CMM on the topic " Social relations"

Training tasks are aimed at developing skills tested as part of the Unified State Exam:

Recognize the signs of concepts, characteristic features of a social object, elements of its description;

Compare social objects, identifying them common features and differences;

Correlate social science knowledge with the social realities that reflect them;

Evaluate various judgments about social objects from the point of view of social sciences;

1. analyze and classify social information presented in various sign systems (diagram, table, diagram);
2. recognize concepts and their components; correlate the specific concept with the generic concept and exclude unnecessary things;
3. establish correspondences between the essential features and characteristics of social phenomena and social science terms and concepts;
4. apply knowledge about the characteristic features, signs of concepts and phenomena, about social objects of a certain class, selecting the necessary items from the proposed list;
5. distinguish between facts and opinions, arguments and conclusions in social information;
6. name terms and concepts, social phenomena corresponding to the proposed context, and apply social scientific terms and concepts in the proposed context;
7. list the signs of a phenomenon, objects of the same class, etc.;
8. use examples to reveal the most important theoretical principles and concepts of the social sciences and humanities; give examples of certain social phenomena, actions, situations;

Apply social and humanitarian knowledge in
the process of solving cognitive and practical problems that reflect current problems
human life and society;

1. carry out a comprehensive search, systematization and interpretation of social information on a specific topic from original non-adapted texts (philosophical, scientific, legal, political, journalistic);
2. formulate, on the basis of acquired social and humanitarian knowledge, their own judgments and arguments on certain problems.

Execution training tasks will allow you to test your knowledge, skills, abilities, which will give you the opportunity to more objectively assess the level of your social science training in the content block “Social Relations”.

Part 1 (A).

When completing tasks in this part, in answer form No. 1, under the number of the task you are performing, put an “X” in the box whose number corresponds to the number of the answer you chose,

A 1. The social sphere of society includes the institute

1) production 2) state 3) religion 4) family

2. The collaboration of several individuals to solve a common problem is called

1) action 2) conflict 3) cooperation 4) competition

3. Definition: “The rules established in society, patterns of behavior that regulate people’s lives” refers to the concept

1) social status 2) social norms 3) social values ​​4) social prestige

4. Which of the following falls under the definition of a social group?

1) family 2) social class 3) production association 4) all of the above

5. Definition: “Social groups distinguished on the basis of their attitude to property and the received share of social wealth” refers to the concept

1) estates 2) nations 3) strata 4) classes

6. In the process of socialization, the individual masters social

1. professions 2) statuses 3) positions 4) roles

7. Are the following judgments about social relations true?

A. Social relations are relations between national, demographic, class, professional, educational, and social communities.

B. Social relations are political and economic relations between social groups.

8. The totality of all communities functioning in society is called social (oh)

1) institution 2) structure 3) environment 4) group

9. A temporary social community is

1. class 2) nation 3) queue 4) stratum

10. Youth, women, old people are social communities

1. territorial 2) demographic 3) ethnic 4) cultural

11. Refers to a small social group

1. intelligentsia 2) teachers 3) school graduates 4) family

12. They belong to ethnosocial groups

1. estates 2) castes 3) nationalities 4) classes

13. Workers, engineers, teachers form a community

1. political 2) demographic 3) professional 4) ethnic

14. Middle class

1. serves as a stabilizer of society
2. performs a destructive social function
3. is a social layer between the working class and the peasantry
4. arises as a result of the destruction of private property

15. What sociological concept is used to designate a social group that occupies an intermediate, unstable position in the social structure?

1. Proletariat 2) intelligentsia 3) marginalized 4) lumpen

16. A concept used in sociology to define those who find themselves at the social bottom

1) stratum 2) marginal 3) lumpen 4) plebeian

17. Are the following judgments true about social groups Oh?

A. The basis for identifying social groups may be based on ethnicity.

B. The basis for identifying social groups may be a demographic characteristic.

1. only A is true 2) only B is true

1. Unemployed 2) intelligentsia 3) youth 4) beggars

19. An anonymous survey was conducted among university students about their nationality. The results obtained combine groups of respondents based on commonality

1) demographic 2) ethnic

3)professional

20. Are the following judgments about the types of social groups true?

A. Russians, Belarusians and Ukrainians are ethnic groups.

B. Men, women, children, and the elderly are professional groups.

1. only A is true 2) only B is true

3) both judgments are correct 4) both judgments are incorrect

21. Social status is

1. expected behavior from an individual
2. set of rights and responsibilities of an individual
3. group of people connected by community

22. The achieved status of an individual corresponds to belonging to a certain

1) profession 2) age

3) origin 4) religion

23. Are the following judgments about the social status of an individual true?

A. A change from one social status to another always means a person’s transition from one profession to another. B. A change from one social status to another means, as a rule, a change in a person’s social roles.

1. only A is true 2) only B is true

3) both judgments are correct 4) both judgments are incorrect

24. Are the following judgments about the social status of an individual true?

A. The rights, duties, privileges of all statuses are based solely on public opinion.

B, In modern societytake on leading importanceachieved statuses.

1. only A is true 2) only B is true

3) both judgments are correct 4) both judgments are incorrect

25. The Grand Duke of Kyiv Yaroslav the Wise led toRus' is actively building stone temples. Thishistorical fact serves as an example of the manifestation of social

1. origin 2) adaptation 3) role 4) mobility

26. The idea that a student should respond in class is an example

1. social mobility 2) social status

3) social status 4) social role

27. Achieved status includes

1. French 2) phlegmatic 3) president in the USA 4) representative of the Brahmin caste in India

28. Prescribed status includes

1. woman 2) wife 3) mother 4) volleyball player

29. Social role is

1. social status person in society
2. change in the position of the individual in the social structure

3) a certain model of behavior that meets the expectations of others; the rights and responsibilities of the individual

30. Are the following judgments about social role true?

A. A social role includes a set of rights and responsibilities.

B. Each status is characterized by the fulfillment of one social role.

1. only A is true 2) only B is true

3) both judgments are correct 4) both judgments are incorrect

31. Social prestige is

1. social significance, attractiveness of a particular profession
2. the social position of a person in society, which is characterized by his abilities, education
3. social movement of an individual from low to higher status
4. social behavior of an individual determined by his social role

32. Assessing the social significance of positions occupied by people is called

1. prestige 2) social role 3) authority 4) social status

33. Social inequality means

1. change in a person's status
2. the individual's mastery of different social roles
3. identification of different social groups in society
4. differences between people in access to social benefits

34. Social stratification is

1. social difference, inequality in the status of people
2. the result of interaction within a social group
3. any changes in personal status
4. the individual's mastery of social norms

35. Different access of people to social benefits is reflected in the concept

1. social origin 2) social inequality

3) socialization 4) social mobility

36. The movement of people from one social group to another is the essence of the concept

1. social mobility
2. social stratification
3. social adaptation
4. social stability

37. In ancient Rome, slaves did not have the right to inherit property or participate in public life, get married. This is an example of the manifestation of social

1. stability 2) mobility 3) inequality 4) evolution

38. An example illustrates upward vertical social mobility

1) the actor moved from one regional theater to another

2) the basketball coach moved from one top division team to another

3) the shop manager received an invitation to take the position of chief designer of the plant

4) the lieutenant was demoted to warrant officer

39. Many Roman emperors came from ordinary soldiers. This fact- example of manifestation

1) social stratification

2) social status

3) horizontal social mobility

4) vertical social mobility

40. After graduating from college, M. came to work as a school teacher. After 15 years, he was appointed to the position of director of this educational institution. This fact is an example

1. horizontal social mobility
2. social stratification
3. socialization
4. vertical social mobility

41. Are the following statements about social mobility true?

A. In the process of social mobility, people move within social strata.

B. In the process of social mobility, only individuals and never social groups change their status.

1) only A is correct

1. only B is correct
2. both judgments are correct
3. both judgments are wrong

42. Are the following statements about social mobility true?

A. Social mobility refers to the movement of a person from one social group to another.

B. Social mobility refers primarily to an increase in a person’s income level.

1. only A is correct
2. only B is correct
3. both judgments are correct
4. both judgments are wrong

43. Social norms

1. unchanged throughout human history
2. are the same for all societies
3. strictly followed by all members of society
4. apply to all members of society

44. The oldest social norm developed
humanity is

1. morality 2) tradition 3) politeness 4) taboo

45. All social norms are characterized by the following feature

1. enshrinement in regulations
2. expression of public opinion
3. state coercive power
4. acting as a regulator of people's behavior

46. ​​A measure taken against a party that has violated the rules of conduct is called

1) presumption 2) sanction

1. deviation
2. fiction

47. Does not apply to social norms

1. duty of care for elderly parents
2. obligation to greet when a person enters the premises
3. prohibition on disassembling an electrical appliance if it is connected to electricity
4. prohibition to cross the street at a red traffic light

48. Aesthetic standards

1. enshrined in official documents
2. provided with the power of state coercion

3) reflect ideas about the beautiful and the ugly

4) represented by religious prohibitions and regulations

49. Instructions to take off your coat and hat when visiting the theater and not to make noise during a performance illustrate social norms

1. etiquette 2) morals 3) rights 4) religion

50. Criminal behavior that violates formal norms is called

1. conformist
2. deviant
3. informal
4. delinquent

51. Innovation is a form

1. negative deviant behavior
2. positive deviant behavior
3. misconduct
4. non-deviant behavior

52. A young talented actor, striving for popularity, has a habit of wearing strange, unusual outfits. This example illustrates the behavior

1. customary
2. violating the law
3. negative deviant
4. positive deviant

53. Are the following judgments about deviant behavior correct?

A. Deviant behavior always leads to positive consequences.

B. Deviant behavior is always regarded as a negative phenomenon.

1. both judgments are correct 4) both judgments are incorrect

54. Are the following judgments about deviant behavior true?

A. Deviant behavior can be social approved.

B. A manifestation of deviant behavior is

participation in the election campaign.

1) only A is correct

1. only B is correct
2. both judgments are correct
3. both judgments are wrong

55. The system of ways of influence of society and social groups on the individual is

1) social status 2) social control

1. social norm
2. social sanction

56. Among the informal negative sanctions applies

1. condemnation
2. fine
3. rebuke
4. detention

57. Are the following judgments about the functions of social control true?

A. Social control serves to achieve and maintain social stability in society.

B. Social control promotes self-control.

1. only A is correct
2. only B is correct
3. both judgments are correct
4. both judgments are wrong

58. Are the following judgments about self-control correct?

A. Conscience is a manifestation of internal control.

B. The higher the level of self-control a person has, the less the regulatory function of external control manifests itself.

1. both judgments are correct 4) both judgments are incorrect

59. The official form of expressing approval from superiors for a person is

1. oral characterization
2. flattering review at a team meeting
3. friendly attitude
4. award ceremony

60. A policeman received a severe reprimand for exceeding his authority during a special operation to combat
street crime, which affected more than ten city residents. This penalty is a manifestation of sanctions

1. formal positive
2. formal negative
3. informal positive
4. informal negative

61. A famous businessman established a personal scholarship for excellent students. This is an example of social

1. authority
2. norms
3. sanctions
4. stratification

62. Characterizes a family as a small group

1. community of political views
2. community of life
3. getting an education
4. carrying out professional activities

63. Family is a sociological concept

1. institute 2) prestige 3) status 4) mobility

64. It is not an element of the self-control mechanism

1. public opinion
2. individual consciousness 3) conscience

4) communication

65. Are the following judgments true about psychological characteristics youth?

A. For a teenager, external events, actions, and friends are primarily important.

B. In adolescence higher value acquires inner world person, the discovery of one’s own “I”.

1) only A is true 2) only B is true

1. both judgments are correct
2. both judgments are wrong

66. What feature distinguishes youth as a social group?

1. homogeneity, lack of differentiation
2. community of political beliefs
3. similar behavior traits
4. uniformity of income levels

67. Belonging to the A. family provides its members with the opportunity to gain fame in scientific circles. This example reflects the function of the family

1) emotional and psychological 2) educational

1. protective
2. social status

68. Are the following judgments about youth true?

A. Young people are characterized by a public rejection of existing ideology.

B. It is typical for young people to have their own beliefs and values.

1) only A is correct

2) only B is correct

1. both judgments are correct
2. both judgments are wrong

69. Sign of an ethnic social community

1. class division
2. single citizenship
3. language and culture
4. religion and morality

70. Definition: “A set of clans interconnected by a common culture, origin, dialect, religious ideas, rituals” refers to the concept

1) family 2) people 3) tribe 4) nation

71. The name of a person’s belonging to any ethnic group

1. people 2 nationality 3) nation 4) tribe

72. Are the following judgments about the ethnic self-awareness of the people true?

A. The ethnic self-awareness of a people captures inherited cultural traditions and an understanding of their place among other peoples.

B. The ethnic self-awareness of the people has not yet formed at such a stage of development of the ethnos as a tribe.

1) only A is true 2) only B is true

1. both judgments are correct 4) both judgments are incorrect

73. Are the following judgments about the nation true?

A. People belonging to one nation are unitedcommon historical and cultural traditions.

B. People belonging to the same nation always speak in one language.

1) only A is true 2) only B is true

1. both judgments are correct 4) both judgments are incorrect

74. Definition: “Ideology and politics, consisting of the preaching of national exclusivity and national superiority, aimed at inciting national hatred and pitting one nation against another in the interests of one nation” refers to the concept

1. xenophobia 2) genocide 3) discrimination 4) nationalism

75. Are the following judgments about trends in the development of nations at the present stage correct?

A. The process of rapprochement, the unification of nations based on economic integration.

B. The process of differentiation of nations, expressed in their desire for self-determination.

1. only A is true 2) only B is true

3) both judgments are correct 4) both judgments are incorrect

76. The trend towards interethnic integration in society is reflected

1. separatism
2. rapprochement of peoples
3. national isolation
4. national differentiation

77. The cause of conflicts on ethnic grounds is (are)

1. strengthening of inflationary processes in the economy
2. infringement of the rights of national minorities
3. environmental problems in the regions
4. property differentiation of the population

78. Genocide is

1. policy of forced segregation of the population based on racial discrimination
2. policies aimed at the destruction of a national, ethnic or religious group
3. restriction or deprivation of the rights of certain groups of people on national, political or other social grounds
4. ideology and policy of priority of the national factor in social development

79. In a democratic state, national policy is implemented through

1. guaranteeing the rights of small peoples
2. constitutional consolidation of the national electoral qualification

3) granting rights to citizens based on nationality

4) restriction of the use of the national language

80. Are the following judgments about social tension in society true?

A. Social tension in society is characterized by a loss of trust in authorities.

B. Social tension in society is characterized by spontaneous mass actions.

1) only A is true 2) only B is true

3) both judgments are correct 4) both judgments are incorrect

Part 2(B) When completing the tasks of this part, write down your answer in answer form No. 1 next to the task number (B1 - B6), starting from the first cell. The answer must be given in the form of a word (phrase), a sequence of letters or numbers without spaces or punctuation marks. Write each letter or number in a separate box in accordance with the examples given.

B2. 1. Below is a list of terms. All of them, with the exception of one, are associated with the concept of “social norm”.

Sanction; social control; deviant behavior; social community; self-control.

Find and indicate a term that is not related to the concept of “social norm”.

Answer: .

2. Below is a list of terms. All of them, with the exception of one, are associated with the concept of “national policy”.

Assimilation; racism; discrimination; stratification; ethnic cleansing.

Find and indicate a term that is not related to the concept of “national policy”.

Answer: .

3. Below is a list of terms. All of them, with the exception of one, are associated with the concept of “social conflict”.

Compromise; negotiation; arbitration; rehabilitation; witnesses.

Find and indicate a term that is not related to the concept of “social conflict”.

Answer: .

VZ. 1. Establish a correspondence between the type of status and the individual status of the individual: for each position given in the first column, select the corresponding position from the second column.

SEPARATE STATUSES

PERSONALITIES TYPES OF STATUS

A) Russian 1) achieved

B) lumpen (acquired)

B) regiment commander 2) prescribed

D) man

D) university professor

2. Establish a correspondence between the types of social norms and the signs illustrating them: for each position given in the first column, select the corresponding position from the second column.

types

SIGNS OF SOCIAL NORMS

NORM

A) are enshrined in adopted state 1) morality

deeds of gift deeds 2) right

B) are provided by public opinion

C) based on the understanding of good and evil

D) provided by state coercion

D) necessarily have formal certainty

Write down the selected numbers in the table, and then transfer the resulting sequence of numbers to the answer form (without spaces or any symbols).

3. Establish a correspondence between positive sanctions and examples illustrating them: for each position given in the first column, select the corresponding position from the second column.

EXAMPLES ILLUSTRATING

APPLYING POSITIVE

SANCTIONS SANCTIONS

A) Citizen B. was awarded the title. 1) formal
"Honored Artist of the Russian Federation" 2) informal

B) a note in the wall newspaper of the design bureau, written by engineer A., ​​was approved by colleagues

C) researcher B. received a prize at the plant for his invention

D) researcher L. was awarded the academic degree of Doctor of Historical Sciences

D) a performance by 11th grade students at a school party that caused applause

Write down the selected numbers in the table, and then transfer the resulting sequence of numbers to the answer form (without spaces or any symbols).

Q4. 1. Find in the list below concepts related to the characteristics of the stratification division of society and circle the numbers under which they are indicated.

1. income level
2. place in the social production system
3. attitude towards the means of production
4. main features of lifestyle
5. role in public organization labor
6. social prestige

Answer: .

2. Find the reasons for group social mobility in the list below and circle the numbers under which they appear.

1. social background
2. social revolution
3. change of political regime
4. level of education
5. civil war
6. family social status

Write the circled numbers in ascending order.
Answer: .

3. Find the forms of interethnic differentiation in the list below and circle the numbers under which they are indicated.

1. protectionism in the economy
2. transnational corporations
3. nationalism in various forms in politics and culture
4. economic unions
5. self-isolation

Write the circled numbers in ascending order.
Answer:________.

B5. 1. Read the text below, each position of which is numbered.

(1) The study involved 1,720 young people over 18 years of age. (2) They were asked various questions about marriage, divorce and raising children. (3) Every second respondent stated that early marriages often end in divorce. (4) In our opinion, such marriages destabilize society and exacerbate the crisis of family values.

A) factual nature

C) the nature of value judgments

2. Read the text below, each position of which is numbered.

(1) A social role is a person’s behavior that ensures the fulfillment of his status rights and obligations. (2) A social role is a normatively approved, socially stable pattern of behavior. (3) A person realizes this role within the framework of one or another status. (4) In our opinion, it is the social role that allows a person to easily and painlessly integrate into any social system.

Determine which provisions of the text are:

A) factual nature

Under the position number, write down the letter indicating its nature.

3. Read the text below, each position of which is numbered.

(1) Estimated resident population Russian Federation as of April 1, 2005 amounted to 143.3 million people and since the beginning of the year decreased by 224.2 thousand people. (2) In the first quarter of 2005 in Russia there was a decrease in the number of births and an increase in the number of deaths. (3) According to sociologists, the trend towards population decline will remain unchanged in the coming years. (4) Nevertheless, a number of experts believe that as a result of the implementation of a well-thought-out demographic policy, the unfavorable situation can be corrected within three to four years.

Determine which provisions of the text are:

A) factual nature

B) the nature of value judgments

Under the position number, write down the letter indicating its nature. Transfer the resulting sequence of letters to the answer form.

B6. 1. Read the text below, in which a number of words are missing. Select from the list provided the words that need to be inserted in place of the gaps.

"Family is based on, (1) and/or consanguinity small ____(2),whose members are united by living together andhousekeeping, emotional connection,mutual (3) in relationto each other. Family is also called social_____ (4), i.e. a stable form of relationships between people, within the framework of which the main part of their everyday life: sexual relations, childbirth and primary _____(5), a significant part of household care,educational and health care, especially in relation to children and the elderly. These relations are regulated on the basis of certain norms and (6).”

The words in the list are given in nominative case, singular, number. Select one word after another, mentally filling in each gap with words. Please note that there are more words in the list than you will need to fill in the blanks.

A) value

B) marriage

B) socialization

D) team

D) duty

E) institute

G) parent

3) group

I) love

Transfer the resulting sequence of letters to the answer form.

2. Read the text below, in which a number of words are missing. Select from the list provided the words that need to be inserted in place of the gaps.

“The concepts of “______” (1) and “ethnic group” are similar, therefore their definitions are similar. IN lately increasingly used in ethnography, sociology and political science
logic, the term “ethnos” (which is more precise). There are three types
ethnicity. For______ (2) the main basis for uniting people into one _______(3) is blood ties and common____________(4). With the emergence of states, ________(5) appear,consisting of people related to each other not by blood, but by economic and cultural relations of a territorial-neighborhood type. During the period of bourgeois socio-economic relations, _____(6) is formed - an ethnosocial organism united by the ties of cultural, linguistic, historical,
territorial and political nature and having,
according to the English historian D. Hosking, “a single
sense of destiny."

A) origin

B) tribe

B) community

D) nation

D) people

E) nationality

G) nationality

3) race

I) diaspora

The table below shows the pass numbers. Under each number, write down the letter corresponding to the word you chose.

Transfer the resulting sequence of letters to the answer form.

3. Read the text below, in which a number of words are missing. Select from the list provided the words that need to be inserted in place of the gaps.

“In society, norms perform a number of important functions. Firstly, they contribute to social(1),

i.e. maintaining cohesion in society. Secondly, they serve as a kind of _____(2) behavior, a kind of instructions for individuals performing individual roles and social _____(3). Thirdly, they contribute____(4) to deviant behavior. Fourthly, I provide _____(5) to society. By regulation method social behavior distinguish between norms-permission, norms-(6) and prohibition.”

The words in the list are given in the nominative case, singular. Select one word after another, mentally filling in each gap with words. Please note that there are more words in the list than you will need to fill in the blanks.

A) stability

B) sanction

B) standard

D) ideal

D) control

E) integration

G) prescription

3) management

I) group

The table below shows the pass numbers. Under each number, write down the letter corresponding to the word you chose.

Transfer the resulting sequence of letters to the answer form.

4. Read the text below, in which a number of words are missing.

“Society is dynamic: both individuals and social groups are constantly changing their _____(1). This phenomenon is called social______ (2). Sociologists distinguish several types of it.

Movements that do not change the social status of individuals and groups are called _____ (3) mobility. Examples are the transition from one age group to another, a change of place of work, as well as the relocation of people from one area or country to another, i.e._____ (4). ______ (5) mobility presupposes a qualitative change in a person’s social status. Examples include receiving or losing a noble title in a feudal society, a professional career in a modern society, etc. Channels of mobility are social_____ (6): family, school, property, church, army, etc.”

The words in the list are given in the nominative case, singular. Each word (phrase) can only be used one once. Select one word after another, mentally filling in each gap with words. Please note that there are more words in the list than you will need to fill in the blanks.

A) migration

B) mobility

B) horizontal

D) institute

D) status

E) vertical

G) group

3) stratification

I) marginalization

The table below shows the pass numbers. Under each number, write down the letter corresponding to the word you chose. Transfer the resulting sequence of letters to the answer form.

Job type	Option No.	Answers
	21	+
	22	+
	23		+
	24		+
	25			+
	26				+
	27			+
	28	+
	29			+
	30	+
	31	+
	32			+

1.6.World and man, thinking and being in ancient Greek philosophy

1.7 Plato's objective idealism. Arestotle's Metaphysics

1.8 Features of the philosophy of the Middle Ages. Augustine the Blessed. Scholasticism. Thomas Aquinas

1.9. Renaissance. Anthropocentrism and Humanism

1.10. Main features of modern philosophy. Bacon's empiricism and Descartes' rationalism

1.11. English philosophy of the 17th-18th centuries Hobbes Locke Berkeley Hume

1.13.Historical roots and main features of German classical philosophy

1.15. Hegel's philosophical system and its structure. Hegel's dialectic

1.16 Philosophy of Nietzsche Friedrich

1.17. Dialectical materialism and social philosophy of Marxism.

1.19. Russian religious philosophy V.S. Soloviev and N.A. Berdyaev

1.20 Main features of modern Western philosophy

1.23. Western religious philosophy. Neo-Thomism

1.24. Philosophy of existentialism by K. Jaspers and M. Heideger. Existentialism of J.P.Sarte and A.Camus

1.25.Psychoanalysis: main ideas and basic concepts (Freud) Freud on the unconscious Neo-Freudianism. C. Jung about the collective unconscious

2.1. The problem of being in the history of philosophy. Types of existence: material and ideal.

2.2. Space and time as philosophical categories. The theory of relativity about the connection between space time and mass.

2.4. The problem of man in the history of philosophy. Philosophy about the origin of man. The concept of human origins in natural science, religion, Darwinism and Marxism.

2.6. Concepts of the relationship between the social and biological in humans. Man: individual, personality, individuality.

2.7. .Structure of consciousness. Thinking, language, emotions, will. Conscious, subconscious and unconscious.

2.10. The idea of ​​the state in the history of philosophy. Civil society and the state.

2.11. Man and the historical process. The problem of the subject of history. The role of personality in history.

2.12. Concepts of social development. Socio-economic formations (K. Marx) and civilizations (A. Toynbee)

2.13 Activities and their types. Subjects and objects of activity. The concept of practice.

2.16. Sensitive and rational cognition. Forms of feelings and rational cognition. Rationality and irrationality in cognitive activity.

2.17.The problem of truth in knowledge. The concept of object, absolute and relates to truth. Criteria of truth

Methods of scientific knowledge Problem, hypothesis, theory

Scientific facts

Empirical methods of cognition The basis of empirical methods is sensory cognition (sensation, perception, representation) and instrument data. These methods include:

2.19. The problem of the meaning of human life. Life, death, immortality. The problem of human destiny in the history of philosophy.

2.20. The value of a person’s orientation in the world. Hierarchy of values. Values ​​of man and humanity. The concept of ideal.

2. 21. Ethical problems in the history of philosophy. Freedom and responsibility. Morality and law. Existentialism about freedom and responsibility of the individual.

1.Global - these are problems that exist on a global scale.

2.24. Scientific and technological progress and social development. Attitude to technical progress and science. Philosophy of technology. Technical determinism. Scientism and anti-scientism.

2.5 Consciousness, its origin and essence

2.9. Social structure of society. Spheres of public life. Social institutions and their role in society

The social structure of society is a set of interconnected and interacting social communities and groups, social institutions, social statuses and relationships between them.All elements social structure interact as a single social organism. In order to more clearly present the complexity and multidimensionality of the social structure, it can be conditionally divided into two subsystems: 1) the social composition of society; 2) the institutional structure of society. 1.The social composition of society is a set of interacting social communities, social groups and individuals that form a specific society.2. The institutional structure of society is the totality interacting social institutions that provide sustainable forms of organization and management of society.

3. The institutional system of society can be represented as a matrix, the cells (institutions, statuses) of which are filled in by specific people from certain social groups and communities. Thus, there is an “overlay” of the social composition of society on the institutional structure. At the same time, specific people can occupy and vacate certain cells (statuses), and the matrix (structure) itself is relatively stable. For example, the President of Ukraine, in accordance with the Constitution of Ukraine, is re-elected every five years, and the status of the president and the institution of the presidency remain unchanged for many years; parents grow old and die, and their statuses are taken over by new generations.

4. B democratic society all social institutions are formally (legally) equal to each other. However, in real life some institutions may dominate others. For example, political institutions can impose their will on economic ones and vice versa. Each social institution has its own social statuses, which are also not equivalent. For example, the status of the president in political institutions is central; the status of a member of parliament is more significant than the status of an ordinary voter; the status of a company owner or manager in economic institutions is more preferable than the status of an ordinary employee, etc.

Spheres of public life are areas of social life in which the most important needs of people are satisfied.

Scientists identify four main spheres of public life: economic, political, social and spiritual. This division is arbitrary, but it helps to better navigate the diversity of social phenomena.

The economic sphere includes firms, enterprises, factories, banks, markets, mines, etc. That is, everything that allows society to produce a quantity of goods and services that will satisfy the vital material needs of people - food, housing, clothing, leisure, etc. .d.

The main task of the economic sphere is to organize the activities of large groups of people in the production, consumption (purchase and use of what was purchased for their own purposes) and distribution of goods and services.

The entire population participates in economic life. Children, pensioners, and disabled people for the most part are not producers of material goods. But they participate in exchange - when they buy goods in a store, distribution - when they receive pensions and benefits, and, of course, in the consumption of material goods. You are not yet creating material wealth, but you are actively consuming them.

The political sphere includes the state and government authorities. In Russia, these are the President, government, parliament (Federal Assembly), local authorities, army, police, tax and customs services, as well as political parties. The main task of the political sphere is to ensure order in society and its security, resolve social conflicts, adopt new laws and monitor their implementation, protect external borders, collect taxes, etc.

The social sphere includes everyday relationships between citizens, as well as relationships between large social groups of society: peoples, classes, etc.

The social sphere also includes various institutions that support people’s livelihoods. These are shops, passenger transport, public utilities and consumer services (housing management companies and dry cleaners), public catering (canteens and restaurants), healthcare (clinics and hospitals), communications (telephone, post office, telegraph), as well as leisure and entertainment facilities (parks culture, stadiums).

The spiritual sphere includes science, education, religion and art. It includes universities and academies, research institutes, schools, museums, theaters, art galleries, cultural monuments, national artistic treasures, religious associations, etc. It is in this area that the accumulation and transfer of the spiritual wealth of society to subsequent generations is carried out, and people and entire societies find the answer to the question of the meaning of life and their existence.

A social institution is a relatively stable complex (system) of norms, rules, customs, traditions, principles, statuses and roles that regulate relations in various spheres of society. These are historically established stable forms of organizing joint activities and relationships between people in a certain sphere of life. For example, political institutions regulate relations in the political sphere, economic institutions regulate relations in the economic sphere, etc.

However, we must keep in mind that a social institution is a multifunctional system. Therefore, one institution can participate in the performance of several functions in different spheres of society and, conversely, several institutions can participate in the performance of one function. For example, the institution of marriage regulates marital relations, participates in the regulation of family relations and at the same time can contribute to the regulation of property relations, inheritance, etc.

Social institutions are formed and created to satisfy the most important individual and social needs and interests. They are the main regulatory mechanisms in all major spheres of human life. Institutions ensure stability and predictability of people's relationships and behavior, protect the rights and freedoms of citizens, protect society from disorganization, and form a social (institutional) system. The process of streamlining, standardizing and formalizing relationships is called institutionalization.

The institutionalization of relations in a certain sphere of life presupposes that the majority of members of society recognize the legitimacy (legitimacy) of a given social institution. In addition, institutionalization presupposes the organizational (legal) design of a social institution.

A social institution should be distinguished from specific organizations, social groups and individuals. The methods of interaction and behavior prescribed by institutions are impersonal. Social institutions (social systems) do not consist of specific people; people participate in them by occupying certain positions, acquiring corresponding social statuses and performing roles determined by their status. For example, the institution of family is not specific parents, children and other family members. This is a certain system of formal and informal norms and rules, social statuses and roles on the basis of which family relationships are built.

Any person involved in the activities of a particular institution is obliged to fulfill the relevant requirements. If a person does not properly fulfill the social functions and roles prescribed by the institution, then he may be deprived of his social status. For example, a parent may be deprived of his parental rights, an official may be deprived of his position, etc.

To perform its functions, a social institution forms (creates) the necessary institutions within the framework of which its activities are organized. In addition, each institute must have the necessary funds and resources. Thus, for the functioning of the educational institution, institutions such as schools, colleges, universities are created, the necessary buildings and structures are built; funds and other resources are allocated.

The whole life of a person is organized, directed, supported and controlled by social institutions. For example, a child, as a rule, is born in one of the institutions of the health care institute - a maternity hospital; primary socialization takes place in the institution of the family; receives education and profession in various institutions of general and vocational education; the security of the individual is ensured by such institutions as the state, government, courts, police, etc.; health care and social protection institutions support health. At the same time, each institution in its field performs the functions of social control and forces people to obey accepted norms. The main social institutions in society are: - family and marriage - the need for the reproduction of the human race and primary socialization; - political (state, parties, etc.) - the need in safety, order and control;

Economic (production, property, etc.) - the need to obtain a means of subsistence; - education - the need for the socialization of younger generations, the transfer of knowledge, training of personnel; - culture - the need for the reproduction of the socio-cultural environment, the transfer of cultural norms and values ​​to younger generations; - religion - the need to solve spiritual problems. The institutional system of society does not remain unchanged.

As society develops, new social needs arise and new institutions are formed to satisfy them. At the same time, “old” institutions are either reformed (adapted to new conditions) or disappear completely. For example, such social institutions as slavery, serfdom, and monarchy were eliminated in many countries. They were replaced by the institution of presidency, parliamentarism, and civil society. And such institutions as the institutions of family and marriage, religions have significantly transformed.

Society is a rather complex concept, and several definitions can be given to it. In the first case, it is a group of people who are united by similar interests and joint activities. Society can also be called a part of the material world, which is closely connected with nature, but is not a subspecies of it. Society consists of individuals with their ways of organizing activities.

Society is a dynamic system, constantly evolving. It is complex, that is, it consists of a large number of elements and components. To study a society as a whole, it is necessary to study each of its components.

There are four systems of society: economic, political, social and spiritual. These spheres are closely interconnected; without one of them, the others could not exist.

Social sphere

Covers social communities and the connections between them. This area also includes ensuring a quality standard of living for the population: payment of pensions and benefits, free education and medical services.

The main subject of study in this area is man as a social being. No individual can exist without society, just as it cannot exist without him. Throughout his life, a person performs several social roles and has a certain status. The social status of a person is determined by the position a person occupies in society in accordance with his gender, age, profession, and lifestyle. Status presupposes that a person fulfills certain duties.

The status assigned to a person from birth is called innate: These are gender, age, race. People born into a family with good material income find it much easier to build their careers than those who are poorer. But a greater place is occupied by acquired statuses - those that a person receives throughout his life: education, hard work.

Status determines what its bearer can and should do in a particular situation and what not. The framework for its activities is established.

No less important is the concept of prestige - a certain popularity that a particular field of activity enjoys in society. The more expensive a person’s profession is paid, the more prestigious it is.

A social role is a prescription for behavior corresponding to the status. Each person has his own role set - a set of roles he performs. Boy or girl, son or daughter, student or worker - all these are social roles. They can change throughout life (pupil - student - worker) or remain unchanged (son - daughter).

An important element of the social sphere is the division of society into groups - social stratification. Its main types are slavery (one person is the property of another), castes (a closed group of people who are related by origin; typical for a number of Asian countries), classes (a closed group of people, the position in society in which is determined by the presence of certain rights and responsibilities that pass through inheritance) and class (a closed group, the position in society in which is directly related to the attitude towards private property). When there is social stratification, there is also inequality - conditions under which people have unequal access to material goods.

In the modern world, strata are conventionally identified that determine a person’s position. These include education, income, power and prestige. Transition between strata is possible, the level of social mobility (horizontal and vertical) is very high. Social elevators have a special impact on mobility; they allow you to move from one stratum to another in the maximum possible time. short period time. Social elevators are the army, church, marriage, family, school and much more.

People who came from one social class, but for some reason did not join another, are called marginals, that is, non-class individuals. They are free from stereotypes and depend only on themselves, and do not bother with work.

A social institution is a stable form of organizing joint human activity. There are several main institutions and their functions: family (reproductive function - reproduction of the family), state (ensuring law and order and security), education (educational function, acquiring new knowledge, primary socialization), religion (solving spiritual problems, searching for the meaning of life). The task of social institutions is to satisfy human needs. Its primary, that is, the most necessary for successful life, is considered to be the need for food, drink, clothing, housing, and communication.

Social values ​​are abstract: pity, mutual assistance, kindness - they cannot be measured or touched.

Social norms regulate behavior in society. These include legal norms, that is, norms established legally (laws, regulations), morality (the concept of good and evil), religious (the Bible says: “thou shalt not kill,” “thou shalt not steal”) and technical (when small child explain that it is dangerous to stick your fingers into a socket).

All people interact with each other in one way or another. At the same time, they are obliged to respect the opinions and interests of others and be tolerant. In the absence of this quality, conflicts begin, the most severe and dangerous form of which are interethnic conflicts. Each ethnic group, in addition to a specific territory, language, politics and economy, has its own national culture. The culture of each ethnic group is unique, and we must try to preserve it for posterity. Each culture can be expressed by mentality - national character.

It regulates the relationship between government and society. This system dynamic: it does not stand still and is constantly evolving.

Politics covers not only the power of the ruler, but also his opposition and their relationship with the people. These are political views and ideas; legal culture and political relations, legal and political values ​​and norms. Besides, political sphere has communication - connects all layers of society with each other.

The functions of politics are so extensive that they cover all aspects of human life.

— Legislation – issuing laws and regulating their implementation

— Formation of the political consciousness of people and manipulation of the masses - with the help of Means Mass Information(media): newspapers, magazines, television and radio broadcasting

— Determination of tasks and development paths and their implementation to the masses

— Coordination of the interests of society with the interests of the state

The traditional form of government is a monarchy, in which power is inherited. Monarchy can be absolute, when the power of the ruler is unlimited, and limited (constitutional and parliamentary). In a republican form of government, the ruler is elected for a certain term, this can be the president or parliament.

The political regime indicates the ways of organizing power in the state. The most “free” regime is a democratic regime. Power is concentrated in the hands of the people, they are its source. Democracy is a mandatory separation of powers (legislative, judicial and executive), equality of all citizens before the law and universal suffrage. Decisions are made by the majority, taking into account the opinions of the minority, as well as political pluralism - freedom of opinions and views, a large number of parties, the existence of an opposition.

Totalitarian and unitary regimes are considered undemocratic. The state intervenes in public life (under authoritarianism only in economics and politics, under totalitarianism - including personal life), the participation of the people is minimal, there is a single ideology, sometimes even a cult of personality.

The Mass Media has a great influence on politics: thanks to their activities, the attitude of citizens towards the government of the state and their choice when voting change. The media have a great influence on a person and regulate his consciousness. Many even call the media the “fourth estate” - their influence is so great.

The media carry out assessment of information and comments on it, political socialization (attracting people to the political sphere, increasing political activity), representing the interests of various groups and public associations.

The media rarely reports on boring meetings or unimportant legislation. Most often they bring people sensational statements, emergencies and reports of previously unknown phenomena. Such news attracts the average reader and increases their political culture and introduces them to the values ​​of politics.

All thoughts and feelings of a person associated with his political participation are called political consciousness. The political consciousness formed in each person and reflecting what he remembers in everyday life is called ordinary. Political feelings, experiences, and the role of the individual in politics fall under the consideration of political psychology. Political psychology is formed on the basis of interaction between citizens and the state.

A holistic set of ideas and perceptions that serve as the basis for political action is called ideology. The twentieth century was dominated by communist ideology, with Marx's ideas of revolutionary violence coming to the fore. Joseph Stalin continued the development of this ideology and the idea of ​​world revolution was born. The leadership of the proletariat, the establishment of a dictatorial regime, the reconstruction of society on the principles of equality and justice - these are the main ideas of communism.

It regulates relationships between people that arise in the sphere of goods and services. They include production, consumption, exchange and distribution of material goods.

Economics is understood as a science that studies how people use the goods they have. All resources that people use in the process of their activities are called factors of production. The main factors of production are labor (the activity of people to produce material goods), land (all types natural resources), capital (buildings and structures, money), entrepreneurship (the ability to correctly evaluate and build your production).

Unfortunately, in the modern world there is a problem of limited resources. This problem is due to the fact that people are not able to rationally use what they have been given. Man's desires are limitless; they have long exceeded his primary needs. And to satisfy most of them, a much larger supply of resources is needed than is currently available.

The economic system is represented by three main types of economy: traditional, command and market.

The traditional economic system, although inherent in pre-industrial (traditional) society, is also manifested in the modern world - many people have vegetable gardens, dachas - subsistence farming.

The command system completely denies the existence of private property; all property is state property. Each enterprise operates according to a specific plan (how many and what products need to be produced in a certain period of time), established by the authorities.

The market economy plays the most important role in the economic sphere. It is based on the right of private property, the development of competition, and economic freedom. IN market economy the state does not interfere, it only regulates and protects it through laws.

Spiritual culture is the process of mastering culture, science, and religion. It determines the value and moral qualities of society, reflects its level and quality of development.

The very first stage of spiritual development of society is morality. It can be compared to a legal custom, not enshrined in laws, but constituting its basis. Moral norms reflect the basic values ​​of society, the measure of its aesthetic and religious development.

Culture can be divided into material (sculptures, architectural buildings) and spiritual (achievements of science and art). Innovation in culture is impossible without continuity: authors, creating their creations, rely on the achievements of the past.

The inner spiritual life of each individual is considered his spiritual world. A person who does not have a spiritual world is called unspiritual. There is a huge difference between people who regularly visit theaters and various exhibitions and who deny art as such.

Culture is one of the highest human values. It is focused on the concepts of goodness and evil, truth and beauty. Patriotism is also important - love for the Motherland.

A person’s views on the world around him constitute his worldview - a holistic idea of ​​nature, man, society, and personal ideals. A worldview can be based on faith in God, focused on man or science, nature.

Art is the comprehension of beauty. It's a moving wheel whose vantage point is constantly changing. Art was created in order to overcome the possibilities of communication between individual nations.

Was last modified: January 12th, 2016 by Elena Pogodaeva

B1. Establish a correspondence between facts and spheres of social life: for each position given in the first column, select the corresponding position from the second

SPHERES OF SOCIETY LIFE

A) production of goods and services

1) economic

B) the relationship between “fathers” and “children”

2) social

B) interethnic conflict

D) provision of banking services

B2. Below is a list of social groups. All of them, with the exception of one, are formed along religious lines. Find and indicate a social group that “falls out” from their series, formed on a different basis:

Orthodox, Muslims, Protestants, Conservatives, Catholics.

B3. Find the paths of social development in the list below and write down the numbers under which they are indicated in ascending order:

1) differentiation

2) evolution

3) mobility

4) stratification

5) revolution

Q4. Write down the word missing in the diagram below:

B5. Establish the correspondence between the main spheres of society and the phenomena characteristic of them.

SPHERE OF SOCIETY LIFE

CHARACTERISTIC PHENOMENON

1) political

A) Raising gasoline taxes.

2) economic

B) Expressing no confidence in the government.

3) social

B) Premiere of M. P. Mussorgsky’s opera “Boris Godunov”.

4) spiritual

D) Increase in old-age pensions by 200 rubles.

Write down the selected numbers in the table.

Read the text and complete tasks C1-C4

A social group is understood as an association of people who have common characteristics, common interests, values, and traditions. Social groups are classified on various grounds. Here are some of them: depending on the presence or absence of official status, groups are divided into formal and informal. Depending on the number of members, social groups are divided into small, medium and large.

Formal groups include groups built on the basis of official normative documents, regulations, and instructions. Members of such groups are aimed at performing certain types of activities and have a structure ordered in a certain way. TO informal groups include spontaneously emerging associations of people who do not have documents regulating their activities. Formal groups can develop relationships that are characteristic of informal groups.

In small groups, all members are in direct contact. Its size ranges from two to several dozen people (although some scientists believe that a small group can be called an association of no more than 5-7 people). The main characteristics of a small group include: direct contact between individuals, interpersonal mutual influence, the presence of a common goal and activity, intra-group distribution of functions and social roles, common interests, social norms, traditions, a certain localization in space and stability in time. The main thing in a small group is the force with which the group acts on its member.

(Adapted from the encyclopedia for schoolchildren

C1. Highlight the main semantic parts of the text. Give each of them a title (make a text plan).

NW. What distinguishes a formal group from an informal one? Using the content of the text, indicate two differences.

C4. V.'s family consists of 7 people: parents, three children, grandparents. They live together in their own house. Parents work and take their children to school, grandfather picks up the children from school and helps them do their homework, grandmother takes care of the house.

What signs of a small group indicated in the text are manifested in this example?

1. Are the following judgments about the main spheres of society true? A. The main spheres of society’s life are quite autonomous and at the same time inextricably

connected. B. Changes in one area of ​​society do not affect other areas and society as a whole. 1) only A is true 3) both judgments are true 2) only B is true 4) both judgments are incorrect

1. African societies and industrial society are united by: a) the interconnection of all spheres of social life

b) application mobile phones

c) high level of education

d) urbanization

2. The process of unification of nations and nationalities, erasing boundaries in culture and economics, is manifested in:

a) the dominance of mass culture in the world

b) reducing the role of the UN

c) formation of international corporations

d) ultimatums to third world countries

3. The state of A. has a directive economic system. This means that there:

a) there are all forms of ownership

b) there is private ownership of apartments

c) state ownership predominates

d) there is private ownership of land

4. Which action should a citizen not perform when protecting his consumer rights?

a) go to court

b) contact a lawyer

c) meet with the rights violator

d) break the goods

5. A political party is an organized group of people seeking..........:

a) get benefits

b) receive orders

c) gain power or the ability to influence it

d) receive a bonus

6. Political parties are:

a) right, left and center

b) liberal and communist

c) main and secondary

d) parliamentary and opposition

7. Which of the following refers to manifestations of spiritual culture?

a) residential building

c) TV

d) rules of conduct

8. Which of the following is redundant?

a) articulate speech

b) upright posture

c) presence of mind

d) ability to communicate

9. Nikolai deposited money into a bank account. In this case, the money is:

a) a medium of exchange

b) means of payment

c) a means of accumulation

d) a measure of value

10. One of the listed sources of the family budget relates to social payments.

a) father's salary

b) profit from family business

c) scholarship for son - student

d) grandmother's pension

11. Some of the concepts below are redundant. Eliminate them.

a) salary

b) bank interest

c) utility bills

d) pension

12. What do these concepts have in common? Farming, commercial bank, travel agency, studio.

a) they relate to the economic sphere

b) they belong to the service sector

c) they belong to the sphere of production

d) they bring profit to the owners

13. What do these concepts have in common?

Trade, price, sellers, buyers.

a) they relate to the political sphere

b) these are manifestations of social mobility

c) these are elements of the purchase and sale relationship

d) they relate to the sphere of economic management

14. A ban on certain actions, the oldest form of custom, called:

a) restriction

b) permission

d) warning

15. Eliminate the unnecessary concept from the following:

b) youth

d) elderly

16. Scientists have found that more young people came to the elections for the President of the Russian Federation than to the elections to the State Duma. Using what research methods could this be established?

a) observation

c) measurement

d) experiment

1. Human needs generated by society include the need for: 1) work activity; 2) normal

heat exchange 3) maintaining health; 4) physical activity.

2. To human needs determined by his biological

organization, includes the need for:

1) self-realization; 2) self-preservation; 3) self-knowledge; 4) self-education

3. Personality is:

1) any representative of human society; 2) socially significant features that characterize a person as a member of society; 3) every human individual; 4) a set of biological and social characteristics person.

4. Individuality is:

1) specific features inherent in a person as biological organism; 2) a person’s temperament, his character; 3) the unique originality of both natural and social in man; 4) the totality of human needs and abilities.

5. Socialization of the individual is:

1) communication with others; 2) change in social status; 3) assimilation of social experience accumulated by humanity; 4) transition from one social group to another.

6. A sign of human activity that distinguishes it from the behavior of animals is:

1) manifestation of activity; 2) goal setting; 3) adaptation to the surrounding world; 4) interaction with nature.

7. What is “disturbance of ecological balance”?:

a) sharp deterioration of the natural environment;

b) changes in the ecosystem, leading ultimately to its replacement by another ecosystem for a long or indefinite period.

8. To what area does the concept of “morality” belong:

a) social;

b) spiritual;

c) political;

d) economic.

9. Choose the correct statements:

a) Human freedom consists in his ability to live outside of society.

b) No man - no society.

c) Each new generation is included in already established social relations.

d) The life of society is not subject to change.

e) Knowledge, work skills, and moral standards are products of social development.

10. Choose the correct statements:

a) Labor creates everything necessary for people’s lives.

b) Throughout history, society has viewed work as the greatest good.

c) Labor is connected with nature and affects - directly or indirectly - natural objects.

d) The advent of automatic technology frees people from the need to work.

e) The introduction of machines into production made it possible to replace the human hand in many operations.

11. Choose the correct statements:

a) Political relations always concern power and the state.

b) Politics and political relations arose with the emergence of human society.

c) Only the state issues laws that are binding on all its citizens.

d) The interests of large social communities are formulated and expressed by political parties.

e) Membership in one of the political parties is the responsibility of every citizen.

12. What are the factors of production?:

3) capital;

4) entrepreneurial abilities;

5) information.

13. What type of economy is most common?:

a) traditional;

b) centralized;

c) market;

d) mixed.

14. Choose the correct statement:

a) the main principle of the market - a transaction must be profitable either only for the seller or only for the buyer;

b) the main problem of the economy is the distribution of limitless resources;

c) three main questions of economics - what, how and for whom to produce.

15. Align:

1) power, state, presidential elections, voting rights

2) production of material goods, finance, banks, trade

3) classes, nations, primary groups, inequality

4) theater, religion, science, moral standards, values

A) the spiritual sphere of social life

B) social sphere of society

C) the economic sphere of society

D) the political sphere of society

a group of industries that ensure the social development of both individual work collectives and society as a whole.

Social sphere

The social sphere is a set of industries, enterprises, organizations that are directly connected and determine the way and standard of living of people, their well-being and consumption.

SOCIAL SPHERE

this is the area of ​​​​relations between groups occupying different socio-economic positions in society, primarily differing in their role in the social organization of labor, attitude to the means of production, sources and size of the received share of social wealth.

SOCIAL SPHERE

sectors of the national economy that do not participate in material production, but ensure the organization of service, exchange, distribution and consumption of goods, as well as the formation of the standard of living of the population and its well-being. The social sphere includes: trade, education, culture, social security, etc.

SOCIAL SPHERE

a set of industries, enterprises, organizations that are directly connected and determine the way and standard of living of people, their well-being, and consumption. The social sphere includes primarily the service sector (education, culture, healthcare, social security, physical education, catering, public services, passenger transport, communications).

Social sphere

a number of economic sectors and government activities that have a direct impact on individuals and families. First of all, it includes branches of the socio-cultural complex: education, culture, healthcare, and science. A major role in this area is played by housing and communal services, passenger transport, communications serving the population, trade, and the consumer market. An important place belongs to such types of activities as solving problems of labor relations, employment and migration, implementing social protection and social security of the population.

Social sphere

1) The social (non-productive) sphere of social production is a sphere where material benefits are not directly created. The social sphere includes: art, culture, sports, science, education, healthcare. 2) The social, material and spiritual conditions surrounding a person’s existence and activity.

In a broad sense (macroenvironment) it covers the socio-economic system as a whole - productive forces, the totality of social relations and institutions, public consciousness, and the culture of a given society. In the narrow sense (microenvironment), being an element of the social sphere, as a whole, it includes the immediate social environment of a person - family, team (work, school, etc.) and groups of people. It has a decisive influence on the formation and development of personality, at the same time, under the influence of creative activity, human activity changes and transforms itself.

Department of Automated Control Systems

Coursework

Discipline: “Management in socio-economic systems”

On the topic: “Application of methods and models of system analysis and management theory to management problems in the social and economic spheres”

Completed:

5th year student

group MIVT-16-1-2

Zenin Kirill Andreevich

Introduction. 3

Main part. 6

1. Social and economic sphere.

2. Methods and models of system analysis. 9

3. Methods and models of decision-making theory. 13

Chapter II 16

1. Brief information about the company "SimpLAN". 16

2. Analysis of the economic subsystem of the organization. 17

3. Construction mathematical model and application of the simplex TPR method to analyze the model. 18

4. Application of the method of expert assessments based on a ranking assessment system with subsequent normalization, ranking and application of the method of median ranks to analyze the model of the economic subsystem. 29

5. Analysis of the social subsystem of the organization, construction of its model, improvement and analysis. 38

REFERENCES... 45

Introduction

Economics studies production, problems of goods and services, supply and demand, human economic behavior in general, and the use of money and capital. Sociology, in turn, seeks to develop models of the economic behavior of various groups and explore the economic forces that influence people's lives. The relationship between the economic and social spheres is the influence of economic relations on the social structure of society and on the activity of social groups, as well as the influence of the system of social inequalities on socio-economic processes. The connection between economic and sociological factors is often overlooked in the decision-making process. It is the connection between these two components that generally reflects the state of the enterprise as a whole.

The object of organizational behavior is employees of organizations, represented by managers, specialists, and support service workers. In turn, the organization’s employees are its main capital, since the achievement of the organization’s goals depends on them. In order for employees to strive to achieve the goals of the organization, it is necessary that the organization, in turn, motivate them to do so.

The transition stage to market relations in the Russian economy is characterized by a crisis of motivation and a negative perception of the majority of enterprise employees about labor activity. The essence of work motivation has practically boiled down to the desire to have the maximum guaranteed salary with an indifferent attitude to the results of labor (quality, impact of labor). Poverty of motivation and a narrow range of needs satisfied through work activity have reduced the controllability of workers and made them weakly subject to stimulation.

The above applies not only to employees, but also to specialists and managers, in particular middle managers.

Some of the workers who have retained the moral foundations of labor consciousness and rich work motivation are a minority and are often at pre-retirement and retirement age. As for employers and senior managers, according to sociological surveys, 90% of them, as opposed to other forms of influence, give preference to administrative pressure, explaining this choice of management methods for the decline in discipline. Therefore, today the “carrot and stick” method, implemented through a system of simple economic and administrative incentives and sanctions, has become the most common method of influencing people in order to obtain the desired result. Such a system is quite effective in conditions of low content of work, authoritarian leadership style and significant unemployment. The “carrot and stick” method includes proportional additional payments and deductions, work on administration terms: fines, collective contracting and other well-known techniques.

This paper proposes to consider the applicability of the methodology of system analysis and decision-making theory in the social and economic sphere of an enterprise and to trace within its framework the impact of changes in one area on another.

The purpose of this course work is to increase the efficiency of the organization through management influence on its social and economic sphere.

The object of the study is the socio-economic system “SimpLAN”.

The subject of the study is an organization model, including social and economic components.

1. Consider the role and connection between the social and economic spheres.

3. Review models and methods of SA and TPR.

4. Analyze the enterprise from the social and economic spheres and build its model.

5. Apply TPR methods to improve enterprise productivity.

The scientific novelty of the work lies in the study of the possibility and significance of using models and methods of system analysis and decision-making theory to improve the economic and social performance of a small organization.

The practical significance of the work lies in increasing the efficiency of a small organization and its employees.

Main part

Chapter I

Social and economic sphere

According to T. I. Zaslavskaya and R. V. Ryvkina, the economic sphere is an integral subsystem of society, responsible for the production, distribution, exchange and consumption of material goods and services necessary for people’s livelihoods. It is formed by many partial systems of greater complexity relative to it.

The social sphere does not form a separate subsystem and cannot be considered on an equal basis with the economic, political and similar spheres. To understand its nature, let us define the concept of “social attitude” (as the main characteristic of the social sphere). Social relations are understood in scientific literature in two senses: broad and narrow. In a broad sense, they mean relations between any communities (for example, enterprise teams, the population of different regions, etc.), in a narrow sense - relations between classes, social strata and groups occupying different positions in society. According to M.N. Rutkevich, social relations are “relations determined by the position of people and groups in the social structure of society. The core of social relations are relations of equality and inequality in the position of people and groups in society. Social relations are always “present” in economic, as well as political and other public relations(although they do not exhaust them).

What is the connection between the social sphere understood in this way and the economic sphere?

First of all, the position occupied by different groups in society is decisively determined by the system of economic relations. Moreover, the groups themselves that are discussed in economic sociology are collections of individuals characterized by a similar position in the economic sphere, that is, they are located within the structural divisions of the social economy. They seem to bear its features in accordance with the famous aphorism of K. Marx about the essence public person as a set of social relations. This “imprinting” of economic relations on the groups functioning within them reveals the direct impact of the economic on the social.

At the same time, the social area is a powerful factor of “reverse influence” on the functioning and development of the economy, which is realized through the activity of socio-economic groups that are driving force socio-economic processes. Social processes are understood as changes in social objects over time, patterns that arise when their states change.

So, the relationship between the economic and social areas is the influence of economic relations on the social structure of society and on the activity of social groups, as well as the influence of the system of social inequalities on socio-economic processes.

The close connection between the social and economic spheres can be observed in the example of a small system that makes up the totality of these spheres - an enterprise. Any enterprise can be considered as a socio-economic system that has an internal structure that functions in constant interaction with the external environment.

An enterprise is a social system because it is created by people to meet the specific needs of society and is managed by people with certain personal characteristics. An enterprise is an economic system because, as a result of its use economic resources and sales of products ensures the continuity of reproduction of the social product.

Considering an enterprise as a system, it is necessary to identify the object and subject of influence in it. The object of influence in the enterprise system is a set of material conditions, production, organizational processes, relations between employees when the enterprise performs its functions.

The subject is the control apparatus, which, through various forms and methods of influence, carries out the purposeful functioning of the object.

In all economic systems, the main productive force is people, the personnel of organizations. With his labor he creates material and spiritual values. The higher the human capital and the potential for its development, the better it works for the benefit of its enterprise. Employees of the enterprise, closely connected with each other in the process of work, not only create a new product, perform work and provide services, but also form new social and labor relations. In business market relations, the social and labor sphere becomes the basis of life activity of both individual workers and individual professional groups, and entire production teams.

Thus, we can highlight management tasks in the social subsystem of the enterprise:

· improving the social conditions of the company's employees by creating better working conditions and setting higher wages;

· improving the skills of employees by providing them with appropriate courses and motivation for this process.

· preventing the emergence of controversial situations and conflicts within the work team.

Let us also consider management tasks in the economic subsystem of the enterprise:

· constant monitoring of the efficiency of the company, coordination of the work of all its divisions;

· ensuring production automation

· constant search and development of new markets.

· determination of specific development goals of the company;

· identifying the priority of goals, their order and sequence of achievement;

· development of a system of measures to achieve the intended goals;

· identification of necessary resources and sources of their provision;

· establishing control over the implementation of assigned tasks.

The tasks of one area perfectly complement the tasks of another area, overall leading to an increase in the efficiency of the enterprise.

However, it is not so easy to solve both problems at once. The problem is that solving problems in the economic sphere can aggravate solving problems in the social sphere and vice versa.

Features of social sector management at the regional level.

When developing directions for any, including social, transformations within a certain territory, the specifics of a particular region are certainly taken into account.

1. The economic independence of the region cannot be absolute, since the regional economy, being a subsystem of the national economy, cannot be considered as an isolated part of it. This is evidenced by the fact that the state budget financing still remains the main source of financial resources for the economy of any region.

2. To the level of development of the region significant influence have natural and climatic factors (presence of minerals and other natural resources, favorable conditions geographical environment, etc.) and environmental conditions.

3. Most regions are “highly specialized”, i.e.

focused on certain spheres of the national economy (in this regard, industrial regions, agricultural, recreational, etc. are traditionally distinguished).

Regions, as a lower sphere of life, directly implement the socio-economic policy of the state: the entire country is governed through the regions and the state strategy is embodied in them. Taking into account certain specifics, regional governance acts as a conductor of all-Russian interests. This does not exclude special management aspects. On the contrary, taking into account specific features allows one to avoid strict centralization and bureaucratization of economic life. The more freely a business entity can manage its resources within the framework of a single economic mechanism, the higher the management efficiency.

A rigid control system is less effective because limits the freedom of grassroots government, violates the law of feedback and, ultimately, leads to a breakdown in self-regulation. And regional management is designed to eliminate the shortcomings of strict centralization.

At the present stage, management of the social sphere (both according to current legislation and emerging practice) is increasingly becoming the subject of attention and responsibility of authorities and management at the regional level. In this regard, the volume of work increases and the complexity of the tasks of managing the social sphere of the region increases, which gives rise to a number of problems associated with the need to further improve the system of territorial management at the regional level. The essence of the crisis of the existing management mechanism in the social sphere lies in the inconsistency of the main groups of interests of the subjects of such activities, i.e. the interests of the subjects of the Federation conflict with the goals and objectives of the relevant federal government bodies. This is especially acute when determining the long-term prospects for the development of the region.

At the regional level, the social sphere is an object of management for everyone government agencies authorities that function and have a social orientation (ministries and state committees in charge of issues of social protection, education, culture and interethnic relations, healthcare, physical culture and sports, labor, etc.), at the local level - departments and departments of local governments. At each level of social sector management, their functions are performed in accordance with the powers granted.

Managing the social sphere of a region involves performing many functions, solving specific analytical and organizational problems, and processing large-volume and complex-structured information flows. Since the social sphere is specific area connections and relationships that develop between subjects of social life, its management should be carried out taking into account the conditions and factors that ensure the reproduction, development, and improvement of interacting social groups and individuals.

The social sphere of the region is a complex, branched, multidimensional system with various connections, relationships, and infrastructure, which together ensure the life and development of the regional community.

Under regional social policy refers to a set of measures by federal bodies aimed at the social development of regions. Regional social policy is formed by the Center. However, at the concept development stage, it should represent a two-way process of interaction between federal and regional structures. Social policy in the region is developed by regional authorities with the participation of local governments, taking into account the concept of state social policy formed by the Federal Center.

In the practice of regional management, there is no consistent development and systematic implementation of a social development strategy, and social policy, on the one hand, comes down to individual measures to ensure a guaranteed social minimum, and on the other, to “patching holes” in the event of emergencies in the social sphere. Regional social policy turned out to be more aimed at developing a strategy for social development at the macro level, forming a single social unity, and social policy in the region - at the practical implementation of a set of measures for the development of the social sphere in the region. However, regional authorities and even local governments are called upon not only to implement social policy within their territorial divisions, but also to formulate a strategy and tactics for carrying out social reforms on their territory within the limits of established powers and the ability to use their own funds. This is typical for regions in which active social policy is being formed and implemented. Regional authorities and local governments also participate in the process of forming social policy Federal Center(albeit still very limited).

Thus, regional social policy can be formed and developed in the regions of Russia only on the basis of the agreed socio-economic policy of the Russian state and the subject of the Federation. Specific areas of social policy in the region (priorities, mechanisms, measures) largely depend on the socio-economic state and specifics of the territory.

In addition to extra-regional and intra-regional factors, the regional social sphere is also formed by the totality of organizations (as carriers of social policy) of a given territory. The final product of the organization’s activities in the form of social benefits and services is aimed at active use in all elements external environment. Therefore, the social sphere of the region is considered, on the one hand, as a set of organizations, and on the other, as an open, socially oriented system.

The features of the social sphere of the region as an object of social policy are caused by the specific diversity of cultural development, natural-climatic, geographical and environmental conditions, as well as the transformation of social and everyday needs for education, development cultural values, organization of work and rest, preservation of health in the process of socialization of the individual in the characteristic operating conditions of a particular region. Achieving balance in the social sphere, eliminating emerging social deformations and, ultimately, achieving social stability is the essence of social policy in the region.

Each region is inherently unique, however, there are differences in natural and climatic conditions, the degree of development of territories, key indicators of socio-economic development, etc. In other words, the economic space of Russia is very heterogeneous both in natural-climatic and socio-economic aspects. With the increasing differentiation of Russian space, it is becoming increasingly difficult to divide regions by type. To be fair, it must be said that this task was not easy before under the conditions of a planned economy.

Two main types of social indicators can be distinguished. The first type includes indicators quantitative characteristic which allows us to unambiguously justify the mandatory directions of social policy. At the same time, the socio-economic characteristics of individual regions are not factors in the differentiation of these areas. Social indicators of the second type are characterized by the fact that a conclusion about the positive or negative significance of their actual value for the region cannot be made without a comprehensive assessment of the situation in the region. In contrast to the situation with indicators of the first type, goal setting in terms of choosing directions for social policy takes on an active character in this case.

The indicators of the second type include, first of all, demographic indicators. Without knowing the real state of the region’s economy, it is impossible to say whether, for example, the existing natural population growth or the balance of migration has a positive or negative impact on the region. Thus, in labor surplus regions with a tense situation in labor markets, high natural labor growth and a positive migration balance will lead to an increase in the load on their labor markets and a decrease in household incomes, etc.

A specific type of social policy can be determined if we take into account the characteristics of the socio-economic situation that has developed in the country and its regions by a certain period of time. The features of this situation, in turn, determine the fundamental requirements for national social policy and the directions of its interregional differentiation.

The sphere of social life of society.

Society is made up of many people. But it is not a simple sum of individuals. In this multitude, certain groups and communities arise that differ from one another and are in various relationships between themselves and society as a whole.

Questions naturally arise: for what reasons do certain communities arise in society at one stage or another, what are they, what connections are established between them, how and why do they develop, how do they function, what is their historical fate, how does a holistic picture emerge in society? connections and dependencies of these communities and does it develop at all, etc.? Social philosophy studies the laws according to which stable, large groups of people develop in society, the relationships between these groups, their connections and their role in society. These laws constitute the content of a special area of ​​public life - its social sphere.

In philosophical and sociological science, a whole spectrum of social structures of society is distinguished: social-class, socio-territorial (settlement), which is based on the differences between city and countryside, socio-demographic, reflecting the position of gender and age groups, professional structure, by economic sector. Scientific ideas about ethnic communities and their differentiation, the microsocial structure of society - primary groups, family, etc. have also been significantly enriched.

At the same time, a tradition of excessive division and specialization in the study of various elements of social life has developed, not particularly sanctioned by anyone, but nevertheless quite strong. Within the framework of this tradition, classes and class relations were studied separately, ethnic communities, teams, family, etc.

But the development of society with increasing insistence requires overcoming the separate study of individual communities and requires an integral analysis of social life.

Social structure refers to the stratification and hierarchical organization of various layers of society, as well as the set of institutions and the relationship between them. The term “stratification” is stratum - layers, layer. Strata are large groups of people who differ in their position in the social structure of society.

The basis of the stratification structure of society is the natural and social inequality of people. However, on the question of what exactly is the criterion for this inequality, their opinions differ. Studying the process of stratification in society, K. Marx called such a criterion the fact of a person’s possession of property and the level of his income. M. Weber added to them social prestige and the subject’s belonging to political parties, to power. Pitirim Sorokin considered the cause of stratification to be the uneven distribution of rights and privileges, responsibilities and duties in society. He also argued that social space has many other criteria for differentiation: it can be carried out by citizenship, occupation, nationality, religious affiliation, etc.

Historically, stratification, i.e., inequality in income, power, prestige, etc., arises from the beginning of human society. With the advent of the first states, it becomes tougher, and then, in the process of development of society (primarily European), it gradually softens.

In sociology, there are four main types of social stratification - slavery, castes, estates and classes. The first three characterize closed societies, and the last type - open ones.

The first system of social stratification is slavery, which arose in ancient times and still persists in some backward regions. There are two forms of slavery: patriarchal, in which the slave has all the rights of the youngest member of the family, and classical, in which the slave has no rights and is considered the property of the owner (a talking tool). Slavery was based on direct violence, and social groups during the era of slavery were distinguished by the presence or absence of civil rights.

The second system of social stratification should be recognized as the caste system. A caste is a social group (stratum) in which membership is transferred to a person only by birth. A person's transition from one caste to another during his lifetime is impossible - for this he needs to be born again. A classic example of a caste society is India.

The next form of stratification consists of estates. An estate is a group of people that has rights and responsibilities enshrined in law or custom that are inherited. Usually in society there are privileged and unprivileged classes. For example, in Western Europe The first group included the nobility and clergy. to the second - artisans, merchants and peasants.

Finally, another stratification system is class. V.I. Lenin: “Classes are large groups of people that differ in their place in a historically defined system of social production, in their relationship (mostly enshrined and formalized in laws) to the means of production, in their role in the social organization of labor, and therefore , according to the methods of obtaining and the size of the share of social wealth that they have.”

Depending on the historical period in society, the following are identified as the main ones: classes:

a) slaves and slave owners;

b) feudal lords and feudal-dependent peasants;

c) the bourgeoisie and the proletariat;

d) the so-called middle class.

Since any social structure is a collection of all functioning social communities taken in their interaction, the following elements can be distinguished in it:

a) ethnic structure (clan, tribe, nationality, nation);

b) demographic structure (groups are distinguished by age and gender);

c) settlement structure (urban residents, rural residents, etc.)

d) class structure (bourgeoisie, proletariat, peasants, etc.);

e) vocational and educational structure.

A person occupying a certain place in the structure has the opportunity to move from one level to another, increasing or decreasing his social status, or from one group located at a certain level to another located at the same level (moving from the Orthodox into a Catholic religious group, from one citizenship to another) This transition is called social mobility. (Vertical mobility is the advancement of a person up or down the career ladder.)

Social mobility sometimes leads to the fact that some people find themselves at the junction of certain social groups, while experiencing serious psychological difficulties. Their intermediate position is largely determined by their inability or unwillingness, for whatever reason, to adapt to one of the interacting social groups. This phenomenon of a person being, as it were, between two cultures, associated with his movement in social space, is called marginality. A marginal is an individual who has lost his previous social status, is deprived of the opportunity to engage in his usual activities and, moreover, has found himself unable to adapt to the new sociocultural environment of the stratum within which he formally exists. Individual system the values ​​of such people are so stable that they cannot be replaced by new norms, principles, and rules. Their behavior is characterized by extremes: they are either overly passive or very aggressive, easily overstep moral standards and are capable of unpredictable actions. Among the marginalized there may be ethnomarginals - people who found themselves in a foreign environment as a result of migration; religious marginals - people who are outside the confession or who do not dare to make a choice between them, etc.

The qualitative changes taking place in the economic basis of modern Russian society have entailed serious changes in its social structure. The currently emerging social hierarchy is characterized by inconsistency, instability and a tendency to significant changes. The highest stratum (elite) today can include representatives of the state apparatus, as well as owners of large capital, including their top - financial oligarchs. The middle class in modern Russia includes representatives of the entrepreneurial class, as well as knowledge workers, highly qualified managers (managers). Finally, the lower stratum consists of workers of various professions engaged in medium and low-skilled work, as well as clerical workers and public sector workers (teachers and doctors in state and municipal institutions). It should be noted that the process of social mobility between these levels in Russia is limited, which may become one of the prerequisites for future conflicts in society.

In the process of changing the social structure of modern Russian society, the following trends can be identified:

1) social polarization, i.e. stratification into rich and poor, deepening social and property differentiation;

2) massive downward social mobility;

3) massive change of place of residence by knowledge workers (the so-called “brain drain”).

In general, we can say that the main criteria that determine a person’s social position in modern Russia and his belonging to one or another stratification level are either the size of his wealth or his affiliation with power structures.

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