An isolated circumstance expressed by an adverbial phrase. To help a schoolchild: an isolated circumstance

Special circumstances expressed by gerunds or participial phrase.

1. The mother, looking sternly at her daughter, left the room.

2. The river, running onto the clayey bank, disappeared around the bend.

3. On the opposite bank, lights flashed.

4. The terrace was surrounded by spreading trees, shielding vacationers from the sun.

5. Arriving early in July morning in this resort town, my friend and I went to the famous lake.

6. Expecting an unpleasant conversation, the boy timidly entered the room.

7. The red dog approached the little girl and licked her cheek.

8. Having opened the suitcase, the passenger was hastily looking for something.

9. Having dug up the beds, the schoolchildren planted different flowers in front of the school building.

10. Having returned home, the daughter went to bed.

First, let's figure out what a sentence is and what a separate circumstance is. A sentence is a group of interconnected words or one word that contains a specific meaning. A circumstance is a member of a sentence that answers the questions how? When? Where? where? and so on. An isolated circumstance is a circumstance limited by a comma or commas. Most often, isolated circumstances are an adverbial phrase or a separate adverbial participle.

Simple sentences with isolated circumstances

Simple sentences are sentences containing only one grammatical stem. Such proposals with isolated circumstances are often taken as complex sentences due to the presence of commas. But you need to be able to distinguish isolated circumstances from other grammatical bases.

• Ekaterina went to shopping mall, cheerfully humming your favorite song.
• My friends and I, after consulting several times, decided to give all our savings to a charitable foundation.
• Nastya, having eaten her fill, threw her backpack over her shoulder and walked away aimlessly.
• Maxim, having put his head in order, left the house.

Compound sentences with isolated adverbials

In compound sentences, each part has equal value, and these parts are connected to each other by coordinating conjunctions.

• Andrey, looking sideways at Nastya, rushed into the depths of the forest, and Nastya, looking sideways at Andrey, simply stood up like a pillar and began to cry loudly.
• Without thinking for a long time, I set off, and my roommate, approving my decision, went with me.
• She did not sing, condemning all the spectators, and these spectators continued to talk loudly, not paying any attention to her.

Complex sentences with isolated adverbials

IN complex sentence stands out main part and one or more subordinate clauses.

• Vova, thinking about this topic for a long time, forgot about the kettle, which was about to whistle.
• My friends, having satisfied their thirst, went to the forest, which was two kilometers from us.
• Gosha, forgetting about all his work, watched TV until his mother came.

Separation is the semantic and intonation highlighting of minor members of a sentence to give them greater independence in comparison with other members. Isolated members of a sentence contain an element of an additional message. The additional nature of the message is formed through semi-predicative relations, that is, the relationship of a separate component with the entire grammatical basis. An isolated component expresses an independent event. This is a generally polypropositive sentence.

The distinctions are different. There are separate definitions, circumstances and additions. The main members of the proposal are not isolated. Examples:

Separate definition: The boy, who had fallen asleep in an uncomfortable position right on the suitcase, shuddered.

Special circumstance: Sashka sat on the windowsill, fidgeting in place and swinging his legs.

Separate addition: I heard nothing except the ticking of the alarm clock.

Most often, definitions and circumstances are isolated. Isolated parts of a sentence are highlighted intonationally in oral speech, and punctuationally in written speech.

Separate definitions are divided into:

Agreed

inconsistent

The child, who had fallen asleep in my arms, suddenly woke up.

(agreed separate definition, expressed by participial phrase)

Lyoshka, in an old jacket, was no different from the village children.

(inconsistent isolated definition)

Agreed Definition

The agreed separate definition is expressed:

participial phrase: The child who was sleeping in my arms woke up.

two or more adjectives or participles: The child, well-fed and satisfied, quickly fell asleep.

Note:

A single agreed definition is also possible if the word being defined is a pronoun, for example:

He, full, quickly fell asleep.

Inconsistent definition

An inconsistent isolated definition is most often expressed by noun phrases and refers to pronouns or proper names. Examples: How could you, with your intelligence, not understand her intention?

An inconsistent isolated definition is possible both in the position after and in the position before the word being defined. If an inconsistent definition refers to a defined word expressed by a common noun, then it is isolated only in the position after it:

The guy in the baseball cap kept looking around.

Definition structure

The structure of the definition may vary. They differ:

single definition: excited girl;

two or three single definitions: girl, excited and happy;

a common definition expressed by the phrase: the girl, excited by the news she received,...

1. Single definitions are isolated regardless of the position relative to the word being defined, only if the word being defined is expressed by a pronoun: She, excited, could not sleep.(single isolated definition after the word being defined, expressed by a pronoun) Excited, she could not sleep.(single isolated definition before the word being defined, expressed by a pronoun)

2. Two or three single definitions are isolated if they appear after the word being defined, expressed by a noun: The girl, excited and happy, could not fall asleep for a long time.

If the defined word is expressed by a pronoun, then isolation is also possible in the position before the defined member: Excited and happy, she could not fall asleep for a long time.(isolation of several single definitions before the word being defined - pronoun)

3. A common definition expressed by a phrase is isolated if it refers to the defined word expressed by a noun and comes after it: The girl, excited by the news she received, could not fall asleep for a long time.(a separate definition, expressed by a participial phrase, comes after the word being defined, expressed by a noun). If the word being defined is expressed by a pronoun, then the common definition can be in a position either after or before the word being defined: Excited by the news she received, she could not sleep for a long time. She, excited by the news she received, could not sleep for a long time.

Separate definitions with additional adverbial meaning

Definitions preceding the word being defined are separated if they have additional adverbial meanings. These can be both common and single definitions, standing immediately before the defined noun, if they have an additional adverbial meaning (causal, conditional, concessional, etc.). In such cases, the attributive phrase is easily replaced by a subordinate clause of the reason with the conjunction because, subordinate clause conditions with conjunction If, subordinate assignment with conjunction Although. To check the presence of an adverbial meaning, you can use the replacement of the attributive phrase with a phrase with the word being: if such a replacement is possible, then the definition is separated. For example: Severely ill, the mother could not go to work.(additional meaning of reason) Even when she was sick, the mother went to work.(additional value of concession).

Thus, various factors are important for separation:

1) what part of speech the word being defined is expressed by, 2) what is the structure of the definition, 3) what is the definition expressed by, 4) does it express additional adverbial meanings.

Dedicated Applications

Application- This special kind definition expressed by a noun in the same number and case as the noun or pronoun that it defines: jumping dragonfly, beauty maiden. The application could be:

1) single: Teddy bear, the restless one, tormented everyone;

2) common: Mishka, a terrible fidget, tortured everyone.

An application, both single and widespread, is isolated if it refers to a defined word expressed by a pronoun, regardless of the position: both before and after the defined word:

He is an excellent doctor and helped me a lot.

Great doctor, he helped me a lot.

A common application is isolated if it appears after the defined word expressed by a noun:

My brother, an excellent doctor, treats our entire family.

A single non-widespread application is isolated if the word being defined is a noun with explanatory words: He saw his son, the baby, and immediately began to smile.

Any application is isolated if it appears after a proper name: Mishka, the neighbor's son, is a desperate tomboy.

An application expressed by a proper name is isolated if it serves to clarify or explain: And the neighbor’s son, Mishka, a desperate tomboy, started a fire in the attic.

The application is isolated in the position before the defined word - a proper name, if at the same time an additional adverbial meaning is expressed. The architect from God, Gaudi, could not conceive an ordinary cathedral.

(why? for what reason?)

Application with union How is isolated if the shade of the reason is expressed:

On the first day, as a beginner, everything turned out worse for me than for others.

Note:

Single applications that appear after the word being defined and are not distinguished by intonation during pronunciation are not isolated, because merge with it:

In the darkness of the entrance, I did not recognize Mishka the neighbor.

Note:

Separate applications can be punctuated not with a comma, but with a dash, which is placed if the application is especially emphasized by voice and is distinguished by a pause.

New Year is coming soon - children's favorite holiday.

The opinions of linguists about what a gerund is are divided. Some believe that it refers to a special form of the verb, others suggest that it is an independent part of speech. We will support the second option.

The participle represents independent part speech. It contains the signs of an adverb and a verb, shows when, why and how an action is performed by a predicate verb, and has an additional effect. If the participle in a sentence is not alone, but has words dependent on it, then this set of words is called an adverbial phrase. The article will tell you how and when to separate gerunds in a sentence.

What is separation?

In Russian, the concept of isolation is a way of clarifying and highlighting a certain set of words in a sentence. Only members of a sentence that are secondary can be isolated; this is how they differ from non-isolated members. Isolations are necessary so that the reader can more accurately understand the described picture of the action taking place. Not only lonely gerunds, but also participle phrases can be isolated.

Examples of single gerunds

If an isolated adverbial clause does not have dependent words in the sentence, then it is called a single gerund. While writing a proposal this part Speeches are always separated by commas on both sides.

The location of the gerund in a sentence can be anywhere. Here are examples of correctly separating single gerunds with commas:

1. Staring, she could not utter a word.
2. When I returned, I found my sister at home.
3. Without training, you cannot achieve success in sports.

Accordingly, the following gerunds were highlighted with a comma:

• staring;
• having returned;
• without training.

In the letter you can find several repeated participles. They are called homogeneous. At the same time, they are separated by commas and separated by this punctuation mark as separate parts of speech. Examples of such sentences:

1. Laughing, humming and spinning, Natasha hurried to her first date.
2. Chuckling and winking, Pasha closed the door.
3. She was silent, angry, but cowardly.

Homogeneous gerunds in a sentence can refer to different predicates. For example: Playing and laughing, she, inspired, rushed towards her dreams.

Separating single gerunds with commas

Isolation of single gerundial participles occurs in the following cases:

1. If the gerund plays the role of the second predicate in a sentence. Preserves the meaning of the verb. Indicates the condition, cause or time of an action, but not its image. Having run away, Marina lost her purse. After the holiday, the guests left without calming down.
2. If in your mind you can check the sentence by replacing the gerund with a verb, or make a complex one from a simple sentence. When Marina ran away, she rubbed her purse. The guests, although they did not calm down after the holiday, left.

Isolation of single gerunds does not occur if:

1. A single gerund has lost its verbal meaning or has a close connection with the predicate. Masha ran into the room without knocking. Zhenya climbed down from the tree silently and slowly.
2. If gerunds are circumstances of the manner of action and they cannot be replaced by verbs. Zhenya got down silently and took his time.
3. If a single gerund can be replaced with a noun. Masha ran into the room without knocking.

Identification of single gerunds depending on their location in a sentence

The separation of gerunds may not occur if they are at the beginning or end of the sentence, but in the middle they are separated by commas. Let's compare two sentences:

1. Tanya tried on the slippers slowly.
2. On the way, slowly, Tanya admired the flowers.

In the first sentence, the participle is not separated by commas, since it is represented by a circumstance of the manner of action. It can be replaced with the word “leisurely”.

In the second sentence, the gerund represents the adverbial reason (“since I was in no hurry”).

How is an adverbial phrase formed?

If a sentence contains a part of speech that answers the questions “by doing what?”, “by doing what?” and called a gerund, with dependent words, then this set of words is usually called a participial phrase.

In a sentence, this phrase always performs the function of an adverbial circumstance and relates to the verb, as it denotes an additional action. Additional actions are performed by the same person, phenomenon or thing that performs the main actions.

Examples of participial phrases

The separation of gerunds and participial phrases occurs regardless of where they stand in relation to the predicate verb. For example:

1. All day long, dark clouds walked across the sky, first revealing the sun, then covering it again.
2. Walking next to his mother, the baby looked at her in surprise and fascination.
3. Joy, while bringing happiness to some people, gave others inescapable grief.
4. I looked at the sunrise without taking my eyes off.
5. The baby, following his mother's hand, made the same movements.

What do you need to remember when using gerunds and participial phrases in a sentence?

The basic rules for using participial phrases when writing text are as follows:

1. Expressed by a predicate verb, the main action and the additional action, expressed by the participial phrase, must relate to one person, object or phenomenon.
2. Most often, the isolation of circumstances expressed by gerunds and deeds participial phrases, are used when writing a one-part, definitely personal sentence, as well as with a verb in the imperative mood.
3. If the sentence is impersonal in the infinitive, then it is also possible to use the participial phrase.
4. The isolation of gerunds and the isolation of circumstances are one and the same, since the gerund expresses a sign of circumstance in a sentence.

In what cases are gerunds and participial phrases not separated by commas?

Isolation of circumstances expressed by gerunds and participial phrases is not carried out if:

1. Circumstances are connected by the conjunction “and” with a non-isolated circumstance or predicate. She hated him and accepted his signs of attention. Dasha played noisily and screamed with joy.
2. Circumstances come closer to adverbs. They lose their additional meaning and acquire the value of a sign of action. This:

• participles that have become phraseological units(without closing your eyes, rolling up your sleeves, breaking your head, opening your mouth, etc.). For example: Petya worked carelessly. But, rolling up her sleeves, she washed her hands in the bath. It should be remembered that phraseological introductory phrases (apparently, in other words, in fact, others) are separated by a comma.
• participles that carry the main semantic load. Without them, the predicate does not fully express the thought. This part of speech usually comes after the predicate. The “adverbiality” of these gerunds is obvious in sentences where there is a group homogeneous members- participles and adverbs. For example: He answered me without embarrassment and frankly. Without being embarrassed- this is a gerund, and frankly- adverb.

Commas do not distinguish gerunds containing the dependent word “which” in all their variations. He wanted to get rid of the letter, reading which he recalled his recent grief.

What should we distinguish from gerunds?

Isolating gerunds, many do not think that these could be adverbs or prepositions.

The following adverbs are distinguished:

• happily;
• sneaking;
• joking;
• silently;
• sitting;
• standing;
• lying down and others.

The gerunds that are the same as these words retain an additional effect. This occurs during formation and connection with other gerunds. Anya rode standing all the way. He will do this job jokingly (easy). These sentences use adverbs.

Standing at the top, Anya looked down. All the way, having fun and playing, Yana did not close her mouth. In these sentences, commas separate the participial phrase in the first sentence and homogeneous participles in the second sentence.

Prepositions include: starting from, based on. Commas are not used, since the adverbial part can be removed from the sentence and its meaning will not change. It's snowing starting from the night (goes from the night).

Isolation of participles and gerunds: what is the difference?

Participial and adverbial phrases perform different functions in a sentence and have the following morphological differences:

1. A participial phrase or single participle refers to the word (noun or pronoun) being defined. The gerund or participial phrase is closely related to the predicate verb. In this case, the participle changes according to numbers, gender, cases, has a complete and short form, and the gerund is an unchangeable word form.
2. The participial phrase and the participle serve as a definition in a sentence, and the gerund and participial phrases act as various circumstances.
3. Participles and gerunds are distinguished by suffixes. Participles have suffixes such as -ush-(-yush-), -ash-(-yash)- -vsh-, -sh- y active participles and - om-(-em-), -im-- -enn-, -nn-, -t- for the passive. While gerunds have the following suffixes: -a-, -ya-, -uchi-, -yuchi-, -v-, -lice-, -shi-.

1. If a sentence contains a conjunction next to an adverbial phrase, they are separated by a comma. Unions are not included in circulation. For example: He smiled at his friend and, jumping over the puddle, ran home. The exception is the conjunction “a”, which comes before the participial phrase. In this case, it is included in circulation. For example: A person needs to understand what the meaning of life is, and having understood this, he will tell others.
2. If a sentence consists of several participial phrases or single participles, then commas are placed between them as when listing homogeneous members of the sentence. For example: She approached, staggering and holding her friend by the shoulder with one hand and holding the other on her belt.
3. If one sentence contains several participial phrases relating to different predicates, then each of them is separated by commas. For example: Pushing the gate with his foot, he ran out onto the road and, not paying attention to the people, rushed away.
4. The participial phrase is always separated by commas on both sides.

Isolating participles will not cause problems if you learn to correctly identify this part of speech in any sentence.

How to help your child consolidate the material he has learned?

After the child has studied the theoretical material, he should be encouraged to consolidate it with practical exercises.

Initially, children must work orally with sentences and learn to find participial phrases and single gerunds in them. After this, students should be asked to write sentences and place them. In addition, the child must explain his choice in placing commas.

After children have mastered simple sentences, you can give them sentences with conjunctions and allied words. At the same time, before finding an adverbial phrase or a single participle, the grammatical basis should be highlighted.

They complicate the task with complex compound sentences that have several grammatical bases and homogeneous participial phrases.

Separate themselves circumstances, expressed:

1) participles:

single: After eating, the child fell asleep.

as part of participial phrases: After discussing the results of the work, we parted ways..

2) circumstances with a pretext despite: Despite the rain, the children ran away for a walk.

3) comparative turnover with unions: as if, exactly, as if, what, than, rather than and others similar: The clouds, like cotton wool, floated low and slowly over the ground.

About punctuation simple sentences with special circumstances.

There are general and specific conditions of separation. The first concerns all or most of the secondary members, the second - only their individual types. The general conditions of isolation include the following: 1) word order, 2) the degree of prevalence of a sentence member, 3) the clarifying nature of one sentence member in relation to another, 4) the semantic load of a minor sentence member.

The order of words is important for isolating definitions, applications, circumstances. A prepositive definition, expressed by a participle or an adjective with explanatory words, is not isolated (unless it has additional shades of meaning), a postpositive definition, as a rule, is isolated. Wed: A chicken tied by the leg was walking near the table (L. T.). - At the porch stood several carts and sleighs drawn in single file (Ax.). The importance of word order when isolating definitions is also reflected in the fact that the prepositive definition immediately preceding the word being defined is not isolated, but the definition is separated from the subsequent word being defined by other members of the sentence , is isolated. Wed: The snow-covered huts sparkled brightly in the sun (Grig.). - For a minute, illuminated by lightning, in front of us is a birch trunk (M. G.). The prepositive application standing in front of a proper name, as a rule, is not isolated, the postpositive is isolated. Wed: Several years ago, an old Russian gentleman Kirila Petrovich Troekurov (P.) lived on one of his estates. - About two months ago, a certain Belikov, a teacher of the Greek language (Ch.), died in our city. An adverbial expression expressed by a single gerund is usually isolated if it precedes the predicate, and more often it is not isolated in a post-positive position in relation to the predicate. Wed: About ten Cossacks were crowded near the porch, smoking (Shol.). - Sergei pushed Vera aside, nodded to her and left whistling (A.N.T.). The degree of prevalence of a member of a sentence is important for isolating definitions, applications, circumstances, additions. A single postpositive definition is usually not isolated, a common one is isolated. Wed: He looked around him with indescribable excitement (P.). - The willow, all fluffy, is spread out all around (Fet). A single application, expressed by a common noun and related to the common noun, usually does not stand apart, closely merging with it, but a common application stands apart. Wed: Some literate cook from the kitchen ran away to his tavern (Kr.). - Memory, this scourge of the unfortunate, revives even the stones of the past (M. G.). A single adverbial circumstance, expressed by an adverbial participle, is usually not isolated in a postpositive position in relation to the predicate, but a common adverbial adverb with the same meaning (adverbial phrase) is isolated. Wed: - Did you see it? - asked the smiling grandmother (M.G.). - A belated hawk flew briskly and straight into the heights, hurrying to its nest (T. ).Members of sentences with the meaning of inclusion, exclusion and substitution with prepositions except, instead, besides, etc. show a tendency to be isolated depending on the degree of prevalence. Wed: ...Instead of words, a dull bubbling sound came out of his chest (Grieg.). - ...Instead of the expected familiar plain with an oak forest to the right and a low white church in the distance, I saw completely different, unknown places to me (T.).

The clarifying nature of one member of a sentence in relation to another is important for isolating definitions, applications, additions, and circumstances. For example: Thick, guards cloth trousers certainly did not suit either the artisan or the farm laborer (Cat.); There were only two of us Russians, and all the rest were Latvians (N. Ostr.); I want one thing - peace (Kupr.); Far away, somewhere in the thicket, a night bird moaned (M. G.); All night, until the rooster's dawn, Chapaev measured the map and listened to the brave snoring of the commanders (Furm.).

The semantic load of the secondary member of the sentence is important for isolating definitions, applications, and circumstances. A prepositive definition, which has only an attributive meaning, is not isolated, but a definition complicated by an adverbial meaning is isolated. Wed: Brown twigs tangled with peas stuck out closely on the ridges (T.). - Firmly tied to young oak trees, our good horses endured terrible torture from an attack by a gadfly (Ax.). A positive application relating to own name, is not isolated if it has only an attributive meaning, and is isolated if it is complicated by a circumstantial meaning. Wed: ...My comrade Emelyan Pilyai took the pouch out of his pocket for the tenth time... (M. G.). - A man of short stature, Temkin was almost invisible from behind the podium (Azh.). An adverbial expression expressed by a noun in the indirect case with a preposition is isolated if, in addition to its main meaning (for example, temporary), it has an additional connotation of meaning (for example, causal, conditional, concessive). Wed: As night approached, everything around changed strangely (T.). - With the approach of the enemy to Moscow, Muscovites’ view of their position not only did not become more serious, but, on the contrary, even more frivolous (L. T.). Particular conditions of isolation include such as syntactic incompatibility of words related in meaning (for example, personal pronouns and definitions), weak syntactic connection between the defined and defining words (poor controllability of nouns in the indirect case); proximity of other isolated groups, etc.

1. Participial phrases, as a rule, are isolated, regardless of their location in relation to the predicate verb.

For example: Reaching for the beams, shaking their heads, schools of horses(Ser.); Without putting on a cap, went out onto the porch(Shol.); Having gotten drunk overnight, the forest sank and fell silent, drooping wet pine branches(Sparrow); Leaning back on a comfortable, soft chair back in a trolleybus, Margarita Nikolaevna was driving along Arbat(Bulg.); Lisa, looking at Nikolai Vsevolodovich, quickly raised her hand(Adv.); After[Anna] pushed off with sticks and ran through the thickets, leaving behind swirls of snow (Paust.).

Circumstances expressed by gerunds and participial phrases have the additional meaning of predicativity, characteristic of the gerund as a verbal form. Therefore, gerunds and participial phrases are often perceived as additional predicates.

For example: My friend and I returned to our compartment. old lady, putting the book down and trying to ask something, didn’t ask and started looking out the window(Disp.) (compare: The old woman put the book down and tried to ask something, but she never did..).

However, gerunds and participial phrases are not always able to be replaced by conjugated forms of the verb. They denote different signs of action and can be replaced by separate participial phrases with additional adverbial meaning.

For example: Doctor, not knowing how to talk to crying women, sighed and walked quietly around the living room. “Doctor,” couldn't talk to crying women, sighed and quietly walked around the living room(Ch.).

It is the presence of an adverbial connotation of meaning that functionally brings together adverbial and participial phrases.

Many gerunds and adverbial phrases that have adverbial meaning can be compared with the subordinate parts of complex sentences.

For example: Judging by his hesitant movements, by the expression of his gloomy face, which was dark from the evening twilight, he wanted to say something(Ch.) (compare: Judging by his hesitant movements...)

2. Participial phrase after coordinating conjunction, subordinating conjunction or allied word, is separated from it by a comma, despite the absence of emphatic intonation(intonationally, the conjunction is included in the turnover).

For example: And Korney turned slightly on the beam and, keeping an eye on with a thoughtful look behind the flashing horseshoes, starts talking(Boon.); The prince told me that he, too, would work and that, having earned money, we would go by sea to Batum(M.G.); In the pocket of his riding breeches, Sergei felt shag crumbs and, gently shaking its contents into your hand, rolled up a thick clumsy cigarette(Sparrow).

Depending on the context, the conjunction a can either be included in the participial construction or connect members of the main sentence.

For example: We must understand the essence of perestroika-consciousness, and having understood this, join in the active struggle for it. – We must understand the essence of the restructuring of consciousness, and, having understood this, we must not be content with just verbal calls for it.

3. When combining adverbial constructions, punctuation marks are placed in the same way as with homogeneous members of the sentence.

For example: He went staggering and still supporting his head with the palm of his left hand, and with his right hand quietly tugging at his brown mustache (M.G.).

If adjacent participial phrases refer to different predicate verbs and conjunctions and are not included in their composition, then they stand out as independent constructions.

For example: He stood leaning against a pile of tea cups, And, looking around aimlessly, drummed his fingers on his cane like a flute(M.G.) ( he stood and drummed).

Participial phrases located in different parts proposals are prepared independently.

For example: Sergey, after standing for another minute, slowly walked towards the pile of coal and, carefully laying out the overcoat on the floor, sat down on a large piece of anthracite(Sparrow) ( Sergei headed... and sat down); Pushing the door with your chest, Sergei jumped from the house and, not paying attention to the dry bushes tearing the body and the pine branches whipping in the face, ran, panting, forward into the very thicket of the forest(Sparrow) ( Sergei jumped and ran);Cars, tapping on the rail joints, lazily moved behind the locomotive and, clanking their buffers, became silent again(Sparrow) ( The carriages moved and became silent);Scattering, like a flying witch, smoky braids, crimson illuminated from below, the south-eastern express rushed in the distance, crossing the highway(Boon.) ( The South-Eastern Express was rushing along).

4. Restrictive particles only, only those standing before adverbial constructions, are included in their composition.

For example: So she lived without love, just hoping for her.

The same is true in the presence of comparative conjunctions that begin the adverbial construction. For example: Along the dark stairs... two walked, then three... hesitating and lingering everywhere, as if afraid to get down to business (Fed.).

5. Single gerunds are isolated while maintaining their verbal meaning. The conditions for their isolation are the same as for participial phrases.

For example: The waves played, and Shakro, sitting on the stern, disappeared from my eyes, sinking along with the stern, then rose high above me and, screaming, almost fell on me(M.G.); It's charming to lie face up, watching the stars light up(M.G.); Whispering, as if dancing, grandfather appeared(M.G.); At first, even in the car, we moved at walking speed, every now and then we scraped the differential and, backing away, went around stones(Hall.); The doors creaked and closed. Darkness filled the carriage. Only the moon, curious, looked out the window(Sparrow); Having gotten used to it, my eyes made out a pile of bodies on the cement floor(Sparrow).

6. Single gerunds and participial phrases are not isolated:

1) if the gerund has lost its verbal meaning.

For example: Horses run slowly among green hilly fields(Boon.); Sergei lay motionless for a long time(Sparrow);

2) if d her participle is included in stable circulation: work tirelessly; run with your tongue out; run headlong; listen with bated breath; listen with open ears.

For example: In difficult days, he worked tirelessly with us(Nick.);

3) if the participle or participial phrase appears among the homogeneous members of the sentence along with other parts of speech.

For example: He spoke in a whisper and without looking at anyone; Klim Samgin walked down the street cheerfully and without giving way to oncoming people (M.G.);

4) if the adverbial construction acts as an adverbial modality of action and is closely adjacent to the predicate verb(its function is similar to that of an adverb).

For example: This is an exercise do while sitting on a chair; This exercise is done standing. Compare, however, with increased verbosity: The engineer, lying down, read his mining art(Fad.) ( the engineer lay and read).

7. Single gerunds may or may not be isolated, taking into account the context.

For example, when acquiring the meaning of clarification, the gerund is isolated: The children were constantly making noise, never stopping(compare: the children made noise incessantly).

The isolation or non-isolation of a gerund may depend on the meaning of the predicate verb (a non-isolated gerund can be replaced by an adverb).

For example: Shel without stopping (walked non-stop); I asked without stopping (the gerund denotes the second action - asked, but did not stop to do so).

The isolation or non-isolation of a gerund is also influenced by its location; compare: He walked along the garden path without looking back. - Without looking back, he walked along the garden path.

8. Isolation or non-isolation of a gerund may depend on its type. Thus, participles ending in -а, -я, more often express the meaning of the circumstance of the manner of action and therefore are not isolated.

For example: She came in smiling(compare: Smiling, she entered the room; She came in smiling at your secret thoughts ).

Participles ending in -в, -вшы, convey other shades of adverbial meanings (reason, time, concession), which contribute to isolation.

For example: She screamed, frightened; Frightened, she screamed.

9. Turns of phrases despite, in spite of, despite, based on, starting from, thanks to, after, performing the function of derived prepositions and prepositional combinations, are isolated or not isolated according to the conditions of the context.

Phrases with the words despite, in spite of, are isolated.

For example: Despite the bad weather, we set off; At the meeting they criticized regardless of faces; Sleepy, like a branch drowned in a pond of sleep, Ney carried in her arms a magnificently sleeping son, scattered despite its small size, heroic legs and arms(Color); Despite the doctors' ban, I wrote the story “Colchis” in Maleevka(Paust.); Science must be done with clean hands.

The phrase with the words despite is not isolated only in the case of a close semantic connection with the verb, and in postposition.

For example: He is did it despite doctors' ban (compare: Despite the doctors' ban, he did it).

Phrases with words starting from, depending on, after, acting in the meaning of prepositions, are not isolated.

For example: Let's act depending on the circumstances (compare: act according to circumstances);Starting Tuesday the weather changed dramatically(compare: The weather has changed dramatically since Tuesday); After some time Vesovshchikov came(M.G.).

If these phrases have the meaning of clarification or accession, then they are separated.

For example: We will act skillfully and quickly, depending on the circumstances; On last week, starting from Tuesday, the weather changed dramatically.

A turn of phrase with words based on can have two meanings: with increased verbality, when the action denoted by it correlates with the subject, it is isolated; in the absence of such a connection, it is not isolated.

For example: It turns out that we are not the only ones who suddenly discovered the need for new science– bionics, we strive to learn, understand and make the most advantageous use of the properties of living nature; our ancestors did this long before us, based on your knowledge and needs (Chiv.). Compare: He developed a house project. – The project has been developed based on planned cost.

The phrase with the word thanks is isolated or not isolated depending on the degree of prevalence and location.

For example: Thanks to the rains the ground was saturated with moisture. - Earth, thanks to the rains, soaked in moisture.

Circumstances expressed by nouns and adverbs

1. Circumstances expressed by nouns in the forms of indirect cases can be isolated for incidental explanation or semantic emphasis.

For example: And Natasha, with painful surprise, looked at the dressed-up people(Boon.); I walked and walked on the cold and damp sand, trilling with my teeth in honor of hunger and cold, and suddenly, in a vain search for food, going behind one of the stalls, I saw behind him a figure crumpled on the ground in a pathetic dress(M.G.); One of the spots, in the center of the pattern, looked very much like the head of the owner of the chair(M.G.); The small city, immersed in greenery, when looking at it from above, made a strange impression...(M.G.); The rafts sailed on among darkness and silence (M.G.); When evening came, I out of anger at your failures and at the whole world, decided on a somewhat risky thing...(M.G.); At night against the stronger wind, the detachment was heading to the port to land(Plat.); In eleven years, during daily driving I've probably had a lot of interesting adventures(Ch.).

Such circumstances usually carry additional semantic load and are synonymous with verbal constructions (compare examples: ...because he was angry at his failures and at the whole world; ...as I drove every day).

2. Most often, explanatory and adverbial members of a sentence contain derivative prepositions and prepositional combinations (in spite of, in view of, in order to avoid, as a result of, on occasion, for the reason of, in the presence of, in accordance with, in contrast to, in contrast to, due to, due to absence, regardless of, etc.), manifesting their specific circumstantial meaning and giving them the form of turns.

For example: A rotten, gray-blue balcony from which, due to the lack of steps, it was necessary to jump, drowned in nettles, elderberries, euonymus (Bun.); Lonely and unnecessary because of this peace, the peaceful sound of chewing horses, due to the desert, imprinted in the darkness and there is silence again(Ser.); Metelitsa silently, mockingly stared at him, holding his gaze, slightly moving his satin black eyebrows and with his whole appearance showing that, no matter, what questions they will ask him and how they will force him to answer them, he will not say anything that could satisfy those asking(Fad.); But, contrary to possibility, the sun came out bright red, and everything in the world turned pink, turned red(Sol.).

With the low prevalence of such sentence members, variations in their punctuation are possible, dictated by in different order words

Phrases with derived prepositions and prepositional combinations are necessarily separated,if they are located between the subject and the predicate : breaking their direct connection and contributes to the release of revolutions. The same thing happens when the natural connection between the controlling and controlled words is broken. In other positions, especially in less common sentences, such phrases do not complicate the sentence with special emphatic intonations and may not be isolated (without a special assignment).

For example: To avoid gas leakage The faucet is turned off. – Disabled, to avoid gas leakage, tap; He did it out of habit. - He, by force of habit, did it; According to the order the group was disbanded. - Group, according to the order, disbanded; In the absence of corpus delicti the case was dismissed. - Case, for lack of corpus delicti, discontinued.

3. Circumstances expressed by nouns may be highlighted with a dash if there is a need for special emphasis on such circumstances.

For example: At our last meeting, Oleg asked to bring a general notebook with hard “crusts” - for taking notes while lying down (gas.); It[creative imagination] created science and literature. AND - on great depth – the creative imagination of at least Herschel, who discovered the majestic laws of the starry sky, and the creative imagination of Goethe, who created “Faust”, largely coincide with each other(Paust.); Poor poets - in lightning, in storms and thunder– sang inspired songs about the charm of friendship, noble impulses, freedom and courage(Paust.); Immediately after the birth of the boy, Dyakonov ordered Schwalbe to adopt him and give him the surname Koporsky at baptism - at the place of birth of the boy in the city of Koporye, near Oranienbaum (Paust.).

4. B special cases for semantic emphasis, some circumstances expressed by adverbs can be isolated (with or without dependent words) . The conditions for their allocation are the same as the circumstances expressed by nouns in indirect cases.

For example: He stood in front of me, listened and suddenly, silently, baring his teeth and squinting his eyes, rushed at me like a cat(M.G.); Misha put the book aside and, not immediately, quietly answered(M.G.); And so, unexpected for everyone, I passed the exam brilliantly(Cupr.).

Usually, when isolating circumstances expressed by adverbs, commas are used, however, as in other cases, in order to more strongly highlight the circumstances, dashes are possible.

For example: The boy sniffed in embarrassment and disbelief, but, realizing that there was nothing terrible, and everything, on the contrary, was turning out terribly fun, he wrinkled his nose so that his nose turned up, and also - quite childish- burst out mischievously and thinly(Fad.).