Peter's internal reforms 1 table. The Importance of Fleet Building

Reform public administration

Creation of the Near Chancellery (or Council of Ministers) in 1699. It was transformed in 1711 into the Governing Senate. Creation of 12 boards with a specific scope of activity and powers.

The public administration system has become more advanced. The activities of most government bodies became regulated, and the boards had a clearly defined area of activity. Supervisory authorities were created.

Regional (provincial) reform

1708-1715 and 1719-1720

At the first stage of the reform, Peter 1 divided Russia into 8 provinces: Moscow, Kyiv, Kazan, Ingria (later St. Petersburg), Arkhangelsk, Smolensk, Azov, Siberian. They were controlled by governors who were in charge of the troops located on the territory of the province, and also had full administrative and judicial power. At the second stage of the reform, the provinces were divided into 50 provinces governed by governors, and they were divided into districts led by zemstvo commissars. Governors were deprived of administrative power and resolved judicial and military issues.

There was a centralization of power. Local governments have almost completely lost influence.

Judicial reform

1697, 1719, 1722

Peter 1 created new judicial bodies: the Senate, the Justice Collegium, the Hofgerichts, and the lower courts. Judicial functions were also performed by all colleagues except Foreign. The judges were separated from the administration. The court of kissers (an analogue of the jury trial) was abolished, and the principle of the inviolability of an unconvicted person was lost.

Large quantity judiciary and persons who carried out judicial activities (the emperor himself, governors, governors, etc.) introduced confusion and confusion into legal proceedings, the introduction of the possibility of “knocking out” testimony under torture created the ground for abuse and bias. At the same time, the adversarial nature of the process and the need for the sentence to be based on specific articles of the law corresponding to the case under consideration were established.

Military reforms

Introduction conscription, the creation of a navy, the establishment of a Military Collegium in charge of all military affairs. Introduction using the "Table of Ranks" military ranks, uniform for all of Russia. Creation of military-industrial enterprises, as well as military educational institutions. Introduction of army discipline and military regulations.

With his reforms, Peter 1 created a formidable regular army, numbering up to 212 thousand people by 1725 and a strong navy. Units were created in the army: regiments, brigades and divisions, and squadrons in the navy. Many military victories were won. These reforms (although assessed ambiguously by different historians) created a springboard for further successes of Russian weapons.

Church reform

1700-1701; 1721

After the death of Patriarch Adrian in 1700, the institution of the patriarchate was virtually liquidated. In 1701, the management of church and monastic lands was reformed. Peter 1 restored the Monastic Order, which controlled church revenues and the court of monastic peasants. In 1721, the Spiritual Regulations were adopted, which actually deprived the church of independence. To replace the patriarchate, the Holy Synod was created, the members of which were subordinate to Peter 1, by whom they were appointed. Church property was often taken away and spent on the needs of the emperor.

The church reforms of Peter 1 led to the almost complete subordination of the clergy to secular power. In addition to the elimination of the patriarchate, many bishops and ordinary clergy were persecuted. The Church could no longer pursue an independent spiritual policy and partially lost its authority in society.

Financial reforms

Almost the entire reign of Peter 1

The introduction of many new (including indirect) taxes, monopolization of the sale of tar, alcohol, salt and other goods. Damage (reduction in weight) of a coin. Kopeika stano Regional reform

In 1708-1715, a regional reform was carried out in order to strengthen the vertical power structure at the local level and better provide the army with supplies and recruits. In 1708, the country was divided into 8 provinces headed by governors vested with full judicial and administrative power: Moscow, Ingria (later St. Petersburg), Kyiv, Smolensk, Azov, Kazan, Arkhangelsk and Siberian. The Moscow province provided more than a third of revenues to the treasury, followed by the Kazan province.

Governors were also in charge of the troops stationed on the territory of the province. In 1710, new administrative units appeared - shares, uniting 5,536 households. The first regional reform did not solve the set tasks, but only significantly increased the number of civil servants and the costs of their maintenance.

In 1719-1720, a second regional reform was carried out, eliminating shares. The provinces began to be divided into 50 provinces headed by governors, and the provinces into districts headed by zemstvo commissars appointed by the Chamber Board. Only military and judicial matters remained under the governor's jurisdiction.

Judicial reform

Under Peter, the judicial system underwent radical changes. The functions of the Supreme Court were given to the Senate and the College of Justice. Below them were: in the provinces - the Hofgerichts or court of appeals in major cities, and provincial collegiate lower courts. Provincial courts conducted civil and criminal cases of all categories of peasants except monasteries, as well as townspeople not included in the settlement. Since 1721, court cases of the townspeople included in the settlement were conducted by the magistrate. In other cases, the so-called single court acted (cases were decided individually by the zemstvo or city judge). However, in 1722 the lower courts were replaced by provincial courts headed by the voivode

Church reform

One of the transformations of Peter I was the reform of church administration that he carried out, aimed at eliminating the church jurisdiction autonomous from the state and subordinating the Russian church hierarchy to the Emperor. In 1700, after the death of Patriarch Adrian, Peter I, instead of convening a council to elect a new patriarch, temporarily placed at the head of the clergy Metropolitan Stefan Yavorsky of Ryazan, who received the new title of Guardian of the Patriarchal Throne or “Exarch” To manage the property of the patriarchal and bishop’s houses, as well as monasteries, including the peasants belonging to them (approximately 795 thousand), the Monastic Order was restored, headed by I. A. Musin-Pushkin, who again began to be in charge of the trial of the monastic peasants and control the income from church and monastic landholdings. In 1701, a series of decrees were issued to reform the management of church and monastic estates and the organization of monastic life; the most important were the decrees of January 24 and 31, 1701.

In 1721, Peter approved the Spiritual Regulations, the drafting of which was entrusted to the Pskov bishop, the Tsar's close Little Russian Feofan Prokopovich. As a result, a radical reform of the church took place, eliminating the autonomy of the clergy and completely subordinating it to the state. In Russia, the patriarchate was abolished and the Spiritual College was established, soon renamed the Holy Synod, which was recognized by the Eastern patriarchs as equal in honor to the patriarch. All members of the Synod were appointed by the Emperor and took an oath of loyalty to him upon taking office. Wartime stimulated the removal of valuables from monastery storages. Peter did not agree to the complete secularization of church and monastic properties, which was carried out much later, at the beginning of his reign.

Army and Navy reforms

Army reform: in particular, the introduction of regiments of a new system, reformed according to foreign models, began long before Peter I, even under Alexei I. However, the combat effectiveness of this army was low. Army reform and the creation of a fleet became necessary conditions for victory in the Northern War of 1700-1721 years.

On August 18, 1682, 10-year-old Peter I ascended the Russian throne. We remember this ruler as a great reformer. Whether you have a negative or positive attitude towards his innovations is up to you. We remember the 7 most ambitious reforms of Peter I.

The Church is not the State

“The Church is not another state,” Peter I believed, and therefore his church reform was aimed at weakening the political power of the church. Before her, only the church court could judge the clergy (even in criminal cases), and the timid attempts of Peter I’s predecessors to change this met with harsh rebuff. After the reform, along with other classes, the clergy had to obey a law common to all. Only monks were to live in monasteries, only the sick were to live in almshouses, and everyone else was ordered to be evicted from there.
Peter I is known for his tolerance of other faiths. Under him, the free practice of their faith by foreigners and marriages of Christians of different faiths were allowed. “The Lord gave kings power over the nations, but Christ alone has power over the conscience of people,” Peter believed. With opponents of the Church, he ordered bishops to be “meek and reasonable.” On the other hand, Peter introduced fines for those who confessed less than once a year or behaved badly in church during services.

Bath and beard tax

Large-scale projects to equip the army and build a fleet required huge financial investments. In order to provide for them, Peter I tightened the country's tax system. Now taxes were collected not by household (after all, the peasants immediately began to surround several households with one fence), but by soul. There were up to 30 different taxes: on fishing, on baths, mills, on the practice of the Old Believers and wearing a beard, and even on oak logs for coffins. Beards were ordered to be “cut down to the neck,” and for those who wore them for a fee, a special token-receipt, the “bearded badge,” was introduced. Only the state could now sell salt, alcohol, tar, chalk, and fish oil. The main monetary unit under Peter became not money, but a penny, the weight and composition of coins was changed, and the fiat ruble ceased to exist. Treasury revenues increased several times, however, due to the impoverishment of the people and not for long.

Join the army for life

To win the Northern War of 1700-1721, it was necessary to modernize the army. In 1705, each household was required to give one recruit for lifelong service. This applied to all classes except the nobility. From these recruits the army and navy were formed. In the military regulations of Peter I, for the first time, the first place was given not to the moral and religious content of criminal actions, but to the contradiction to the will of the state. Peter managed to create a powerful regular army and navy, which had never existed in Russia until now. By the end of his reign, the number of regular ground forces there were 210 thousand, irregulars - 110 thousand, and more than 30 thousand people served in the navy.

"Extra" 5508 years

Peter I “abolished” 5508 years, changing the tradition of chronology: instead of counting years “from the creation of Adam,” in Russia they began to count years “from the Nativity of Christ.” Application Julian calendar and the celebration of the New Year on January 1 are also Peter’s innovations. He also introduced the use of modern Arabic numerals, replacing with them the old numbers - letters Slavic alphabet with titles. The lettering was simplified; the letters “xi” and “psi” “fell out” of the alphabet. Secular books now had their own font - civil, while liturgical and spiritual books were left with semi-charter.
In 1703, the first Russian printed newspaper “Vedomosti” began to appear, and in 1719, the first museum in Russian history, the Kunstkamera with a public library, began to operate.
Under Peter, the School of Mathematical and Navigational Sciences (1701), the Medical-Surgical School (1707) - the future Military Medical Academy, the Naval Academy (1715), the Engineering and Artillery Schools (1719), and translator schools were opened. at the collegiums.

Learning through strength

All nobles and clergy were now required to receive education. The success of a noble career now depended directly on this. Under Peter, new schools were created: garrison schools for the children of soldiers, spiritual schools for the children of priests. Moreover, in each province there should have been digital schools with free training for all classes. Such schools were necessarily supplied with primers in Slavic and Latin languages, as well as alphabets, psalms, books of hours and arithmetic. The training of the clergy was forced, those who opposed it were threatened with military service and taxes, and those who did not complete the training were not allowed to marry. But due to the compulsory nature and harsh teaching methods (beating with batogs and chaining), such schools did not last long.

A slave is better than a slave

“Less baseness, more zeal for service and loyalty to me and the state - this honor is characteristic of the tsar...” - these are the words of Peter I. As a result of this royal position, some changes occurred in the relations between the tsar and the people, which were a novelty in Rus'. For example, in petition messages it was no longer allowed to humiliate oneself with the signatures “Grishka” or “Mitka”, but it was necessary to put one’s own full name. It was no longer necessary to take off your hat in the strong Russian frost when passing by the royal residence. One was not supposed to kneel before the king, and the address “serf” was replaced by “slave,” which was not derogatory in those days and was associated with “servant of God.”
There has also been more freedom for young people wishing to get married. The forced marriage of a girl was abolished by three decrees, and the betrothal and wedding now had to be separated in time so that the bride and groom “could recognize each other.” Complaints that one of them annulled the engagement were not accepted - after all, this had now become their right.

Reforms of Peter the Great

During his reign, reforms were carried out in all areas of the country's government. The transformations covered almost all aspects of life: the economy, domestic and foreign policy, science, life, political system.

Basically, the reforms were aimed not at the interests of individual classes, but at the country as a whole: its prosperity, well-being and inclusion in Western European civilization. The goal of the reforms was for Russia to acquire the role of one of the leading world powers, capable of competing with Western countries in military and economically. The main tool for carrying out reforms was consciously used violence. In general, the process of state reform was associated with external factor– the need for Russia to access the seas, as well as with the internal process of modernization of the country.

Military reform of Peter 1

Since 1699

The essence of the transformation: Introduction of conscription, creation of a navy, establishment of a Military Collegium that managed all military affairs. Introduction, using the Table of Ranks, of military ranks that are uniform for all of Russia. Severe discipline was established in the troops and navy, and corporal punishment was widely used to maintain it. Introduction of military regulations. Military-industrial enterprises were created, as well as military educational institutions.

Reform result: With reforms, the emperor was able to create a strong regular army, numbering up to 212 thousand people by 1725, and a strong navy. In the army, units were created: regiments, brigades and divisions, in the navy - squadrons. Was won large number military victories. These reforms (although ambiguously assessed by various historians) created a springboard for further successes of Russian weapons.

Public administration reforms of Peter 1

(1699-1721)

The essence of the transformation: Creation of the Near Chancellery (or Council of Ministers) in 1699. It was transformed in 1711 into the Governing Senate. Creation of 12 boards, with a specific scope of activity and powers.

Reform result: The state management system has become more advanced. The activities of most government bodies became regulated, and the boards had a clearly defined area of activity. Supervisory authorities were created.

Provincial (regional) reform of Peter 1

(1708-1715 and 1719-1720)

The essence of the transformation: Peter 1, at the initial stage of the reform, divided Russia into eight provinces: Moscow, Kiev, Kazan, Ingria (later St. Petersburg), Arkhangelsk, Smolensk, Azov, Siberian. They were under the control of governors in charge of the troops stationed in the province. And also the governors had full administrative and judicial power. At the second stage of the reform, the provinces were divided into 50 provinces, which were ruled by governors, and they, in turn, were divided into districts, under the leadership of zemstvo commissars. Governors lost administrative power and resolved judicial and military issues.

Reform result: There has been a centralization of power. Local governments have almost completely lost their influence.

Judicial reform of Peter 1

(1697, 1719, 1722)

The essence of the transformation: Formation by Peter 1 of new judicial bodies: Senate, Justice Collegium, Hofgerichts, lower courts. Judicial functions were also performed by all colleagues except Foreign. The judges were separated from the administration. The court of kissers (similar to a jury trial) was abolished, the principle of the inviolability of an unconvicted person was lost.

Reform result: many judicial bodies and persons who carried out judicial activities (the sovereign himself, governors, voivodes, etc.) added confusion and confusion to the legal proceedings; the introduced possibility of “knocking out” testimony under torture created fertile ground for abuse and bias. At the same time, they established the adversarial nature of the process and the need for the sentence to be based on specific articles of the law, in accordance with the case being examined.

Church reform of Peter 1

(1700-1701; 1721)

The essence of the transformation: After Patriarch Adrian died in 1700, the institution of the patriarchate was essentially liquidated. 1701 - the management of church and monastic lands was reformed. The Emperor restored the Monastic Order, which controlled church revenues and the court of monastic peasants. 1721 - The Spiritual Regulations are adopted, which actually deprived the church of independence. To replace the patriarchate, the Holy Synod was created, the members of which were subordinate to Peter 1, by whom they were appointed. Church property was often taken away and spent on the needs of the sovereign.

Reform result: Church reform led to the almost complete subordination of the clergy to secular power. In addition to the elimination of the patriarchate, many of the bishops and ordinary clergy were persecuted. The Church was no longer able to pursue an independent spiritual policy and had partially lost its authority in society.

Financial reform of Peter 1

The essence of the transformation: Many new (including indirect) taxes were introduced, monopolizing the sale of tar, alcohol, salt and other goods. Damage (minting a coin of less weight and reducing the silver content in it) of a coin. The kopeck became the main coin. Introduction of a poll tax, replacing household taxation.

Reform result: Increase in state treasury revenues several times. But first: it was achieved due to the impoverishment of the bulk of the population. Second: for the most part, these incomes were stolen.

Results of the reforms of Peter 1

The reforms of Peter 1 marked the establishment of an absolute monarchy.

The transformations significantly increased the efficiency of government administration and served as the main lever for modernizing the country. Russia has become a Europeanized country and a member of the European community of nations. Industry and trade developed rapidly, and great achievements began to appear in technical training and science. The emergence of authoritarian rule is taking place; the role of the sovereign and his influence on all spheres of life of society and the state have increased enormously.

The price of Peter 1's reforms

Repeatedly increased taxes led to the impoverishment and enslavement of the bulk of the population.

A cult of institution has developed in Russia, and the race for ranks and positions has turned into a national disaster.

The main psychological support of the Russian state is Orthodox Church at the end of the 17th century it was shaken to its foundations and gradually lost its significance.

Instead of the emerging civil society in Europe with market economy, Russia by the end of the reign of Peter 1 was a military-police state with a nationalized monopolized serf-owning economy.

Weakening contact between the government and the people. It soon became clear that the majority did not sympathize with the Europeanization program. In carrying out its reforms, the government was forced to act cruelly.

The cost of the transformations turned out to be prohibitively high: in carrying out them, the monarch did not take into account the sacrifices made on the altar of the fatherland, nor with national traditions, nor with the memory of his ancestors.

In 1689 on Russian throne Peter I the Great established himself, having received the opportunity to make independent decisions, and not just be listed as tsar (from 1682). Descendants remembered him as a controversial and powerful man who started global transformations in the country. These historical reforms will be discussed in our article.

Conditions for change

Having gained true power, the king immediately began to govern the country. There are several main reasons for this:

he inherited a state that was quite far behind the European powers in development;
he understood that such large and poorly developed territories needed constant protection and the establishment of new economic and political ties.

In order to adequately support the army, it is necessary to raise the standard of living of the entire country, change foundations and strengthen power. This became the main goal and objectives of the reforms of Peter the Great.

Not everyone liked the innovations. Some segments of the population tried to resist the reforms of Peter the Great. The boyars and high clergy lost their special status, and a small group of nobles and merchants were afraid to deviate from old customs. But, due to the lack of sufficient support, they could not stop the changes, they only slowed down the process.

Rice. 1. The first Russian emperor Peter the Great.

The essence of the transformation

State reforms in Russia during the time of Peter I can be conditionally divided into two stages:

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From 1696 to 1715: changes were carried out hastily, under pressure; were poorly thought out and often ineffective. The main activities of this period were aimed at obtaining resources for participation in the Northern War.
From 1715 to 1725: the transformations were planned and were more successful.

In 1698, Peter the Great, having adopted the experience Western Europe, embarked on an active transformation of both state and public sphere. For convenience, we will list the main changes point by point:

Administrative : include public administration reform, regional (provincial), city. Creation of new authorities (Senate, 13 colleges, Holy Synod, Chief Magistrate); changing the territorial structure for more efficient tax collection;
Judicial reform : also concerned the reorganization of power, but was highlighted separately, since its main task was to stop the influence of the administration on judges;
Church reform : deprivation of the church's independence, submission to the will of the ruler;
Military reform : creation of a fleet, regular army, their full support;
Financial : include monetary and tax reforms. The introduction of new monetary units, reducing the weight of coins, replacing the main tax with a capitation tax;
Industrial and trade reforms : mining, creation of manufactories, use of serfs to reduce the cost labor force, state support for national production, reducing imports, increasing exports;
Social : class reforms (new duties for all classes), educational (compulsory initial training, creation of specialized schools), medical (creation of a state hospital and pharmacies, training of doctors). They also include educational reforms and changes in the field of science (the creation of the Academy of Sciences, printing houses, a public library, the publication of a newspaper), including metrology (the introduction of English units of measurement, the creation of standards);
Cultural : new chronology and calendar (year starts on January 1), creation of a state theater, organization of “assemblies” (mandatory cultural events for nobles), restrictions on wearing beards, European clothing requirements, permission to smoke.

Serious indignation among the nobility was caused by the need to bring their appearance in accordance with European standards.

Rice. 2. Boyars under Peter II.

Consequences of reforms

It would be wrong to downplay the importance of the reorganizations carried out by Peter I. They contributed comprehensive development The Russian state, which made it possible to make it an empire in 1721. But we should not forget that not all results were positive. The transformations led to the following results:

Strengthening power with the help of a new state apparatus (strengthening autocracy);
Building a fleet, improving the army, getting access to Baltic Sea(25 years military service);
Development of domestic industry (use of free labor of serfs);
Improving conditions for the development of science and education (practically did not concern the common people);
Spread of European culture (oppression national traditions);
Salary title of nobility for official merits (additional responsibilities for all segments of the population);
Introduction of new taxes.

In Russia, industry was poorly developed, trade left much to be desired, and the public administration system was outdated. Higher education was absent, and only in 1687 the Slavic-Greek-Latin Academy opened in Moscow. There was no printing, theaters, painting, many of the boyars and people of the upper class did not know how to read and write.

Peter 1 conducted social reforms, which greatly changed the situation of nobles, peasants and urban residents. After the transformations, people for military service were recruited not by nobles as militia, but now to serve in regular regiments. The nobles began to begin their service with the same lower military ranks as ordinary people, their privileges were simplified. People who came from the common people had the opportunity to rise to senior officials. Walkthrough military service was no longer determined by the position of the clan, but by a document issued in 1722 “Table of ranks”. He established 14 ranks of military and civilian service.

All nobles and those serving in the service had to learn literacy, numbers and geometry. Those nobles who refused or were unable to receive it primary education, were deprived of the opportunity to marry and receive officer ranks.

Still, despite the strict reforms, the landowners had an important official advantage over ordinary people. Nobles, upon entering the service, were classified as elite guardsmen, and not as ordinary soldiers.

The previous regime of taxation of peasants has changed, from the past “household” to the new “per capita” where taxes were collected not from the peasant yard, but from each person.

Peter 1 wanted to make cities like European ones. In 1699 Peter 1 gave cities the opportunity to self-govern. The townspeople elected mayors in their city, who were included in the town hall. Now city residents were divided into permanent and temporary. People who had various kinds classes, began to join guilds and workshops.

The main goal pursued by Peter 1 during the implementation of social reforms:

Improving the economic situation in the country.
Declining status of boyars in society.
Transformation of the entire social structure of the country as a whole. And bringing society to the European image of culture.

Table of important social reforms carried out by Peter 1, which influenced the social structure of the state.

Before Peter 1, regular regiments already existed in large numbers in Russia. But they were recruited for the duration of the war, and after its end the regiment was disbanded. Before the reforms of Peter 1, the military personnel of these regiments combined service with crafts, trade and work. The soldiers lived with their families.

As a result of the reforms, the role of the regiments increased, and the noble militias completely disappeared. A standing army appeared, which did not disband after the end of the war. The lower ranks of soldiers were not recruited as into the militia, they were recruited from the people. The soldiers stopped doing anything other than military service. Before the reforms, the Cossacks were a free ally of the state and served under a contract. But after the Bulavinsky rebellion, the Cossacks were obliged to organize a clearly defined number of troops.

An important achievement of Peter 1 was the creation of a strong fleet, which consisted of 48 ships, 800 galleys. The total crew of the fleet was 28 thousand people.

All military reforms for the most part were aimed at raising military power state, for this it was necessary:

Create a full-fledged army institute.
Deprive the boyars of the right to form a militia.
To bring about a change in the army system, where senior officer ranks were given for faithful and long service, and not for pedigree.

Table of important military reforms carried out by Peter 1:

1683 1685	A recruitment of soldiers was carried out, from which the first guards regiment was later created.
1694	Engineering campaigns of Russian troops, organized by Peter, were carried out. It was an exercise whose purpose was to show the advantages of the new army system.
1697	A decree was issued on the construction of 50 ships for Azov campaign. The birth of the navy.
1698	The order was given to destroy the archers of the third riot.
1699	Recruiting divisions were created.
1703	In the Baltic Sea, by order, 6 frigates were created. It is rightfully considered the first squadron.
1708	After the suppression of the uprising, introduced new order services for the Cossacks. During which they were obliged to obey Russian legislation.
1712	In the provinces, a list was made of the maintenance of the regiments.
1715	A standard was established for the conscription of new recruits.

Government reforms

During the reforms of Peter 1, the boyar duma lost its status as an influential authority. Peter discussed all matters with a narrow circle of people. An important reform of government was carried out in 1711, creation of higher government agency– government Senate. Representatives of the Senate were appointed personally by the sovereign, but were not given the right to power because of their noble bloodlines. At first, the Senate had the status of a regulatory institution that did not work on creating laws. The work of the Senate was supervised by the prosecutor, who was appointed by the tsar.

All old orders were replaced during the reform of 1718 according to the Swedish model. It consisted of 12 boards that conducted affairs in the maritime, military, foreign fields, accounting for expenses and income, financial control, trade and industry.

Another reform of Peter 1 was the division of Russia into provinces, which were divided into provinces, and then into counties. A governor was appointed at the head of the province, and a governor became the head of the provinces.

An important reform of government, Peter 1 carried out on the succession to the throne in 1722. The old order of succession to the throne of the state was abolished. Now the sovereign himself chose the heir to the throne.

Table of reforms of Peter 1 in the field of government:

1699	A reform was carried out during which cities received self-government headed by the city mayor.
1703	The city of St. Petersburg was founded.
1708	Russia, by decree of Peter, was divided into provinces.
1711	Creation of the Senate, a new administrative body.
1713	The creation of noble councils, which were represented by city governors.
1714	The decision to move the capital to St. Petersburg was approved
1718	Creation of 12 boards
1719	According to the reform, from this year, the provinces began to include provinces and counties.
1720	A number of reforms have been carried out to improve the apparatus of state self-government.
1722	The old order of succession to the throne has been abolished. Now the sovereign himself appointed his successor.

Economic reforms in brief

Peter 1 at one time carried out great economic reforms. By his decree, a large number of factories were built with state money. He tried to develop industry, the state in every possible way encouraged private entrepreneurs who built plants and factories with large benefits. By the end of Peter's reign, there were more than 230 factories in Russia.

Peter's policy was aimed at introducing high duties on the import of foreign goods, which created competitiveness for domestic producers. The economy was regulated by establishing trade routes, canals and new roads were built. Exploration of new mineral deposits was carried out in every possible way. The strongest economic boost was the development of minerals in the Urals.

Northern War prompted Peter to introduce numerous taxes: a tax on baths, taxes on beards, a tax on oak coffins. At that time, lighter coins were minted. Thanks to these introductions, a large infusion of funds into the country's treasury was achieved.

By the end of Peter's reign, serious development had been achieved tax system. The household tax system was replaced with a per capita tax system. Which subsequently led to strong social and economic changes in the country.

Economic reform table:

Reforms of Peter 1 in the field of science and culture briefly

Peter 1 wanted to create in Russia the European style of culture of that time. Returning from a trip abroad, Peter began to introduce Western-style clothing into the boyars’ use, forcibly forced the boyars to shave their beards, there were cases when, in a fit of rage, Peter himself chopped off the beards of people of the upper class. Peter 1 tried to spread useful technical knowledge in Russia to a greater extent than the humanities. Peter's cultural reforms were aimed at creating schools where they taught foreign language, mathematics, engineering. Western literature was translated into Russian and made available in schools.

Great value the education of the population was influenced by the reform of replacing the alphabet from a church to a secular model. The first newspaper was published, which was called Moskovskie Vedomosti.

Peter 1 tried to introduce European customs into Russia. Public celebrations were held with a European twist.

Table of Peter's reforms in the field of science and culture:

Church reforms briefly

Under Peter 1, the church, having previously been independent, became dependent on the state. In 1700, Patriarch Adrian died, and the state prohibited the election of a new one until 1917. Instead of the patriarch, the service of guardian of the throne of the patriarch was appointed, which became Metropolitan Stefan.

Until 1721 there were no concrete decisions on the issue of the church. But already in 1721, a reform of church governance was carried out, during which it was certain that the position of the patriarch in the church was abolished and was replaced by a new assembly called the Holy Synod. The members of the Synod were not elected by anyone, but were personally appointed by the tsar. Now, at the legislative level, the church has become completely dependent on the state.

The main direction in the church reforms carried out by Peter 1 was: