Exalted. Exalted man and female exaltation in psychology

Emotions are a kind of energy of the human soul. They underlie the so-called reward system - a special mechanism in the psyche that provides motivation as a desire to achieve. But emotional people do not always become successful people and achieve great results. Among them there is a category called in a special way. What is a personality type in which emotions are especially vivid?

They are different

This type of personality should not be confused with the hysterical type that looks similar to it. Yes, both the first and second person will show a lot of feelings. But the exalted one shows sincere and often altruistic. But the hysterical person will only demonstrate sympathy. That is, if a good deed requires resources or effort, the affectively-exalted person will help, even if it is not appreciated. But a hysterical personality does everything only for show. Therefore, the biblical commandment about alms done in secret is more likely to be observed by an exalted personality type.

No change in speed

Sometimes people of the described type are confused with cycloids. Both are characterized by a strong reaction to external stimuli. The difference is that cycloids have not only emotions, but also the speed of thinking and other mental processes changes if external circumstances change. An exalted person is a person whose general condition does not change under the influence of favorable or unfavorable factors. And even more so because of internal “emotional cycles”.

Who to work with

If we talk about professions, then an exalted person is often an artist, painter or writer. However, a fairly large percentage of them work with young children. They are the ones who become sympathetic, kind and beloved educators, from whom children do not want to leave home from the nursery or kindergarten. Of course, some people cannot find themselves in life if their abilities for creative activities have not been developed. Still, such individuals are most comfortable where they can give their emotions to people. An alternative to modern professions can be event management, that is, the organization of holidays and other events.

Impression when communicating

An exalted person is always a sensitive nature who expresses his emotions beautifully, without self-violence and stress, which is what hysterics are guilty of. Exalted individuals are perceived by others as warm, kind, although overly emotional people. It's quite comfortable to be around them, but they can't become specialists top class, if the work does not involve creativity.

Comes from childhood

What to do if a person close to you belongs to the type described? Try to protect his material interests, create for him an atmosphere of protection and love. All people need this, but exalted individuals especially. This will make your loved one happy and confident in the future. You need to handle such children with care - they are very vulnerable, and whether the owner of a sensitive psyche can successfully adapt to society depends on a kind attitude towards them.

The meaning of the word exaltation is explained by psychologists as a tendency to pronounced outbursts of emotions. These emotions are usually caused by both positive and negative factors and for other people they may be completely insignificant.

Character accentuation - exaltation

Pronounced features exalted temperament close to psychopathy. This feeling could be called the temperament of happiness and anxiety and compare the psychosis of these two feelings, accompanied by sharp mood swings.

But often exaltation manifests itself on its own, without accompanying mental disorders. In this case, one should not talk about it as a disease; rather, it is simply a character trait.

Emotional exaltation

Exalted people are maximalists; they react to life much more emotionally than others. They are equally easy to delight and despair. Minor forms of exaltation manifest themselves in egoistic incentives and pride. Such a person thinks that he is better than everyone else. He is attached to his loved ones, worries with them about their failures and rejoices at their victories. Most often, an exalted person is carried away. He loves music, art, is interested in religious precepts, plays sports and self-development.

Another meaning of exaltation is incredible impressionability and violent reaction to sad events. Compassion and pity for strangers and sick, abandoned animals sometimes reaches the point of absurdity. They can bring home and give tea to a homeless person and, noticing that some things have disappeared when he left, become despondent. Mild disappointment or failure, about which ordinary person forgets the very next day, can unsettle an exalted person. Nervous tension can also be read in external manifestations. The feeling of fear and anger that grips a person causes trembling, sweating, etc.

How do you know if you are prone to exaltation?

You are exalted if:

If you are characterized by exalted feelings, there is nothing wrong with that. If it manifests itself to a minor extent, that’s even good. You see the world in more bright colors than other people. You just need to learn to be more restrained and not do stupid things dictated by your increased emotionality.

Well, first of all, you need to decide what is exaltation. Or let's put it another way - what is exaltation, what kind of condition is this? Some people think that this is a special chic and pretentiousness in clothing. But these qualities, rather, relate more to the choice of clothing style than to human character traits. Because exaltation is precisely character trait and behavior, and possibly lifestyle.

And how will the definition of this human character trait sound?

It must be assumed this way: exaltation is a person’s tendency to immeasurable and irrepressible experiences and the manifestation of violent unfounded emotions regarding ordinary and even insignificant phenomena and situations.

Let's say there's someone coming woman down the street. She is most likely wearing an Italian straw hat and an umbrella, despite the cloudless weather. She walks along and suddenly sees... no, not a legless beggar in a broken carriage, but a tiny kitten, who pokes at the feet of passers-by and squeaks in confusion. This happens, and quite often, but a woman in a hat made of Italian straw throws up her hands, stops and loudly begins to “pity” the kitten. Oh, what a little fluffy ball, they say, how difficult it is for him without his mother, he’s probably lost, and stuff like that. Tearful affection for the kitten turns into indescribable delight, after which the woman takes it and brings it home. And this is, in general, good. For a kitten.

The woman runs around with him for several days, forgetting about own husband(although it’s unlikely she has one) and children. She even sews a vest for him so that he doesn’t get “drunk.” Another day later, when the kitten relieves itself in her slippers, the delight, and with it the tenderness, suddenly passes, and the kitten is carried out into the yard under the cover of darkness and left there, despite its indignant squeaking. And this is bad.

What else is a sign of exaltation?

This is when a person is in a state of delight and extreme excitement constantly...

Oh, what a handsome man! A real macho! - the young lady exclaims loudly, following the handsome, stately man with her eyes. But she walks arm in arm with a guy who, after such exclamations and behavior of his beloved, no longer knows how to behave: either make a reproachful remark to her, or tell her to go to hell and quickly get away from her.

Very often a person’s exaltation manifests itself when he is in love.

Klava, dear, how I love you! - the gentleman enthusiastically repeats to his chosen one, everywhere: in a cafe, on the phone, in bed, at breakfast.

This happens every day. Hourly, if not every minute. In the end, Klava simply runs away from his beau, and after a couple of weeks he has new beloved, to whom he repeats even more enthusiastically and more tirelessly:

Zina, dear, if you knew how much I love you...

There is little good in this, to be honest.

Also exaltation, this is an emotional expression of feelings...

- Nikolay, my friend, how glad I am to see you! - you jump joyfully and clap your co-worker on the shoulder, whom you saw at work until the evening just yesterday.

Is it good or bad? A dog knows him...

And what is exaltation?

This is when you are in a state of complete happiness or inescapable hopelessness. Also, in general, without any particular reason. For example, passing down the street, You hug everyone you meet transverse, and with your face beaming with happiness you kiss them on the mouth. You invite strangers to your house, you treat them, entertain, have fun. And it doesn’t matter that later you are missing dishes and chairs. You are still happy.

Quite different, but also falling under the sign of exaltation, is being in a state of complete hopelessness.

All, this is the end. Alles. “Kirdyk,” you repeat, tapping your forehead on the concrete wall. And all that happened was that a piece of paper with a couple of telephone numbers. Which, as it turns out later, you will never need.

Is this good? This is lousy! So it turns out that exaltation is a set of human qualities that do not represent anything good. Moreover, these qualities, given full free rein, can lead their owner to one of psychiatric clinics, the number of which in our country, as well as their patients, is steadily growing and expanding.

They have very strong attachments, they are characterized by enthusiastic impulses, strong hobbies, love for everything beautiful: music, art, nature, etc.

Characterized by extreme impressionability about sad events. Pity and compassion for others can drive them to despair. High ability for sympathy and empathy. Sometimes the failure of another person is experienced more painfully than the victim himself.

Exalted people tend to experience a feeling of fear, and the fear grows very sharply. Externally, the experience of fear manifests itself in trembling, some experience cold sweat, and the breathing rhythm may be disturbed.

Exaltation is closely related to high emotional excitability, to the affective manifestation of emotions, and these manifestations are very artistic and expressive.

Practical common sense is not characteristic of such natures. Conflicts with life occur precisely because they are too sensitive and incapable of mastering the prose of life. Such conflicts can sometimes lead to mental illness. The readiness for despair among exalted “lyricists” is sometimes associated with thoughts of suicide.

A typical example of accentuation:

Karl Moor (Schiller's The Robbers)

The most striking literary example is Katerina Ivanovna Verkhovtseva (“The Brothers Karamazov”):

“...She kept me with her for continuous revenge. She took revenge on me and on me for all the insults that she constantly and every minute endured during this entire period from Dmitry, insults from their first meeting. Because their very first meeting remained in her heart as an insult. That's what her heart is like! All I did all the time was listen to her love for him. I’m going now, but know, Katerina Ivanovna, that you really only love him. And as the insults go on, there are more and more of them. This is your breakdown. You love him exactly as he is, you love him as he insults you. If he improved, you would immediately abandon him and stop loving him completely. But you need him to continuously contemplate your feat of fidelity and reproach him for his infidelity. And all this is because of your pride. Oh, there is a lot of belittling and humiliation, but it's all from pride. »

In adolescence, extreme lability of mood appears, which changes often, sharply and for insignificant reasons. An unflattering word or an unfriendly look can plunge you into a gloomy state, but a compliment or a pleasant meeting can instill cheerfulness and gaiety. Everything depends on your mood - well-being, appetite, performance, etc.

They are characterized by deep feelings, sincere affection, and devotion. In communication, they prefer those who are able to console, understand, and share joy and pleasure. They love companies and new surroundings, but unlike hyperthymic people, they are not looking for a field of activity, but only new experiences. Very sensitive to various signs of attention. Emotive personalities are very sensitive, they care about everything related to the soul, responsiveness, and humanity.

The hobbies of emotive people are informational and communicative in nature.

Sexual activity is usually limited to flirting and courtship. Attractions remain poorly differentiated for a long time, so emotional ones can easily develop deviations towards transient teenage homosexuality. But sexual excesses are always avoided.

Mental shocks have profoundly painful effects and can cause reactive depression. Mental discord sometimes leads to suicide attempts. Oppression leads to a loss of resistance, and protest as such becomes impossible.

A typical example of accentuation:

The most striking literary example – Werther (Goethe’s “The Sorrows of Young Werther”).

Affectively exalted type, introjective accentuation;

The absence of halftones in emotions and feelings, and a quick transition from “worldly sorrow” to “cloudless happiness”, and completely sincerely experiencing all polar relationships, regardless of their order and the opinions of the people around him. Affectively exalted people react to life more violently than others. The rate of growth of reactions and their external manifestations are very intense. From the outside, such behavior is perceived as a “posture,” but, for example, deep religiosity or passion for art, music, nature, or passion for sports of such people exclude assumptions about their pretense and can capture them to the depths of their souls.

Exaltation is to a small extent associated with gross, egoistic incentives; much more often it is motivated by subtle, altruistic motives. Attachment to loved ones, friends, joy for them, for their success can be extremely strong. There are enthusiastic impulses that are not related to purely personal relationships. The other pole of the reaction is extreme impressionability about sad facts. Pity, compassion for unfortunate people, for sick animals, can drive such a person to despair. Over an easily correctable failure, a slight disappointment that others would have forgotten the next day, exalted people can experience sincere and deep grief. He feels some ordinary trouble from a friend more vividly and painfully than the victim himself. Fear in people with such a temperament apparently has the property of a sharp increase, since even with a slight fear that engulfs an exalted nature, physiological manifestations are noticeable (trembling, cold sweat), and hence an intensification of mental reactions.

The fact that exaltation is associated with subtle and very human emotions explains why artistic natures - artists and poets - especially often possess this temperament.

The negative “pole” of the affectively exalted temperament manifests itself in the so-called “readiness for despair.” Already in childhood, people of this type are often in the grip of sad and anxious experiences. Later, they increasingly become desperate when they cannot achieve something, and they are overcome by fear. When it approaches psychopathy in severity, it can be called the character of anxiety and happiness or psychosis of anxiety and happiness. In pathology, religious ecstasy is possible.

(+): Emotionality, expressiveness of assessments and actions.

(-): Incontinence of feelings, anger or tearfulness, selfishness.

Features of communication and behavior:

Very changeable mood, clearly expressed emotions, increased distractibility to external events, talkativeness, falling in love.

Traits that are attractive to interlocutors:

Altruism, compassion, artistic taste, artistic talent, brightness of feelings, attached to friends.

Traits that are repulsive and contribute to conflict:

Excessive impressionability, pathos, alarmism, susceptibility to despair.

Situations in which conflict is possible:

Failures and sad events are perceived tragically. Tendency to neurotic depression.

Work that does not require a wide range of contacts, interests in theoretical sciences, philosophical reflections, collecting, chess, music, science fiction.

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Character accentuations

Personality character accentuations

Accentuations (from the Latin accentus - emphasis, underlining) are extreme variants of the norm, in which individual character traits are hypertrophied and manifest themselves in the form of “weak points” in the individual’s psyche - its selective vulnerability to certain influences with good and even increased resistance to other influences . Individual accentuated character traits are usually sufficient compensation. However, in difficult situations, a person with an accentuated character may experience behavioral disturbances. Accentuations of character, its “weak points” can be obvious and hidden, manifested in extreme situations. Persons with personal accentuations are more susceptible to environmental influences and are more susceptible to mental trauma. And if an unfavorable situation strikes a “weak spot,” then the entire behavior of such individuals changes sharply - the features of accentuation begin to dominate (Fig. 95).

The types of accentuated personalities have not yet been definitively determined. They are described by K. Leongard and A. E. Lichko. However, these authors give an overly detailed classification of accentuations. We distinguish only four types of accentuated personalities: excitable, affective, unstable, anxious (Table 12).

Rice. 95. Character Structure

Unlike psychopathy, character accentuations do not cause general social maladaptation of the individual.

Manifesting intensely in adolescence, character accentuations can be compensated over time, and under unfavorable conditions, develop and transform into “edge” psychopathy.

Types of character accentuations

The main types of character accentuation include:

Sometimes accentuation borders on various types psychopathy, therefore, when characterizing it and typologizing it, psychopathological schemes and terms are used. Psychodiagnostics of the types and severity of accentuations is carried out using the “Pathocharacteristic Diagnostic Questionnaire” (developed by A. E. Lichko and N. Ya. Ivanov) and personality questionnaire MMPI (scales of which include areas of accentuated and pathological manifestations of character).

Accentuation of character according to A. Lichko

According to the level of manifestation of character traits, characters are divided into average (normal), expressed (accentuated) and beyond the norm (psychopathy).

The central, or core, relationships of the individual are the relationship of the individual to others (the team) and the relationship of the individual to work. The existence of central, core relationships and the properties determined by them in the structure of character is important practical significance in human upbringing.

It is impossible to overcome individual character flaws (for example, rudeness and deceit) and cultivate individual positive qualities (for example, politeness and truthfulness), ignoring the central, core relationships of the individual, namely, attitude towards people. In other words, you cannot form only a certain property; you can only cultivate a whole system of interrelated properties, while paying the main attention to the formation of central, core relationships of the individual, namely relationships to others and work.

Integrity of character, however, is not absolute. This is related to that. that the central, core relationships do not always completely determine the others. In addition, the degree of integrity of character is individually unique. There are people with more integral and less integral or contradictory characters. At the same time, it should be noted that when the quantitative expression of a particular character trait reaches limit values and it turns out to be at the border of norms, a so-called accentuation of character arises.

Accentuation of character is an extreme variant of the norm as a result of strengthening individual traits. Accentuation of character under very unfavorable circumstances can lead to pathological disorders and changes in personality behavior, to psychopathy, but it is wrong to identify it with pathology. Character properties are determined not by biological laws (hereditary factors), but by social ones (social factors).

The physiological basis of character is an alloy of traits such as the highest nervous activity and complex stable systems of temporary connections developed as a result of individual life experience. In this fusion, systems of temporary connections play a more important role, since the type of nervous system can form all the social qualities of a person. But, firstly, communication systems are formed differently among representatives different types nervous system and, secondly, these connection systems manifest themselves in a unique way depending on the types. For example, decisiveness of character can be cultivated both in a representative of a strong, excitable type of nervous system, and in a representative of a weak type. But it will be nurtured and manifested differently depending on the type.

Attempts to construct a typology of characters have been made repeatedly throughout the history of psychology.

All typologies of human characters proceeded and proceed from a number of general ideas.

The main ones are the following:

• a person’s character is formed quite early in ontogenesis and throughout the rest of his life manifests itself as more or less stable;
• Those combinations of personality traits that make up a person’s character are not random. They form clearly distinguishable types that make it possible to identify and build a typology of characters.

Most people can be divided into groups according to this typology.

One of the interesting character classifications belongs to the famous Russian scientist A.E. Lichko. This classification is based on observations of adolescents.

Accentuation of character, according to Lichko, is an excessive strengthening of individual character traits (Fig. 6), in which deviations in human psychology and behavior that do not go beyond the norm, bordering on pathology, are observed. Such accentuations, as temporary mental states, are most often observed in adolescence and early adolescence. The author of the classification explains this factor as follows: “. under the influence of psychogenic factors that address “the place of least resistance, temporary adaptation disorders and deviations in behavior may occur.” As a child grows up, the characteristics of his character that manifest themselves in childhood remain quite pronounced and lose their sharpness, but with age they can again clearly appear (especially if a disease occurs).

In today's psychology, there are 10 to 14 types (typologies) of character.

They can be defined as harmonious and disharmonious.

Harmonious character types are characterized by sufficient development of the main character traits without highlighting, isolation, or exaggeration in the development of any particular traits.

Disharmonious ones manifest themselves by identifying different character traits and are called accentuated or accentuated.

In 20-50% of people, some character traits are so sharpened that a “distortion” of character occurs - as a result, interaction with people worsens, difficulties and conflicts arise.

The severity of accentuation can be variable: from mild, noticeable only to the immediate environment, to extreme variants, when you have to think about whether there is a disease - psychopathy. Psychopathy is a painful deformity of character (while maintaining a person’s intelligence), as a result of which relationships with other people are sharply disrupted. But, unlike psychopathy, character accentuations manifest themselves inconsistently, over the years they can completely smooth out and approach the norm. Accentuations of character are most often found in adolescents and young men (50-80%), since these are precisely the periods of life that are most critical for the formation of character, the manifestation of uniqueness, and individuality. Then the accentuations can be smoothed out or, on the contrary, intensified, developing into neuroses or psychopathy.

Rice. 6. Character accentuation scheme according to E. Filatova and A.E. Testicle

We can consider twelve disharmonious (accentuated) character types (according to K. Leonhard’s typology) and describe their positive and negative qualities, which can be reflected in a person’s professional activity - we need this to confirm the foundations of personality differentiation in the aspect of a person’s characterological properties.

Hyperthymic type

Almost always different good mood, high vitality, bursting with energy, unstoppable activity. Strives for leadership and adventure. It is necessary to be cautious about his unfounded optimism and overestimation of his capabilities. Traits that are attractive to interlocutors: energy, thirst for activity, initiative, a sense of new things, optimism.

What is unacceptable for the people around him is: frivolity, a tendency to immoral acts, a frivolous attitude towards the responsibilities assigned to him, irritability in the circle of close people.

Conflict is possible during monotonous work, loneliness, under conditions of strict discipline, constant moralizing. This causes that person to become angry. Such a person performs well in work that requires constant communication. These are organizational activities, consumer services, sports, theater. It is typical for him to frequently change professions and jobs.

Dysthymic type

The opposite of the first type: serious. pessimist. Constantly low mood, sadness, isolation, reticence. These people are burdened by noisy societies and do not get along closely with their colleagues. They rarely enter into conflicts; more often they are a passive party in them. They greatly value those people who are friends with them and tend to obey them.

People around them like their seriousness, high morality, conscientiousness and fairness. But such traits as passivity, pessimism, sadness, slowness of thinking, “separation from the team” repel others from getting to know and become friends with them.

Conflicts occur in situations that require vigorous activity. For these people, changing their usual lifestyle has a negative impact. They do well in work that does not require a wide range of communication. Under unfavorable conditions they show a tendency to neurotic depression. This accentuation occurs most often in people of melancholic temperament.

Cycloid type

The accentuation of character is manifested in cyclically changing periods of rise and fall of mood. During periods of rising mood, people manifest themselves as people with hyperthymic accentuation, and during periods of declining mood - with dysthymic accentuation. During a recession, they perceive troubles more acutely. These frequent changes in mental state tire a person, make his behavior unpredictable, contradictory, and prone to changing professions, places of work, and interests.

Excitable type

This type of people has increased irritability, a tendency to aggression, lack of restraint, sullenness, and boringness, but flattery, helpfulness, a tendency to rudeness and obscene language or silence, and slowness in conversation are possible. They actively and often conflict, do not avoid quarrels with their superiors, are difficult to get along with in the team, and are despotic and cruel in the family. Outside of fits of anger, these people are conscientious, careful and show love to children.

Those around them do not like their irritability, short temper, inadequate outbursts of rage and anger with assault, cruelty, and weakened control over desire. These people are well influenced by physical labor and athletic sports. They need to develop self-control and self-control. Due to their lack of harmony, they often change jobs.

Stuck type

People with this type of accentuation get stuck on their feelings and thoughts. They cannot forget grievances and “settle scores” with their offenders. They have official and everyday intractability and a tendency to protracted squabbles. In a conflict, they are most often the active party and clearly define their circle of friends and enemies. They show a love of power.

The interlocutors like their desire to achieve high performance in any business, the manifestation of high demands on themselves, a thirst for justice, integrity, strong, stable views. But at the same time, these people have traits that repel others: touchiness, suspicion, vindictiveness, arrogance, jealousy, ambition.

Conflict is possible when pride is hurt, unfair resentment, or an obstacle to achieving ambitious goals.

Pedantic type

These people have a pronounced “boringness” in the form of worrying about details; in the service they are capable of tormenting them with formal requirements, and exhausting their families with excessive neatness.

They are attractive to others because of their conscientiousness and accuracy. seriousness, reliability in deeds and feelings. But such people have a number of repulsive character traits: formalism, “cunning”, “boringness”, the desire to shift decision-making to others.

Conflicts are possible in a situation of personal responsibility for an important matter, when their merits are underestimated. They are prone to obsession and psychasthenia.

For these people, professions that are not associated with great responsibility, “paper work,” are preferred. They are not inclined to change jobs.

Anxious type

People of this type of accentuation are characterized by low mood, timidity, timidity, and lack of self-confidence. They constantly fear for themselves and their loved ones, experience failure for a long time and doubt the correctness of their actions. They rarely enter into conflicts and play a passive role.

Conflicts are possible in situations of fear, threats, ridicule, and unfair accusations.

People around them like their friendliness, self-criticism and diligence. But timidity and suspiciousness sometimes serve as a target for jokes.

Such people cannot be leaders or make responsible decisions, since they are characterized by endless worry and weighing.

Emotive type

A person of this type of character is overly sensitive, vulnerable and deeply worries about the slightest troubles. He is sensitive to comments and failures, so he is most often in a sad mood. He prefers a narrow circle of friends and relatives who would understand him perfectly.

He rarely enters into conflicts and plays a passive role in them. He does not splash out his grievances, but prefers to keep them inside. Those around him like his compassion, pity, and expression of joy at the success of others. He is very efficient and has a high sense of duty.

Such a person is usually a good family man. But his extreme sensitivity and tearfulness repel those around him.

He perceives conflicts with a loved one, death or illness tragically. Injustice, rudeness, and being surrounded by rude people are contraindicated for him. He achieves the most significant results in the field of art, medicine, raising children, caring for animals and plants.

Demonstrative type

This person strives to be the center of attention and achieves his goals at any cost: tears, fainting, scandals, illnesses, boasting, outfits, unusual hobbies, lies. He easily forgets about his unseemly deeds. He has a high adaptability to people.

This person is attractive to others due to his courtesy, perseverance, focus, acting talent, ability to captivate others, as well as his originality. He has traits that repel people from him, these traits contribute to conflict: selfishness, unbridled actions, deceit, boastfulness, a tendency to intrigue, shirking from work. A conflict for such a person occurs when his interests are infringed, his merits are underestimated, or he is toppled from his “pedestal.” These situations cause him to have hysterical reactions.

Exalted type

People with this type of accentuation have a very changeable mood, talkativeness, and increased distractibility to external events. Their emotions are clearly expressed and are reflected in falling in love.

Traits such as altruism, artistic taste, artistic talent, brightness of feelings and affection for friends are liked by interlocutors. But excessive impressionability, pathos, alarmism, and susceptibility to despair are not their best traits. Failures and sad events are perceived tragically; such people have a tendency to neurotic depression.

Their environment of existence is the sphere of art, artistic types sports, professions related to closeness to nature.

Introverted type

People of this type of accentuation are characterized by low sociability and isolation. They are aloof from everyone and enter into communication with other people only when necessary; most often they are immersed in themselves and their thoughts. They are characterized by increased vulnerability, but they do not say anything about themselves and do not share their experiences. They even treat their loved ones coldly and reservedly. Their behavior and logic are often not understood by others.

These people love solitude and prefer to be in solitude rather than in noisy company. They rarely enter into conflicts, only when trying to invade their inner world.

They are picky in choosing a spouse and are busy searching for their ideal.

They have a strong emotional coldness and weak attachment to loved ones.

People around them like them for their restraint, sedateness, thoughtfulness of actions, strong convictions and adherence to principles. But stubbornly defending one’s unrealistic interests, views and having one’s own point of view, which is sharply different from the opinion of the majority, pushes people away from them.

Such people prefer work that does not require a large social circle. They are prone to theoretical sciences, philosophical reflections, collecting, chess, science fiction, and music.

Conformal type

People of this type are highly sociable, talkative to the point of talkativeness. Usually they do not have their own opinion and do not strive to stand out from the crowd.

These people are not organized and tend to obey others. When communicating with friends and family, they cede leadership to others. Those around these people like their willingness to listen to others, their diligence. But at the same time, these are people “without a king in their heads”, subject to the influence of others. They do not think about their actions and have a great passion for entertainment. Conflicts are possible in situations of forced loneliness and lack of control.

These people are easily adaptable to new job and cope well with their job responsibilities when tasks and rules of conduct are clearly defined.

Exalted and cyclothymic character accentuations

Today, in a post that continues the cycle of psychocorrection of character, we will talk about cyclothymic and exalted (labile) accentuations of character (temperament).

Greetings, dear visitors to the website of practical psychologist Oleg Matveev, I wish everyone mental health!

Exalted and cyclothymic character accentuations - psychocorrection

But nevertheless, K. Leonhard put them in separate blocks, as different accentuations of character.

Exalted accentuation, unlike cyclothymic accentuation, is less predictable in its opposite states, which are more arrhythmic, and the “peaks” and “chasms” are more unexpected and bright, outwardly noticeable.

Exalted character accentuation

Bright line exalted type- the ability to admire, admire, as well as smiling, a feeling of happiness, joy, pleasure.

These feelings can often arise in them for a reason that does not cause much excitement in others; they are easily delighted by joyful events and in complete despair by sad ones.

They are characterized by high contact, talkativeness, and amorousness. Such people often argue, but do not lead to open conflicts.

In conflict situations, they are both active and passive parties. They are attached to friends and loved ones, altruistic, have a sense of compassion, good taste, and show brightness and sincerity of feelings.

They can be alarmists, subject to momentary moods, impulsive, easily move from a state of delight to a state of sadness, and have mental lability. (see mental protection)

Psychotraining exercises for exalted individuals

Develop the habit of analyzing all sudden changes in mood: what happened that changed my mood?

Ask yourself questions like these often.

And when you get two or three dozen answers, look at which reasons are more common.

Now the most important thing remains - to exclude the reasons why your mood changes so sharply and unexpectedly even for you.

Try not to get into situations that lead to a sudden change in mood in a bad direction.

Try to enter into the image of, for example, a phlegmatic, calm person who has seen everything, knows everything, and live in this image for several hours in a row.

No matter how difficult it is for you, no matter what reasons and reasons arise, you cannot leave the image.

React to what is happening the way your character – a phlegmatic person – would react.

First, calmly think about what actually happened, collect additional information To make the necessary decision, put it off for a while longer (in case something else happens), and only then act.

No matter how much you would like to discharge your Bad mood on someone close or familiar, do not do it right away.

Find another way - do mini exercises, listen to your favorite music, take a walk in the park.

You need to form a habit in yourself - do not show your irritation immediately after it manifests itself, try to switch to something more pleasant.

Try, first, to live the whole day without getting annoyed by the words and actions of the people around you. If it works, then increase the duration of this exercise to two days in a row.

Then take a short break and repeat again. Two days without irritation. Again, increase the duration of periods without irritation, for example up to three days in a row.

Cyclothymic accentuation of character

Characterized by alternating hyperthymic and dysthymic states. They are characterized by frequent periodic mood swings, as well as dependence on external events.

Joyful events cause pictures of hyperthymia in them: thirst for activity, increased talkativeness, racing ideas; sad ones - depression, slowness of reactions and thinking, their manner of communication with people around them also often changes.

In adolescence, two variants of cyclothymic accentuation can be found: typical and labile cycloids.

Typical cycloids in childhood usually give the impression of being hyperthymic, but then lethargy and loss of strength appear; what was previously easy, now requires exorbitant effort.

Previously noisy and lively, they become lethargic homebodies, there is a decrease in appetite, insomnia or, conversely, drowsiness. They react to comments with irritation, even rudeness and anger, in the depths of their souls, however, at the same time falling into despondency, deep depression, suicidal attempts are not excluded. They study unevenly, make up for any omissions with difficulty, and create in themselves an aversion to studying.

In labile cycloids, the phases of mood changes are usually shorter than in typical cycloids. Bad days are marked by more bad mood than lethargy. During the period of recovery, the desire to have friends and be in company is expressed. Mood affects self-esteem.

Psychotraining exercises for cyclothymic individuals

Due to the periodicity (cyclicality) of your mood, perceive the “black streak” as an inevitable, and, most importantly, intermediate period of life, which will definitely change to white.

And vice versa, when euphoria (uplifting mood) takes you into the skies of life, remember - this is not forever.

During periods of low mood, use exercises for hypothymia.

During the period of recovery, during euphoria, use exercises for hyperthymia.

Doing these exercises will help you overcome negative impacts these changeable accentuations of character on your life, which, in turn, will have a positive impact on your personal and career growth, and will also help in achieving success.

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Accented character traits

The number of character traits that are recorded in human experience and designated in language is extremely large. Their variability is also manifested not only in qualitative diversity and originality, but also in quantitative terms. When the quantitative indicator of a particular character trait reaches the final limit of the norm, so-called character accentuation occurs.

Accentuation of character is the extreme variants of the norm, as a result of strengthening individual character traits.

With accentuation, an individual exhibits increased sensitivity to certain stress factors with relative stability relative to others. The presence of accentuations in a person, as a rule, does not interfere with the satisfaction of social adaptation, but they are the “Achilles heel”, places of least resistance. The increased psychogenic influence of unfavorable environmental elements on these unprotected aspects of the personality leads to mental trauma.

K. Leongard identifies the following types of character accentuations.

Hyperthymic type. People of this type are characterized by excessive contact, talkativeness, expressive gestures, facial expressions, and pantomimes. They quite often deviate from the original topic of conversation. Such people have occasional conflicts because they do not take their work and family responsibilities seriously enough.

They are often the initiators of conflicts and are offended if comments are made to them about this. Representatives of this type are characterized by energy, a need for activity, optimism, and initiative. At the same time, they are gullible, prone to immoral acts, and are characterized by increased excitability. They find it difficult to endure conditions of strict discipline, monotonous activities, and forced loneliness.

Dysthymic type. The opposite of hyperthymic. He is characterized by poor communication, taciturnity, dominant pessimism, and depressed mood. Such people prefer to stay at home, do not like noisy companies, rarely enter into conflicts with others, and lead a secluded lifestyle.

They highly value those who are friends with them and are ready to obey them. Among the positive traits, they are characterized by seriousness, conscientiousness, and a heightened sense of justice. Among the traits that interfere with communication are passivity, inhibition of thinking, and individualism.

Cycloid type. Quite frequent periodic mood changes inherent in representatives of this type cause changes in the manner of communication with people around them. During high mood they are very sociable and behave like people with hyperthymic accentuation of character, and during periods of depression they are withdrawn, and the manner of communication corresponds to the dysthymic type.

Excited type. It is characterized by low contact in communication, slowness of verbal and non-verbal reactions.

Excited people are often gloomy, prone to abuse and conflicts, in which they themselves act as an active, provoking party. They do not get along in the team, in their own family, because they do not look for ways to reconciliation, they lack tolerance. In an emotionally calm state, people of this type are often conscientious, neat, and love animals and small children. In a state of emotional arousal, they are irritated, incendiary, and have poor control over their behavior.

Stuck type. Representatives of this type are moderately sociable, boring, prone to moralization, and taciturn. In conflicts they act as initiators and active parties. They try to achieve high results in any business they undertake. They place high demands on themselves. People of this type are sensitive to social justice, at the same time, they are touchy, suspicious, vulnerable, and vengeful.

Sometimes they are overly self-confident, ambitious, jealous, and make exorbitant demands on loved ones and subordinates at work.

Pedantic type. He rarely enters into conflicts, acting as a passive rather than an active party in them. At work he behaves like a bureaucrat, making many formal demands on others. At the same time, he easily gives way to the leadership position. Sometimes he upsets his family with excessive claims to neatness. His positive features are conscientiousness, accuracy, seriousness, reliability in business, and his unattractive features are formalism.

Anxious type. People of this type are characterized by: low contact, lack of self-confidence, and a minor mood. They rarely enter into conflicts, playing a mostly passive role in them. In conflict situations, they look for support and support. Due to their vulnerability, they can be targets for jokes. Positive traits- affection, self-criticism, diligence, discipline.

Emotive type. Characterized by deep reactions in the area of ​​subtle emotions. Emotive people prefer communicating in a narrow circle of select people with whom they establish good contacts and understand them perfectly. They themselves enter into conflicts very rarely and play a passive role in them. The images are hidden within themselves. Attractive traits are kindness, empathy, a heightened sense of duty, diligence, and discipline. Unattractive traits - excessive sensitivity, tearfulness.

Demonstrative type. Representatives of this type easily establish contacts and strive for leadership, power and praise. They know how to adapt well to people and at the same time are prone to intrigue (with an externally soft manner of communication). Such people irritate others with their self-confidence and excessive ambition; they systematically provoke conflicts themselves, but at the same time actively defend themselves. They have such attractive features as artistry, the ability to captivate others, originality of thinking and actions. Unattractive traits - selfishness, hypocrisy, boasting, avoidance of work.

Exalted type. This type is characterized by: high contact, talkativeness, amorousness. Exalted people are often hidden and do not lead to open conflicts. In conflict situations they act as both an active and passive party. At the same time, they are friendly, attentive to friends and loved ones. They are altruistic, have good taste, and show brightness and sincerity of feelings. Negative traits - giving in to panic and instantaneous moods.

The extroverted type is characterized by high contact. Such people have many friends and acquaintances, they are talkative, open to any information. They rarely enter into conflicts and usually play a passive role in them. When communicating with friends, at work and in the family, they often give up leadership positions in favor of others; it is better for them to obey and be in the shadows. They have such attractive features as a willingness to listen carefully to others, to do what is asked, and are good performers. Unpleasant traits - they fall under influence, are frivolous, prone to unbalanced actions, like to have fun and spread gossip and rumors.

Introverted type. Characterized by low contact, isolation, isolation from reality, and a tendency to philosophize. Introverted people love solitude and enter into conflicts only in the event of unceremonious interference in their privacy. Often emotionally cold, relatively weakly attached to people. Attractive traits are diligence, strong convictions, and integrity. Unattractive traits - stubbornness, frigidity of thinking. They have their own point of view on everything, which may be wrong, but they continue to defend it, no matter what. Among introverted people there are dissidents.

Against the background of accentuation, various disorders can arise - behavioral deviation, acute affective reactions, neuroses, etc.

K. Jung introduced the concepts of extraversion and introversion to designate two opposing personality types. Extraversion excludes introversion, and vice versa, but neither of these types has advantages over the other. Jung distinguished four main mental functions: thinking, feeling and intuition.

There are typical attitudes of a thinking, feeling, sensing and intuitive person. In addition to these purely psychological types of attitudes, there are also social types, that is, those that bear the imprint of the primary collective representation. These collectively determined parameters are very important and sometimes have higher value based on purely individual characteristics.

Introverted character type. People of this type are focused on their own subjective experience. Objects and phenomena of the external world are of secondary importance for them. They have difficulty adapting to reality, tend to defend themselves from external actions, and refrain from expending energy. They interact with the environment in order to defend themselves, and are constantly ready to turn on the psychological defense mechanism.

Vulnerable and sensitive to environmental influences, they are most concerned about their future, are distinguished by responsibility, love of solitude, low intrusiveness and at the same time caution, especially in expressing their opinions, suspicion, and fear of the strong influence of the object.

Introverted mental types are characterized by a disciplined, strictly organized intellect and focus on own world. They are impractical, prone to abstraction, independence and unshakable thoughts. These are selfless, decisive, principled people, demanding of themselves and others.

Introverts of the emotional type are in close contact with reality, but have little interest in it, because they are focused on themselves, on their experiences. They experience feelings deeply but calmly. These are soft, artistic natures.

Introverts of the sensory type are characterized by a subjective and shallow perception of the world around them. They do not reveal the causes of events that are perceived; they can create original artistic images.

Introverts of the intuitive type are more subjective in their perception of the world around them. Their main meaning inner world consist of ideas that arose spontaneously and experiences associated mainly with overcoming obstacles in self-expression.

Hidden contradictions determine the moral direction of their spiritual life. Among the representatives of this type there are also unselfish people, mystical dreamers and fanatical artists, and those individuals who enrich culture with their original ideas and products of activity.

Extroverted character type. People of this type easily adapt to the environment, skillfully use all opportunities to adapt to life, face the world of external objects, are self-confident, influential, are not immersed in “personal” problems, their behavior is determined by immediate circumstances.

Extroverts of the mental type are distinguished by persistence in communication, developed conceptual thinking, and a tendency to abstract moral and aesthetic assessments. Intelligence plays an active role in their adaptation to the environment.

Extroverts of the emotional type adapt well to the environment according to the logic of feelings, can be classified as impressionable natures, with a predominance of feelings over reason, and are prone to sharp criticism, which borders on tactlessness.

Extroverts of the sensory type are prone to enthusiasm and personal initiative, to opposing their opinions, and are distinguished by the ability to adequately assess the situation and use it for their own purposes. These are neat and strong-willed natures and at the same time fickle and picky.

Extroverts of the intuitive type perceive in the outside world what is happening “behind the scenes.” They lack the ability to think, so they rarely bring things to completion themselves.

The classification of types of character accentuations is quite complex and the nomenclature does not coincide among different authors (K. Leongard, A. Lichko). However, the description of accentuations is largely identical.

Thanks to properly organized educational work, it is possible to block manifestations of character accentuation. Teachers and parents, knowing the “places of least resistance” in the character of a child or teenager, try to prevent stressful situations from painfully affecting the mentioned points of his character.

For example, sensitive teenagers react quite sharply to suspicions of bad deeds, to accusations that contradict their self-esteem, which is usually not inflated and is generally objective. At the same time, educational influences that would help compensate for the timidity of sensitive adolescents are appropriate: involving them in social work, electing them to the active class, where in joint activities it is easier for them to overcome shyness and resentment. Adequate means of educational and corrective influence can be applied to adolescents with other types of accentuations.

To many circumstances, situations, partners, a person most often reacts with extreme versions of emotions, either euphoric (delight, admiration, tenderness, awe, unbridled love, etc.), or dysphoric (hatred, contempt, disgust, disgust, aggression, etc.). n. At the same time, he shows emotions much less often

middle range - moderate, restrained, soft.

Such a stereotype of emotional behavior is dysfunctional; the person “works” for wear and tear, since the information and energy saturation of emotions is high - instead of a match, a torch constantly flares up. Such powerful energy expenditures do not go unnoticed. According to our observations, exalted people, as a rule, are thin, pale, with sharpened facial features, with a harsh exaggerated expression, the impression is that they are wasting all their vitamins, proteins and fats on euphoric and dysphoric reactions. Less often, but there are obese, exalted persons.

Exalted individuals are characterized by extreme and categorical judgments and assessments; often and easily change their opinions to the opposite, for example, in statements about the same colleagues, current events, works of art. It is difficult to argue with them, because they consider their opinion to be the most correct, they consider themselves and no one else to be competent and professional. They often become rude and angry when they do not agree with their assessments.

Exaltation is sometimes combined with artistic nature and is a prerequisite for acting talent. An actor's skill lies in the ability to enter very different emotional states, including euphoric and dysphoric. In life, everyone should be a bit of an actor - a teacher, educator, doctor, lawyer, waiter, parent, thus in moderate form exaltation is useful. Overly exalted individuals are sometimes prone to shocking behavior - bold, shocking antics, outfits, positions.

It should be especially noted that usually exaltation is accompanied by reduced self-criticism of the mind: the powerful energy of euphoric and dysphoric emotions suppresses, “drowns” the action of the intellect, the person is not able to understand that he is losing his sociability, and looks grotesque.

Test yourself: subsequent judgments must be answered

"yes" or "no"

YOU ARE TENDED TO EXALT IF:

1. In principle, they are able to admire, admire something or someone

2. It happens that a feeling of complete happiness literally permeates you.

3. You fall into deep despair when you are disappointed.

4. You can say about yourself - I can love to the point of madness and I can hate to the core.

5. You have favorite animals, at the sight of which you experience a feeling of awe, tenderness, tenderness, and excitement.

6. You absolutely cannot stand certain types of people (men, women, managers, etc.).

7. An unexpectedly noticed detail in a person can dramatically change your opinion about him.

8. The creativity of a talented person (artist, entertainer, poet, musician, etc.) delights and amazes you.

9. A tragic film, play or novel can move you so much that tears flow.

10. There are people around you whom you hate or deeply despise.

11. You are sure that most people are so inferior to you in some respect that they cannot be compared with you.

12. Often your tastes, opinions and assessments differ significantly from the positions of the majority.

How many points (affirmative answers) do you have? The points received mean: 10-12 – clearly expressed exaltation; 5-9 - tendency towards exaltation; 4 points or less – there is no exaltation as an emotional stereotype.

Data interpretation. Very high scores indicate a person’s tendency to exhibit emotional extremes. Exalted individuals react to facts, events and actions of others too openly, exaggeratedly unambiguously, even grotesquely. They do not feel the measure and how others perceive the same circumstances. Sometimes having a very controversial opinion about someone or something, they nevertheless express it in a categorical form, where there are no penumbras or doubts. They do not tolerate objections, they are not able to soften their positions and compromise.

If at the same time the exalted person has a low level of intelligence, the originality of opinions and assessments reaches the level of defiant ambition. Among the exalted there are intelligent and erudite people; then ambition takes on the form of science and high style. With all the wealth of intellect, it is still not enough for self-criticism. It seems as if the usual prudence of such people suddenly flows from the field of observing causes and effects into the field of verbally pompous expression of emotions.

Particularly difficult in terms of communication are individuals who simultaneously have high levels of exaltation and impulsiveness. These people, as they say, cut from the shoulder, and with such gusto that they can cause psychological trauma to anyone - family, friends, acquaintances, colleagues, subordinates and bosses.

Average indicators of exaltation indicate a person’s ability to adequately respond with emotions and feelings to what is happening. Everyone normal person something makes him happy, something makes him sad, and he expresses it in such a way that others can see the corresponding states. For some professions it is necessary

a wide range of emotions and feelings in order not only to react in response to what is happening, but also to convey your states to others. It is no coincidence that in the group of teachers, exaltation is higher than in other groups we examined, for example, doctors and accountants.

Too low an indicator of exaltation is a sign of constrained emotions and feelings, as well as laziness of the mind, which is not able to make discoveries, find an object for admiration and joy, for rejection and admiration. Thus, the group of unemployed people who want to get a profession in the field of insurance medicine scored the lowest number of points for this indicator.

In terms of prevention and diagnosis of emotional state, special importance is attached to the so-called neuropsychic instability, which is a reflection of both the mental and somatic level of an individual’s health. Neuropsychic stability (NPS) shows the risk of personality maladjustment under stress, that is, when the system of emotional reflection functions under critical conditions caused by external as well as internal factors.

The “Forecast” method proposed below was developed at the St. Petersburg Military Medical Academy and is intended to determine the level of NPU and the risk of maladjustment under stress. It is especially informative when selecting persons suitable for work or service in difficult, unpredictable conditions, where increased demands are placed on a person.

Test yourself: read the statement and answer yes or no.