Social and personal status of the individual. Concept and types of social statuses

Taste is a muscle that can be trained.(NN)

First Commandment Real Woman: I took off my heels and left the race. (NN)

Fashion is a matter of money. Style is a matter of individuality. (NN)

If you are struck by the beauty of a woman, but you cannot remember what she was wearing, it means she was dressed perfectly. (Coco Chanel)

Lack of attire sometimes serves as the best attire. (Petronius)

A well-dressed person is one who considers himself and others. (Pierre Cardin)

There is a legend that there are women who, when opening a closet, know what they will wear. (NN)

It is just as foolish to despise fashion as it is to follow it too zealously. (Jean de La Bruyère)
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Most people live by fashion, not by reason. (Georg Christoph Lichtenberg)
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There are people who even dress their thoughts according to the demands of fashion. (Bertold Averbach)
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An outfit is a preface to a woman, and sometimes the entire book. (Sébastien-Roch Nicolas de Chamfort)
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The expression on a woman's face is much more important than her clothes. (Dale Carnegie)
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Clothes make a person. Naked people have very little, if any, influence in society. (Mark Twain)
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We eat for our own pleasure, dress for the pleasure of others. (Benjamin Franklin)
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The worse things go for you, the better you should dress. (English saying)

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Modesty died when clothes were born. (Mark Twain)
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Women's clothing is painting, men's clothing is sculpture. (Barnett Newman)

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If men nowadays are more serious than women, it is only because their clothes are darker. (Andre Gide)
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Women dress best in areas where they often undress. (Fortunat Strovsky)
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Brevity is the soul of lingerie. (Dorothy Parker)
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A man does not like women in cheap clothes, except his own wife. (NN)
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A man who is about to take a decisive step thinks: “What will I say?”, and a woman: “How will I dress?” (Madeleine de Puisier)
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If a woman looks good in slacks, she will look good in anything. (NN)
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Judge a man not by his clothes, but by his wife's clothes. (Thomas Dewar)

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If women only dressed for one man, it wouldn't last so long. (Marcel Achard)
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If women dress up so carefully, it is only because a man's eye is better developed than his mind. (Doris Day)
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Women believe that they dress up for the sake of men or for their own pleasure; but in truth, they dress up for each other. (Francis de Miomandre)
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I dress for women and undress for men. (Angie Dickinson)
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The dress should be tight enough to show that you are a woman, but loose enough to show that you are a lady. (Edith Head)
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Wearing one dress for too long is harmful to the body. (Yanina Ipohorskaya)
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What do men like most about a woman's dress? Their idea of ​​what a woman would look like without any dress. (Brendan Francis)
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Modern dresses are like barbed wire: they protect the territory, but allow you to explore it. (Denny Kay)
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Cleavage is another form of matter conservation. (Tamara Kleiman)
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A woman's dress doesn't have to be tight, but if a woman is dressed, I want to see where exactly she is in the dress. (Bob Hope)

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An unloved suit never wears out. (NN)

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The most important thing in women's clothing- the woman who wears it. (Yves Saint Laurent)
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There's nothing special about a skirt when it flutters on the clothesline. (Lawrence Dow)
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Moth loves to change her wardrobe. (Antony Regulsky)
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Fashion passes, but style remains. (Coco Chanel)
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Fashion no longer exists. It is created for several hundred people. (Coco Chanel)
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You can follow fashion or run after fashion. But you can only run if you are young enough. (Jeanne Moreau)
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There are no ugly women - there are only women who do not know that they are beautiful. (Vivien Leigh)
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In everything that concerns sins, one should carefully follow fashion. (Lillian Hellman)
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It takes twenty minutes to look like a goddess. It takes three hours to look natural. (Women's folk wisdom)
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Beware of originality. In women's fashion, originality can lead to masquerade. (Coco Chanel)
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Best decoration girls - modesty and a transparent dress. (Evgeny Schwartz)
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Black flat shoes are worn by short, balding men. (Women's folk wisdom)
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Fashion exists for women who lack taste, etiquette for women who lack education. (Queen Maria of Romania)
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All people are naked under their clothes. (Heine)
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Many women's problems problems that the best psychiatrists give in to are often decided by a hairdresser of the second category. (Mary McCarthy)
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A woman's clothes should be moderately modest, so that they are not conspicuous, and at the same time it is noticeable that she is wearing them. (Stas Yankovsky)
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Fashion is traditionalism squared: to be like everyone else and, moreover, to compete. (A. Kruglov)
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Wear rich clothes - they will open all doors for you. (Fuller)
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Every fashion looks as if it will last forever. (Georg Simmel)
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Taking fashion too seriously is certainly stupid. (Hans Georg Gadamer)
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The essence of fashion is that only part of the group always follows it, while the group as a whole is only on the way to it. (Georg Simmel)
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The breaking of fashion by kings becomes fashion for their subjects. (Emil German)
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The latest fashion statement usually echoes loudly in an empty pocket. loving man. (Eduard Aleksandrovich Sevrus (Vorokhov))
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I love clothes and don't like fashion. (Miucia Prada)
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The desire for novelty is a special gift that explains the absolute dominance of the French in the field of fashion. (Valerie Giscard D'estain)
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In fashion stores, look not for a thing, but for yourself. (NN)
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Perfume is business card. Without fragrance, a woman is anonymous. (Hubert de Givenchy)
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Shoes are made so that even in clothes a woman appears naked.
(Christian Louboutin)
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The value of the bag should be higher than the value of its contents. (GQ Magazine)
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A dress has no meaning if it doesn't make men want to take it off of you.
(Françoise Sagan)
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You can wear whatever you want, however you want, as long as it looks feminine and sexy. (Vivienne Westwood)
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The secret to the success of our costumes is small details, understandable at the level of sensations.
(Cristiano Corneliani, Director of Corneliani)
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If there are no clothes you would like to wear, create them yourself. (Hand-made principle)

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Taste is the ability to find a way out in the most natural in different circumstances.
(Fazil Iskander)
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I love vulgarity. Good taste is death. Vulgarity is life. (Mary Quant, inventor of the miniskirt)
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A person's style is the voice of his soul. (Ralph Waldo Emerson)
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Only superficial people do not judge by appearance. (Oscad Wilde)
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A well-tied tie is the first serious step in life. (Oscad Wilde

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A real man wears a suit, not jeans, but this suit looks as if a person slept in it. (Susan Vega)
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She looked like she had been poured into the dress, slightly overflowing. (Palham Woodhouse)
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Better two folds on your face than one on your stocking. (Parisian woman's commandment)
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The person for whom she is dressing should undress a woman. (NN)
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To be beautiful, it is not enough to be beautiful. (Paul Raynal)
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Charm is beauty in motion. (Gotthold Lessing)
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Very expensive clothes make you look old. (Coco Chanel)
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Youth fashion - pleonasm; There is no such thing as old fashion. (Coco Chanel)
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I love when fashion comes out into the streets, but I don't allow it to come from there. (Coco Chanel)
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Nothing ages a woman more than an overly rich suit. (Coco Chanel)
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Fashion, like architecture, is a matter of proportions. (Coco Chanel)

To be irreplaceable, you need to change all the time. (Coco Chanel)

Fashion is something that goes out of fashion. (Coco Chanel)

People are not captivated by fashion, but by the few who create it. (Coco Chanel)

Clothes are like canvas, which different people drapes differently. (Donna Karan)

If a woman is poorly dressed, others will remember her clothes. If a woman is dressed well, those around her will remember her. (Coco Chanel)

A woman, not clothes, expresses sexuality. (GianiVersace)

Style is a person. (Buffon, French naturalist)

Fashion is what we dress ourselves in. What others wear is unfashionable. (Oscar Wilde)

What I wear is fashionable! (Coco Chanel)

Fashion lives not only in dresses, fashion is in the air, it is brought by the wind, we anticipate it, we breathe it, it is in the sky and on the road, it is inseparable from people, morals, and events. (Coco Chanel)

A well-dressed person is one who considers himself and others. (P. Cardin)

A real woman can be immediately recognized by her disobedience to fashion standards; she wears only what suits her. (I. A. Efremov)

A lover of rarities values ​​not what is good or beautiful, but what is unusual and outlandish, what he alone has. He values ​​what is fashionable and hard to find more than what is perfect. (J. Labruyère

The whims of women are not subject to fashion, but fashion is always in their power. (Valery Afonchenko)

Happiness is not in money, but in shopping. (Marilyn Monroe)

Bad taste is an indicator of the decline of morals.” In clothes, try to be graceful, but not dandy; the sign of grace is decency, and the sign of panache is excess. (Socrates)

Depending on your means, dress luxuriously, But not funny, rich - not colorful. Clothes speak about a person. (Shakespeare)

Elegance is more than ease, more than freedom from awkwardness and restrictions. Elegance implies inspired yet refined precision, detail and brilliance. (Garlits)

Each new generation laughs at the old fashion, switching to a new religion. (Thoreau)

The majority, lacking vanity, follows the new fashion, forgetting the old. (Hubert)

Fashion is the only attempt to transform art into form social interactions. (Oliver Wendelaer Holmes)

In any form, redundancy causes outrage, so everyone man of sense must adhere to this rule both in dress and speech. Try to avoid foreign influences in everything, but follow, without undue haste, changes in fashion. (Moliere)

Try not to get ahead of fashion and keep up with it, and especially don’t go to its extremes. (Lavater).

Admit it, you sold your soul the first time you put on Jimmy Choo shoes! (film The Devil Wears Prada).

The best wardrobe is a chair! (NN)

The only thing that is cheap is what you wear without feeling confident. (NN)

Read even more new aphorisms about fashion and style on our page

Social status- personal position or social group V social system.

Status rank- the position of the individual in the social hierarchy of statuses, on the basis of which the status worldview is formed.

Status set- a set of several status positions that an individual simultaneously occupies.

Ideas about social status

The concept of “social status” was first used in science by an English philosopher and lawyer of the 19th century. G. Main. In sociology, the concept of status (from the Latin status - position, state) is used in different meanings. The dominant idea is social status as the position of an individual or social group in a social system, which is characterized by certain distinctive features (rights, responsibilities, functions). Sometimes social status denotes a set of such distinctive features. In ordinary speech, the concept of status is used as a synonym for prestige.

In modern scientific and educational literature defined as: o the position of an individual in the social system, associated with certain rights, responsibilities and role expectations;

• subject's position in the system interpersonal relationships,
• defining his rights, duties and privileges;
• the position of the individual in the system of interpersonal relations, determined by his psychological influence on group members;
• the relative position of the individual in society, determined by his functions, responsibilities and rights;
• the position of a person in the structure of a group or society, associated with certain rights and responsibilities;
• an indicator of the position occupied by an individual in society;
• the relative position of an individual or social group in a social system, determined by a number of characteristics characteristic of a given system;
• the position occupied by an individual or a social group in society or a separate subsystem of society, determined by characteristics specific to a particular society - economic, national, age, etc.;
• the place of an individual or group in the social system in accordance with their characteristics - natural, professional, ethnic, etc.;
• structural element social organization society, which appears to the individual as a position in the system of social relations;
• the relative position of an individual or group, determined by social factors (economic status, profession, qualifications, education, etc.) and natural signs(gender, age, etc.);
• a set of rights and responsibilities of an individual or social group associated with their performance of a certain social role;
• prestige characterizing the positions of an individual or social groups in a hierarchical system.

Each person in society performs certain social functions: students study, workers produce material goods, managers manage, journalists report on events taking place in the country and the world. For execution social functions The individual is assigned certain responsibilities in accordance with his social status. The higher a person’s status, the more responsibilities he has, the more stringent the requirements of society or a social group for his status responsibilities, the more Negative consequences from their violation.

Status set is a set of status positions that each individual occupies simultaneously. In this set, the following statuses are usually distinguished: ascriptive (assigned), achieved, mixed, main.

The social status of an individual was relatively stable due to the class or caste structure of society and was secured by the institutions of religion or law. In modern societies, individuals' status positions are more fluid. However, in any society there are ascriptive (assigned) and achieved social statuses.

Assigned status- this is a social status received “automatically” by its bearer due to factors beyond his control - by law, birth, gender or age, race and nationality, consanguinity system, socio-economic status of parents, etc. For example, you cannot get married, participate in elections, get driver license without reaching the required age. Ascribed statuses are of interest to sociology only if they are the basis for social inequality, i.e. influence social differentiation and social structure of society.

Achieved status - it is a social status acquired by its bearer through his own efforts and merits. Level of education, professional achievements, career, title, position, socially successful marriage - all this affects the social status of an individual in society.

There is a direct connection between ascribed and achieved social statuses. Achieved statuses are acquired mainly through competition, but some achieved statuses are largely determined by ascriptive ones. Thus, the opportunity to obtain a prestigious education, which in modern society is a necessary prerequisite for high social status, is directly related to the advantages of family origin. On the contrary, the presence of a high achieved status largely compensates for the low ascriptive status of an individual due to the fact that no society can ignore the real social successes and achievements of individuals.

Mixed social statuses have signs of being ascribed and achieved, but achieved not at the request of a person, but due to a combination of circumstances, for example, as a result of losing a job, natural Disasters or political upheaval.

Main social status The individual is determined primarily by his position in society and his way of life.

manner of behavior. When we're talking about O stranger, we first ask: “What does this person do? How does he make a living? The answer to this question says a lot about a person, therefore in modern society the main status of an individual is, as a rule, professional or official.

Personal status manifests itself at the level of a small group, for example, a family, a work team, or a circle of close friends. In a small group, the individual functions directly and his status is determined by personal qualities and character traits.

Group status characterizes an individual as a member of a large social group as, for example, a representative of a nation, religion or profession.

Concept and types of social status

The substantive difference between them boils down to the fact that they perform a role, but have a status. In other words, a role presupposes the possibility of a qualitative assessment of how well an individual meets role requirements. Social status - This is the position of a person in the structure of a group or society, which determines certain rights and obligations. Speaking about status, we abstract from any qualitative assessment of the person who occupies it and his behavior. We can say that status is a formal-structural social characteristic subject.

Like roles, there can be many statuses and, in general, any status presupposes a corresponding role and vice versa.

Main status - key of the entire set of social statuses of an individual, predominantly determining him social status and meaning in society. For example, the main status of a child is age; in traditional societies, the main status of a woman is gender; in modern society, as a rule, the main status becomes professional or official. In any case, the main status acts as a decisive factor in the image and standard of living and dictates behavior.

Social status can be:

• prescribed- received from birth or due to factors independent of its bearer - gender or age, race, socio-economic status of parents. For example, by law you cannot obtain a driver's license, get married, vote in elections or receive a pension before reaching the required age;
• achievable- acquired in society thanks to the efforts and merits of the individual. A person’s status in society is affected by the level of education, professional achievements, career, and a socially successful marriage. No society can ignore the real successes of an individual, therefore the existence of an achieved status carries the opportunity to significantly compensate for the low ascribed status of the individual;
• private- manifests itself at the level of a small group in which the individual functions directly (family, work team, circle of close friends), it is determined by his personal qualities and character traits;
• group- characterizes an individual as a member of a large social group - a representative of a class, nation, profession, a bearer of certain gender and age characteristics, etc.

Based on sociological surveys, it has been established that the majority of Russians are currently more satisfied with their position in society than dissatisfied. This is a very significant positive trend recent years, since satisfaction with one’s position in society is not only an essential prerequisite for social stability, but also a very important condition for people to feel comfortable in their socio-psychological state as a whole. Among those who rate their place in society as “good,” almost 85% believe that their lives are going well. This figure depends little on age: even in the group over 55 years old, about 70% share this opinion. Among those who are dissatisfied with their social status, the picture turned out to be the opposite - almost half of them (with 6.8% of the population as a whole) believe that their life is going badly.

Status hierarchy

The French sociologist R. Boudon considers social status as having two dimensions:

• horizontal, which forms a system of social contacts and mutual exchanges, both real and simply possible, that develop between the bearer of status and other individuals who are at the same level of the social ladder;
• vertical, which is formed by contacts and exchanges that arise between the bearer of status and individuals located at higher and lower levels.

Based on this idea, Boudon defines social status as a set of equal and hierarchical relationships maintained by an individual with other members of society.

Status hierarchy is characteristic of any organization. Indeed, without responsibility, organization is impossible; It is precisely due to the fact that all members of the group know the status of each that the links of the organization interact. However formal structure organization does not always coincide with its informal structure. Such a gap between hierarchies in many organizations does not require sociometric research, but is visible to a simple observer, since the establishment of a status hierarchy is the answer not only to the question “Who is the most important here?”, but also to the question “Who is the most authoritative, the most competent, the most popular among employees? Real status is largely determined by personal qualities, qualifications, charm, etc.

Many modern sociologists pay attention to the functional dissonance that arises due to the discrepancy between hierarchical and functional statuses. Such a discrepancy may arise due to individual compromises, when management orders acquire the character of a “stream of consciousness,” providing subordinates with a “zone of free action.” The result can be generally positive and manifest itself in increased flexibility of the organization's response, or negative, expressed in functional chaos and confusion.

Status confusion acts as a criterion for social disorganization and, possibly, as one of the reasons for deviant behavior. The connection between violations of the status hierarchy and the state of anomie was considered by E. Durkheim and suggested that discord in the status hierarchy in industrial society takes two forms.

Firstly, the expectations of the individual in connection with his position in society and the counter expectations of other members of society directed towards the individual become largely uncertain. If in a traditional society everyone knew what to expect and what awaited them, and in accordance with this was well aware of their rights and responsibilities, then in an industrial society, due to the growing division of labor and instability labor relations the individual is increasingly faced with situations for which he did not foresee and for which he is not prepared. For example, if in the Middle Ages studying at a university automatically meant a sharp and irreversible increase in social status, now no one is surprised by the abundance of unemployed university graduates willing to take any job.

Secondly, status instability affects the structure of social rewards and the level of individual satisfaction with one’s life.

To understand what determines the status hierarchy in traditional - pre-industrial - societies, you should turn to modern societies East (except caste). Here you can find three important elements that influence the social position of an individual - gender, age and membership in a certain “class”, which assign to each member of society his rigid status. At the same time, the transition to another level of the status hierarchy is extremely difficult due to a number of legal and symbolic restrictions. But even in traditionalist-oriented societies, the spirit of entrepreneurship and enrichment, the personal favor of the ruler influence the distribution of statuses, although the legitimation of status occurs through reference to the traditions of ancestors, which in itself reflects the weight of the ascribing elements of status (the antiquity of the clan, the personal valor of the ancestors, etc. ).

In modern Western society status hierarchy can be viewed from the standpoint of either meritocratic ideology as fair and inevitable recognition of personal merit, talents and abilities, or holistic sociologism as a result strictly determined social processes. But both theories offer a very simplified understanding of the nature of status, and there remain aspects that cannot be explained in the context of either of them. For example, if status is entirely determined by personal qualities and merits, then how can we explain the presence of formal and informal status hierarchies in almost any organization?

Within an organization, this duality refers to the discrepancy between competence and power observed in various forms and at various levels, when decisions are made not by competent and impartial experts, but by “capitalists” who are guided by the logic of personal gain, or “soulless technocrats.” Also inexplicable is the discrepancy professional qualifications and material and status rewards. Inconsistencies in this area are often denied or suppressed in the name of the meritocratic ideal of “merit status.” For example, in modern Russian society The situation of low material remuneration and, as a consequence, low prestige and status of highly educated and highly intelligent people has become typical: “The profession of physicist in the USSR in the 1960s. enjoyed high prestige, while accountants enjoyed low prestige. IN modern Russia they switched places. In this case, prestige is strongly linked to the economic status of these types of occupations.”

Because systems are more complex and subject to faster evolution, the mechanism for assigning status remains uncertain. Firstly, the list of criteria involved in determining status is very extensive. Secondly, it is becoming increasingly difficult to reduce the totality of various status attributes belonging to each individual to a single symbol, as in traditional societies, where it was enough to say “this is the son of so-and-so” for the person’s social status, his material level, and circle of acquaintances and friends to immediately become known. In traditional societies, personality and status were very closely linked. These days, personality and status tend to diverge. Personal identity is no longer given: she herself builds it with her own efforts throughout her life. Therefore, our perception of ourselves as individuals is split into many aspects in which our social status is manifested. Personal identity is felt not so much through a connection with a fixed status, but through a sense of self-worth and uniqueness.

Construction bricks social structure are statuses and roles that are interconnected by functional relationships.

The word "status" came to sociology from Latin language. IN Ancient Rome it denoted a state, legal status legal entity. However, at the end of the 19th century. English scientist G.D. Maine gave it a sociological sound.

Social status is the position of an individual (or group of people) in society in accordance with his gender, age, origin, property, education, occupation, position, marital status etc. For example, people studying at a technical school or university have student status; one who has completed his working career due to age, the status of a pensioner; those who have lost their jobs - unemployed status. Each status position implies certain rights and responsibilities.

People have not one, but many statuses in their lives. Thus, a person can be simultaneously a son, a husband, a father, a scientist, a mayor, a car enthusiast, a philanthropist, etc. At the same time, in the set of statuses one can single out one main status(usually an official), which is of decisive importance for a given individual.

Depending on the role played by the individual himself in acquiring his status, two main types of social status are distinguished:

• - prescribed
• - achieved.

A prescribed status (also called ascribed or ascribed) is one that is received from birth, by inheritance or by coincidence of life circumstances, regardless of the desire, will and efforts of a person. These are, in particular, acquired from birth, or innate, statuses associated with:

• - with gender (woman, man);
• - with nationality (Egyptian, Chilean, Belarusian);
• - with race (representative of the Mongoloid, Negroid or Caucasian racial group);
• - with blood relationship (daughter, son, sister, grandmother);
• - with hereditary titles (queen, emperor, baroness).

Prescribed statuses also include “involuntarily” acquired statuses, such as stepdaughter, stepson, mother-in-law, etc.

In contrast to the prescribed status, the achieved status (or achieved) is acquired through the individual’s own efforts. It is related:

• - with obtaining education and labor qualifications (student, student, worker, master, engineer);
• - With labor activity and business career (farmer, director, captain, general, doctor of science, minister);
• - with any special merits ( National artist, honored teacher, honorary citizen of the city), etc.

According to Western analysts, in post-industrial society It is the achieved (rather than prescribed) status of people that plays an increasingly decisive role. Modern societies gravitate towards the so-called meritocracy, which proposes evaluating people according to their merits (knowledge, qualifications, professionalism), and not according to inheritance or personal connections with VIP (colloquial, an abbreviation for a very important person) .

Achieved and prescribed statuses are the two main types of statuses. But life, as always, is stranger than schemes and can create non-standard situations. In particular, the statuses of unemployed, emigrant (who became, say, due to political persecution), disabled (as a result, for example, of a road accident), ex-champion, ex-husband. Where should we include these and other similar “negative” statuses, which a person, of course, initially does not strive for in any way, but which, unfortunately, he still received? One option is to classify them as mixed statuses, since they may contain elements of both prescribed and achieved statuses.

His social status determines the individual’s place in society, while his personal status determines his position among the people immediately surrounding him.

Personal status is a person’s position in a small (or primary) group, determined by how others treat him. Thus, each employee in any work collective enjoys a certain reputation among his colleagues, i.e. has a public assessment of his personal qualities (a hard worker is a lazy person, a good person is a miser, a serious person is a dummy, a benevolent person is evil, etc.). In accordance with such assessments, people often build their relationships with him, thereby determining his personal status in the team.

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Second among the factors influencing the development of group cohesion is the group's history of success in completing past tasks. The more such successes there were, the higher the cohesion.

Certain characteristics of the group itself also lead to group cohesion. For example, whether group members have some kind of common goal leads to greater cohesion than no cohesion. The final contribution to group cohesion comes from the personal characteristics of group members. We already know that people like more those they know whose views are closer to their own. The more such people in a group, the more united it is.

Once developed, group cohesion can have a significant impact on the future of the group.

One consequence of group cohesion is that group members spend more time interacting with each other, thus increasing both the quantity and quality of group interactions. The second consequence is that a cohesive group has great influence over its individual members.

Another consequence is that in a cohesive group, members experience greater job satisfaction, which is very important.

Finally, group cohesion is closely related to performance. Members of a more cohesive group will adhere to group performance attitudes to a greater extent than members of a less cohesive group. It should be remembered that group norms can both increase and decrease productivity.

Individual's status in the group

Status refers to an individual's rank, value, or prestige within a group, organization, or society. Status reflects the hierarchical structure of a group and creates vertical differentiation, just as roles separate different occupations. This is another way to reduce uncertainty and clarify what is expected of us. Like roles and norms, status exists both inside and outside the organizational environment. At the broadest level of analysis we call it social status. When dividing people according to their social status, we get social classes.

In addition to the social level, there is also a working level of division into statuses. Occupational prestige is the relative status of someone's profession. Occupational prestige is not the same as social status because it depends on only one variable, whereas social status includes everything. But here the question arises: why then do not all people strive to get a job associated with high prestige? The answer, based on research findings, is that the individually perceived prestige of a particular profession depends on family background.

Another important status concept relevant to work is called organizational status. Organizational status refers to the informal divisions that take place within an organization. Just like social status, organizational status includes not one variable, but several (for example, position in the organizational hierarchy, professional affiliation and productivity).

Status refers to an individual's group-recognized rank within an organization. Status helps clarify how a person should behave towards others and how they should behave in return.

Status symbols are objects or distinctive marks that define someone's level of status in a group or organization. Status symbols include military insignia, the special clothing of judges and doctors, as well as, for example, office furnishings and the presence or absence personal secretary at the managers. It should be noted that some symbols can increase a person's status in some circumstances and decrease it in others.

Typically, people with more high status, strive to play a dominant role in the organization, take great initiative. There is, however, one problem here. Since many variables make up organizational status, it is unclear which one causes these differences in behavior.

During our lives, status changes many times. And changes in status imply that a person must sometimes radically change his behavior. At the same time, the question of what exactly should be changed and what should be learned remains open. Situations in which there is no clearly defined sequence of events always cause anxiety.

A condition called status inconsistency occurs when a person meets some of his characteristics and, according to others, does not meet the requirements of his status. The same problem arises when making decisions about career advancement. People do not like the fact that someone who is inferior to them in some characteristics occupies a higher position than them. All of this suggests that status incongruence may lead to motivational and behavioral problems. Two obvious solutions to this problem are to select or appoint only those people who fully satisfy the requirements of status, and to change the group's opinion about what is appropriate for high status and what should lead to its achievement. But it should be recognized that both of these methods are too complex to be used in practice.

Code of Conduct

In any group, even one that works for a short period of time, it is easy to notice certain patterns in the behavior of its members. These patterns are called social norms. Norms reflect the shared beliefs of all group members about what is expected of them as acceptable behavior. The difference between norms and roles is that roles separate people and force them to act differently from one another, while norms, on the contrary, unite group members by showing how group members act in the same way.

In the very definition of norms, two of them are given important characteristics. First, norms include fairly clear ideas about what behavior is acceptable. Secondly, there are some agreements between group members regarding these ideas. In addition to these two characteristics, several more properties of norms can be identified. The first is that norms generally involve an element of ought, that is, descriptions of how someone “should” behave. Secondly, norms are more obvious and more easily recognized by people, which is very important for the group. Third, norms are enforced by the group itself. Many work behaviors are established and controlled by the organization itself, while norms are regulated within groups. Fourth, there is wide variation in the group's acceptance of norms and the extent to which deviant behavior is considered acceptable.

The above last property of norms requires additional explanation. It is important to note that there is some variation in norms, that is, norms do not set exact parameters of behavior, but only a range acceptable values. The second aspect is that different norms (for example, the time of arrival at work and the time of work itself) have unequal importance for group members.

36 chosen

Not all people who connect their lives with fashion are aphoristic wits. But when you think a lot about fashion, when your life is connected with fashion and style, words come to mind that form sentences in which nothing can be added or subtracted!.. I have selected 50 quotes about fashion from great designers XX century, as well as people who mastered the art of creating their own style...

1. In order to be irreplaceable, you need to be different. Coco Chanel

2. Fashion doesn't just make women beautiful, it gives them self-confidence. Yves Saint Laurent

3. Pure, strong emotions. It's not about design. It's about feelings. Alber Elbaz

4. When you hear designers complaining about the problems of their profession, say: Don't get carried away, these are just dresses. Karl Lagerfeld

5. Fashion is not about labels. And not about brands. It's about something else that's going on inside of us. Ralph Lauren

6. We should never confuse elegance with snobbery. Yves Saint Laurent

7. Girls don't dress for boys. They dress for themselves and, of course, for each other. If girls dressed for boys, they would still walk around naked all the time. Betsey Johnson

8. A woman’s dress should be like barbed wire: do its job without spoiling the landscape. Sophia Loren

9. Style is a simple way to talk about complex things. Jean Cocteau

10. Give a girl the right shoes and she can conquer the world. Marilyn Monroe

11. I don't do fashion. I am fashion myself. Coco Chanel

12. Designers present fashion on the catwalk four times a year. Style is what you choose yourself. Launer Hutton

13. I like being a woman even in this man's world. After all, men can't wear dresses, but we can wear trousers. Whitney Houston

14. Fashion should be a form of escapism, and not a form of deprivation of freedom. Alexander McQueen

15. Always walk as if three men were following you. Oscar de la Renta

16. Perfume can tell more about a woman than her handwriting. Christian Dior

17. Dressing up as Scheherazade is easy. Pick up small black dress- more difficult. Coco Chanel

18. Being different from others is easy, but being unique is very difficult. Lady Gaga

19. Style is a way of saying who you are without words. Rachel Zoe

20. I don't model clothes. I create dreams. Ralph Lauren

21. I can’t concentrate in flat shoes. Victoria Beckham

22. When in doubt, wear red. Bill Blass

23. Nothing makes a woman more beautiful than the confidence that she is beautiful. Sophia Loren

24. My job is to combine comfort and luxury, practical and desirable. Donna Karan

25. Luxury should be comfortable. Otherwise it's not luxury. Coco Chanel

26. Fashion as architecture: the main thing is proportions. Coco Chanel

27. If you can’t be better than your competitor, then at least dress better. Anna Wintour

28. Nothing ages a woman more than an overly rich outfit. Coco Chanel

29. An outfit is a preface to a woman, and sometimes the entire book. Sebastien-Roch Nicolas de Chamfort

30. Clothes make a person. Naked people have very little, if any, influence in society. Mark Twain

31. There's nothing special about a skirt when it flutters on the clothesline. Lawrence Dow

32. If you can’t remember what a woman was wearing, then she was dressed perfectly. Coco Chanel

33. Fashion is a form of ugliness so unbearable that we are forced to change it every six months. Oscar Wilde

34. I dress for image. Not for myself, not for the public, not for fashion, not for men. Marlene Dietrich

35. Each generation laughs at the old fashion, always following the new one. Henry David Thoreau

36. I know what women want. They want to be beautiful. Valentino Garavani

37. I have always considered the white T-shirt to be the alpha and omega of the fashion alphabet. Giorgio Armani

38. Fashion is what we make ourselves out of every day. Miuccia Prada

39. Fashion is always inspired by youth and nostalgia and often takes inspiration from the past. Lana Del Rey

40. Fashion gives happiness. This is joy. But not therapy. Donatella Versace

41. There is no better designer in the world than nature itself. Alexander McQueen

42. A dress has no meaning if it doesn't make men want to take it off of you. Francoise Sagan

43. Buy less, choose better, and do it yourself. Vivienne Westwood