What race were the earliest people? Main races of man

For approximately one million years from the beginning of the Quaternary period, during its glacial and interglacial eras until the post-glacial, modern era, ancient humanity settled more and more widely in the ecumene. The development of human groups often took place in separate areas of the Earth, where great value had conditions of isolation and features of the natural environment. The earliest humans evolved into Neanderthals, and Neanderthals evolved into Cro-Magnons.

Race - biological divisions of humanity modern look(Homo sapiens), differing in common hereditary morphological features, associated with a unity of origin and a specific area of ​​habitat.

One of the first creators of racial classification was a French scientist Francois Bernier, who published a work in 1684 in which he used the term “race”. Anthropologists distinguish four large races of the first order and a number of intermediate ones, numerically small, but also independent. In addition, in each race of the first order there are main divisions -

Negroid race: Negroes, Negrillies, Bushmen and Hottentots.

Characteristic features of a Negroid:

Curly hair (black);

Dark brown skin;

Brown eyes;

Moderately prominent cheekbones;

Strongly protruding jaws;

Thick lips;

Wide nose.

Mixed and transitional forms between the Negroid and Caucasoid large races: the Ethiopian race, transitional groups of the Western Sudami, mulattoes, “colored” African groups.

Caucasoid race: northern, transitional forms, southern.

Characteristic features of a Caucasian:

Wavy or straight soft hair of different shades;

Light or dark skin;

Brown, light gray and Blue eyes;

Weakly protruding cheekbones and jaws;

Narrow nose with a high bridge;

Thin or medium thickness lips. Mixed forms between Caucasoid

big race and the American branch of the Mongoloid big race: American mestizos.

Mixed forms between the Caucasoid great race and the Asian branch of the Mongoloid great race: Central Asian groups, South Siberian race, Laponoids and Suburalian Fig. 3.2. Caucasian type, mixed groups of Siberia.

small races, or races of the second order, possessing (with some variations) the basic characteristics of their large race.

The characteristics on the basis of which races of different orders are distinguished are diverse. The most obvious are the degree of development of tertiary hairline (primary hairline already exists on the body of the fetus in the utero, secondary hairline - hair on the head, eyebrows - is present in a newborn; tertiary - associated with puberty), as well as a beard and mustache, hair shape and eye (Fig. 3.1; 3.2; 3.3; 3.4).

Pigmentation, that is, the color of skin, hair and height, plays a prominent role in racial diagnosis. However, according to the degree of pigment-;

Mongoloid race: American races, Asian branch of Mongoloid races, continental Mongoloids, Arctic race (Eskimos and Paleo-Asians), Pacific (East Asian) races.

Characteristic features of the Mongoloid:

Straight, coarse and dark hair;

Poor development of tertiary hairline;

Yellowish skin tone;

Brown eyes;

Flattened face with prominent cheekbones;

Narrow nose, often with a low bridge;

The presence of epicanthus (fold at the inner corner of the eye).

Transitional groups between the Asian branch of the Mongoloid great race and the Australoid great race: South Asian race (Southern Mongoloids), Japanese, East Indonesian Fig. 3.3. Mongoloid group

Australoid race: Veddoids, Australians, Ainu, Papuans and Melanesians, Negritos. Characteristic features of the Australoid:

Dark skin color;

Brown eyes;

Wide nose;

Thick lips;

Wavy hair;

The tertiary hairline is highly developed.

Other racial types (mixed): Malagasy, Polynesian, Micronesian, Hawaiian.

tions in each race there are significant differences. For example, fairly light-pigmented groups of the Negroid African population and very dark Caucasians, residents of southern Europe. Therefore, the division of humanity into white, yellow and black, accepted in literature, does not correspond to factual data. The peculiarity of growth (short stature) is characteristic only of a few pygmy peoples of Asia and Africa. Among the more special characteristics used in racial diagnosis, blood groups, some genetic characteristics, papillary patterns on the fingers, the shape of teeth, etc. can be named.

Racial characteristics were not only continuously reinforced, but also leveled out. Increasingly different from each other due to differences in the geographical environment with which they were associated, and under the influence of labor, cultural development and other special conditions, the races at the same time acquired more and more similarities with each other in the general features of modern man. At the same time, as a result of a qualitatively special path of development, human races began to differ more and more sharply from subspecies of wild animals.

The time of formation of racial types is usually attributed to the era of the emergence of the modern human species, the neoanthrope, during which the biological stage of anthropogenesis was basically completed, which resulted in the cessation of the overall action of natural selection. The social development of human societies began.

The formation of the main races, according to scientists, occurred 40-16 thousand years before the present. However, the processes of raceogenesis continued later, but not so much under the influence of natural selection as under the influence of other factors;

The study of the bone remains of Neanderthals and fossils of modern people on the territory of the Old World led some scientists to the idea that about 100 thousand years ago, two large racial groups emerged in the depths of ancient humanity (Ya. Ya. Roginsky, 1941, 1956). Sometimes they talk about the formation of two circles of race formation: large and small (Fig. 3.5).

In the large circle of race formation, the first initial branch of the human trunk was formed - the southwestern one. It divided into two large racial groups: European-Asian, or Caucasian, And equatorial, or Negroid-Australoid. Having appeared 2.5 million years ago in East Africa, more than a million years ago humans began to populate Southern Europe and South-West Asia, the natural conditions of which were significantly different from the natural conditions of Africa. The appearance of man coincides with the beginning of the glaciation era, when mighty glaciers 2-3 km thick descended from the mountains to the plains and covered vast spaces, binding a huge mass of moisture. The sea level dropped, the water surface decreased, and evaporation decreased. The climate everywhere became drier and colder. During the glaciation, ancient people left such harsh regions and migrated to places with a favorable climate. This contributed to their mixing (after all, before the start of the last glaciation there were no characteristic racial differences).

The most significant difference between the two races in the process of their development in a large circle of race formation turned out to be skin color, as well as a number of other characteristics.

In people Negroid race: dark eye color, predominance of dark skin pigmentation (with the exception of Hottentots); dark tight curly or wavy hair; poor development of tertiary hair, a wide nose in the wings, thick lips, alveolar prognathism (strong protrusion forward of the facial part of the skull) is common. Dark skin protects their body from harmful ultraviolet rays, curly hair creates an air layer that protects the head from overheating.

In people Caucasian: Skin color varies from white to light brown, and eyes - from blue to black; hair is soft, straight or wavy; medium and strong development of tertiary hairline; significant profiling (protrusion) of the facial skeleton; narrow, strongly protruding nose; lips are thin or medium. Northern Caucasians are characterized by light pigmentation of skin and hair (blond); Among them there are albinoses, almost devoid of pigmentation. Blue eyes predominate. Southern Caucasians are highly pigmented and brunette. Some groups of southern Caucasians have a particularly sharp facial profile and strong hair development (Assyroids). The eyes are usually dark. Large groups of Caucasians have intermediate pigmentation (brown-haired, dark brown).

Natural selection determined the survival of narrow-faced people (minimum body surface area unprotected by clothing), long-nosed people (warming up the inhaled cold air), thin-lipped people (preserving internal heat), and with a lush beard and mustache (they protect the face from the cold, according to polar explorers, better than a fur mask). A long winter weakened the body, especially children’s, threatening rickets. The best cure for it is ultraviolet rays. Their excess causes burns, dark skin serves as protection against them. Light skin lets you through ultraviolet rays, with a moderate dose they penetrate into the deep layers of the skin, removing necessary for the body vitamin D is a panacea for rickets. Blonde hair the head also does not retain ultraviolet rays, allowing them to pass to the skin. During the polar night, an additional source of light is the northern lights, emitting the blue part of the spectrum. The dark iris of the eye absorbs this part of the spectrum, while the blue one transmits it. Thus, in the Far North, a fair-haired, light-skinned, blue-eyed race should have formed, which could rightfully be called Nordic. To a greater or lesser extent, the features of this rice were preserved by the peoples of Northern Europe.

Currently, the skin color is darker in Negroid-Australoids! noah, race and among those Caucasian races that were formed in the hotter southern countries. On the contrary, the territorially northern Caucasian racial groups gradually became lighter. It is believed that first there was a lightening of the skin, then finally the hair.

In the small k r y g e r a s o f f o m a t i o n s in the North-East; Asia, To north and east of the Himalayan mountains formed mongoloid race, which gave rise to several anthropological types. People of the Mongoloid race are characterized by a yellowish color; skin color, dark, straight, thick hair, poor development of tertiary hair, a flattened facial skeleton with a protruding zygomatic part, alveolar prognathism, a peculiar structure of the eye, in which the lacrimal tubercle is covered by a fold (epicanthus), and other signs, in particular the so-called spade-shaped incisors.

The characteristics of this race were formed in the conditions of open steppe expanses, strong dust and snow storms. During the period of the formation of the Mongoloids and their movement across Eurasia 20 - 15 thousand years ago, the area of ​​glaciers increased, the level of the oceans dropped by 150 meters, the climate became even drier and colder. In a wide strip from the East European to the Great Chinese Plain, the rate of loess accumulation increased tenfold. Loess is a product of weathering, and its increase indicates raging loess storms. Natural selection caused the extinction of part of the population. Those who survived had a narrow eye shape, epicanthus - the fold of the eyelid that protected the lacrimal tubercle of the eye from dust, snub nose, straight, coarse hair, a sparse beard and mustache that was not clogged with dust. Skin with a yellowish tint marked people against the background of yellow loess soils. This is how populations with Mongoloid features were formed. Archaeological finds indicate that during the peak of glaciation, hunter settlements were located in groups among uninhabited spaces.

In the east of Eurasia, the Mongoloids, through Beringia - a landmass that connected Siberia with North America - penetrated into glacier-free Alaska. Further, the path to the south is blocked by a giant Canadian ice sheet. At the beginning of the peak of glaciation, when the level of the World Ocean dropped very quickly, a land corridor formed along the western edge of the shield along which hunters penetrated into the Great Plains of North America. The path to the south was blocked by the deserts of Mexico, and the natural conditions on the Great Plains turned out to be very favorable. Although there were loess storms here, which caused the extinction of mammoths, countless herds of bison and deer served as an excellent hunting object. The Great Plains are literally littered with stone spear points. The similarity of natural conditions on the Great Plains and in Central Asia caused the appearance of a number of similar features among the Indians: skin with a yellowish tint, coarse straight hair, lack of a beard and mustache. Less ferocious loess storms made it possible to preserve large aquiline noses and wide eyes. Archaeological finds indicate that the Indians are morphologically similar to the ancient inhabitants of the Baikal region, who lived there before the peak of glaciation. Spreading further and further south across the mainland, this group over time transformed into the Indian, or American, minor race, which scientists usually divide into several anthropological types.

All racial differences were formed as adaptations to the environment. People of all human races constitute one species. This is evidenced by their genetic unity - the same set of chromosomes, the same diseases, blood types, fertile offspring from interracial marriages.

As humanity spreads and develops new ecological niches with different natural conditions within large races, small races became isolated, and at the borders of contacts between large races, intermediate (mixed) races arose (Fig. 3.6).

Caucasoids Mongoloids Mixed types Negroids Australoids

Caucasians Mestizos Mulattoes Negroids

Mongoloid Indians

Rice. 3.6. Distribution of races in the world (start)

In the course of history, there has been constant mixing of races, as a result of which practically pure races do not exist, and they all show certain signs of mixedness. In addition, many intermediate anthropological types emerged, combining different racial characteristics. In all basic morphological, physiological, mental and mental properties, the races do not have any fundamental, qualitative differences and constitute a single biological species Homo sapiens.

This process has occurred especially intensively over the past 10-15 thousand years. Ever since Christopher Columbus discovered America in 1492, the process of mixing (or crossbreeding) has assumed enormous proportions. In general, all humanity is more or less mixed in character; tens of millions of people are very difficult or simply impossible to classify even as some large race. Mixed marriages of Negroes - slaves from Africa and whites gave rise to mulattoes, an Indian in the Mongoloids with white colonizers - mestizos, and the Indians and blacks - sambo. The main reason for the mixing of racial characteristics was numerous population migrations (Fig. 3.7, 3.8).

However, at the borders of the ecumene, located in the outlying areas of human settlement, the factor of natural isolation played the greatest role. There are peoples preserved on Earth that have clearly defined complexes of racial characteristics; Such are, for example, the pygmies in the jungles of the Congo Basin in Africa; Indians in the equatorial forests of the Amazon; Lapps (Sami) in the Far North of Europe; Eskimos (Inuit) in the Far North of Asia and America; Indians in the Far South of South America; Australian Aborigines, Papuans of New Guinea; Bushmen in the South African Kalahari and Namib deserts.

Today the geographical position is quite clearly established modern races(see color incl. 7). Negroids live throughout most of the African continent and in the New World, where they were taken as slaves. The main areas of settlement of the Mongoloids are Siberia, Southeast, East and Central Asia, partially Central Asia, Polynesia and America. Caucasoids live in almost all parts of the world, but they are mainly settled in Pyrope. North, Central and South America, in large parts of the Anterior and Central Asia, in the northern regions of South Asia. Migrants from the Old and New Worlds make up the majority of the Caucasian population of Australia and New Zealand.

Representatives of the large Australoid (Oceanian) race are scattered (mostly in relatively small groups) over a vast territory from South Asia to Southeast and East Asia, Australia and Oceania.

Recognition of the fact of evolution at the end of the 19th century. meant a rejection of the Typological approach to species, since Darwinism emphasized

(Fig. 3.7. Metis from mixed marriages)

3.8. World population migrations in the 17th – first half of the 19th centuries.

and the fact of individual variability within species, and the constant transformation which each species undergoes. However, until recently, the thinking of anthropologists was clearly typological; physical anthropology textbooks contained mostly descriptions and names of human races. Some authors (“unifiers”) named only a dozen human races, while others (“splitters”) named a myriad of them.

The difficulty with using these categories is that between in various ways There are too many contradictions between the human races. Are the Turks a white race, as evidenced by their appearance, or oil and belong to the Mongoloid tribes of Central Asia, with which they (together with the Hungarians and Finns) have linguistic

stic relationship? What to do with the Basques, who at first glance look Spanish, but whose language and culture are unlike any other in the world? Those who speak Hindi and Urdu in India create their own problem. Historically, they are a mixture of South Asian Dravidian aborigines, Central Asian Aryans (who are clearly Caucasians), and Persians. Should they be grouped with Europeans, whose languages ​​originate from Sanskrit - to which Hindi and Urdu are very close - or should they be grouped with South Asians because of their dark skin?

The attempt to construct more and more complex sets of characteristics of human types that would correspond to the incredible diversity of people eventually failed. Anthropologists no longer try to name and define races and subraces, because they understand: there are no pure human groups. The most striking feature of the general history of mankind is the constant, limited migration of people and, consequently, the mixing of racial groups from different regions.

The most recognized classification of races is proposed Ya. Ya. Roschginsky And M. G. Levin(Figure 3.9).

Racial studies as a science in our country developed poorly, since the state artificially obscured the severity of the problem. However, over the years of pluralistic development spiritual life We have fascist and other extreme nationalist movements that have absorbed the ideological principles of racism. That's why it's so necessary now scientific analysis these problems.

Is race a biological or social phenomenon?

Author of the book “Cultural Anthropology” K.F. Kottak He writes that the scientific study of race as a biological formation is very problematic and raises many questions and bewilderments. Researchers have great difficulty applying biological concepts to groups of people in the question of what kind of sets external features are most significant in determining different people their racial background. If you give priority to skin color, then the terms themselves do not accurately describe color. In this classification, entire peoples remain outside it: Polynesians, peoples of South India, Australians, Bushmen to the south! Africans cannot be classified into any of the three above-mentioned races.

Moreover, mixed marriages, and their number is increasing, modify the phenotypes of races, and in life the problem comes down primarily to determining the status of the baby. In American culture, a subject acquires racial definition at birth, but race is not based on biology or simple inheritance.

Rice. 3.9. Major racial groups

In the traditions of American culture, a child born from a mixed marriage between an African American and a “white” person can be classified as “black”, whereas according to his genotype he should probably be classified as “white”. In the US, racial division is primarily a social grouping and has nothing to do with biological division. Other nations also have cultural norms that govern these relationships. For example, the Brazilian designation for someone's racial identity can be expressed in one of 500 different terms. If we take blood group as the basis for identifying a race, then the number of races may increase to a million. The conclusion from such a hypothesis will be the proposition that all races are biologically capable of creating their own culture and possessing universal universals.

However, there are other anti-scientific theories. They assert the biological inequality of races. Supporters of racism classify humanity into superior and inferior races. The latter are incapable of cultural development and are doomed to degeneration. In co-

According to their theory, racial inequality is due to the origin of people from different ancestors: Caucasoid - from Cro-Magnons, and the rest - from Neanderthals. Representatives of different races differ in their level of mental development; not all of them are capable of cultural development. These fabrications are refuted by scientific data. The capacity of the brain part of the skull varies among people of the same race, without affecting mental abilities; All elements of culture are similar among people of different races, and the uneven pace of its development depends not on biological characteristics, but on historical and social reasons.

Another anti-scientific trend - social Darwinism - transfers the action biological laws(the struggle for existence and natural selection) on modern human society and denies the role of social factors in human evolution. The inequality of people in society, its stratification into classes co-j cial Darwinism explains by the biological inequality of people, and not by social reasons.

The problem of race and intelligence also require separate consideration. Researchers believe that there are many groups in the world that have power and are socially dominant in societies that justify their privileges by declaring less-| minorities (racial, ethnic, social) inferior nd nature. Similar theories were recognized to justify apartheid in South Africa and European colonialism in Asia, Africa and Latin America. In the United States, the supposed superiority of the white race was asserted through the segregationist doctrine. Confidence in the biologically justified backwardness of the Native Americans - Indians gave grounds for their extermination and relocation to reservations.

Scientific judgments also appeared, trying to explain. that misfortune and poverty are nothing more than a consequence of inferior intellectual abilities. American explorer A. Jensen, interpreting the observation, during which it turned out that, in comparison with “whites”, “black” Americans show on average a lower level of intelligence in testing, makes the following conclusion: “white” Americans are “smarter” than “blacks”, “blacks” are hereditarily incapable show the same level of intelligence as “whites”. However the same K. F. Kottak gives examples when IQ (intelligence index) measurements among US Indians showed contrasting results: those who lived on reservations, in conditions of poverty and discrimination, showed an average IQ of 0.87, and Indians from wealthier areas with good schools for them 1.04. Today, in a number of states, such research without the consent of those tested is punishable by law.

We can say that the original division of peoples into civilized and savage is already a thing of the past. Ethnographic data suggests that all races have equal abilities for cultural evolution. Moreover, it has been proven that in any stratified society, differences between social groups along economic, social, ethnic and racial parameters reflect inequality of opportunity to a greater extent than genetic makeup. Therefore, differences in wealth, prestige and power between social classes are determined by social relations and property.

The concept of “race” turned out to be completely undefined, which prompted UNESCO to recommend using the term “ethnicity” instead. And although the concept includes anthropological characteristics, a common origin and a single language of a separate group of people, it is not identical to the concept of “race” in the biological sense - as a group of organisms that have isolated themselves geographically and acquired hereditary morphological and physiological differences. In addition, despite genetic relatedness, in some cases the differences among neighboring ethnic groups are so great that they cannot be explained without resorting to the biological concept of “race.”

There are four human races (some scientists insist on three): Caucasoid, Mongoloid, Negroid and Australoid. How does division occur? Each race has hereditary characteristics unique to it. Such signs include the color of skin, eyes and hair, the shape and size of such parts of the face as eyes, nose, lips. In addition to the obvious external distinctive features of any human race, there are a number of characteristics creative potential, abilities for one or another work activity, and even the structural features of the human brain.

Speaking about the four large groups, one cannot help but say that they are all divided into small subraces, which are formed from various nationalities and nationalities. No one has been arguing about the species unity of man for a long time; the best proof of this same unity is our life, in which representatives of different races get married, and in these races viable children are born.

The origin of races, or rather their formation, begins thirty to forty thousand years ago, when people began to populate new geographical areas. A person adapted to live in certain conditions, and the development of certain racial characteristics depended on this. identified these signs. At the same time, all human races retained common species characteristics that characterize Homo sapiens. Evolutionary development, or rather its level, is the same among representatives of different races. Therefore, all statements about the superiority of any nation over others have no basis. The concepts of “race”, “nation”, “nationality” cannot be mixed and confused, since representatives of different races speaking the same language can live on the territory of one state.

Caucasian race: inhabiting Asia, North Africa. Northern Caucasians are fair-skinned, while southerners are dark-skinned. Narrow face, strongly protruding nose, soft hair.

Mongoloid race: the center and eastern part of Asia, Indonesia and the expanses of Siberia. Dark skin with a yellowish tint, straight, coarse hair, a wide, flat face and a special eye shape.

Negroid race: most of the population of Africa. The skin is dark in color, dark brown eyes, black hair is thick, coarse, curly, large lips, and the nose is wide and flat.

Australoid race. Some scientists distinguish it as a branch of the Negroid race. India, Southeast Asia, Australia and Oceania (ancient black populations). Strongly developed brow ridges, the pigmentation of which is weakened. Some Australoids from western Australia and southern India are naturally blond in their youth, which is due to the mutation process that once took hold.

The characteristics of each race of man are hereditary. And their development was determined primarily by the need and usefulness of a particular trait for a representative of a certain race. So, the vast one warms cold air faster and easier before it enters the Mongoloid’s lungs. And for a representative of the Negroid race, the dark color of the skin and the presence of thick curly hair, which formed an air layer that reduced the impact of sunlight on the body, were very important.

For many years, the white race was considered superior, since it was beneficial for Europeans and Americans conquering the peoples of Asia and Africa. They started wars and seized foreign lands, mercilessly exploited, and sometimes simply destroyed entire nations.

Today in America, for example, they look less and less at racial differences, there is a mixing of races, which sooner or later will certainly lead to the emergence of a hybrid population.

All people living on planet Earth currently belong to one species - Homo sapiens. Within this species, scientists distinguish human races.

The human race is a historically established group of people with common hereditary morphological characteristics.

Such features include: hair type and color, skin and eye color, shape of the nose, lips, eyelids, facial features, body type, etc. All of these characteristics are hereditary.

A study of the fossil remains of Cro-Magnons showed that they had features characteristic of modern human races. For tens of thousands of years, the descendants of the Cro-Magnons lived in a wide variety of geographical areas on the planet. This means that each human race has its own area of ​​origin and formation. Differences between human races are the result of natural selection different conditions habitats in the presence of geographic isolation. Long-term effect of factors environment in places of permanent residence led to the gradual consolidation of a set of characteristics characteristic of these groups of people. Currently, there are three large human races. They, in turn, are divided into small races (there are about thirty of them).

Representatives Caucasian (Eurasian) race adapted to life in cold and humid climate. The distribution area of ​​the Caucasoid race is Europe, North Africa, a small part of Asia and India, as well as North America and Australia. They are characterized by predominantly light or slightly dark skin. This race is characterized by straight or wavy hair, a narrow, prominent nose and thin lips. Men have prominent facial hair (in the form of a mustache and beard). The protruding narrow nose of Caucasians helps to warm the inhaled air in cold climates.

People Negroid (Australian-Negroid) race are most represented in areas of the planet with a hot climate. They inhabit Africa, Australia and the Pacific Islands. Adaptations to data climatic conditions are dark skin color, curly or wavy hair. For example, curly hair on the heads of representatives of the Negroid race forms a kind of air cushion. This feature of the hair arrangement protects the head from overheating. Representatives of the Negroid race are also characterized by a flat, slightly protruding nose, thick lips and dark eye color.

Mongoloid (Asian-American) race distributed in areas of the Earth with harsh continental climate. Historically, this race inhabited almost all of Asia, as well as North and South America. Mongoloids are characterized by dark skin and straight, coarse dark hair. The face is flattened, with well-defined cheekbones, the nose and lips are of medium width, the facial hair is poorly developed. There is a fold of skin in the inner corner of the eye - epicanthus. The narrow eye shape and epicanthus of Mongoloids are adaptations to frequent dust storms. The formation of thick fatty subcutaneous tissue allows them to adapt to low temperatures cold continental winters.

The unity of human races is confirmed by the absence of genetic isolation between them. This is expressed in the possibility of fertile offspring in interracial marriages. Another proof of the unity of the races is the presence of arched patterns on the fingers of all people and the same pattern of hair on the body.

Racism- a set of teachings about the physical and mental inequality of human races and the decisive influence of racial differences on the history and culture of society. The ideas of racism arose when the laws of evolution of living nature discovered by Charles Darwin began to be transferred to human society.

The main ideas of racism are the ideas about the original division of people into superior and inferior races due to their biological inequality. Moreover, representatives of higher races are the only creators of civilization and are called upon to dominate the lower ones. This is how racism seeks to justify social injustice in society and colonial policies.

Racist theory existed in practice in fascist Germany. The Nazis considered their Aryan race to be superior and this justified the physical destruction of a huge number of representatives of other races. In our country, as one of the most affected by the aggression of the fascist occupiers, any adherence to the ideas of fascism is condemned and punished by law.

Racism has no scientific basis, since the biological equivalence of representatives of all races and their belonging to the same species has been proven. The differences in the level of development are a consequence of social factors.

Some scientists have suggested that the main driving force in the evolution of human society is the struggle for existence. These views formed the basis of social Darwinism - a pseudoscientific movement according to which all social processes and phenomena (the emergence of states, wars, etc.) are subject to the laws of nature. Supporters of this doctrine consider social inequality of people as a consequence of their biological inequality, which arose as a result of natural selection.

Features of human evolution at the present stage

IN modern society not visible at first glance obvious signs further evolution of the species Homo sapiens. But this process continues. Social factors play a decisive role at this stage, but the role of some biological factors of evolution also remains.

Constantly arising under the influence of environmental factors mutations and their combinations change the genotypic composition of the human population. They enrich human phenotypes with new characteristics and maintain their uniqueness. In turn, harmful and incompatible mutations with life are removed from the human population by natural removal. Pollution of the planet, first of all chemical compounds, is the cause of an increase in the rate of mutagenesis and accumulation of genetic load (harmful recessive mutations). This fact may one way or another have an impact on human evolution.

The species Homo sapiens, which was formed about 50 thousand years ago, has practically not undergone external changes. This is the result of an action stabilizing natural selection in a relatively homogeneous human environment. One example of its manifestation was the increased survival rate of newborns with a body weight within the average range (3-4 kg). However, at the present stage, thanks to the development of medicine, the role of this form of selection has significantly decreased. Modern medical technologies make it possible to care for low birth weight newborns and enable premature babies to develop fully.

Leading role isolation in human evolution was traced at the stage of formation of human races. In modern society, thanks to the variety of means of transportation and the constant migration of people, the importance of isolation is almost negligible. The absence of genetic isolation between people is important factor in enriching the gene pool of the planet's population.

In some relatively limited territories, such a factor as genetic drift. Currently, it manifests itself locally due to natural disasters. Natural disasters sometimes they claim the lives of tens or even hundreds of thousands of people, as happened in early 2010 as a result of the earthquake in Haiti. This undoubtedly has an impact on the gene pool of human populations.

Consequently, the evolution of the species Homo sapiens Currently, only the mutation process is affected. The effect of natural selection and isolation is minimal.

All people living on planet Earth at the present time belong to one species - Homo sapiens. Within this species, human races are distinguished. Traits of races were formed under the influence of environmental factors. Currently, there are three large human races: Caucasian, Australian-Negroid and Mongoloid. At the present stage, of the biological factors, only the mutation process affects human evolution in an unchanged form. The role of natural selection and genetic drift has decreased significantly, and isolation has practically lost its significance.

I have questions about why there are only 4 races on Earth? Why are they so different from each other? How do different races have skin colors that correspond to their area of ​​residence?

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First of all, we will examine the settlement map of the “Modern Races of the World”. In this analysis we will not deliberately accept the position of either monogenism or polygenism. The purpose of our analysis and the entire study as a whole is precisely to understand exactly how the emergence of humanity occurred and its development, including the development of writing. Therefore, we cannot and will not rely in advance on any dogma - be it scientific or religious.

Why are there four different races on Earth? Naturally, four types of different races could not have come from Adam and Eve....

So, under the letter “A” on the map the races are indicated, which, according to data modern research, are ancient. These races include four:
Equatorial Negroid races (hereinafter referred to as “Negroid race” or “Negroids”);
Equatorial Australoid races (hereinafter referred to as the “Australoid race” or “Australoids”);
Caucasoid races (hereinafter referred to as “Caucasoids”);
Mongoloid races (hereinafter referred to as “Mongoloids”).

2. Analysis of modern mutual settlement of races.

The modern mutual settlement of the four main races is extremely interesting.

The Negroid races are settled exclusively in a limited area, located from the center of Africa to its southern part. There is no Negroid race anywhere outside of Africa. In addition, it is precisely the areas of settlement of the Negroid race that are currently the “suppliers” of Stone Age culture - in South Africa There are still areas within which the population still exists in a primitive communal way of life.

We are talking about the archaeological culture of Wilton (Wilton) of the late Stone Age, widespread in South and East Africa. In some areas it was replaced by the Neolithic with polished axes, but in most areas it existed until modern times: arrowheads made of stone and bone, pottery, beads made from ostrich egg shells; people of the Wilton culture lived in grottoes and in the open air, and hunted; agriculture and domestic animals were absent.

It is also interesting that on other continents there are no centers of settlement of the Negroid race. This, naturally, points to the fact that the birthplace of the Negroid race was originally precisely in that part of Africa that is located south of the center of the continent. It is worth noting that here we are not considering the later “migration” of Negroids to the American continent and their modern entry through the regions of France into the territory of Eurasia, since this is a completely insignificant effect in the long historical process.

Australoid races are settled exclusively in a limited area, located entirely in the north of Australia, as well as in extremely small fluctuations in India and on some isolated islands. The islands are so insignificantly populated by the Australoid race that they can be neglected when making estimates of the entire center of distribution of the Australoid race. The northern part of Australia can quite reasonably be considered this hotspot. It should be noted here that Australoids, like Negroids, for a reason unknown to today’s science, are located exclusively within one general area. Stone Age cultures are also found among the Australoid race. More precisely, those Australoid cultures that have not experienced the influence of Caucasians are predominantly in the Stone Age.

Caucasoid races are settled in the territory located in the European part of Eurasia, including the Kola Peninsula, as well as in Siberia, the Urals, along the Yenisei, along the Amur, in the upper reaches of the Lena, in Asia, around the Caspian, Black, Red and Mediterranean seas, in northern Africa, on Arabian Peninsula, in India, on two American continents, in southern Australia.

In this part of the analysis, we should look at the area of ​​settlement of Caucasians in more detail.

Firstly, for obvious reasons, we will exclude from historical estimates the territory of distribution of Caucasians in the Americas, since these territories were occupied by them in the not so distant historical time. The latest “experience” of Caucasians does not affect the history of the original settlement of peoples. The history of the settlement of humanity in general took place long before the American conquests of the Caucasians and without taking them into account.

Secondly, like the two previous races in the description, the territory of distribution of Caucasoids (from this point onwards, by “territory of distribution of Caucasians” we will understand only its Eurasian part and the northern part of Africa) is also clearly marked by the area of ​​their settlement. However, unlike the Negroid and Australoid races, the Caucasian race has achieved the highest flowering of culture, science, art, etc. among existing races. Stone Age within the habitat of the Caucasian race, in the vast majority of areas, 30 - 40 thousand years BC passed. All modern scientific achievements of the most advanced nature have been accomplished by the Caucasian race. One can, of course, mention and argue with this statement, referring to the achievements of China, Japan and Korea, but let’s be honest, all their achievements are purely secondary and use, we must give credit, successfully, but still use the primary achievements of Caucasians.

Mongoloid races are settled exclusively in a limited area, located entirely in the northeast and east of Eurasia and on both American continents. Among the Mongoloid race, as well as among the Negroid and Australoid races, Stone Age cultures are still found to this day.
3. On the application of Organism laws

The first thing that catches the eye of an inquisitive researcher looking at a map of the distribution of races is that the distribution areas of the races do not intersect each other in such a way that this concerns any noticeable territories. And, although at mutual borders the contacting races produce a product of their intersection, called “transitional races,” the formation of such mixtures is classified by time and is purely secondary and much later than the formation of the ancient races themselves.

In large part, this process of mutual penetration of ancient races resembles diffusion in the physics of materials. We apply the laws of Organism to the description of races and peoples, which are more unified and give us the right and opportunity to operate with equal ease and accuracy, both materials and peoples, and races. Therefore, the mutual penetration of peoples - the diffusion of peoples and races - is completely subject to Law 3.8. (numbering of laws, as is customary in) Organisms, which says: “Everything moves.”

Namely, not a single race (now we will not talk about the originality of one or the other) under any circumstances will remain motionless in any “frozen” state. We will not be able, following this law, to find at least one race or people that would arise in a certain territory at the moment of “minus infinity” and would remain within this territory until “plus infinity”.

And from this it follows that it is possible to develop laws of movement of populations of organisms (peoples).
4. Laws of movement of populations of organisms
Any people, any race, as, incidentally, not only real, but also mythical (vanished civilizations), always has a point of its origin that is different from the one under consideration and as earlier;
Any nation, any race is represented not by the absolute values ​​of its numbers and its certain area, but by a system (matrix) of n-dimensional vectors describing:
directions of settlement on the Earth's surface (two dimensions);
time intervals of such settlement (one dimension);
… n. values ​​of mass transfer of information about a people (one complex dimension; this includes both numerical composition and national, cultural, educational, religious and other parameters).
5. Interesting observations

From the first law of population movement and taking into account a careful examination of the map of modern distribution of races, we can deduce the following observations.

Firstly, even at present historical times, all four ancient races are extremely isolated in their areas of distribution. Let us recall that we do not consider hereinafter the colonization of the Americas by Negroids, Caucasians and Mongoloids. These four races have the so-called cores of their ranges, which in no case coincide, that is, none of the races in the center of their range coincides with the similar parameters of any other race.

Secondly, the central “points” (areas) of ancient racial regions even today remain quite “pure” in composition. Moreover, the mixing of races occurs exclusively at the borders of neighboring races. Never - by mixing races that were not historically located in the same neighborhood. That is, we do not observe any mixtures of the Mongoloid and Negroid races, since between them is the Caucasoid race, which, in turn, mixes with both the Negroids and the Mongoloids precisely in the places of contact with them.

Thirdly, if the central points of settlement of races are determined by a simple geometric calculation, it turns out that these points are located at the same distance from each other, equal to 6000 (plus or minus 500) kilometers:

Negroid point - 5° S, 20° E;

Caucasoid point – p. Batumi, extreme eastern point Black Sea (41° N, 42° E);

Mongoloid point – ss. Aldan and Tomkot in the upper reaches of the Aldan River, a tributary of the Lena (58° N, 126° E);

Australoid point - 5° S, 122° E.

Moreover, the points of the central areas of settlement of the Mongoloid race on both American continents are also equidistant (and at approximately the same distance).

An interesting fact: if all four central points of settlement of races, as well as three points located in South, Central and North America, are connected, you will get a line resembling the bucket of the Ursa Major constellation, but inverted relative to its current position.
6. Conclusions

An assessment of the distribution areas of races allows us to draw a number of conclusions and assumptions.
6.1. Conclusion 1:

A possible theory suggesting the birth and settlement of modern races from one common point does not seem legitimate and justified.

We are currently observing precisely the process that leads to the mutual homogenization of races. Like, for example, the experiment with water, when a certain amount of hot water is poured into cold water. We understand that after some finite and quite calculated time, hot water will mix with cold water, and temperature averaging will occur. After which the water, in general, will become somewhat warmer than the cold water before mixing, and somewhat colder than the hot water before mixing.

The situation is the same now with the four old races - we are currently observing precisely the process of their mixing, when the races mutually penetrate each other, like cold and hot water, forming mestizo races in the places of their contact.

If the four races were formed from one center, then we would not now observe mixing. Because in order for four to be formed from one entity, a process of separation and mutual dispersion, isolation, and accumulation of differences must occur. And the mutual cross-breeding that is now occurring serves as clear evidence of the reverse process - the mutual diffusion of the four races. The inflection point that would separate the earlier process of separation of races from the later process of their mixing has not yet been found. Convincing evidence of the objective existence of some moment in history from which the process of separation of races would be replaced by their unification has not been found. Therefore, the process of historical mixing of races should be considered a completely objective and normal process.

This means that initially the four ancient races had to be inevitably divided and isolated from each other. We will leave the question of the force that could take over such a process open for now.

This assumption of ours is convincingly confirmed by the race distribution map itself. As we previously revealed, there are four conventional points of initial settlement of the four ancient races. These points, by strange chance, are located in a sequence that has a clearly defined series of patterns:

firstly, each border of mutual contact of races serves as a division of only two races and nowhere as a division of three or four;

secondly, the distances between such points, by a strange coincidence, are almost the same and equal to about 6000 kilometers.

The processes of development of territorial spaces by races can be compared to the formation of a pattern on frosty glass - from one point the pattern spreads in different directions.

Obviously, the races too, each in their own way, but general view The distribution of races was quite the same - from the so-called point of distribution of each race, it spread in different directions, gradually developing new territories. After quite an estimated time, the races sown 6,000 kilometers from each other met at the boundaries of their ranges. Thus began the process of their mixing and the emergence of various mestizo races.

The process of building and expanding the areas of races fully falls within the definition of the concept of “organismic center of organization” when there are patterns that describe such a distribution of races.

The natural and most objective conclusion suggests itself about the existence of four separate centers of origin of four different - ancient - races located on equal distance from each other. Moreover, the distances and points of “seeding” of the races were chosen in such a way that if we tried to repeat such “seeding”, we would end up with the same option. Consequently, the Earth was inhabited by someone or something from 4 different areas of our Galaxy or our Universe....
6.2. Conclusion 2:

Perhaps the original placement of races was artificial.

A number of random coincidences in distances and equidistance between races leads us to believe that this was not accidental. Law 3.10. Organisms says: ordered chaos acquires intelligence. It is interesting to trace the work of this law in the reverse cause-and-effect direction. The expression 1+1=2 and the expression 2=1+1 are equally true. And, therefore, the cause-and-effect relationship in their members works in both directions equally.

By analogy with this, law 3.10. we can reformulate this way: (3.10.-1) intelligence is an acquisition due to the ordering of chaos. The circumstance when out of three segments connecting four seemingly random points, all three segments are equal to the same value cannot be called anything other than a manifestation of intelligence. To ensure that the distances match, you need to measure them accordingly.

In addition, and this circumstance is no less interesting and mysterious, the “miraculous” distance we identified between the points of origin of races is, for some strange and inexplicable reason, equal to the radius of planet Earth. Why?

By connecting the four points of sowing races and the center of the Earth (and they are all located at the same distance), we get a quadrangular equilateral pyramid, with its apex directed towards the center of the Earth.

Why? Where do clear geometric shapes come from in a seemingly chaotic world?
6.3. Conclusion 3:

About the initial maximum isolation of races.

Let's begin our consideration of the mutually pairwise settlement of races with the Negroid-Caucasian pair. Firstly, Negroids no longer come into contact with any other race. Secondly, between the Negroids and Caucasians lies the region of central Africa, which is characterized by an abundant spread of lifeless deserts. That is, initially the arrangement of Negroids relative to Caucasians ensured that these two races would have the least amount of contact with each other. There is some intent here. And also an additional argument against the theory of monogenism - at least in terms of the Negroid-Caucasian couple.

Caucasoid-Mongoloid pairs also exist similar features. The same distance between the conditional centers of race formation is 6000 kilometers. The same natural barrier to the mutual penetration of races is the extremely frosty northern regions and the Mongolian deserts.

The Mongoloid-Australoid pair also provides for maximum use of terrain conditions, preventing the mutual penetration of these races, which are approximately the same 6,000 kilometers apart.

Only in recent decades, with the development of means of transport and communications, the mutual penetration of races has not only become possible, but has also become widespread.

Naturally, in the course of our research these conclusions may be revised.
Final conclusion:

It can be seen that there were four race seeding points. They are equidistant both from each other and from the center of planet Earth. Races have only mutual-pair contacts. The process of mixing races is a process of the last two centuries, before which the races were isolated. If there was an intention in the initial settlement of races, then it was this: to settle the races so that they would not come into contact with each other for as long as possible.

This was probably an experiment to solve the problem of which race would best adapt to earthly conditions. And also, which race will be more progressive in its development....

Source - razrusitelmifov.ucoz.ru

Instructions

The Caucasoid race (less commonly called Eurasian or Caucasoid) is distributed in Europe, Western and partly Central Asia, North Africa, northern and central India. Later, Caucasians settled in both Americas, Australia and South Africa.

Today, about 40 percent of the world's population belongs to the Caucasian race. Caucasians have an orthognathic face and hair is usually soft, wavy or straight. The size of the eyes is not a classifying feature, but the brow ridges are quite large. Anthropologists also note the high bridge of the nose, big nose, small or medium lips, enough rapid growth beards and mustaches. It is noteworthy that the color of hair, skin and eyes is not an indicator of race. The shade can be either light (among northerners) or quite dark (among southerners). The Caucasian race includes Abkhazians, Austrians, Arabs, English, Jews, Spaniards, Germans, Poles, Russians, Tatars, Turks, Croats and about 80 other peoples.

Representatives of the Negroid race settled in Central, East and West Africa. Negroids have curly thick hair, thick lips and a flat nose, wide nostrils, dark skin color, elongated arms and legs. Mustaches and beards grow quite poorly. Eye color - , but the shade depends on genetics. The facial angle is acute, since there is no mental protuberance on the lower jaw. In the last century, Negroids and Australoids were classified as common equatorial race, however, later researchers were able to prove that despite the external similarity and similar conditions of existence, the differences between these races are still significant. One of the opponents of racism, Elizabeth Martinez, proposed calling representatives of the Negroid race Congoids, based on geographic distribution (by analogy with other races), but the term never took root.

"Pygmy" is translated from Greek as "a man the size of a fist." Pygmies or Negrillies are short Negroids. The first mention of pygmies dates back to the third millennium BC. In the 16th-17th centuries, explorers of West Africa called such people “Matimba”. Pygmies were finally identified as a race in the 19th century thanks to the work of the German researcher Georg Schweinfurt and the Russian scientist V.V. Junker. Adult males of the pygmy race usually do not grow above one and a half meters. All representatives of the race are characterized by light brown skin color, curly dark hair, and thin lips. The number of pygmies has not yet been established. According to various sources, from 40,000 to 280,000 people live on the planet. Pygmies belong to underdeveloped peoples. They still live in huts built from dried grass and sticks, hunt (with bows and arrows) and gather, and do not use stone tools.

The Kapoids ("Bushmen" and "Khoisan race") live in South Africa. They are short people with yellow-brown skin and almost childlike features throughout their lives. Characteristic features of the race include coarse curled hair, early-onset wrinkles and the so-called “Hottentot apron” (a saggy fold of skin above the pubis). Bushmen have noticeable fat deposits on the buttocks and curvature of the lumbar spine (lordosis).

Initially, representatives of the race inhabited the territory that is now called Mongolia. The appearance of the Mongoloids testifies to the centuries-old need to survive in desert conditions. Mongoloids have narrow eyes with an additional fold at the inner corner of the eye (epicanthus). This helps protect your eyesight and dust. Representatives of the race are distinguished by thick, black, straight hair. Mongoloids are usually divided into two groups: southern (dark-skinned, short, with a small face and high forehead) and northern (tall, light-skinned, with large features and a low skull vault). Anthropologists believe that this race appeared no more than 12,000 years ago.

Representatives of the Americanoid race settled in North and South America. They have black hair and a nose like an eagle's beak. The eyes are usually black, the slit is larger than that of Mongoloids, but smaller than that of Caucasians. Americanoids usually tall.

Australoids are often referred to as the Austral race. This is a very ancient race, whose representatives lived in the Kuril Islands, Hawaii, Hindustan and Tasmania. Australoids are divided into Ainu, Melanesian, Polynesian, Veddoid and Australian groups. Indigenous Australians have brown but fairly light skin, a large nose, massive brow ridges, strong jaws. The hair of this race is long and wavy, and tends to become very coarse from the sun's rays. Melanesians often have spiral hair.