Religious rites and rituals. See what “religious rite” is in other dictionaries

Religion not only gives a person hope for help higher powers, on afterlife and serves as one of the forms of social consciousness. Religion creates certain moral principles of society, defines the boundaries of good and evil, teaches morality and respect for others. In addition, each type of religion imposes certain obligations on its followers, requires compliance with canons, rituals, and ceremonies corresponding to a particular event in a person’s life.

Types of religions and their characteristic rituals, rites and customs

The oldest of all forms of religion is Judaism, which originated in ancient Palestine. Judaism is characterized by strict observance of customs; prohibitions must not be violated under any circumstances; upon reaching a certain age, all boys must be circumcised. One of the main prohibitions concerns food - Jews are strictly forbidden to eat meat products kosher origin, that is, meat from animals whose limbs end in a cloven hoof. The wedding rituals of the Jews are unusually beautiful, and the funeral rites touch the soul even of those who have no idea about this type of religion.

But Islam is considered the youngest world religion, the date of its first mention in historical chronicles- This is the 7th century AD. Adherents of Islam sacredly revere the Prophet Muhammad, perform the so-called namaz daily, that is, say prayer five times a day, and consider it their duty to help the poor. The peculiarities of this religion are that a man can have several wives at the same time, even of a different faith, but an Islamic woman is obliged to marry only. True admirers of Islam never drink alcohol, observe strict fasting once a year, the so-called Ramadan, and perform the Hajj - a pilgrimage to Mecca.

Christianity is the religion followed by most people. The Christian faith is divided into Catholic and Orthodox and each of them has its own customs and rituals, some of them are similar, and some are completely opposite. Against the background of these disagreements, wars arose more than once, during which brother killed brother, and son killed father. But both directions are characterized by the observance of such rituals as baptism, communion, wedding, and regular repentance for one’s sins. All rituals are carried out by clergy and are necessarily strengthened by ablution or irrigation with holy water.

The most unusual religious rituals

But on the specifics of the ritual rites great value They also impose customs characteristic of a particular ethnic group or nationality.

For example, in one of Indian states Islamists throw newborns from a pretty temple onto a rag cloth stretched below and firmly believe that this is good for the child.

In Scotland, a Catholic bride must be given rotten eggs, molasses and flour on the night before her wedding - this ritual serves as a guarantee of the happiness and well-being of the future family.

Among some peoples of the Christian faith, it is still customary to use during communion real blood, and among some African peoples a woman, according to religious custom, for each year family life receives a metal ring around his neck. But if she cheats on her husband, all the rings are removed, and the woman’s neck simply breaks.

Many existing religious rituals, customs and ceremonies exist very for a long time, because they came to us from ancient times, when people used them as a kind of energy support and assistance in various everyday situations.

Ancient rituals and ceremonies

It is no secret that in ancient times people hunted and thus obtained food for themselves. However, the hunt was not successful every time, and in order to avoid starvation, people tried to summon good luck with signs: for example, they painted animals on the rocks and then hit them with spears, symbolizing a successful outcome.

At the same time, for example, the ritual of human burial began to take shape. Flowers, weapons and objects that a person used during life were supposed to be placed in the grave. As a rule, all rituals denote actions that connect a person with the other world.

Later, people began to appear in the tribe to conduct rituals and ceremonies. special person, who was called a magician or sorcerer. They performed all the actions themselves and taught others to perform them. Slavic rituals and rituals may differ from the rituals of other peoples, since they all have their own specifics.

Religious rites and rituals: then and now

In each era, rituals became more and more complex. People found new ways to ask the gods for what they wanted. Nowadays, each religion has its own rites and rituals, which can be daily (for example), calendar (for example, rites and rituals for Christmas) or single - for example, baptism.

As in our days, a person could pray alone, or by coming to a special temple. In those days, each person had his own small altar at home, at which he was also supposed to pray.

Tribes have lived on Siberian soil since ancient times northern peoples, who had shamans in their tribe who were engaged exclusively in rites and rituals. According to myths, the shaman was chosen by the spirits themselves - the person who was supposed to become him was taken to another world, taken apart and created anew, in a new capacity. Such a person knew how to walk between worlds, could heal people, install energy protection, and influence the weather. Traditionally, their rituals used music - the ringing of a tambourine.

It’s interesting, but the Buryats and other peoples of the north, who have preserved their culture today, still have shamans who really have amazing abilities: they can cast and remove a curse or predict fate.

Lesson objectives: Formation of a tolerant attitude towards the customs and rituals of various religious cultures.

Lesson objectives:

Introduce students to the concepts of “rite”, “ritual”, “sacraments”.

Fostering a sense of respect for people of different national and religious backgrounds.

Developing students’ communication abilities and building relationships with people around them.

(slide number 2)

(answer - Byzantium)

(answer: 988)

-(answer)

Stage 2. Updating.

(slide number 7)

-(students' answers)

(answer: he was hunting). (slide no. 10)

(slide number 11)

(slide number 12)

Notebook entry:

Ritual

Discussion of topic title:

What concepts are new to you?

What do you know about them?

So, the objectives of the lesson:

(pp. 52-53).

Christianity:

Prayer

Resurrection

Sacrament

Wedding

(students' answers)

Eucharist or thanksgiving

Communion

Baptism (slide number 15)

Burial

Tradition- transmission of spiritual values culture (cf. civilization
Judaism:

Prayer-

Saturday

Ablution in the mikvah

Sacrifice
Coming of age rite

Kosher food

Wedding

Burial-

Islam:

Prayer

Friday

Alms-

Pilgrimage

Fast-

Products

Wedding-

Ban- the Koran contains

Eid al-Adha Eid al-Fitr. prayer

Eid al-Adha- holiday of breaking the fast, eid al-Fitr

Burial-

Buddhism:

Prayer -

Wedding

About

Usu tyayalgn

Ritual of cleansing

Burial

Pilgrimage Capilawatta; Gaia; where he first preached - Benares; where he entered nirvana - Kusinagara.

Rite of Passage

Stage 5. Group performances.

Stage 6. Reflection:.

Stage 7. Homework.Stage 1. Motivation. Watch the video. Discussion.

Teacher's speech: Today we are starting to study new topic. You will learn what religious rituals and ceremonies existed in ancient times, how they arose, as well as what rituals and sacraments exist now in the Christian religion. But first, we will remember how Christianity was adopted in Rus'.

-Under what prince? Kievan Rus Was the Christian religion adopted?(answer - Prince of Kyiv Vladimir) (slide number 2)

-What preceded this event? Maybe other religions were offered to Prince Vladimir?

Chronicle of the 11th century: Prince Vladimir gathered the elders and boyars with the question: “Whose faith is better - Jews, Catholics, Mohammedans or Greeks?” The elders said: “Sir, everyone praises his faith. Send messengers around the world." 10 messengers were sent. They wandered around the world and arrived in the capital of Byzantium, Constantinople, and went to the St. Sophia Church, where the patriarch celebrated the liturgy. And they froze from the unprecedented beauty.

N.M. Karamzin. "History of the Russian State."

“The splendor of the temple, the presence of the entire Greek clergy, the rich official clothes, the decoration of the altars, the beauty of painting, the fragrance of incense, the sweet singing of the choir, the silence of the people, the sacred importance and mystery of the rituals amazed the Russians; It seemed to them that the Almighty himself lived in this temple and connected directly with people ... "

Returning to Kyiv, the ambassadors enthusiastically told the prince: “Every person, having tasted the sweet, has an aversion to the bitter. So we, having seen the faith of the Greeks, do not want anything else.”

Many years have passed since Vladimir baptized Rus', but the splendor of the rituals remained.

(Slide show: No. 3 - mosque, No. 4 - pagoda, No. 5 - synagogue)

-From which country did Rus' adopt Christianity?(answer - Byzantium)

- In what year did this happen?(answer: 988)

We talked about how the church made a great contribution to the culture and prosperity of Russia . What cultural changes occurred in Rus' with the adoption of Christianity?(answer - the creation of the first schools, the alphabet of Cyril and Methodius, the construction of temples, the appearance of icon painting)

-Remember in what century and into what churches Christianity was divided(the answer is in the 11th century to the Orthodox and Catholic Church) (Demonstration of slide No. 6 depicting Catholic and Orthodox churches)

-Tell me, which of these churches is Catholic and which is Orthodox?(answer)

Stage 2. Updating.

3.Write down the topic of the lesson in your notebook: Religious rituals. Customs and rituals.(slide number 7)

Many drawings of primitive people depicting animals have survived to this day.

-Guys, for what purpose do you think primitive man created these drawings? Why did he waste time and labor on them?(students' answers)

For our distant ancestors, drawings and paintings on rocks were not simple fun, but part of secret religious ceremonies, without which primitive man could not imagine the well-being of his community. They had to be carried out in hard-to-reach places, hidden from prying eyes. That is why caves were chosen for their departure. Faith in magical power images that give power over the depicted, witchcraft - all this was present in the consciousness of primitive man, who did not know that he was creating art.

-Answer the question how ancient man did you get food for yourself?(answer: he was hunting). (slide no. 10)

Killing the painted beast with spears or arrows, primitive people They believed that by performing such actions they would, as it were, attract good luck to themselves. (slide number 11) This means that the drawings were not created to decorate the walls of caves where people lived. These drawings were ritual.

Primitive people also believed in an afterlife. They put objects that they used in life into the graves. This is how religious rituals began to take shape already in ancient times. (slide number 12)

Notebook entry:

Ritual- a set of actions established by custom associated with religious or everyday ideas of the life of the people. Rite, ritual, ceremony are synonyms. Rituals can be collective or individual. They are associated with major events in a person’s life.

Rituals (rites) are human behavior, various actions, which connect him with the other world. Ritual is the traditional procedure for conducting a ceremony.

-Guys, what do you call the people who led the rituals?(answer: sorcerers, magicians, priests)

The rituals became more and more complex. People sought to appease their gods, ask them for luck and wealth. To do this, they brought offerings and gifts to the gods and prayed to them. Prayers could be performed both in temples and in people's homes

Shamanism, a type of paganism, was the first religion of the indigenous population of Siberia and Far East long before Christianity.

-What did the shaman look like, what are his most important attributes?(answer: on the head is a headdress made of eagle feathers, in the hands is a tambourine and a mallet.)

Discussion of topic title:

What concepts are you already familiar with?

What concepts are new to you?

What do you know about them?

So, the objectives of the lesson:

Get acquainted with the concepts of “rite”, “ritual”, “sacraments”.

Find out what rituals and ceremonies exist among people of different national and religious affiliations.

Stage 3. Commented reading of an article from a student manual(pp. 52-53).

Conclusion: y different nations and different religions have their own customs, rites and rituals. Let's find out which ones.

Every nation cherishes its rituals and customs. Greek philosopher Herodotus: “If all nations were allowed to choose customs and morals, then everyone would choose their own, because Every nation is convinced that its customs and way of life are the best.”

Stage 4. Independent work in groups With educational material, additional literature, Internet resources. Compilation of characteristics of rituals and traditions different religions.

Christianity:

Prayer-the main daily ritual. Prayer is the believer’s appeal to God. A believer can pray both at home and in a temple (mosque or synagogue).

Resurrection- in Christianity, a festive service was given in memory of the resurrection of Jesus Christ. This day is considered a holiday in Christian countries, a day dedicated not to ordinary affairs, but to God. On this day, believers usually attend church.

Sacrament- There are seven sacraments or sacred rites in Christianity. There are seven sacraments or sacred rites in Christianity. These are the seven main rites (sacraments): baptism, communion (Eucharist), repentance (confession), confirmation, marriage, consecration of oil (unction), priesthood. They are called sacraments because in them “invisible divine grace is communicated to believers under a visible image”

Wedding- the sacrament of wedding is performed on a young man and a girl who get married, thereby creating a family.

-Guys, who knows why this ceremony is called a wedding?(students' answers)

The fact is that crowns are placed on the heads of future spouses during the ceremony. A crown, in another way, is a crown.

Eucharist or thanksgiving- central sacrament Orthodox Church established by Christ himself before his crucifixion. In this sacrament, according to the faith of the church, bread and wine brought by believers during their prayer are transformed into the body and blood of Christ and then offered to believers for communion

Communion- a sacrament in which the believer, under the guise of bread and wine, tasting the very body and blood of Christ, is mysteriously united with Christ and receives a pledge eternal life. The consecrated bread and wine are called the Holy Gifts.

Baptism- one of the most important sacraments, this is the sacrament of entering the Christian community. In the Orthodox Church, baptism is usually performed on newborn children. (slide number 15)

Burial- Orthodox Christians especially honor days dedicated to the memory of the departed. Memorial days are: 3,9, 40th days and anniversary after death.

Sooner or later we all face the mysterious phenomenon of death. By paying our last respects to the deceased, we try to see him off with dignity. last path: we take care of making a coffin, organizing a funeral, arranging a funeral meal, and a monument at the grave. Only sometimes we don’t realize that the deceased himself no longer needs any of this. Naked man comes out of his mother’s womb, naked he returns to the womb of the earth (“you are earth and you will go back to earth”).

Tradition-(Latin traditio - “transfer, delivery, tradition, teaching”) - transmission, transmission of the spiritual values of life from generation to generation. Culture (compare civilization) is based on tradition. It has become traditions to celebrate Epiphany (blessing of water), Maslenitsa, Easter, Palm Resurrection, Annunciation, Midsummer, Intercession Day.
Judaism:

Prayer- three daily prayers: morning, afternoon and evening.

Saturday- a weekly tradition of observing peace on Saturday. This day should be dedicated to God, spending it in prayer and studying Scripture.

Ablution- Abvins assign believers to wash their hands on the eve of Saturday and other religious holidays in the mikvah- a special pool with rain or spring water - before each prayer.

Sacrifice- Judgment Day. Over time, this holiday became a holiday of remission of sins. Now believers sacrifice a white rooster for a man, and a chicken for a woman, who supposedly take on the sins of people and pay for it with their lives.
Coming of age rite-Bar Mitzvah is called in Israel both a rite of coming of age and its participant. This is a mandatory and honorable rite. The age at which a boy is considered an adult is 13 years old. This means, first of all, moral coming of age - the essence of the change is that the boy - now a man - becomes entirely responsible for his actions, for fulfilling the commandments of the Torah. Until this moment, his father was responsible for him. (Slide 32)

Kosher food-food allowed to Jews is called kosher. Jews are strictly forbidden to eat dairy and meat products; fish can only be eaten if they are covered with scales; meat of ruminant artiodactyls only.

Wedding- Traditionally, Jews get married under a special canopy called a chuppah. It symbolizes the house in which husband and wife will live together. . The ceremony itself begins with the signing of the ketubah - the Jewish marriage contract, which stipulates the terms of the marriage. This is followed by a ceremony called bedeken, during which the groom covers the bride's face with a veil. This symbolizes the groom's intention to protect his wife. This ritual dates back to biblical times when Rebecca covered her face before marrying Isaac, the son of Abraham. During a Jewish wedding special meaning given to the number 7 - seven cups of wine are drunk during the ceremony and wedding feast. This is because God created the world in seven days and by drinking seven cups of wine, the bride metaphorically builds the walls of a new house. (slide 33)

Burial- if possible, in last minutes life, a person says a prayer of repentance. Being with a person at the moment of his death and closing his eyes is considered a manifestation of high virtue. Then those present pronounce a blessing to God as a “righteous judge” and tear the hem of their clothes as a sign of grief. (Genesis 37:34) It is considered insulting to display the deceased in an open casket. After all, enemies may come and rejoice at his death.
Cremation is against Jewish Law. Upon returning from the funeral, the avelim serves a meal consisting of hard-boiled eggs. The egg, which has no holes, symbolizes the mourner's inability to express his grief in words.

Islam:

Prayer-daily prayer “namaz”. A Muslim is required to pray five times a day. Since prayer is considered to be approaching God, a Muslim is obliged to prepare himself for it by performing a ritual ablution and cleansing himself of bad thoughts. (Slide 36)

Friday- (yaum-juma) is a day of collective prayer in the main mosques, accompanied by a sermon. Friday is called "cathedral day". Everyone listens to a special Friday sermon, and also reads a joint prayer, which is designed to unite them all. Muslims say that Friday was honored by the Prophet Muhammad himself, who performed public prayer on this day.

Alms-“Zakat” is obligatory alms, which Muslims pay once a year under certain conditions, “sadaqa” is voluntary alms, which a person pays at his own discretion and desire.

Pilgrimage- Hajj - a pilgrimage to Mecca, which must take place in the 12th month of the Muslim calendar. The hajj consists of visiting Mecca, the main temple of the Kaaba, worshiping the main shrine of Islam - the tomb of Muhammad in Medina, as well as visiting other sacred places of the Hijaz. Those who have completed the pilgrimage ritual receive the honorary name - haji. (Slide 38)

Fast- observing fasting (Persian, Eid) during the month of Ramadan. For thirty days a year, a fasting Muslim from dawn until dark has no right to drink, eat, or smoke; Islam provides for exemption from fasting for the sick, very old people, pregnant women, etc.

Products acceptable to Muslims are known as halal food.

Wedding- Muslim wedding rites include, immediately before the wedding ceremony, an invitation to a mullah to perform the nikah ceremony, which consists of reading surahs of the Koran. Then the mullah asks the newlyweds whether they agree to take on the responsibilities of marriage. In this case, the woman can remain silent; the Muslim wedding ceremony allows this, since her silence will be perceived as a positive response. When performing nikah, the fourth sura of the Koran, dedicated to women, is usually read. This sura says that a man can have several wives, and also has every right to dissolve the marriage, apply punishment to his wife, but he should not be harsh.

Ban- the Koran contains ban on eating pork and wine. A ban on wine usually means a general ban on alcohol. Smoking is also prohibited.

Eid al-Adha- the most revered holiday of Muslims is Eid al-Fitr. It is celebrated in memory of how Abraham was ready to sacrifice his son to God. In memory of this event, Muslims must slaughter a sheep or ram. On these days, Muslims visit the mosque, where they perform holiday prayers and generously distribute alms. The holiday lasts three days, during which it is customary to ask your loved ones for forgiveness for bad deeds, visit the graves of ancestors and relatives, pay visits to friends, wear new clothes, arrange rich treats, give gifts. (slide 41)

Eid al-Adha- holiday of breaking the fast, eid al-Fitr, in honor of the end of the 30-day fast in the month of Ramadan (9th month of the Muslim lunar calendar) is called a small holiday (in contrast to the great holiday of Kurban Bayram). However, it is celebrated no less solemnly and also for three days. It is advisable to spend the night of Eid al-Fitr in vigil, in the service of Allah. Eid al-Fitr establishes mandatory common prayers, which can take place both in a mosque and in special open areas.

Burial- Muslim funeral and memorial rites require strict adherence to the traditions and laws of Sharia, which offers a whole system of rules for the resettlement of a Muslim to afterlife. Strict observance of funeral rites is the duty of every Muslim. First of all, the dying person (whether man or woman, adult or child) must be laid on his back so that the soles of his feet are facing towards Mecca. The prayer “Kalimat-shahadat” (“There is no god but Allah, Muhammad is the Messenger of Allah, His Prophet”) is read to the dying person so that he can hear.

Buddhism:

Prayer - daily prayers - mantras. Reading prayers in Buddhism can be replaced by turning special cylinders in which prayer texts are embedded.

Buddhists adhere to vegetarianism, but we must remember that Buddhism specifically prohibits killing animals; if the animal was killed not for them or because of them, Buddhists can eat its meat. Food plant origin completely allowed.

Wedding-in order to determine this very date, you need to talk with monks and astrologers. Those, in turn, based on the dates of birth of both young people, calculate the most favorable moment for marriage. What is noteworthy is that this date is limited not only by day, but also by hour, so a Buddhist wedding can take place at any time of the day, even at night.

Despite this system for determining the wedding date, the most popular month for this is considered to be August. The wedding itself begins in the morning, with the prayers of the monks. After which, there is a solemn procession along the street. To the beat of drums, the newlyweds go to the local temple, where monks are already reading mantras about them, and this continues until lunch. By the way, the monks need to be fed at lunch, and the better and more plentiful this treat is, the more, according to legend, happy marriage waiting for the young.

After the monks have finished, the newlyweds sit next to each other and fold their hands in a special prayer gesture. After which, the hands are tied with a ribbon and each guest pours water on them, simultaneously wishing the young people a long and happy life together.

Buddhist rituals typically consist of three main elements: recitation, chanting, and making offerings. Offerings usually consist of flowers, symbolizing both beauty and impermanence, candles, symbolizing the radiance of Enlightenment, and incense, which fills the air, just as the Truth that the Buddha realized fills the Universe.

Private conversations with monks of believers are somewhat similar to Christian confessions. The completion of monastic rituals for believers is the pouring of water (first, while the monk is reading the mantra, water is poured from one vessel into another in a thin stream, then the monk pronounces the mantra over this water, and then the believer must pour it under the tree). There are many special ritual ceremonies dedicated to special events.

Dzul-khural (holy ritual). With many candles, the temples are illuminated outside and inside, and believers, before the faces of the gods, repent of their mistreatment of pets. This ritual is performed in late autumn. (slide 56)
About- the ritual consists of saying a prayer in front of a pile of stones, asking for help from the spirits. And gifts are left on the stones for the “owners of the area.” The ritual is performed before haymaking, during a period of drought.

Usu tyayalgn- consists of making a sacrifice to the spirit - “the owner of the water.” To increase the fish catch, a young goat is slaughtered on a raft in the sea, and its blood is collected in a cauldron with freshly prepared fish soup, and all this is accompanied by the recitation of a spell.

Ritual of cleansing- Dugzhuuba is a special purification rite on New Year's Eve. Since ancient times, peoples professing Buddhism have taken this ritual very reverently and seriously. The Dugzhuub ritual is also a kind of “cleaning” ritual, purification - a special ritual of eliminating all obstacles, cleansing from everything bad so that in the new year a person finds well-being, experiences happiness, peace and tranquility.

Burial-a lama must be invited to the dying person to perform the farewell ritual. Within seven weeks after death, Buddhists perform rituals that should prepare the soul for its new rebirth.

Ritual to attract wealth- in Tibetan Buddhism there are methods to improve your financial well-being. These skillful methods were given by the Buddhas of the past in order to free sentient beings from the "sufferings of poverty and poverty." The most important of the substances that are put into the yangbum is the so-called “pill of wealth” (Tib. Yandze-rilbu), which is made from many sacred ingredients with the addition of gold. In addition, 5 types of grains, special pills and powders containing jewelry can be placed in yangbum vessels. Tibetans believe that coral is a stone that attracts wealth, and turquoise is vital energy. All these substances are collected in a vessel and sealed in a special way.

A few words about how the Vessels of Wealth are stored. Usually they are installed in a clean place, on the altar behind the images of the Deities of Wealth - such as Dzambhala, Vaishravana, etc. The vessels cannot be printed or opened, since in this case the blessing received during the ritual is lost.

Pilgrimage- places of pilgrimage: where Buddha was born - Capilawatta; where he achieved the highest enlightenment - Gaia; where he first preached - Benares; where he entered nirvana - Kusinagara.

Rite of Passage- those monks who decided to devote their entire lives to religion underwent an initiation ceremony. The novice was subjected to a severe examination, testing his spirit and will. Acceptance into the sangha as a monk came with additional duties and vows: do not sing or dance; do not sleep on comfortable beds; do not eat at inappropriate times; do not acquire; Do not eat things that have a strong smell or intense color.

Stage 5. Group performances. Discussion of content, design. Evaluation according to criteria.

Stage 6. Reflection: Today in class we named the essence of the rites, rituals, and traditions of peoples of different religions. And we came to the conclusion that we must be tolerant, respect, understand, and appreciate the traditions of other religious cultures .

Stage 7. Homework. Prepare a story about your family's traditions.

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Lessons 21-22 prepared by Orekhova M.G.

Chulkovskaya secondary school No. 20

Foundations of world religious cultures. 4th grade

Lesson topic: Religious rituals. Customs and rituals.

1. Lesson type: learning new material.

2. Lesson objectives: Formation of a tolerant attitude towards the customs and rituals of various religious cultures.

3. Lesson objectives:

Introduce students to the concepts of “rite”, “ritual”, “sacraments”.

Fostering a sense of respect for people of different national and religious backgrounds.

Developing students’ communication abilities and building relationships with people around them.

4. Brief description lesson progress:

Types of activities:conversation, oral narrative on a topic, independent work with a manual.

Lesson equipment:computer, projector, screen.

Visual aids:Microsoft Office presentation Power Point with images of religious rituals and ceremonies.

Basic terms and concepts:Rituals. Rituals. Sacraments.

Stage 1. Motivation. Watch the video. Discussion.

Teacher's speech: Today we are starting to study a new topic. You will learn what religious rituals and ceremonies existed in ancient times, how they arose, as well as what rituals and sacraments exist now in the Christian religion. But first, we will remember how Christianity was adopted in Rus'.

Under which prince was the Christian religion adopted in Kievan Rus?(answer - Kyiv Prince Vladimir)(slide number 2)

What preceded this event? Maybe other religions were offered to Prince Vladimir?

N.M. Karamzin. "History of the Russian State."

Many years have passed since Vladimir baptized Rus', but the splendor of the rituals remained.

(Slide show: No. 3 - mosque, No. 4 - pagoda, No. 5 - synagogue)

From which country did Rus' adopt Christianity?(answer - Byzantium)

What year did this happen?(answer - 988)

We talked about how the church made a great contribution to the culture and prosperity of Russia. What cultural changes occurred in Rus' with the adoption of Christianity?(answer - the creation of the first schools, the alphabet of Cyril and Methodius, the construction of temples, the appearance of icon painting)

- Remember in what century and into what churches Christianity was divided(the answer is in the 11th century to the Orthodox and Catholic churches) (Demonstration of slide No. 6 depicting Catholic and Orthodox churches)

- Tell me, which of these churches is Catholic and which is Orthodox?(answer)

Stage 2. Updating.

3.Write down the topic of the lesson in your notebook: Religious rituals. Customs and rituals.(slide number 7)

Many drawings of primitive people depicting animals have survived to this day.

- Guys, for what purpose do you think primitive man created these drawings? Why did he waste time and labor on them?(students' answers)

For our distant ancestors, drawings and paintings on rocks were not simple fun, but part of secret religious ceremonies, without which primitive man could not imagine the well-being of his community. They had to be carried out in hard-to-reach places, hidden from prying eyes. That is why caves were chosen for their departure. Belief in the magical power of the image, which gives power over the depicted, witchcraft - all this was present in the minds of primitive man, who did not know that he was creating art.

Answer the question: how did ancient man get his food?(answer: he was hunting).(slide no. 10)

By killing a painted animal with spears or arrows, primitive people believed that by performing such actions they would, as it were, attract good luck to themselves.(slide number 11) This means that the drawings were not created to decorate the walls of caves where people lived. These drawings were ritual.

Primitive people also believed in an afterlife. They put objects that they used in life into the graves. This is how religious rituals began to take shape already in ancient times.(slide number 12)

Notebook entry:

Ritual - a set of actions established by custom associated with religious or everyday ideas of the life of the people.Rite, ritual, ceremony are synonyms. Rituals can be collective or individual. They are associated with major events in a person’s life.

Rituals (rites) are human behavior, various actions that connect him with the other world. Ritual is the traditional procedure for conducting a ceremony.

- Guys, what do you call the people who led the rituals?(answer - sorcerers, magicians, priests)

Shamanism, a type of paganism, was the first religion of the indigenous population of Siberia and the Far East long before Christianity.

What did the shaman look like, what were his most important attributes?(answer: on the head is a dress of eagle feathers, in the hands is a tambourine and a mallet.)

Discussion of topic title:

What concepts are you already familiar with?

What concepts are new to you?

What do you know about them?

So, the objectives of the lesson:

Get acquainted with the concepts of “rite”, “ritual”, “sacraments”.

Find out what rituals and ceremonies exist among people of different national and religious affiliations.

Stage 3. Commented reading of an article from a student manual(pp. 52-53).

Conclusion: different peoples and different religions have their own customs, rites and rituals. Let's find out which ones.

Stage 4. Independent work in groupswith educational material, additional literature, Internet resources. Compilation of characteristics of rituals and traditions of different religions.

Christianity:

Prayer -the main daily ritual. Prayer is the believer's appeal to God. A believer can pray both at home and in a temple (mosque or synagogue).

Resurrection - in Christianity, a festive service was given in memory of the resurrection of Jesus Christ. This day is considered a holiday in Christian countries, a day dedicated not to ordinary affairs, but to God. On this day, believers usually attend church.

Sacrament - There are seven sacraments or sacred rites in Christianity.There are seven sacraments or sacred rites in Christianity. These are the seven main rites (sacraments): baptism, communion (Eucharist), repentance (confession), confirmation, marriage, consecration of oil (unction), priesthood. They are called sacraments because in them “invisible divine grace is communicated to believers under a visible image”

Wedding - The sacrament of wedding is performed on a young man and a girl who marry, thereby creating a family.

Guys, who knows why this ceremony is called a wedding?(students' answers)

The fact is that crowns are placed on the heads of future spouses during the ceremony. A crown, in another way, is a crown.

Eucharist or thanksgiving- the central sacrament of the Orthodox Church, established by Christ himself before his crucifixion. In this sacrament, according to the faith of the church, bread and wine brought by believers during their prayer are transformed into the body and blood of Christ and then offered to believers for communion

Communion - a sacrament in which the believer, under the guise of bread and wine, tasting the very body and blood of Christ, is mysteriously united with Christ and receives a guarantee of eternal life. The consecrated bread and wine are called the Holy Gifts.

Baptism - one of the most important sacraments, this is the sacrament of entering the Christian community. In the Orthodox Church, baptism is usually performed on newborn children.(slide number 15)

Burial - Orthodox Christians especially honor days dedicated to the memory of the dead. Memorial days are: 3,9, 40th days and anniversary after death.

Sooner or later we all face the mysterious phenomenon of death. Paying our last respects to the deceased, we try to see him off with dignity on his last journey: we take care of making a coffin, organizing a funeral, arranging a memorial meal, and a monument at the grave. Only sometimes we don’t realize that the deceased himself no longer needs any of this. Naked man comes out of his mother’s womb, naked he returns to the womb of the earth (“you are earth and you will go back to earth”).

Tradition- (Latin traditio - “transfer, delivery, tradition, teaching”) - transfer, Judaism:

Prayer- three daily prayers: morning, afternoon and evening.

Saturday - a weekly tradition of observing peace on Saturday. This day should be dedicated to God, spending it in prayer and studying Scripture.

Ablution - The abbas instruct believers to wash their hands on the eve of Saturday and other religious holidays. in the mikvah - a special pool with rain or spring water - before each prayer.

Sacrifice- Judgment Day. Over time, this holiday became a holiday of remission of sins. Now believers sacrifice a white rooster for a man, and a chicken for a woman, who supposedly take on the sins of people and pay for it with their lives.
Coming of age rite-Bar Mitzvah - is called in Israel both the coming of age rite and its participant. This is a mandatory and honorable rite. The age at which a boy is considered an adult is 13 years old. This means, first of all, moral coming of age - the essence of the change is that the boy - now a man - becomes entirely responsible for his actions, for fulfilling the commandments of the Torah. Until this moment, his father was responsible for him. (Slide 32)

Kosher food - The food allowed to Jews is called kosher. Jews are strictly forbidden to eat dairy and meat products; fish can only be eaten if they are covered with scales; meat of ruminant artiodactyls only.

Wedding - Traditionally, Jews get married under a special canopy called a chuppah. It symbolizes the house in which husband and wife will live together. . The ceremony itself begins with the signing of the ketubah - the Jewish marriage contract, which stipulates the terms of the marriage. This is followed by a ceremony called bedeken, during which the groom covers the bride's face with a veil. This symbolizes the groom's intention to protect his wife. This ritual dates back to biblical times when Rebecca covered her face before marrying Isaac, the son of Abraham. During a Jewish wedding, the number 7 is given special significance - seven cups of wine are drunk during the ceremony and wedding feast. This is because God created the world in seven days and by drinking seven cups of wine, the bride metaphorically builds the walls of a new house. (slide 33)

Burial- if possible, in the last minutes of life a person says a prayer of repentance. Being with a person at the moment of his death and closing his eyes is considered a manifestation of high virtue. Then those present pronounce a blessing to God as a “righteous judge” and tear the hem of their clothes as a sign of grief. (Genesis 37:34) It is considered insulting to display the deceased in an open casket. After all, enemies may come and rejoice at his death.
Cremation is against Jewish Law. Upon returning from the funeral, the avelim serves a meal consisting of hard-boiled eggs. The egg, which has no holes, symbolizes the mourner's inability to express his grief in words.

Islam:

Prayer -daily prayer “namaz”. A Muslim is required to pray five times a day. Since prayer is considered to be approaching God, a Muslim is obliged to prepare himself for it by performing a ritual ablution and cleansing himself of bad thoughts. (Slide 36)

Friday - (yaum-juma) is a day of collective prayer in the main mosques, accompanied by a sermon. Friday is called "cathedral day". Everyone listens to a special Friday sermon, and also reads a joint prayer, which is designed to unite them all. Muslims say that Friday was honored by the Prophet Muhammad himself, who performed public prayer on this day.

Alms- “Zakat” is obligatory alms, which Muslims pay once a year under certain conditions, “sadaqa” is voluntary alms, which a person pays at his own discretion and desire.

Pilgrimage - Hajj is a pilgrimage to Mecca that must take place in the 12th month of the Muslim calendar. The hajj consists of visiting Mecca, the main temple of the Kaaba, worshiping the main shrine of Islam - the tomb of Muhammad in Medina, as well as visiting other sacred places of the Hijaz. Those who have completed the pilgrimage ritual receive the honorary name - haji. (Slide 38)

Fast- observing fasting (Persian, Eid) during the month of Ramadan. For thirty days a year, a fasting Muslim from dawn until dark has no right to drink, eat, or smoke; Islam provides for exemption from fasting for the sick, very old people, pregnant women, etc.

Products acceptable to Muslims are known as halal food.

Wedding- Muslim wedding rites include, immediately before the wedding ceremony, an invitation to a mullah to perform the nikah ceremony, which consists of reading surahs of the Koran. Then the mullah asks the newlyweds whether they agree to take on the responsibilities of marriage. In this case, the woman can remain silent; the Muslim wedding ceremony allows this, since her silence will be perceived as a positive response. When performing nikah, the fourth sura of the Koran, dedicated to women, is usually read. This sura says that a man can have several wives, and also has every right to dissolve the marriage, apply punishment to his wife, but he should not be harsh.

Ban - in The Koran containsban on eating pork and wine. A ban on wine usually means a general ban on alcohol. Smoking is also prohibited.

Eid al-Fitr - the most revered holiday of Muslims is Eid al-Fitr. It is celebrated in memory of how Abraham was ready to sacrifice his son to God. In memory of this event, Muslims must slaughter a sheep or ram. These days, Muslims visit the mosque, where they perform festiveprayerand generously give alms. The holiday lasts three days, during which it is customary to ask your loved ones for forgiveness for bad deeds, visit the graves of ancestors and relatives, pay visits to friends, put on new clothes, arrange rich meals, and give gifts. (slide 41)

Eid al-Fitr - holiday of breaking the fast, eid al-Fitr , in honor of the end of the 30-day fast in the month of Ramadan (9th month of the Muslim lunar calendar) is called a minor holiday (in contrast to the great holiday of Kurban Bayram). However, it is celebrated no less solemnly and also for three days. It is advisable to spend the night of Eid al-Fitr in vigil, in the service of Allah. During Eid al-Fitr, mandatory general prayers are established, which can take place both in the mosque and in special open areas.

Burial- Muslim funeral and memorial rites require strict adherence to the traditions and laws of Sharia, which offers a whole system of rules for the relocation of a Muslim to the afterlife. Strict observance of funeral rites is the duty of every Muslim. First of all, the dying person (whether man or woman, adult or child) must be laid on his back so that the soles of his feet are facing towards Mecca. The prayer “Kalimat-shahadat” (“There is no god but Allah, Muhammad is the Messenger of Allah, His Prophet”) is read to the dying person so that he can hear.

Buddhism:

Prayer - daily prayers - mantras. Reading prayers in Buddhism can be replaced by turning special cylinders in which prayer texts are embedded.

Wedding -in order to determine this very date, you need to talk with monks and astrologers. Those, in turn, based on the dates of birth of both young people, calculate the most favorable moment for marriage. What is noteworthy is that this date is limited not only by day, but also by hour, so a Buddhist wedding can take place at any time of the day, even at night.

Despite this system for determining the wedding date, the most popular month for this is considered to be August. The wedding itself begins in the morning, with the prayers of the monks. After which, there is a solemn procession along the street. To the beat of drums, the newlyweds go to the local temple, where monks are already reading mantras about them, and this continues until lunch. By the way, the monks need to be fed at lunch, and the better and more plentiful this meal is, the more happy the marriage, according to legend, awaits the young people.

Buddhist rituals typically consist of three main elements: recitation, chanting, and making offerings.Offerings usually consist of flowers, symbolizing both beauty and impermanence, candles, symbolizing the radiance of Enlightenment, and incense, which fills the air, just as the Truth that the Buddha realized fills the Universe.

Dzul-khural (holy ritual).With many candles, the temples are illuminated outside and inside, and believers, before the faces of the gods, repent of their mistreatment of pets. This ritual is performed in late autumn. (slide 56)
About - the ritual consists of saying a prayer in front of a pile of stones, asking for help from the spirits. And gifts are left on the stones for the “owners of the area.” The ritual is performed before haymaking, during a period of drought.

Usu tyayalgn - consists of making a sacrifice to the spirit - “the owner of the water.” To increase the fish catch, a young goat is slaughtered on a raft in the sea, and its blood is collected in a cauldron with freshly prepared fish soup, and all this is accompanied by the recitation of a spell.

Cleansing ritual - Dugjuuba is a special purification rite on New Year's Eve. Since ancient times, peoples professing Buddhism have taken this ritual very reverently and seriously. The Dugzhuub ritual is also a kind of “cleaning” ritual, purification - a special ritual of eliminating all obstacles, cleansing from everything bad so that in the new year a person finds well-being, experiences happiness, peace and tranquility.

Burial -a lama must be invited to the dying person to perform the farewell ritual. Within seven weeks after death, Buddhists perform rituals that should prepare the soul for its new rebirth.

Ritual to attract wealth- Tibetan Buddhism has methods to improve your financial well-being. These skillful methods were given by the Buddhas of the past in order to free sentient beings from the "sufferings of poverty and poverty." The most important of the substances that are put into the yangbum is the so-called “pill of wealth” (Tib. Yandze-rilbu), which is made from many sacred ingredients with the addition of gold. In addition, 5 types of grains, special pills and powders containing jewelry can be placed in yangbum vessels. Tibetans believe that coral is a stone that attracts wealth, and turquoise is vital energy. All these substances are collected in a vessel and sealed in a special way.

Pilgrimage - places of pilgrimage: where Buddha was born - Capilawatta; where he achieved the highest enlightenment - Gaia; where he first preached - Benares ; where he entered nirvana - Kusinagara.

Rite of Passage - those monks who decided to devote their entire lives to religion underwent an initiation ceremony. The novice was subjected to a severe examination, testing his spirit and will. Acceptance into the sangha as a monk entailed additional duties and vows:don't sing or dance; do not sleep on comfortable beds; do not eat at inappropriate times; do not acquire; Do not eat things that have a strong smell or intense color.

Stage 5. Group performances.Discussion of content, design. Evaluation according to criteria.

Stage 6. Reflection:Today in class we named the essence of the rites, rituals, and traditions of peoples of different religions. And we came to the conclusion that we must be tolerant, respect, understand, and appreciate the traditions of other religious cultures.

Stage 7. Homework.Prepare a story about your family's traditions.

Funeral ritual, the content of which is established religious organizations, confessions. May be included integral part into a civil ritual ceremony. Source: MDK 11 01.2002: Recommendations on the procedure for funerals and maintenance of cemeteries in... ... Dictionary-reference book of terms of normative and technical documentation

Religious funeral ceremony- a funeral ceremony, the content of which is established by religious organizations and denominations. May be included as an integral part in a general civil ritual ceremony... Source: Order of the State Construction Committee of the Russian Federation dated January 10, 2000 N 3 On approval of the Instructions on... ... Official terminology

RELIGIOUS- RELIGIOUS, religious, religious; religious, religious, religious. 1. only full. adj. to religion. Religious dope. || adj., by meaning associated with the fulfillment of religious instructions. “Freedom of religious worship and freedom... ... Dictionary Ushakova

- ▲ symbolic procedure, public ritual, traditional actions accompanying important points human life. ritualism. etiquette. ceremony official procedure (#meeting). ceremonial master of ceremonies. ceremonial. ritual. ritual...

Ritual- This article is about religious rituals. For the film, see The Rite (film). A rite or ritual is a set of conventional, traditional actions, devoid of immediate practical expediency, but serving as a symbol of certain ... ... Wikipedia

Ritual- 1) ♦ (ENG ordinance) (from the Latin ordinans ordering) a religious ritual similar to a sacrament, which is performed more as a remembrance or an act of obedience than as having the effect of a sacrament. In non-sacramental Christian traditions... ... Westminster Dictionary of Theological Terms

Ritual- (common glorified ritual – arrange, arrange) – 1. a culturally determined way of conducting a certain ceremony (wedding, on the occasion of the birth of a child, etc.); 2. sometimes – a religious ritual... Encyclopedic Dictionary in psychology and pedagogy

RELIGIOUS CULT- RELIGIOUS CULT (from Latin cultus veneration, worship) in a broad sense, worship of God in general; in a narrow set of religious actions expressing veneration of God or gods on the part of adherents of a particular religion. Every religion has a special... Philosophical Encyclopedia

HOUSEHOLD AND RELIGIOUS RITUAL- (Latin ritual): a historically established, stereotypical sequence of actions specific to certain circumstances. Every religion has an ordered system of actions expressing a person’s attitude towards God and other objects of worship... Eurasian wisdom from A to Z. Explanatory dictionary

- ▲ religious rite appeal (to whom), to (subject), God prayer, the believer’s appeal to the deity with a request for the sending of good and the aversion of evil (perform a prayer. Offer # to the Lord). prayer. pray. pray (# to god). pray. pilgrimage... Ideographic Dictionary of the Russian Language

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Faith acquires a religious character and becomes an element of religion if it is included in the system of religious actions and relationships, in other words, it is included in the religious cult system. The main element of religion, which gives it originality, that is, distinguishes it from other forms of social consciousness and social institutions, is the cult system. Consequently, the specificity of religion is manifested not in the special nature of belief, or in some special subject or object of belief, but in the fact that these ideas, concepts, images are included in the cult system, acquire a symbolic character in it and, as such, function in social interaction.

It follows from this that there is an organic relationship between religious consciousness and religious actions. Religious cult is nothing more than a social form of objectification of religious consciousness, the realization of religious faith in the actions of a social group or individuals. Certain views and ideas that form ideological constructs, when included in a cult system, acquire the character of a creed. And this gives them a spiritual and practical character.

The cult system, first of all, is a set of certain rituals.

Ritual- this is a set of stereotypical actions established by the custom or tradition of a particular social community, symbolizing certain ideas, norms, ideals and ideas. The ritual performs important social functions in society. One of the main social functions of the ritual is the accumulation and transfer of experience both by individuals to each other and from generation to generation. In the ritual, experience is accumulated and becomes visible. social activities For many generations, human activity and communication seem to be concentrated. IN common system social interaction, the ritual records the most important, key moments in the life of a social group. The specificity of religious rituals lies in their ideological content, that is, exactly what images, ideas, ideas, and values they embody in symbolic form. Each religious organization, in the process of its formation and development, develops its own specific system of religious actions.

Ritual- “a set of rituals accompanying a religious act” or “developed custom or a set procedure for doing something; ceremonial Both the dictionary definition and other sources show that ritual is a special case of a broader concept - custom, however, the relationship between the concepts of “ritual” and “rite” in different sources defined differently:

concepts are considered identical;

ritual is considered a special case of rite;

ritual is a set of rituals.

5. Sign, symbol, propitiatory actions, prayers, types of prayers.

Researchers of this social form call its symbolic nature as the most important feature of the ritual. In philosophical literature there is a tradition of considering symbol as a special type of signs - an “iconic sign”, which has partial similarity with the designated object. The sign and symbol have a similar structure, including: 1) material form, 2) replaced (designated) object, 3) meaning or meaning. The main functional property of these social forms also similar. They are intended to represent (present externally) content different from their forms. However, the sign and symbol have significant differences. Signs- These are artificial formations. Their material form is largely arbitrary and does not significantly affect function. The sign does not reproduce the object, but only replaces it. On the contrary, the shape of the symbol is partially similar to the designated object. It plays an important role in revealing the content, since it itself informs about the content and influences the perceiver. And this fact significantly changes the functional properties of symbols. Sign systems only designate an object. The designation by the sign is external, formal character. It is a process of external expression of formalized meaning. In a symbol, the designation is largely meaningful. This is a figurative designation that to a certain extent reproduces the symbolized content. Consequently, at the level of the symbol, a qualitatively new process occurs, which can no longer be characterized simply as designation, but should be called symbolization. Symbolization can be defined as the ability of consciousness, through certain sensory objects, to figuratively represent (present externally) other objects or phenomena of reality. From these positions, in our opinion, ritual can be considered as a type of symbol.

The evolution of religious rituals followed the line of their spiritualization and spiritualization. The top of this path is prayer– a person’s verbal (verbal) appeal to the object of his faith. Ethnographers claim that prayer as a specific religious rite developed on the basis of pagan conspiracies and spells, as an element of verbal magic (magic of the word). As a verbal component, it was originally included in the ritual of sacrifice. Subsequently, prayer was separated from sacrifice and became an essential component of the cult of many religions. There are two types of prayer. The psychological basis of the first type is a peculiar "deal with God", asking him for certain benefits, and accordingly, a promise to fulfill all divine instructions. The purpose of the second type of prayer is to "communication with God" rapprochement and dissolution of the believer in God. Prayers can be collective or individual. Prayers are performed during services in churches, houses of worship, cemeteries, etc. They are performed in an organized manner. During these prayers, the participants in the worship service experience both psychological and controlling influence on each other. Participation in collective prayer can occur for various reasons, including non-religious ones. A person can join such a prayer during the service, as they say, “for company”, so as not to seem like a “black sheep” or simply because he came to a temple, a house of prayer, for some kind of solemn event, such as the consecration of a newly built building , buildings. Individual, solitary prayer, as a rule, occurs only on the basis of religious motivation. Therefore, many sociologists consider it an important sign of true religiosity.