There is a story connected with the name of the Stroganov merchants. Stroganovs

Stroganov Anika Fedorovich - an intelligent and enterprising person, founded (1515) on the river. Vychegde salt pans, the first began to trade on the banks of the river. Obi, and soon, by robbing and deceiving local tribes, as well as brutal exploitation of working people, he acquired a huge fortune.

He had sons - Yakov, Gregory and Semyon, who continued the work of their father. They began to build fortified settlements on the Chusovaya and Sylva rivers, established towns and forts, and took over many industries. and free people.

The sons of Yakov and Gregory waged wars with the Cheremis, Bashkirs and Ostyaks, and with the help of Ermak’s Cossacks, with the Tatars of Kuchum. That. they expanded their possessions to the West. Siberia. Tsar Ivan the Terrible, as a reward for the conquest of Siberia, granted them the towns of Bolshaya Sol and Malaya Sol on the Volga, and the Urals on both sides. ridges - all the empty lands that they can occupy and hold for themselves; exempted them from duties; gave the right to judge and dispose of people living on their lands, without the knowledge of the tiuns and even the king's governors; relieved of the obligation to transport and feed ambassadors; allowed them to have their own army, to build their own fortresses.

Materials used from the book: Boguslavsky V.V., Burminov V.V. Rus' of the Rurikovichs. Illustrated Historical Dictionary. M., 2000.

The Stroganovs (Stroganovs), a noble, baronial and count family, the ancestor was Fyodor Lukich Stroganov, a native of wealthy Pomeranian peasants, who settled in the 16th century. in Sol Vychegda. His son Anikei Stroganov (1497-1570) started a salt-making business in 1515, and in 1558 received from Tsar Ivan IV the Terrible vast lands along the Kama and Chusovaya rivers. His descendants increased the family's holdings, and in 1581 they took part in organizing Ermak's campaign to Siberia during the Troubles of the early 17th century. provided great assistance to the government of Tsar Vasily Shuisky, in 1610 they were granted eminent people. During the Northern War of 1700-1721, the Stroganovs provided significant funds to Tsar Peter I and founded a number of iron and other factories in the Urals. In 1722, Alexander, Nikolai and Grigory Stroganov were granted the baronial title, their descendants occupied prominent government positions. A.S. Stroganov was elevated to the title of count in 1761. Another count branch comes from G.A. Stroganov.

Book materials used: Sukhareva O.V. Who was who in Russia from Peter I to Paul I, Moscow, 2005.

STROGANOVS

The Stroganov family originates from North-Western Rus', from Veliky Novgorod. There was, however, a legend about the Tatar ancestor of the Stroganovs, a relative of the Khan of the Golden Horde, who allegedly went to serve in Moscow with Dmitry Donskoy, converted to Christianity and received the name Spiridon at baptism. This legend tells that Spiridon did not want to return to the Horde, was captured by the Tatars and refused to return to his former beliefs. For this he suffered brutal torture, the khan ordered “to trim his body, and then, chopping it all into pieces, scatter it.” Thus, the legend explains the origin of the Stroganov surname from martyrdom their ancestor. In fact, this legend has no basis. In fact, the founder of the Stroganovs, Spiridon, a contemporary of Dmitry Donskoy, was a Novgorodian. Spiridon's grandson, Luka Kuzmich, enjoyed the right to collect forty from a significant part of the Dvina land. Some sources connect him with the ransom of the Grand Duke of Moscow Vasily the Dark from Tatar captivity (around 1445), but it is not known whether he was the only participant in this ransom.

Reliable facts relating to this period are that the Stroganovs were the owners of quitrent articles in the Novgorod lands, and the son of Luka Kuzmich, Fyodor Stroganov, and his sons began to develop new lands and moved to Solvychegodsk, where he continued to engage in salt mining. His eldest sons died quite early, and there is practically no information about their activities. His youngest son, Anika (or Ioannikiy) Fedorovich, was an extremely enterprising and energetic person. Through the efforts of Ioannikiy Fedorovich and his sons, the Stroganovs' possessions were significantly expanded. It was under them that the Stroganov family received land in Perm, the Kama region and the Trans-Urals. In addition to his own crafts and commerce, Ioanniky Fedorovich carried out orders from Ivan IV related to monitoring the trading operations of amblers, who were prohibited from retail trading, and collecting grain dues in the Solvychegodsk lands.

Ioannikiy Stroganov's entrepreneurial spirit forced him to constantly expand the scope of his activities. He developed trade with the local population (mainly barter), acquiring precious furs. Stroganov’s trading operations extended beyond the Urals, making connections with Siberia more intense. For all his commercial savvy and shameless robbery of the Ural and Siberian inhabitants, Ioanniky Fedorovich was very religious, built several churches with his own money and made generous donations to monasteries. In old age, he withdrew from the world and became a monk, taking the monastic name Joasaph. He had three sons - Semyon, Gregory and Yakov. There was some kind of discord between Semyon and two other brothers, and the matter even reached the royal court, so Semyon Ioannikievich for a long time was out of favor.

The possessions and capital of the Stroganov family were expanded and multiplied by the grandchildren of Ioannikiy Fedorovich, cousins ​​Maxim Yakovlevich and Nikita Grigorievich. They left a mark not only in the Stroganov family chronicle, but also in the entire Russian history.

Brothers Maxim Yakovlevich and Nikita Grigorievich, as well as their uncle Semyon Ioannikievich, inherited vast estates. They divided all property and lands into three parts. This section is interesting because during it it was compiled full description possessions of the Stroganovs in the so-called “Hundred Book”. It turned out that by the time of the division (1579) the Stroganovs owned more than eight million acres of land alone. Semyon Ioannikievich, as the eldest member of the family, remained on the settled Stroganov lands in Solvychegodsk, and Maxim and Nikita got the Prikamsky, Perm and Trans-Ural territories.

These lands were directly surrounded by foreigners and a significant part of them were located on their territories. Military raids by local tribes were inevitable under these conditions. In addition, the Siberian Khan Kuchum also saw the expansion of the Stroganovs’ influence as a serious threat. The Stroganov brothers had to build fortified towns and forts and maintain a large amount of military force to protect their people and industries from raids and destruction. They had the means for this defense, but they were sorely short of people capable of military service. The Stroganovs, with their characteristic ingenuity, found a way out of this situation.

At that time, the gang, whose leader was Ermak, became famous for its dashing raids on the Volga and the Khvalynsk (Caspian) Sea. This gang also included atamans Nikita Pan, Yakov Mikhailov, and Ivan Koltso (who later became one of the heroes of A.K. Tolstoy’s historical novel “Prince Silver”), well-known at that time. The Stroganovs sent an “affectionate letter” to the Cossacks, in which they offered to leave robbery and enter into “honest service” with them and become “warriors of Tsar Belago.” In essence, they offered the Cossacks to engage in military affairs that were well known to them without the control of the military authorities and on favorable terms.

Having such significant military force, the Stoganovs did not stop there. They needed to get rid of the constant threat to their well-being and prosperity. Their grandfather, Ioanniky Fedorovich, pointed out the great prospects for trade with Siberia. The conquest of this region was of great importance for the entire state.

In 1581, Maxim Yakovlevich and Nikita Grigorievich Stroganov fully equipped a large military detachment led by Ermak for a campaign in Siberia, additionally including a significant number of their people in Ermak Timofeevich’s army. This equipment cost them a huge sum for that time - about twenty thousand rubles, which even the state treasury would have been unable to afford. The main goal of Ermak’s campaign was to destroy the power of Khan Kuchum, which would allow the unhindered seizure of Siberian lands and secure trade routes, and the conquest of the settlement of Mangazeya, the surroundings of which were replete with fur-bearing animals. In fact, Ermak’s campaign was not limited to Mangazeya alone. From 1581 to 1584, as a result of several large bloody battles and many smaller armed clashes with the local population, the Siberian Khanate of Kuchum, stretching along the Type, Tobol and Irtysh rivers, was defeated. There were many legends and traditions about Ermak Timofeevich’s campaign, according to some of which Ermak, after defeating Khan Kuchum, drowned in the Irtysh during a night reconnaissance raid. Despite the successes of the Siberian campaign and all its importance for the country, it was not, as in most great undertakings, without slander and denunciations. The Cherdyn voivode, taking advantage of the raid of local tribes on the Perm lands of the Stroganovs, reported to the tsar about the “arbitrariness” of Maxim and Nikita, that the Stroganov brothers had arbitrarily sent a robber detachment of Cossacks to Siberia, leaving the Perm territories unprotected. In fact, even the ancestors of Maxim and Nikita Stroganov, according to the tsar’s charter, had the right to fight with Siberia, without asking the sovereign’s permission each time.

During the Siberian campaign of Ermak Timofeevich, the Perm lands of the Stroganovs were actually attacked twice by the local ruler Bekhbeley, at the head of a considerable detachment of Voguls. The first time he robbed and burned several villages, but Maxim and his uncle Semyon Stroganov with their army overtook and defeated him. The next year, Bekhbeley tried to capture Orel-town, which belonged to the Stroganovs, but failed to do so and began to destroy the surrounding villages. Nikita Stroganov joined Maxim and Semyon with his squad. In a fierce battle, Bekhbeley’s army was defeated, and he himself was captured and soon died from wounds received in battle. All these events were presented in a distorted form in the denunciation of the Cherdyn governor, and the Stroganovs were accused of leaving their lands unprotected in pursuit of riches.

Tsar Ivan was angry and sent an “angry letter” to the Stroganovs, accusing them of “theft and treason.” In order not to be disgraced, the Stroganovs had to personally explain themselves to the tsar and hastily left for Moscow. The news about Ermak's campaign was the most favorable, he won several major military victories, and besides, Ivan Koltso, sent by Ermak Timofeevich, arrived in Moscow on time, a witness of the successful campaign. Maxim Yakovlevich and Nikita Grigorievich Stroganov described in detail to the sovereign the entire history and goals of the Siberian campaign and asked the conquered lands to “take under the royal hand.” The Stroganovs were rehabilitated. The king not only stopped being angry with them, but also granted them the right to duty-free trade in the territories they had conquered with their zeal.

Having ascended the throne, Fyodor Ivanovich confirmed the Stroganovs’ right to all the possessions and benefits granted to them by his predecessors. Already during his reign, brothers Maxim and Nikita Stroganov provided military assistance necessary to Moscow. And in times of troubles, they provided their warriors to fight the Poles and donated significant sums of money to the empty state treasury. Unlike many other rich people who received mortgages from the treasury for their money loans, the Stroganov brothers refused the mortgages and did not accept their money back. They “did not seek profit for themselves, but served and worked for the great sovereign and the entire Moscow state with faith and truth in everything.” In 1610, Tsar Vasily Shuisky, grateful to the Stroganovs, who never met their requests with refusal, ordered them, their descendants and the descendants of Semyon Ioannikievich to be written with “-vich” and granted them the special title of “eminent people”, which only the Stroganovs bore.

Of the three family branches descended from the sons of Ioannikiy Fedorovich Stroganov, only one turned out to be viable, the other two died out after several generations. Nikita Grigoryevich Stroganov died childless, and the line of Grigory Ioannikievich ended with him. Maxim Yakovlevich had three children, but only one of them, Ivan Maksimovich, had a son, Daniil. Daniil Ivanovich Stroganov was held in high esteem at the court of Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich. At ceremonial dinners with the sovereign and the patriarch, he sat at the same table with the noble boyars. He became related to two noble boyar families by marrying off his daughters. Stefanida Danilovna Stroganova became the wife of Prince Pyotr Urusov, Anna Danilovna Stroganova married the boyar Sergei Miloslavsky. Daniil Ivanovich had no male offspring.

From the third son of Semyon Ioannikievich, Andrei Semenovich, came the only family line that gave rise to many descendants. Andrei Stroganov, like his cousins ​​Maxim and Nikita, helped Tsar Vasily Shuisky with money and military force. He provided great assistance to the governors D.T. Trubetskoy, D.M. Pozharsky, as well as Prokopiy Lyapunov in the fight against the Poles and was included in the number of “eminent people” by a charter from Vasily Shuisky. Son of Andrei Semenovich, Dmitry Andreevich, together with his cousin Fyodor Petrovich, continuing family traditions, provided all possible support to the first Romanov sovereigns, Mikhail Fedorovich and Alexei Mikhailovich. They played an important role in repelling serious raids by the Bashkirs and Tatars in the Kama region.

Dmitry Andreevich had one son, Grigory (1656-1715), who remained the only heir to all the innumerable possessions and capital of the Stroganovs. Just like his predecessors, Grigory Dmitrievich provided broad support for government initiatives. His financial assistance to Peter I was very generous, and it was especially important during Northern War, when, in addition to monetary donations, Grigory Stroganov built and equipped a frigate at his own expense. Peter I highly valued Stroganov's help. He confirmed his right to all possessions and significantly expanded them with eight charters. Grigory Dmitrievich Stroganov was the last “eminent person”; in 1712, Peter bestowed the baronial title on his three sons for the merits of their ancestors. Alexander, Nikolai and Sergei Stroganov, the sons of Grigory Dmitrievich, were not only the first barons in this family, but also its first members to enter public service. Thanks to their wealth and personal qualities, they took a high place at court. At the wedding of the eldest of the brothers, Alexander Grigorievich, with Princess Sheremeteva, Emperor Peter I himself was the father, and “at that marriage he deigned to have fun together with the Empress, their Highnesses the princesses and other noble persons.” Subsequently, Alexander Grigorievich married twice more and through the marriage of his daughters became related to the princes Golitsyn and Shakhovsky. Alexander Grigorievich was an educated man and, like all members of his family, a generous philanthropist. His brother Sergei Grigorievich was, in addition, a connoisseur and patron of art. In his house, built by Rastrelli himself, Sergei Grigorievich founded an excellent art gallery.

Unfortunately, the Stroganov brothers' salt trade was experiencing a crisis at that time. There were objective reasons for this. Alexander, Nikolai and Sergei Stroganov, like previous generations of this family, were faced with a shortage of human resources in the sparsely populated Perm lands. The extraction of salt for delivery to the treasury and its transportation to Nizhny Novgorod (under the terms signed by Grigory Dmitrievich) required a huge number of workers. Until 1742, this problem was solved by attracting vagabonds, runaways and people without passports, who, thanks to acceptable conditions, willingly went to work for the Stroganovs. However, after the decree of 1742, which categorically prohibited the employment of people not only without passports, but even with written passports, only a few holders of printed passports could be hired. There were few such people in the remote Permian lands. The Stroganovs tried to use all their influence and turned to the Senate with a request to make an exception for them for substantial contributions to the treasury, but were refused. Then they submitted a petition to Empress Elizabeth Petrovna, in which they asked to take their salt mines into the state treasury for an appropriate reward. The consideration of this case dragged on for several years. At this time, serious competition arose for the Stroganov salt monopoly - active development of the salt deposits of Lake Elton began. This salt was cheaper than Stroganov salt. Most of the Stroganovs' industries could not withstand the competition, and a significant number of their salt mines were closed.

The descendants of the barons Stroganov, brothers Nikolai and Sergei Grigorievich, also played a significant role at court and in the state. The only son of Sergei Grigorievich, Alexander Sergeevich Stroganov(1733-1811), earned the gratitude of his contemporaries and descendants as a famous philanthropist, patron and generous benefactor of art and science. He traveled a lot across countries Western Europe, brilliantly spoke several languages, attended lectures by the best European professors in Geneva for two years, being especially interested in history. The Austrian Empress Maria Theresa in 1761 granted him the title of Count of the Roman Empire. He was an absolutely secular man, but at the same time well-educated, witty and kind-hearted. As the famous Russian poet K.P. wrote about him. Batyushkov, Alexander Sergeevich Stroganov was “a wit, a miracle,” but all this was seasoned with a rare thing - a kind heart.” For all his luck in social life and excellent spiritual qualities, Alexander Sergeevich Stroganov was unhappy in his personal life. His first marriage was to Anna Mikhailovna, the daughter of Count Vorontsov, who was at that time chancellor, that is, the first person in the state after the emperor. However, the palace intrigues and turbulent political life of that time also affected family life the Stroganov couple. Count Vorontsov, who was a supporter of Peter III, fell from the heights of power along with the emperor as a result of a palace coup that brought Catherine II to the throne. Stroganov was her supporter. As a result of political disagreements, Alexander Stroganov's wife left him in 1764, returning to her father. The divorce case lasted for several years (and Stroganov showed extreme delicacy in it), until it ended with the death of Anna Mikhailovna.

Soon Stroganov remarried. His chosen one was Princess Ekaterina Trubetskaya, famous for her beauty. After the wedding, the Stroganovs left Russia; their only son, Pavel, was born in Paris. Upon returning to Russia, Alexander Sergeevich again suffered family misfortune. His wife became interested in one of the former favorites of Catherine II, the empty-handed handsome Korsakov, and followed him to Moscow, leaving her husband and son. In this case, Stroganov showed nobility, providing Ekaterina Petrovna, who abandoned him, with a house in Moscow, an estate and a solid allowance. He himself took up raising his son, collecting works of art and philanthropy. Stroganov supported such outstanding figures Russian culture, such as the poet and translator of the Iliad Gnedich, portrait artist Levitsky, composer Bortnyansky, sculptor Martos, fabulist Krylov, the great Russian poet Derzhavin and many others.

In 1800, Stroganov became president of the Academy of Arts, and a truly golden time had come for it. Stroganov generously helped young talents, financing their education abroad largely from his own capital.

Alexander Sergeevich Stroganov was one of those rare people who managed, being in the thick of court life, not to participate in any political intrigues. Thanks to his benevolent character, he managed to maintain his position at court during the next change of government, when Emperor Paul ascended the throne. In 1798, Stroganov received the title of count from Paul 1 Russian Empire. And during the reign of Alexander 1, Stroganov enjoyed the favor of the emperor.

Alexander Sergeevich’s kindheartedness extended to his serfs, for whom he sought to be “more a father than a master.” And he made life easier for a huge number of peasants - in Stroganov’s Perm domain alone there were more than eighteen thousand of them. As a senator, Stroganov more than once raised the issue of setting up schools for them. The talented Russian architect Voronikhin came from the serfdom of Stroganov.

The last ten years of Alexander Sergeevich Stroganov’s life were devoted to the construction of the Kazan Cathedral in St. Petersburg, into which a lot of his own money was invested. Such extensive charitable activities, which required huge financial expenditures, upset Stroganov’s capital, and his son inherited significant debts.

Pavel Alexandrovich Stroganov(1774-1817), son of Alexander Sergeevich, could not help but receive an excellent education under such a father. He was a brilliant and influential courtier, one of the advisors of Emperor Alexander I. Possessing a clear mind, he joined the “Committee of Public Security” with Kochubey and Novosiltsev and developed projects for the necessary reforms. Subsequently, he served in the diplomatic service. In 1807, during the Swedish War, already a senator and occupying a very high position, he volunteered to join the ranks of the Life Guards. As the commander of a grenadier regiment, he then demonstrated considerable courage, and later took part in battles with the French at Borodino, Craon and Paris. His only son Alexander also took part in hostilities and died in the battle of Craon. This grief undermined Pavel Alexandrovich's strength, and he died in 1817. Thus, this branch of the Stroganov family was interrupted in the male line. His daughter, Natalya Pavlovna Stroganova, married her distant relative, the famous Russian educator Sergei Grigorievich Stroganov, and the count's title passed to him.

Thus, only the branch left came from Nikolai Grigorievich (1700-1758), the middle of three brothers - the sons of the famous Grigory Dmitrievich Stroganov. Nikolai Grigorievich had three sons and three daughters. His daughter Maria married Count Skavronsky, and the Stroganovs became related to the reigning house.

The descendants of Nikolai Grigorievich Stroganov were, like their predecessors, famous people in Russia, prominent government officials and public figures. One of them, Grigory Aleksandrovich Stroganov (1770-1857), was in the diplomatic service in Sweden and Spain, and was ambassador to Turkey. In 1826, on the day of his coronation, Emperor Nicholas 1 granted him the title of count.

Count Alexander Grigorievich Stroganov (1795-1891), son of Grigory Alexandrovich, after graduating from the corps of railway engineers, successfully began his military career and during the war with Napoleon, as part of an artillery Life Guards brigade, participated in many battles, including near Leipzig and Dresden, and in the capture of Paris. Later, he continued his public service, holding civilian positions: he was governor in a number of regions of Little Russia, headed the Ministry of Internal Affairs, and was a member of the State Council. For a long time he was the Novorossiysk and Bessarabian governor-general. Alexander Grigorievich Stroganov was the president of the Odessa Society of History and Antiquities of Russia, and provided generous assistance to the Odessa museum. He bequeathed his library to Tomsk University.

Another worthy representative of this family, Sergei Grigorievich Stroganov (1794-1882), was in military service all his life, showed considerable courage in the Battle of Borodino, and took part in Crimean War 1854-1855, however, his most striking and fruitful activities were in a purely civilian field. Russian education owes a lot to Sergei Grigorievich. Despite the fact that he held the rank of adjutant general and held high positions, Stroganov was indifferent to his career. Sergei Grigorievich was distinguished by a strong and independent character, he knew how to firmly defend his convictions, even if they contradicted the opinions of senior officials in the state. Of course, his solid fortune allowed Stroganov not to depend on his career. Thanks to his noble spiritual qualities and deep education, Sergei Grigorievich Stroganov was chosen as the teacher of the emperor’s sons, Grand Dukes Nicholas, Alexander, Vladimir and Alexei Alexandrovich.

In 1825, at his own expense, Sergei Grigorievich founded the first drawing school in Moscow. From 1835 to 1847 he was a trustee of the Moscow educational district. In 1840, Stroganov showed all his characteristic strength of character and progressive thinking, sharply protesting against a secret government circular that recommended limiting access to university education for representatives of the lower classes. He also tried, however in vain, to achieve more acceptable censorship conditions for writers. As a result, in 1847, Stroganov quarreled with the reactionary minister S.S. Uvarov and left his post.

Later, Sergei Grigorievich Stroganov headed the commission that considered the education reform project developed by the new Minister of Education, Count D.A. Tolstoy. This reform assumed the division of education into real and classical, with clearly defined specialization and differences in the composition of the subjects taught. Such a reform was necessary and timely, as it made it possible to better prepare students for subsequent higher education in technical and humanitarian fields. Count Stroganov was a supporter of this reform and actively defended its provisions.

Sergei Grigorievich Stroganov showed particular interest in history and, in particular, archaeology. For more than thirty years he was chairman of the Society of Russian History and Antiquities at Moscow University, and was also the founder of the Archaeological Commission, which, on his initiative, carried out excavations in the south of Russia and on the Black Sea coast. This work was very valuable for historical science, since the findings of this commission provided a lot of data about the Cimmerian Bosporus and its Scythian regions. Count Stroganov was also fascinated by ancient architecture, especially Byzantine and Old Russian. In this area, he was by no means an amateur and wrote a book about St. Demetrius Cathedral in Vladimir. Historical works of other authors were also published at Stroganov’s expense. Stroganov’s sphere of interests also included collecting works of art (he significantly expanded the family gallery). He was also an excellent expert on ancient icon painting and collected a rich collection of ancient icons.

Sergei Grigorievich's son, Alexander Sergeevich Stroganov, was also interested in history and archaeology, was a member of the St. Petersburg Archaeological Society and was a famous numismatist. His rich collection of medieval European coins contributed to the development of numismatics not only as a type of collecting, but also as a science.

The descendants of the Stroganovs continued to occupy a prominent position in the state. One of them, Alexander Grigorievich Stroganov, was a member of the State Council, and the other, Grigory Alexandrovich Stroganov, became related to the imperial family, becoming the husband of Grand Duchess Maria Nikolaevna.

Surmina I.O., Usova Yu.V. The most famous dynasties of Russia. Moscow, "Veche", 2001.

The Stroganovs (Strogonovs) were Russian merchants and industrialists, known for their activities in the colonization of the Urals and Siberia, then large landowners and statesmen of the 16th - early 20th centuries. The Stroganovs came from wealthy Pomeranian peasants.

Fyodor Lukich Stroganov firmly established himself in Soli-Vychegda. Here his son Anikei (Anika) Stroganov (1497-1570) started a salt-making business in 1515. Under him, the Stroganovs' fishing holdings expanded significantly. In 1558, Ivan IV the Terrible granted him and his successors huge possessions along the Kama and Chusovaya rivers (Perm possessions). In 1566, at the request of the Stroganovs, their lands were taken into the oprichnina. Seizing lands from the local population and populating them with newcomer Russian peasants, the Stroganovs developed agriculture, salt-making, fishing, hunting and ore industries on them. They built cities and fortresses, with the help of their military squads they suppressed uprisings of local peoples and annexed new territories to Russia in the Urals, the Urals and Siberia.

Anikey's son Semyon (died in 1609) and his grandchildren Maxim Yakovlevich (died in the 20s of the 17th century) and Nikolai Grigorievich (died in 1620) took part in organizing the campaign of Ermak's detachment in 1581, for which they received new possessions. During the events of foreign intervention in the early 17th century, the Stroganovs provided great monetary, food and military assistance to the government (they donated about 842 thousand rubles in money alone), for which in 1610 they received the title of eminent people.

In the 17th century, the Stroganovs developed the salt-making industry on a large scale in the Soli-Kama region. The estates, fragmented between the heirs of the children of Anikei Stroganov, were united in the 80s of the 17th century by Grigory Dmitrievich Stroganov (1656-1715). He also captured the saltworks of the guests of the Shustovs and Filatyevs (see G.D. Stroganov). During the Northern War of 1700-1721, the Stroganovs provided great financial assistance to the government of Peter I. In the 18th century, the Stroganovs founded several iron and copper smelting plants in the Urals. In 1722, Alexander, Nikolai and Sergei Grigorievich Stroganov became barons, and later - counts. The Stroganovs entered the ranks of the Russian aristocracy and began to occupy important government posts. Sergei Grigorievich Stroganov (1707-1756) played a large role in the reign of Elizabeth Petrovna. His son Alexander Sergeevich Stroganov (1733-1811) participated in the work of the commission to draft a new code under Catherine II, and in the late 18th and early 19th centuries he was president of the Academy of Arts, director of the Public Library, and member of the State Council. Pavel Aleksandrovich Stroganov (see. Stroganov P. A.) was a member of the Secret Committee of Alexander I, a comrade of the Minister of Internal Affairs. Sergei Grigorievich Stroganov (see. Stroganov S. G.) in 1835-1847 he was a trustee of the Moscow educational district, in 1859-1860 - the Moscow governor-general; Alexander Grigorievich Stroganov - Minister of Internal Affairs in 1839-1841, since 1849 - member of the State Council. Many of the Stroganovs are known for their interest in art, literature, history, and archaeology. The Stroganovs had rich libraries, collections of paintings, coins, prints, medals, etc.

V. I. Buganov. Moscow.

Soviet historical encyclopedia. In 16 volumes. - M.: Soviet Encyclopedia. 1973-1982. Volume 13. SLAVIC STUDIES - XIA CHEN. 1971.

Read further:

Stroganov Alexander Sergeevich (1733-1811), count, chief chamberlain, member of the State Council, senator.

Stroganov Vasily Egorovich, deputy of the First State Duma from the Yaroslavl province.

Stroganov Grigory Dmitrievich (1656-1715), a major salt industrialist in Russia.

Stroganov Pavel Alexandrovich (1774-1817), count, adjutant general.

Stroganov Semyon Ioannikievich(sk. 1609), the main organizer of sending Ermak Timofeevich’s detachment to Siberia in 1581, for which he was awarded by Tsar Ivan IV the Salt Mines (Big and Small Salt) on the Volga. His son Peter, together with the other Stroganovs, provided important (especially financial) assistance to the militia in Time of Troubles and contributed in every possible way to the election of Tsar Mikhail Fedorovich Romanov.

Sergei Grigorievich Stroganov (1794-1882), member of the State Council, senator, teacher of the children of Alexander II.

Literature:

Miller G.F., History of Siberia, vol. 1-2, M.-L., 1937-41;

Kolmakov N. M., House and surname of Counts Stroganov (1752-1887), "PC", 1887, No. 3, 4;

Bakhrushin S.V., Essays on the history of the colonization of Siberia in the 16th-17th centuries, in his book: Scientific. works, vol. 3, part 1, M., 1955;

Vvedensky A. A., Stroganovs, Ermak and the conquest of Siberia, in the collection: Naukovi zap. Kyiv. state University named after T. G. Shevchenko, t. 8, v. 1 - Historical Sat-k, No. 2, K., 1949;

Vvedensky A. A., The Stroganov House in the 16th-17th centuries, M., 1962;

Ustyugov N.V., Salt production industry of Kama Salt in the 17th century, M., 1957;

Pavlenko N.I., History of metallurgy in Russia in the 18th century. Factories and factory owners, M., 1962.

Large salt industrialists, monopolistic merchants, philanthropists, conquerors of new lands, creditors of the Tsar, Russian and European nobles, the Stroganovs are, without exaggeration, a state within a state. Inland Empire in Russia.

Ransom of the Grand Duke

Once, in a battle with the Tatars, the Grand Duke of Moscow Vasily the Dark was captured. He promised to give as much ransom for himself as he could. And he fulfilled his promise: according to some sources, the Russians paid almost thirty thousand rubles for the prince, according to others - an astronomical sum - two hundred thousand.

The prince fulfilled his promise, but not entirely on his own. Either the entire amount, or a significant part of it, was paid by a certain Luka Stroganov, a Novgorod citizen, apparently a very rich man. No wonder, because among other things, he collected rent from a significant part of the Dvina land: Kholmogory, Padrina Pogost, Kur Island and other places. For the accomplished good deed, Luke himself and his descendants received many favors from the sovereigns, the main one among which was to borrow money and not repay it.

The Stroganovs and Ermak

The heirs of the Stroganovs still insist on the version that it was their ancestors who motivated Ermak to conquer Siberia. Is this true?
Historian Ivan Skrynnikov cites in his book about Ermak the text of the tsar’s charter from 1582, in which in black and white the Stroganovs are instructed “under pain of great disgrace” to return Ermak back and use him “to protect the Perm region.”

The Stroganovs knew Kuchum's powers very well. They had to understand that sending five Cossack hundreds against an army of several thousand soldiers was at least risky. In addition, during Ermak’s departure on the Siberian campaign, the Stroganov estates were threatened by the troops of the Tatar prince Aley. Ermak repulsed them from the Chusov towns, and they carried out a rout on Sol Kama. That is, whoever needed Ermak in the Urals was the Stroganovs.

Far from the king

Anika Stroganov, considered the founder of the dynasty of salt industrialists, entered the business at the age of eighteen, after the death of his father and older brothers. For short term he was able not only to increase the income of already operating saltworks and to open new ones - the Stroganovs turned in the Northern Urals, if not into kings, then at least into local governors.

Anika Stroganov was both an industrialist and a tsarist official: he monitored compliance with the rules of trade with English, German and other foreign merchants. And, of course, he took advantage of his official position by doing business with foreigners. The development of Siberia began on the orders of Stroganov, who was looking for fur-bearing animals there.

Stroganov founded cities, acquired his own army to protect the eastern borders, lent money to Ivan the Terrible, and received allotments from the tsar “for eternal use” - in total reaching several million dessiatines.

Count of the Holy Roman Empire

Gradually, the real influence of the Stroganovs on the life of the state began to be reflected in their titles. Vasily Shuisky granted them eminent people, Peter the Great made them nobles, and under Catherine the Second they added European nobility to other titles.

At the age of 28, Alexander Stroganov was sent to Vienna to congratulate Archduke Joseph on his marriage. He performed his duties so well that the Archduke granted him the title of Count of the Holy Roman Empire. At that time in Russia, Stroganov was just a baron.

A European count, and after some time a Russian one, Alexander Stroganov lived in grand style. “I have two people doing everything possible to go broke and they just can’t!” - Catherine the Second used to say about him and Count Naryshkin. By the end of his life, Alexander Stroganov still managed to achieve this goal: living in grand style, he managed not only to squander the fortune accumulated by his ancestors, but also to get into debt: he owed creditors about three million rubles.

Stroganov the Jacobin

Alexander Stroganov's son Pavel received a European education. Like his father, he, earlier than many Russian nobles, became an active participant not only in Russian, but also in European public life, and felt like a citizen of Europe.

If the father was familiar with Voltaire, then his son went even further in freethinking. Having a teacher who became a member of the French Convention, Paul could not help but be inspired by the ideas of the Great French bourgeois revolution. Under the name of Paul Ocher, he joined the Friends of the Law club, a Jacobin organization. He met the revolution in Paris, but did not have time to enjoy its fruits and, for example, become a victim of the defeat of the Jacobins: his father summoned him to St. Petersburg, considering that it was better for eighteen-year-old Pavel to enroll in Russian service rather than risk your name, and possibly your life, in France. The European past did not interfere with either Paul's friendship with Alexander the First, or his brilliant military service.

Stroganov the teacher

If Pavel Aleksandrovich is the European and St. Petersburg Stroganov, then Sergei Grigorievich is the Moscow Stroganov. He was both Pavel’s second cousin and son-in-law, since he married his daughter Natalya. Like his father-in-law, Sergei had a good military and court career: he served as an adjutant, and later as governor-general. Much more than military affairs, Sergei Stroganov was interested in science, education and art. He founded the first free drawing school in Russia, founded the Imperial Archaeological Commission, equipped archaeological expeditions to the south of the country, and was a philanthropist. And also - educator of the crown princes. Under his leadership, the sons of Emperor Alexander the Second were trained: Nicholas, Alexander (later Emperor Alexander the Third), Vladimir and Alexei.

Stroganov dacha

The Stroganov dacha was favorite place entertainment of the capital's secular society: not only thanks to the hospitality and hospitality of its owner, but also because the dacha itself is a work of art, a kind of odyssey. Here everyone could become not only a guest, but also a wanderer.

The center of the dacha was a pond, symbolizing the sea, in the center of which was an island. From the island, sitting on the hippocampus, a statue of Neptune overlooked the area. The beautiful Calypso was also there, holding Odysseus captive. Several pavilions were built at the dacha, which were called: Muslim, Obelisk and Egyptian Gates. They were reminiscent of the wanderings of Odysseus. Finally, in the possession of the Stroganovs was the “tomb of Homer,” purchased by Alexander Stroganov from an officer who returned from the Turkish campaign.

Stroganov’s own statement about the sarcophagus has been preserved: “When I saw this monument, I could not help but exclaim: is this not a monument to Homer? Since then everyone has concluded that I own Homer’s tomb.”

Miniature: workers from the Stroganov saltworks.

Legacy of the Stroganov dynasty

So what did the Stroganovs leave for Russia? It seems that wherever you look - in literature, music, painting, architecture, geography, production and industry, no, no, the name of one of the representatives of this great dynasty will pop up.

Salt mining. Founding of cities, fortresses, monasteries and temples

Solvychegodsk was founded in the 14th century by residents of the city of Chernigov (that is, on the Chernaya River) in 1515. In 1515, not far from two small towns - Chernigov and Vybor on the U Solka River near Lake Solonikha, Aniky Stroganov set up the first salt boiler. The name “Solvychegodsk” itself comes from the fact that they initially settled near Salt Lake, which is why back in the 15th century the settlement was called Usolye (or the city of Usolsk). Since the end of the 15th century, this city, which had an excellent location on the trade route, was attractive both to settlers who were looking for work here, and to merchants and traders. The Stroganovs invested a lot of money in this city, rebuilding it.

Later, the Stroganovs build Orel-town. The founding of the fortress-city occurred six years after they received the famous charter and the construction of the first town - Konkora-Pyskora, on the banks of the Kama, “opposite the mouth of the Yaiva River”, the “town of Orlov” appeared, originally called Kergedan. The location was not chosen by chance: there were salt mines nearby, and the wooden fortress was supposed to protect them from possible raids by the local population. In 1570, the garrison and residents of Kankor were transferred to Orel-gorod. The history of the new center of the Ural patrimony of the Stroganovs begins. The town was built wisely: it had five corner towers, two of which were “deaf”, without gates, and three were “pass-through”. The walls of the town were initially fortified, and later three of them were replaced by wooden frames reinforced with an earthen embankment.

Oryol-gorod was a powerful and protected fortress. The houses here were built from thick logs, firmly and for a long time. Mica or bull bubbles were inserted into the windows, so the rooms were always twilight.

The huts were placed in such a way as to prevent them from being drowned by water; the Kama was nearby and it was not worth forgetting about the power of the river. Within the Orel-town, judging by written sources, there was “a church built with a wooden cathedral in the name of Praise of the Blessed Virgin Mary with chapels, the Church of the Exaltation of the Holy Life-Giving Cross of the Lord, the Church of the Assumption of the Blessed Virgin Mary.”

The Vvedensky Monastery in Solvychegodsk was founded by the sons of Aniky Stroganov on the run of the Usolka River. Yakov, Gregory and Semyon erected a wooden cathedral in the monastery in the name of the Entry of the Mother of God into the Temple; after the consecration of the cathedral, Anika himself donated the “Introduction” icon to the cathedral. The monastery experienced its best years later, under Grigory Dmitrievich Stroganov. He personally created several choirs of serf peasants, who sang in the church at the monastery. In 1688, there was a fire and instead of the burnt wooden cathedral, Grigory Stroganov built a stone one; the work lasted eight years. This was the first building in the style later dubbed “Stroganov Baroque” by historians. The carved seven-tiered iconostasis of the cathedral was made by a team of Moscow carvers led by master Grigory Ivanov. The icons were painted by the Stroganov serf icon painter Stepan Narykov, who studied abroad and adopted the style and technique of painting there.

Stroganov iconography

Stroganov icon painting is a completely unique phenomenon for Rus'. It originated under the influence of wealthy, God-abiding industrialists. The Christian faith was one of the fundamental foundations of life for the Stroganovs. In any fortress that they built in Siberia and the Urals there must be a church, and there must be icons in it. It is possible to ask to send icons from Moscow, but these requests were not always fulfilled. Therefore, the Stroganovs wisely decided to raise icon painters at home, on their own land.

Most of the best Stroganov icons were painted for Maxim and Nikita, the very same ones who equipped Ermak to conquer Siberia. Scientists believe that most likely they decided to create their own icon-painting workshops, where they gathered the best masters from all over the country. The icons of this letter are distinguished by their light, clean colors, carefully painted details, “preciousness” of the letter, multi-figure compositions and landscape sketches. Stroganov's icon painters became some kind of revolutionaries in such a traditional art as icon painting; they began to complement the images of saints with a fantastic landscape with strange plants and bizarre clouds in the sky, and everyday objects. People and nature were depicted very realistically. Procopius Chirin became the most famous icon painter of the Stroganov school. From a simple apprentice he became a court icon painter of the Tsar, and Stroganov icons settled in the houses of the Tsar's nobility and in the churches of Moscow. No less skilled craftsmen continued to work in Solvychegodsk - Emelyan Moskvitin, Istoma Savin and his sons - Nazariy and Nikifor.

Metallurgy

When salt ceased to bring significant profits, the Stroganovs switched their attention to the extraction and production of iron and copper. It must be said that they poured iron almost from the beginning of their rule in Siberia - they had to make weapons out of something in order to defend their possessions. Later, metallurgical manufactories began to bring in good income, and the main bet was made on them. In 1726, they built the Taman copper smelter on the Tamanka River, in the Solikamsk estate. Subsequently, seven ironworks appeared in the Stroganov possessions: Bilimbaevsky, Yugo-Kama, Kusye-Alexandrovsky, Domryansky, Ochersky, Khokhlovsky and Nytvensky. Copper was also produced at the Nytvensky plant - in 1759, Baroness M.A. Stroganova received permission from the Berg College to build six copper smelting furnaces here. But the construction of factories was not limited only to the Stroganov lands. Alexey. Stroganov in 1758 founded the Trinity-Satkinsky plant in the upper reaches of the Satka River, on land purchased by his father from the Bashkirs. Then, however, this plant was sold to I.L. Luginin. By 1765, the Stroganovs owned twelve factories, and in total during the 18th century they built fourteen metallurgical enterprises. By the end of the century, only six factories remained in their hands - Bilimbaevsky, Domryansky, Ochersky, Kynovsky, Ekaterino-Syuzvinsky and Elizaveto-Nerdvinsky.

Among the noble entrepreneurs of the Urals was Prince M. M. Golitsyn, who married A. A. Stroganova, who brought him half of the Kusye-Alexandrovsky plant as a dowry. In 1760, Golitsyn built a new Nytva iron and copper smelting plant in the Kungur province on the Nytva River, and in 1785, the Arkhangelo-Pashiysky Plant on the Pashie River. From the dowry taken from Baroness V.A. Stroganova (part of the Kusye-Alexandrovsky and Yugo-Kama plant), the factory economy of Prince Boris Shakhovsky began. In the 1780s. this economy was replenished by the Lysvensky and Bisersky factories. The farms of the senator and chamberlain V.A. Vsevolozhsky and the court jeweler I.L. Lazarev were also genetically connected with the Stroganov factories: the Pozhvensky factory, which formerly belonged to the Stroganovs, went to the former in 1773, and the Chermoz and Khokhlovsky factories to the latter.

Patronage, collecting and support of artists

Each of the Stroganov dynasty had an extraordinary passion for art, and with incredible insight they distinguished the greatest creations from trifles. Statues, paintings, engravings, furniture, coins, books, prints were brought to Russia from abroad, but their talents were constantly supported in their own country.

The place where the magnificent collections were kept was the Stroganov Palace, built by Rastrelli. The collection was started by Baron Sergei Grigorievich Stroganov, his son Alexander continued his father’s passion. He not only brought beautiful paintings, statues, and ceramics from Europe, but also exhibited them. His art gallery was especially famous, becoming widely known thanks to the publication of catalogs prepared by the collector himself. The 1793 catalog mentions 87 paintings by fifty-five Western European artists. In the 1800 edition, the gallery already contained 116 works by seventy-two painters. The collection included works by Italian, French, Dutch, Flemish and Spanish masters. The count clearly gave his preference to Italian painters, mainly Renaissance artists and academicians of the 17th century. Later, paintings by Russian masters appeared in the collection. The Mineral Cabinet was of particular interest in the Stroganov Palace. Here, according to the recollections of contemporaries, a collection of minerals found in Russia and various European countries was collected, as well as many interesting fossils: corals, mollusks, fish, turtles, plants.

Alexander Sergeevich Stroganov patronized talents both in art and literature. Derzhavin, Bortnyansky, Bogdanovich, Krylov, Zhukovsky, and Martos enjoyed his support.

Under Count Sergei Grigorievich Stroganov, the collection of paintings became a kind of museum. One of the first icon painting collections in Russia was created in the palace, in which works by masters of the Stroganov school made up the largest and most significant part of the collection. But besides this, absolutely extraordinary things were exhibited in the halls of the palace: furniture, snuff boxes, vases made of colored stone with bronze, chandeliers and candelabra, small bronze figurines. The count collected both Russian and Byzantine coins. It was collecting coins that became the passion in the life of his son, Alexander. By the end of his life, his collection numbered more than fifty thousand coins. Another son of Sergei Stroganov, Pavel, began his collecting with early Italians, and not only paintings, but wooden figurines, furniture, and ceramics. Later, after his travels, paintings by Dutch and Flemish masters appeared in the collection.

The Stroganovs were familiar with Pushkin’s family, and it was Count Grigory Stroganov who took upon himself the organization of the funeral of the brilliant poet, and his wife herself was personally on duty at the bedside of the wounded poet. Count Stroganov ensured that death in a duel was recognized as murder and not suicide, and the poet was buried in St. Isaac's Cathedral.

Here is what Zhukovsky wrote about this: “Count Stroganov, who can no longer be accused of either frivolity or demagoguery, as a relative, took upon himself all the costs of Pushkin’s funeral; he called his trusted man and instructed him to arrange everything. And precisely because Count Stroganov took upon himself all the costs of the funeral, it happened that they were carried out in the most brilliant manner, in accordance with the noble character of the count. He invited the bishop, and as soon as he refused to perform the ceremony, he invited three archimandrites. He appointed St. Isaac's Cathedral for the funeral, and the reason for the appointment was the simplest, he was told that Pushkin's house belonged to the parish of St. Isaac's Cathedral; therefore, it was impossible to appoint another church; It was impossible to even think about the Stable Church; it was a court church. To have a funeral service there, one had to obtain special permission, which was not necessary, because they had in mind the parish church...”

Stroganov took upon himself further concerns about the poet’s family. Count Grigory Stroganov also became the guardian of the poet’s children and his property. Through his petition, the Pushkin family received 150 thousand silver rubles from the Tsar.

The Stroganovs noted talented people, wherever they are. The painter and architect Voronikhin was a serf of the Stroganovs. At first, the talented young man studied in the workshop of the famous Ural icon painter Gavrila Yushkov, one of the Stroganov art schools. The most capable students of such schools were sent to continue their education in major cities. The serf's skill attracted the attention of Count Alexander Stroganov and in the spring of 1772 Andrei Voronikhin was sent to study in Moscow.

Over four years of diligent study and construction work, Andrei Voronikhin acquired not only the concept of architecture as a science, but also experience in drawing up plans for individual parts and entire buildings. At the same time, Andrei did not give up painting. In the hours free from architecture, he painted miniature portraits on enamel and made sketches of architectural landscapes. Later, Andrei is sent to St. Petersburg at the disposal of Count Stroganov. Seeing the special talents of the young man, the count, a man of great soul, showed him almost fatherly care. Voronikhin was given a room to live in the count's palace and a room to work on drawings and drawings. A few years later, the count gave the talented young man his freedom. And even after this, Voronikhin did not leave Stroganov; for some time he lived in the palace, performing important architectural work. Later, it was to him that the count entrusted the construction of the Kazan Cathedral - the main work of his life. According to his contemporaries, and even his descendants, Voronikhin coped with this honorable duty superbly.

Beef a la Stroganov

Beef Stroganoff, meat Stroganoff style, beef Stroganoff style, all these are the names of a classic culinary dish - beef Stroganoff. The dish, named in memory of Count Stroganov, became famous and loved all over the world. At the same time, there are two legends about the origin of this dish.

Governor-General of Novorossiya Alexander Grigorievich Stroganov, a famous philanthropist and collector who donated a huge library to Tomsk University, the founder of Odessa University, was an incredibly hospitable person. He was one of the first to have an open table in Odessa - anyone right off the street could come and dine with the count. Some gastronomy researchers believe that the count's chefs decided to cut the beef into strips and serve it in a thick sauce just to save money - you can't feed the whole of Odessa with tenderloin and baked boiled pork! Another version of the origin of this dish is more prosaic than the desire of the count's chefs to save money.

It is known that the Governor General special meaning gave good table. A person who has eaten hastily or tastelessly, according to Stroganov, is not only incapable of perceiving art - he cannot even properly communicate with his interlocutor! And, of course, the count kept exclusively high-class chefs, ordering them straight from Paris. The count did not spare money for the cooks, paying them a hefty salary. But in his old age, Stroganov’s cooks did not stay long, the count was very picky, and many of the great cooks considered him capricious. And only one of the French chefs managed to satisfy Count Stroganov’s requests. The fact is that the count’s teeth became very bad in his old age, I didn’t want to admit it, so the cooks changed. And the new chef Andre Dupont, by cutting the beef into strips and serving them with sauce, pleased the count so much that he called this dish his estate. The most interesting thing is that Dupont was not a skilled cook, and his recommendations were fake. The young man went to Russia with exorbitant ambitions, just in case he got away with it. And, as they say, I came at the right time and in the right place.

Beef Stroganoff conquered Russia, and then began its triumphal march around the world. The recipe was enriched with details according to the traditions of different countries. Even before the revolution, “Russian roast” gained popularity in Paris, and from there it spread to restaurants in Europe. After the revolutionary year of 1917, beef Stroganoff, along with emigrants, moved to America through China. There, beef Stroganoff is always served with rice or pasta. By the way, Dupont’s invention is extremely popular in Scandinavian countries - the Swedes love their “Stroganoff sausages,” and the Norwegians prepare stroganoff from dried semi-finished product. And even in distant Brazil there are many lovers of meat bestrogonofe. The recipe differs from the classic one in that the sauce contains more quantities tomato paste, and the beef was replaced with chicken meat, which is more traditional in those places.

"Stroganovka"

Count Sergei Grigorievich Stroganov, founding the “Drawing School in relation to arts and crafts” in 1825, probably could not have suspected that his brainchild would later become the leading university in Russia. The school was conceived as an educational institution that would provide Russian enterprises with their own specialists in drawing and painting. The educational institution was absolutely unique for its time; children of both commoners and serfs were accepted there. The main criterion for admission to study was not the high position of the parents, but the applicant’s talent, his ability to draw, artistic creativity. “The purpose of this institution is,” wrote S. G. Stroganov, “to give young people (from 10 to 16 years old) who devote themselves to various kinds of crafts and skills an opportunity to acquire the art of drawing, without which no artisan is able to give possible perfection in our products.”

After twelve years of existence of the educational institution, Stroganov transfers the school to Moscow, it becomes a state educational institution for training artists of decorative and applied arts. Now the Moscow State Art and Industry Academy named after S. G. Stroganov trains artists in five specialties and seventeen specializations: interior and furniture design, development of decorative and furniture fabrics, trains specialists in various fields of design, historians and art theorists, monumental painting artists and sculptors, artists of metal, ceramics and glass, restorers of monumental painting, furniture and artistic metal.

Kazan Cathedral

Paul the First initially decided to build the temple according to the design of Charles Cameron. But with the support of Count Alexander Sergeevich Stroganov, who was responsible for the construction, the work was entrusted to Andrei Nikiforovich Voronikhin. His project was approved by Paul on November 114, 1800. This decision was widely discussed in society. It was especially pointed out that Voronikhin was a former serf of the Stroganovs. The commission “On the construction of the Kazan Church” was headed by Count Stroganov. The main idea was the construction of a majestic temple, similar to the Roman Cathedral of Peter and Paul, but exclusively by Russian craftsmen and from domestic materials.

The following materials were used in the decoration of the Kazan Cathedral: Olonets marble, Vyborg and Serdobol granite, and Riga limestone. The external cladding of the walls is made of Pudost limestone (from a quarry near the village of Pudost, eight kilometers from Gatchina). In total, 12,000 cubic meters of this stone were needed. In quarries near Vyborg, 56 granite monoliths were mined, from which columns were hewn for installation inside the building.

The hall of the Kazan Cathedral looks like a palace hall. Voronikhin erected a truly unique structure. The icons for the Kazan Cathedral were painted by V. Borovikovsky, O. Kiprensky, A. Ivanov, F. Bryullo, K. Bryullov.

The length of the building from west to east is 72.5 meters, from north to south – 56.7 meters. The Kazan Cathedral became the tallest temple of the early 19th century. The diameter of the dome exceeds 17 meters. For the first time in world construction practice, Voronikhin used a metal structure.

Four bronze sculptures were placed in the niches of the northern portico: Prince Vladimir (sculptor S. Pimenov), Andrew the First-Called (V.I. Demut-Malinovsky), John the Baptist (I.P. Martos) and Alexander Nevsky (S. Pimenov). At the feet of the latter there is a sword with a lion, the symbol of Sweden. A Russian shield rests on the lion.

Count Stroganov, who considered the construction of the cathedral his life's work, climbed the scaffolding himself and checked the strength of the structure. Discussed the progress of construction with the workers. And sometimes they worked in fifteen-degree frost.

On September 15, 1811, the solemn consecration of the Kazan Cathedral took place. Count Stroganov presented Alexander I with the keys to the temple. Then the Kazan icon Mother of God with a procession of the cross they carried it around the cathedral and placed it in a carved iconostasis. Anyhow important events the royal family celebrated after this with divine services in the Kazan Cathedral. All members were married in the Kazan Cathedral royal family. Solemnly celebrated " royal days" The three hundredth anniversary of the House of Romanov was celebrated especially magnificently.

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The Stroganovs are a family of famous merchants and industrialists who later became nobles. They come from wealthy peasants of Pomerania. They trace their origins to the Novgorod merchant Spiridon, who lived about the time. Spiridon's great-grandson, Fyodor Lukich Stroganov, settled in Soli-Vychegodskaya, where his son Anikei founded a salt-making industry at the beginning of the sixteenth century. Under Anikei Fedorovich, considered the largest Russian entrepreneur of that time, the Stroganov family was granted extensive plots in the Perm lands.

In their domains, merchants developed salt making, agriculture, mining, hunting and fishing. The Stroganovs built new cities and erected defensive fortresses. Through their own squads they suppressed unrest among local peoples, annexing new territories of Siberia and the Urals to Russia. It was the Stroganovs who called for his famous Siberian campaign. During the period, the Stroganov family provided the Tsar with enormous material and military assistance, allocating an amount exceeding 800 thousand rubles in money alone. For this, the tsar granted the merchants the title of “eminent people”, making the Stroganovs nobles.

Grigory Dmitrievich Stroganov played a significant role in the fate of the family, who again united the possessions at the end of the seventeenth century, which by that time had been fragmented among the heirs of Anikei. During the Northern War, Grigory Dmitrievich provided significant financial assistance. At the end of the war, his sons were granted baronial titles. Alexander Sergeevich Stroganov was a member of the commission that worked on the draft of a new code under Empress Catherine the Great. Subsequently he was a member of the State Council, was the president of the Academy of Arts and the chief director of the Public Library. He was one of the most educated people of his time, and was known as a philanthropist and philanthropist. In 1798, Alexander Sergeevich received the title of count. His son Pavel Alexandrovich was a member Secret committee, created by the emperor and was a major military figure. The second count branch of the Stroganovs comes from Grigory Aleksandrovich Stroganov, a famous diplomat of that time. His son Sergei Grigorievich was a prominent military man and statesman, served as Moscow Governor-General, is also known for his extensive educational activities, and was a member of many scientific societies. He made a great contribution to the development of education in Russia. Sergei Grigorievich Stroganov was the founder of the Imperial Archaeological Commission, and with his own money he organized a number of archaeological expeditions. His brother, Alexander Grigorievich, was the Minister of Internal Affairs and a member of the State Council. The family died out with the death of the last representative - Sergei Alexandrovich Stroganov in 1923.

Many of the representatives of the Stroganov family were famous for their ardent interest in literature, art and sciences, especially history. They were known as patrons of the arts and philanthropists. Among them were famous collectors, the most famous were the collections of Pavel Sergeevich and Grigory Sergeevich Stroganov. Many wonderful palaces and other architectural works were erected by order of representatives of this family. A number of churches erected on the initiative of the Stroganovs at the turn of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries gave rise to the so-called Stroganov style in architecture.

#1 (2) January 2002

TRADITIONS

STROGANOVS

ORIGIN
One of the most famous names in the history of Russian business is the Stroganovs (before the revolution, the spelling Strogonov is sometimes found).
In historical literature there are two versions of the origin of the Stroganov family. According to a family legend, based on the notes of the Dutch traveler of the early 17th century, Isaac Massa, the Stroganov family traced its origins to the Tatar princes. According to this legend, one of the relatives of the Tatar Khan, perhaps even his son, was sent to serve Dmitry Donskoy. In Moscow, he converts to Christianity and at baptism receives the name Spiridon. Dmitry Donskoy, “for the sake of baptism, he loved him even more and bestowed many gifts according to his dignity,” marrying his niece (according to another version, his daughter) to him. Having learned about this, the khan demanded the return of his relative. Having received a refusal, “not being satisfied with this answer... he sent many armed Tatars to the Russian borders and ordered the Russian settlements to be destroyed with fire and sword.” In response, Dmitry Donskoy sent a “noble detachment” under the command of Spiridon against the Tatars. During the battle, the Russians were defeated, and Spiridon was captured. Since all attempts to persuade him to return to old faith turned out to be ineffective, the khan ordered “to tie him to a post, trim his body on it, and then, chopping everything into pieces, scatter it,” which “was immediately completed.” The date of the martyrdom of Spiridon in the Stroganov family tree is assigned to 6903 according to the old calendar (or 1395 according to the modern calendar). The son born after the death of Spiridon was named Kozma and he was given the surname Stroganov (from the word “plane”).
The first to express doubts about the reliability of this family legend was the famous Russian historian N.M. Karamzin. Later, the legend about the Tatar origin of the Stroganovs was finally recognized as an “undoubted fable.” According to version two half of the 19th century century, the Stroganov family originates from the old Novgorod surname Dobrynin. At least, there is no doubt that in the ancient Novgorod districts, Ustyug and Solvychegodsk, the Stroganov family has controlled the collection of quitrents since time immemorial. The ancestor of the Stroganovs was indeed a certain Spiridon, who lived during the time of Dmitry Donskoy.

ANIKA STROGANOV - FOUNDER OF ENTREPRENEURSHIP DYNASTY
It is reliably known that the great-grandson of Spiridon Fyodor moved from Novgorod to Solvychegodsk around 1488. Soon after this, with a new name, Theodosius, he entered a monastery, where he died in 1493.
Already at the beginning of the 16th century, the foundations of the family fortune were laid by Anika (Ioannikiy) Fedorovich Stroganov. Like his father, at the end of his life he became a monk, known monastically as Joasaph.
Having inherited a small salt production from his father, Anika expanded it significantly. At first he operated in Solvychegodsk, developing his own production at the expense of neighboring salt workers. At the same time, he carried out trading operations. Another source of his income was monitoring the trade of English merchants, which he was entrusted with by Ivan IV the Terrible. In addition, according to the orders of the Tsar and his entourage, A. Stroganov purchased various foreign goods from the British, receiving large profits from such transactions.
For their part, English merchants were especially willing to buy furs. In an effort to expand their trade, Anika Stroganov and his brothers begin to penetrate further and further to the east, reaching the Kama River and the Urals. In 1558, Ivan the Terrible granted 3.5 million acres of land in the North-Western Urals to A. Stroganov’s middle son Gregory “for the whole family” (as stated in the royal decree).
In the same year, immediately after receiving the royal charter, Anika, together with his sons Gregory and Yakov, went to new lands, and founded the city of Kamgort (Kankor) on the right bank of the Kama. In 1560, at a distance of one mile from this city, the Stroganovs began construction of a monastery in the name of the Transfiguration of the Lord, which later became known as Pyskorsky. To this monastery, in order to commemorate the royal family, the Stroganovs donated the “closest places” to it - lands from the Lysva River to the Nizhnyaya Pyskorka River with various lands and several salt pans.
At the end of the 16th century, the Stroganovs already had more than 10 million acres of land at their disposal. For a long time, the lands and fields of the Stroganovs were in the joint possession of the entire “family,” that is, all the descendants of Anika Fedorovich. It was only in the middle of the 17th century that this wealth was divided between different branches of the dynasty. But at the end of the same century, all possessions again ended up in the hands of the only heir - Grigory Dmitrievich Stroganov. In addition to 10 million acres of land, he owned 20 cities and "fortresses", and also had more than 200 villages and 15 thousand male serfs.
Initially, the lands were granted to the Stroganovs only for temporary possession, but each new sovereign, upon ascending the throne, invariably confirmed their rights to the previous grants. At the beginning of the 18th century, Grigory Dmitrievich Stroganov received from Peter I a letter of eternal ownership of all granted places. When the government realized its mistake after some time, it itself was forced, in the interests of the treasury, to enter into complex and lengthy negotiations with the Stroganovs about the return of the land. As a result of these negotiations in early XIX century, the state received back about 4 million dessiatinas. Most of the awards remained in the possession of the Stroganovs.
In the 16th - 17th centuries, promising various privileges and benefits, the Stroganovs attracted settlers from all over Russia to their territories. At the expense of the Stroganovs, cities and fortresses were founded along the Kama and Chusovaya rivers, in which there were armed garrisons consisting of “gunners, squeakers and collars” to “protect from the Nogai and other hordes,” as well as detachments to protect the salt mines. The Stroganovs were subject only to the personal court of the tsar; their possessions were not subject to the governors and governors. In fact, something like a “state within a state” has emerged, with its own administration and armed forces.
It was the Stroganovs who founded the Kamskaya Salt industry. Using the right of duty-free trade, in fact being monopolistic salt producers in this region, they supplied salt in large quantities to Kazan, Nizhny Novgorod, and other cities of the Volga region and Central Russia. At the same time, as before, they conducted an active trade in furs, fish and other goods.

STROGANOVS AND THE ACCESSION OF SIBERIA
Ermak’s trip to Siberia, well known to everyone from his school days, was also organized with money and on the initiative of the Stroganovs.
Back in 1574, Grigory and Yakov Stroganov were summoned to Moscow to see Ivan the Terrible. As a result of the conversations, the brothers received a charter from the tsar, which expanded their possessions to the eastern side of the Urals and at the same time entrusted them with the issues of defense and expansion of the eastern borders of the Russian state. The letter states this as follows: “His Royal Majesty, Sovereign, Tsar and Grand Duke John Vasilyevich granted them, the Stroganovs, all those places beyond the Yugorsky Stone, in Siberian Ukraine, between Siberia, Nagai and Takhcha and the Tobol river with rivers and lakes with the mouths to the peaks, where the military people of the Saltan of Siberia gather; on those lands they are allowed to receive all ranks of people, to build cities and fortresses, and on them to keep gunners and squeakers, and to protect the Yasash Vogulichs from attacks and Tatar raids, and in the kingdom of Siberia itself By conquering it under the Russian State, we will strive to also populate people along the Irtysh River and the Great Ob, plow arable land and own land."
After the death of their parents, their sons Maxim Yakovlevich and Nikita Grigorievich were seriously concerned about the protection of their possessions. In 1579, having learned that a gang of Cossacks was robbing the Volga (including Karamyshev, the Russian ambassador to Persia), they decided to invite her to their service. The letter sent to the leaders of the Cossacks, among whom was Ermak Timofeevich, stated that they should “not be robbers, but warriors of the White Tsar and ... reconcile with Russia.” “We have fortresses and lands,” the Stroganovs further wrote, “but there are few squads; come to us to defend Great Perm and the eastern edge of Christianity.” The Cossacks responded to this invitation and in the winter of the same year they arrived to the Stroganovs.
In 1581, Ermak Timofeevich, supplied by the Stroganovs with everything they needed, began his famous campaign to Siberia. One of the tsar’s letters states that Maxim Yakovlevich and Nikita Grigorievich “to help him, Ermak, hired many people as military comrades and repaired the whole army, and money, and clothing, and a combat rifle, and gunpowder, and lead, and everything they gave supplies for military affairs from their belongings and sent servants with them, and with that service, zeal and sending, the Siberian state took the Tatars and Ostyaks and the Vogulichs under our (the tsar’s - Yu. G.) high hand.”
However, as a result of the denunciation, the actions of the Stroganovs in Moscow were assessed extremely negatively. They received an order that when the Cossacks returned from the campaign, they must be arrested and handed over to representatives of the Moscow authorities. If this does not happen, then “we will put great disgrace on you, and we will order the atamans and Cossacks who listened to you and served you ... to be hanged.” This royal message greatly frightened the Stroganovs. Soon, having received news of the successes of the Cossacks in Siberia, they went to Moscow to make excuses. As a result, the royal anger was replaced by mercy, and the Stroganovs were granted the right to duty-free trade in the newly conquered lands.

HELP TO THE STATE TREASURE
Over the course of several centuries, the Stroganovs' relations with the state developed differently. On the one hand, representatives of this family provided assistance to the Moscow princes, kings, and emperors. So, according to some information, the grandson of Spiridon (the founder of the dynasty) Luka Kuzmich in 1445 or 1446 ransomed Grand Duke Vasily Vasilyevich the Dark from Tatar captivity “out of great zeal for him, with a significant amount of money, not sparing his belongings.”
During the Time of Troubles of the early 17th century, Maxim Yakovlevich and Nikita Grigorievich Stroganov provided monetary and military assistance to the government of Vasily Shuisky. Financial assistance Other representatives of the Stroganov family also provided assistance to the Moscow sovereigns, especially during the Time of Troubles, when there were no funds in the treasury to pay salaries to warriors. One of the letters of Peter I states that during the interregnum and the reign of Mikhail Fedorovich (the first tsar of the Romanov dynasty), the Stroganovs donated about 850 thousand rubles, which at that time was considered simply an astronomical amount.
On the other hand, the Russian autocrats did not forget about the services provided, granting the Stroganovs more and more privileges. Already Vasily Shuisky granted them the special title of “eminent people” with the right to be called “vich”, that is, a full patronymic, which at that time was allowed only to representatives of the most noble princely and boyar families.
In the “Conciliar Code” of Alexei Mikhailovich, compiled in 1649 and being the most famous and extensive legal monument of that time, the rights of the Stroganovs were even recorded in a special article (Article 94, Chapter X).

THE STROGANOVS - ARISTOCRATS AND CHARITERS
In the second half of the 18th century, the Stroganovs' entrepreneurial activity declined. The domestic market of the country, especially in Central Russia, begins to receive large quantities of salt from the lakes of the Lower Volga region, which was much cheaper than that obtained in the Stroganov breweries. New owners are appearing in the Urals. Attempts to engage in metallurgy (this branch of the nascent domestic industry was very popular at that time) did not bring much success to the Stroganovs.
In the 18th century, when the process of “nobility” began, that is, merchants receiving noble titles, the Stroganovs were among the first to make the transition to the privileged class. In 1722, Alexander, Nikolai and Sergei Grigorievich Stroganov “for the merits of their ancestors” were elevated to baronial dignity.
The descendants of the Stroganovs, using their wealth, received titles, made careers in the public service, acquired estates and serfs, that is, they led the typical life of the Russian aristocracy. However, the Stroganovs were distinguished by one characteristic feature - patronage of representatives of culture. Already at the end of the 16th and beginning of the 17th centuries, the Stroganovs supported the work of the most skilled icon painters who strived for a special elegance of painting, ordering and purchasing their works for their “uppers”. During that period, the "Stroganov" art school. At the end of the 17th century, we can talk about the Stroganov style in architecture. It is in this style that the Church of the Nativity of the Virgin Mary in Nizhny Novgorod, built at the expense of G. D. Stroganov, is made.
In the 18th century, the first count in the Stroganov family, Alexander Sergeevich (1733 - 1811), became one of the outstanding Russian philanthropists in the full sense of the word. He patronized talents both in art and literature. Derzhavin, Bortnyansky, Bogdanovich, Krylov enjoyed his support. Since 1768, A. S. Stroganov was an honorary member of the Academy of Arts, and in 1800 he was appointed its president. In 1801, the count was entrusted with overseeing the construction of the Kazan Cathedral, which took place under the direction of the architect Voronikhin, who had previously been his serf. A. S. Stroganov was also the author of the project to open a Public Library in St. Petersburg, of which he was appointed director.
Countess Natalia Pavlovna (1796 - 1872) became famous for her special kindness in the Stroganov family. Contemporaries noted the amazing gentleness of her character and meekness of heart. “She was especially distinguished by her compassion for her neighbor and poor people in general; her whole life revolved around her family, deeds of good, and she had no other world. That’s how she began her existence, that’s how she spent her whole life, and that’s how she went to eternity".
Another famous philanthropist and philanthropist - Count Sergei Grigorievich Stroganov (1794 - 1882) - from 1835 to 1847 was a trustee of the Moscow educational district and Moscow University. Contemporaries called this period the “Stroganov time.” While managing the university, Stroganov knew how to find and encourage talented teachers. Granovsky, Kavelin, Soloviev, Buslaev, Bodyansky - these are just a few professors who began their university activities at this time, and subsequently became the pride of Russian science. S. G. Stroganov’s understanding of the need to develop higher education in the country affected his rejection of restricting access to the university for people of the lower classes and his fight against censorship. He vigorously advocated for improving the condition of the gymnasiums and primary schools, having prepared the “Regulations on urban primary schools in Moscow.”
It is to S. G. Stroganov, a great lover of archeology, that the Society of Russian History and Antiquities owes a lot, in which he was chairman for 37 years (from 1837 to 1874) and for which he achieved the title of Imperial with state subsidies (not forgetting at the same time and about permanent own financing). The Archaeological Commission owes its appearance to him. Under his leadership and at his expense, “Antiquities of the Russian State” and a number of other publications were published, including those of which he himself was the author.
A great lover and connoisseur of painting and sculpture, Sergei Grigorievich Stroganov left a memory of himself as the founder of the first Russian drawing school. In 1825, he organized the now famous Stroganov School in Moscow.