination of qualitative and relative adjectives. For example, " Until recently, old, low houses stood in this place, but now there are new, tall ones." As shown this example, in such a case, two groups of definitions are distinguished that relate to one noun, but have opposite meanings.

Another case concerns definitions interconnected by explanatory relationships. " Completely different sounds, alien to the boy, were heard from the open window." In this sentence, after the first definition, the words “namely”, “that is” would be appropriate.

Rules for placing punctuation marks

Here everything depends on how homogeneous definitions are related to each other. Commas are placed when non-union communications. Example: " A short, wrinkled, hunchbacked old woman was sitting on a chair on the porch, silently pointing to the open door." Subject to availability coordinating conjunctions(“usually”, “and”) no punctuation is needed. " Women in white and blue homespun shirts peered into the distance, hoping to recognize the horseman approaching them" Thus, these sentences are subject to punctuation rules that apply to all syntactic constructions with homogeneous members.

If the definitions are heterogeneous (their examples are discussed in the table), a comma is not placed between them. Exception with combinations that can be ambiguous. For example, " After much debate and reflection, it was decided to resort to other proven methods" In this case, everything depends on the meaning of the participle. A comma is used if “namely” can be inserted before the word “verified”.

Conclusion

Analysis of all of the above leads to the conclusion that punctuation literacy in to a greater extent depends on knowledge of specific theoretical material on syntax: what is a definition, homogeneous members of a sentence.

In Russian, there are often sentences with words that answer the same question and belong to the same part of speech.

The concept of a homogeneous member of a sentence

Such words in a sentence perform the same function, have equivalent meaning and are connected to each other by intonation and coordinating connection. Such members of a sentence in Russian are called homogeneous. Examples of homogeneous members of a sentence:

The old green poplars rustled, groaned, and moved alarmingly. In this sentence, the homogeneous members are predicates.

The green forest rustled incessantly, evenly. In this sentence, the homogeneous members are circumstances.

Let's analyze what the main features of homogeneous members are. Firstly, they all have the same involvement in the main word with which they are directly associated. There are exceptions in which homogeneous members of the sentence do not belong to this part of speech.

For example:
I like to walk slowly, with stops.

Punctuation: homogeneous members and connecting conjunctions

Connecting conjunctions in sentences with homogeneous members are most often represented by the conjunctions “and this, and that”, “and neither, and nor”, ​​“also, too”, “not only..., but also”.

Before conjunctions that connect homogeneous members of a sentence, a comma should be placed in three cases:
1. With a dividing and single connecting union of homogeneous members of a sentence. For example:

1.1. Crucians and carps splashed in the pond.

1.2. IN pine forest you may see a woodpecker or a squirrel.

2. If conjunctions combine several pairs of homogeneous members of a sentence. For example: Uncle Vanya’s collection included many daggers and knives, guns and pistols, decorated with stones.
3. If homogeneous members are connected to each other by repeated unions, and thus form stable combination. For example: Aunt gave us a lot of multi-colored flags: red, green, and yellow.

Notes It should be remembered that in some cases, combinations with double conjunctions and homogeneous members of the sentence can be confused. This is the most common mistake among students. Examples of sentences with combinations with double conjunctions:

I like to walk quietly in the forest, with stops.

Vivid examples of combinations with double conjunctions, which are often falsely attributed to homogeneous members of a sentence, are laughter and sin, neither fish nor fowl, etc.

Heterogeneity relations are often found in adjectives - a large leather bag, a small glass glass.
In sentences with homogeneous members, homogeneous words most often describe the dynamics of this action, the qualitative characteristics of one object. If homogeneous members have increased expressiveness, they form a series of epithets.

In some sentences we come across words that are repeated. It is important to know that they are not homogeneous members of the sentence. Example: Spring was waiting, nature was waiting. The word “waited” is repeated in this sentence two times solely to emphasize the importance of the upcoming event. Such and similar words are considered in Russian as one member of a sentence.

Homogeneous members of a sentence are called, answering the same question, performing the same syntactic function, relating to the same member of the sentence and interconnected by a coordinative connection. Ourlanguage - oursword , ourlight , ourLove , ourpride.

Homogeneous members are usually expressed in words of one part of speech, but can also be expressed in words different parts speech.

Homogeneous members can be common and non-widespread.

Common ones have dependent words. AND came up He, spread his wings, took a deep breath, sparkled his eyes And - rolled down .

A sentence may contain more than one row of homogeneous members. Russian people smart And understanding , diligent And hot to everything good And beautiful .

Homogeneous members of the sentence are not:

• repeated words pronounced with the intonation of enumeration. Winters waited, waited nature . Words waited, waited are used in sentences to emphasize the multitude of objects or the duration of an action. Such combinations of words are considered as one member of a sentence;
• two verbs in the same form, acting as a single predicate (the second word has a particle Not or So). Shout or scream, like it or not, just walk like that .
• stable combinations with double conjunctions and...and, neither...nor. For example: this way and that, neither back nor forth, neither fish nor fowl .
• paired combinations of a synonymous, antonymic or associative nature, for example: sewn-covered, let's go, life-being, any-expensive, at the very least etc.; questions and answers, buying and selling, up and down, back and forth etc.; bread and salt, (by) mushrooms and berries, (by) hands and feet, brothers and sisters, grandchildren and great-grandchildren etc. Such combinations are not separated by a comma, but are joined by a hyphen;
• two verbs in the same form, indicating movement and its purpose or forming a semantic whole. Let's go talk to ourselves. Sit down and rest.

Homogeneous members are connected using coordinating conjunctions and intonation or only with the help intonation .

Homogeneous members of a sentence are combined coordinating conjunctions :

• connecting ( and, yes(= and) , neither... nor): And the flowers are white Yes lush ;
• dividing ( or, then... then, either etc.): He looked with suspicion That on the owner, That to the counselor ;
• adversative ( ah, but, yes(= but), however etc.): She spoke little But sensibly .

In a sentence with repeated conjunctions, always by one comma fewer than homogeneous members.

Homogeneous and heterogeneous definitions

Definitions there are homogeneous when each of them refers to the word being defined, that is, when they are interconnected by a coordinating connection and pronounced with enumerative intonation. Homogeneous definitions characterize an object or phenomenon from the same side (by color, material, properties, etc.). Powerful, violent, deafening rain poured onto the steppe .

Heterogeneous definitions happen when they characterize an object from different sides. In this case, there is no coordinating connection between the definitions and they are pronounced without enumerative intonation. Starlings serve as models kind hardworking family life.

Homogeneous members of the sentence and generalizing words

With homogeneous members there can be generalizing words, which are the same members of the sentence as homogeneous ones. The generalizing word stands either before or after homogeneous members. In the grass, in the dogwood and wild rose bushes, in the vineyards And in the trees - everywhere the cicadas were singing .