United into the UN. UN: general characteristics
Signing of the United Nations Charter in San Francisco
In April 1945, before the end of the war, representatives of 50 countries participating in the war against Germany, Japan and their allies met in San Francisco to develop and adopt the Charter of an international organization whose task would be to promote peace. It will replace the League of Nations, which arose in 1919 and had the same goals, but was unable to fulfill its mission.
On June 26, 1945, plenipotentiary delegates of 50 states (soon to be joined by Poland) signed the Charter of the United Nations, or San-
Francis Charter.
This document created the United Nations (UN), headquarters
whose apartment is located in New York. The latter circumstance reflects the political weight of the United States and the shifting center of gravity of world politics (the League of Nations met in Geneva).
The Charter contains two types of provisions. On the one side, general principles, intended to become the basis of international law: equality and sovereignty of states; prohibition of resorting to force or the threat of force to resolve international disputes; the obligation to resolve them through negotiations. On the other hand, this is the usual charter of the organization, defining the governing bodies and rules of operation.
Founded by the victorious states of World War II, the UN remained open to the vanquished and to new countries freed from colonial oppression, and thus became an almost universal organization. Uniting 51 countries at the first stage, the UN grew to 176 members as of May 1, 199235
Birth of the UN Charter
When developing the Charter, the main thing was to avoid the weaknesses that led to the bankruptcy of the League of Nations. Although the latter was created on the initiative of American President Woodrow Wilson, the United States did not join it. Wilson was unable to force the United States Senate to ratify by a two-thirds vote (as required by the Constitution) the Treaty of Versailles and entry into the League of Nations. On the other hand, the connivance of some countries - members of the League of Nations - to the fascist states and their aggressive policies prevented the League of Nations from applying the sanctions provided for in the charter to them, or greatly weakened their effectiveness.
Another task stemmed from the need to condemn the principles and methods applied by fascist countries: the use of force and policies of conquest, disrespect for human dignity and the inculcation of racist ideology, as well as their consequences (concentration camps, genocide Jewish people in Europe, disdain for democracy).
The Charter proclaims principles that are the antithesis of these principles and practices.
Thus, the Atlantic Charter, signed in August 1941 by British Prime Minister Winston Churchill and American President Franklin Roosevelt, expresses the determination of the signatories to prevent territorial changes that do not reflect the freely expressed will of the peoples concerned. They also promise to respect "the right of all peoples to choose for themselves the form of government under which they wish to live" and to promote "the restoration of the sovereign rights and self-government of those peoples who have been deprived of this by violent means."
The Allies decided to create the United Nations and develop its main provisions at a conference of the three powers (United States, Great Britain, USSR) in Dumbarton Oaks, near New York.
The Yalta Conference (February 4–11, 1945) brought together Churchill, Roosevelt and Stalin in Crimea. It did not “divide” the world into spheres of influence, as is often written about (the division occurred later and not according to the Yalta decisions), but approved the division of Germany into occupation zones and resolved two controversial issues about the future UN. The principle of unanimity of the permanent members of the Security Council (incorrectly called the “right of veto”) was adopted and an agreement was reached that the USSR would have three seats in the UN (USSR, Ukraine and Belarus), and not 16 (one from each union republic) as it had demanded it.
Main provisions of the Charter
The Preamble of the Charter affirms "belief in the fundamental rights of man, in the DIGNITY and worth of the human person, in the equal rights of men and women and in the equal rights of nations great and small." The United Nations promises to "promote social progress and better living conditions in greater freedom."
The first article proclaims the need to settle international disputes by peaceful means and through negotiations, “respect for the principle of equality and self-determination of peoples.” The second article specifies that the organization is based “on the principle sovereign equality all its members" and requires them to abstain "in their international relations from the threat or use of force against the territorial integrity or political independence of any state." The article emphasizes that the United Nations cannot interfere "in matters essentially within the internal competence of any state."
The UN has two main bodies. The General Assembly consists of all its members, but can only make "recommendations".
The Security Council consists of 11 members: five permanent ("great" powers, winners of 1945: USA, USSR, Great Britain, France, China) and six non-permanent, elected for two years General Assembly th and are not subject to immediate re-election.
In the event of a threat to peace and aggression, the Security Council can adopt diplomatic, economic and even military sanctions (Articles 41 and 42), but only if seven members of the Council, including five permanent members, vote in favor. The permanent members must be unanimous. This rule is often interpreted as a "veto power" within the Security Council, but this is not entirely true. Even abstention, and not just a "no" vote, by one permanent member can prevent any decision from being made.
Such composition and such rights of the Security Council reflect the balance of power that existed in 1945. And although at that time the Cold War had not yet begun, the world was implicitly already divided into two systems, and the principle of unanimity was adopted in order to avoid using the UN in the interests of one block against another.
However, after the start cold war The United States and its Western allies had a wide majority in the General Assembly. In 1950 during Korean War The United States took advantage of the absence of the USSR, which boycotted the Security Council to protest the refusal to allow a representative of the Chinese People's Republic take the place of China (although the PRC has existed since 1949). This place was occupied by a representative of Nationalist China, more precisely the island of Taiwan (only in 1971 did People's China take its place). With this maneuver, the United States achieved UN approval for its military actions in Korea.
The situation gradually changed with the entry into the UN of new members - remnants of colonial empires. In violation of its principles, the Charter approved in 1945 the existence of “non-self-governing territories,” colonies and “trustee” countries. Decolonization will gradually lead to their disappearance, and voting in the General Assembly will take on a “Third World” character. Let us add that new UN members often received support from socialist countries.
UN specialized organizations
The growing internationalization of all processes of economic, social, cultural life has led to an increase in specialized international organizations designed to solve problems that previously remained unattended on a global scale.
These are organizations that both existed previously (for example, the International Postal Union, formed in 1878) and newly created ones (UNESCO, FAO, etc.). They have the status of "specialized organizations" of the UN.
The future of the UN
There is quite a lot of criticism about the impotence or ineffectiveness of the UN. Criticism is not always fair. The UN has been able to play its positive role as an arbiter in many cases.
Its difficulties are explained by the desire of the great powers to use it as a tool to justify their policies.
However, it is also true that UN structures no longer correspond to reality modern world. There is, on the one hand, the desire of Germany and Japan to become permanent members of the Security Council, which confirms its role as a privileged instrument of the great powers; on the other hand, the desire of the “third world” countries to expand the representation of “small countries” in the Security Council, which requires expanding the powers of the General Assembly.
The United Nations (UN) occupies a central place among international organizations.
The United Nations system consists of principal and subsidiary organs, specialized organizations and agencies and autonomous organizations, being integral part in the UN system.
The main bodies include: the General Assembly (GA); Security Council (SC); International Court and the Secretariat. Auxiliary bodies which prove necessary shall be established in accordance with the Charter.
The UN system includes a number of programs, councils and commissions that carry out the functions assigned to them.
Let's consider internal structure international economic organizations UN system.
The General Assembly is its main body. It is authorized to resolve any issues within the framework of the organization's Charter. The General Assembly adopts resolutions that, although not binding on its members, still have a significant impact on world politics and the development of international law. During its existence, 10 thousand resolutions were adopted. The General Assembly gives final approval to all international conventions on economic matters. In its structure, economic problems are dealt with by:
1) Committee on Economic and financial matters, developing resolutions for plenary sessions of the General Assembly;
2) The UN Commission on International Trade Law - UNIT-RAL, which deals with the harmonization and unification of legal norms in international trade;
3) Commission on International Law, working on the development and codification of international law;
4) The Investment Committee, which assists in the placement of investments from funds under the control of the UN.
The Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC) is the most important UN body responsible for the economic, social, cultural and humanitarian aspects of UN policies.
The functions of ECOSOC include:
conducting research and writing reports on international issues in the field of economic and social spheres, culture, education, health care and submitting recommendations on these issues to the General Assembly, members of the Organization and interested specialized institutions;
discussion of international economic and social problems of a global and cross-sectoral nature and develop policy recommendations on these issues for Member States and the UN system as a whole;
monitoring and evaluating the implementation of the overall policy strategy and priorities established by the General Assembly in the economic, social and related fields;
ensuring harmonization and consistent practical operational implementation on an integrated basis of relevant policy decisions and recommendations adopted at UN conferences and other forums within the UN system, after their approval by the Assembly and/or ECOSOC;
ensuring overall coordination of the activities of the organizations of the UN system in the economic, social and related fields in order to implement the priorities established by the General Assembly for the system as a whole;
Conducting comprehensive policy reviews of operational activities across the UN system.
ECOSOC includes commissions, committees, and special groups that deal with economic issues. This:
six functional commissions and subcommittees - social development, on control drugs, Science and Technology for Development, Sustainable Development, Statistics, Transnational Corporations;
five regional commissions - Europe, Asia and Pacific Ocean, Africa, Latin America and Caribbean, Western Asia;
two standing committees - for programs and coordination, for direct organizations;
seven expert bodies - the Committee for the Development of Planning, the Ad Hoc Group of Experts on International Cooperation in the Field of Taxation, the Committees on the Transport of Dangerous Goods, on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, on National Resources, on New and Renewable Energy Sources and Energy Use and Purposes development, as well as meetings of experts on public administration and finance.
The goals of the regional commissions are to study the economic and technological problems of the respective regions of the world, to develop measures and means to promote the economic and social development of regional members by coordinating their actions and pursuing agreed policies aimed at solving the fundamental problems of developing economic sectors and intraregional trade.
In addition to the direct bodies of the UN, its system includes specialized agencies and intergovernmental organizations, including:
1) UN funds and programs;
2) UN specialized agencies;
3) autonomous organizations associated with the UN. Let's focus on the most important organizations first group.
1. The Investment Development Fund assists developing countries by supplementing existing sources of financing with assistance and loans. The fund's resources come from voluntary contributions and are estimated at $40 million.
2. The PLO Development Program (UNDP) is the most large organization UN system funding multi-sectoral economic and technical assistance. Its resources are estimated at $1 billion and are constantly replenished by donor countries, which include most developed and large developing countries. UNDP addresses key aspects of sustainable development and major global problems: eradicating poverty, restoring the environment, providing employment, etc. It organizes global forums on these issues, such as the Forum on the Environment (Rio de Janeiro, 1992), on Population and Development (Cairo, 1994), on Social Development (Copenhagen, 1995) . The program's activities currently cover more than 150 countries, with over 6,500 projects being implemented.
3. OOP program environment(UNEP) maintains constant monitoring of the environment and is responsible for coordinating all international projects in this domain. Its activities are aimed at solving global environmental problems.
4. The World Food Program (WFP) coordinates the provision of international food assistance in emergency situations. The WFP budget is over $1.2 billion and is formed mainly from contributions from the United States ($500 million), the EU ($235 million) and other developed countries.
Among the specialized organizations associated with the UN, the following can be distinguished.
1. The World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) unites the efforts of 18 intergovernmental organizations for the protection of intellectual property.
2. The United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO) unites 168 countries to promote the introduction of new industrial technologies, the industrialization of developing, especially African, countries, and provide technical assistance. UNIDO has created an Industrial and Technological Information Bank and a system for the exchange of scientific and technical information. A significant part of the information arrays is accessible on the Internet at www.unido.org. All UN system organizations are sources of free information on the Internet. Their addresses almost always coincide with the abbreviation.
3. The Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) promotes investment in Agriculture, transmission latest technologies developing countries, agrarian reforms. At www.fao.org. There is information about the agro-industrial complex of all countries.
4. International Fund Agricultural Development (IFAD) lends to agriculture in developing countries.
5. The Universal Postal Union (UPU) is the oldest organization in the UN system, founded back in 1865. It is engaged in the development and modernization of postal services.
6. The World Meteorological Organization (WMO) coordinates international efforts to develop meteorological observations.
7. The World Health Organization (WHO) brings together the efforts of 190 countries to solve public health problems.
8. International Labor Organization (ILO) - created back in 1919 according to the Treaty of Versailles, it includes 171 countries. The ILO has developed an International labor Code. She deals with the problems of employment and growth in the standard of living of the population, social and economic reforms in the world of work.
9. The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) is one of the most authoritative international organizations. Engaged in the development of international cooperation in the fields of information, knowledge, culture, communications, etc.
Among the autonomous organizations associated with the UN, we note the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), whose functions include:
encouragement and assistance to the development of nuclear energy and practical application atomic energy for peaceful purposes, as well as research in this area;
provision of materials, services, equipment and technical means in order to meet the needs of research work in the field of atomic energy and its practical use for peaceful purposes;
facilitating the exchange of scientific and technical information;
encouraging the exchange of scientists and specialists and their training.
Other organizations of the UN system were discussed to one degree or another in other sections of the textbook, in particular those devoted to the regulation of trade and financial international relations.
29. United Nations: history of creation, goals and principles. Structure and content of the UN Charter
The UN was created during the Second World War, when humanity was seriously thinking about how to prevent such terrible wars in the future.
On August 14, 1941, US President Franklin Delano Roosevelt and United Kingdom Prime Minister Winston Churchill signed a document pledging to “work together with other free peoples in both war and peace.” The set of principles of international cooperation in maintaining peace and security was subsequently called the Atlantic Charter. The first contours of the UN were drawn at the Washington Conference in meetings held in September - October 1944, where the United States, United Kingdom, USSR and China agreed on the goals, structure and functions of the future organization. On April 25, 1945, delegates from 50 countries met in San Francisco for the United Nations Meeting and adopted a Charter consisting of 19 chapters and 111 articles. On October 24, the Charter was ratified by the five permanent members of the Security Council, the majority of signatory states, and entered into force. Since then, October 24 intl. calendar is called UN Day.
The UN is the most authoritative universal international. intergovernmental organization. UN - universal international organization created for the purpose of maintaining peace and international security and development of cooperation between states. The UN Charter is binding on all states.
UN goals.
Support international peace and security.
Develop friendly relations between nations based on respect for the principle of equality and self-determination of peoples.
Carry out international cooperation in resolving international problems of an economic, social, cultural and humanitarian nature.
To be a center for coordinating the actions of nations in achieving these common goals.
UN Principles:
Sovereign equality of all its members;
Conscientious fulfillment of obligations under the Charter;
Resolution intl. disputes by peaceful means;
Refusal from the threat or use of force against the territorial integrity or political independence of any state;
Ensuring that non-UN member states act in accordance with UN principles when necessary to maintain international relations. peace \l security;
Non-interference in the internal affairs of states;
Respect for fundamental human rights and freedoms;
Equality and self-determination of peoples;
Cooperation and disarmament.
The main organs of the UN are the General Assembly, the Security Council, the Economic and Social Council, the Secretariat and the International Court of Justice.
Structure and content of the UN Charter: purposes and principles of the UN; members of the organization; authorities, peaceful resolution of disputes; action regarding threats to peace; self-governing territories; regional agreements; intl. guardianship system.
30. UN General Assembly. UN Security Council. UN Economic and Social Council
General Assembly (GA)- the most representative body of the UN, has the broadest competence. The GA is a democratic body. Each member, regardless of the size of the territory, population, economic and military power has one vote. Decisions on important issues are made by a 2/3 majority of the GA members present and voting. States that are not members of the UN, those with permanent observers at the UN (Vatican City, Switzerland) and those without, can take part in the work of the GA. Heads the GA Secretary General.
Competence.
Discusses any issues or matters within the limits of the Charter.
Reviews the general principles of cooperation in maintaining peace, including the principle of disarmament, and makes recommendations accordingly.
Considers any issues related to maintaining peace.
Promotes international cooperation in the political field and the progressive development of the MP and its codification.
Forms UN bodies and receives reports from them on their activities.
Together with the Security Council, elects a member of the International. court.
Security Council consists of 15 members: 5 permanent - Russia, China, France, Great Britain, USA - and 10 non-permanent - elected by the GA for a period of 2 years. He has primary responsibility for maintaining peace and security. The Council acts on behalf of the UN member states and is the main executive body of the UN, it is assigned the main role in the peaceful resolution of disputes. Decisions on procedural issues in the Council are made by a majority of 9 votes. For other issues, a majority of 9 votes is required, but this number must include the votes of permanent members.
Competence.
Monitoring the implementation by states of UN principles.
Preparation of arms regulation plans.
Determining whether there is a threat to the peace, a breach of the peace, or an act of aggression.
Economic and Social Council(ECOSOC) - is responsible for carrying out the functions set out in Chapter IX of the UN Charter. Consists of 5 members elected annually by the GA for a period of three years.
Competence.
Conducts research and compiles reports on international issues. issues in the field of economics, social sphere, culture, education, health care and similar areas. \
Concludes agreements with specialized agencies and coordinates their activities, receives reports from them.
Liaises with non-governmental international organizations. organizations.
UN International Day is celebrated on October 24th. On this day, we decided to remind our readers about what the UN is and why it was created.
What is the UN?
The United Nations is an organization of countries united to preserve peace, security and develop cooperation.
Date of creation: October 24, 1945. At that time, it included 51 countries. Currently, the UN includes 193 countries. These are all states of the world, except Palestine, the state of the Holy See, SADR (Saharan Arab Democratic Republic), the Republic of China (Taiwan), Abkhazia, South Ossetia, Republic of Kosovo, TRNC (Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus).
The USSR joined the UN on its founding day.
Over the years, not a single country has withdrawn from the UN.
Each participating country is obliged to comply with the purposes and rules of the organization's Charter. But at the same time, every country has the right to vote.
By the way, the name was invented by US President Franklin D. Roosevelt. Official languages are English, Arabic, Spanish, Chinese, Russian and French.
Why was this organization created?
The reason was the Second World War, after which the leaders of the participating countries decided to create a mechanism for resolving world problems.
There are four main goals of the UN:
- maintaining peace and security,
- development of friendly relations between countries,
- cooperation on international problems and coordination of actions of countries,
- ensuring respect for human rights, combating world problems (hunger, poverty, drug addiction and others).
Who is included in the UN and how?
In theory, any country that accepts the obligations outlined in the Charter and is capable of fulfilling them can join the organization. But only that country that is an internationally recognized state.
But in any case, accession requires the approval of the General Assembly on the recommendation of the Security Council.
What is the UN doing today?
Ensures respect for human rights, fights poverty, drug addiction, disease, terrorism, deterioration of nature, and provides assistance to refugees.
The UN does not make laws, but participates in resolving international conflicts.
What is the structure of the UN?
The UN has six main governing bodies: the General Assembly, the Security Council, the Economic and Social Council, the Trusteeship Council, the International Court of Justice (unlike all other bodies, it is located in The Hague, the Netherlands), and the Secretariat.
Plus 15 specialized institutions, cooperating with the UN, several dozen programs and funds.
Who is in charge at the UN?
In fact, only governing bodies, but not any specific country. The main body is the General Council.
The UN Headquarters complex is located in the United States, in New York. Officially, this is an international zone, and the UN complex belongs to all members of the organization.
The same applies to expenses - the work of the UN is paid for by all member states. But everyone pays differently, depending on the country’s solvency, national income and population. For example, the US contribution is just over one fifth of the entire budget (as of 2013, $618 million. Japan - 10%, $304 million, Germany - 7%, $200 million, France - 5.5%, $157 million Russia comes in with 2.4% of the UN budget, which is $68 million.
The United Nations (UN) is an international organization created to maintain and strengthen international peace and security, development of cooperation between states.
The foundations of its activities and structure were developed during the Second World War by leading participants Anti-Hitler coalition. The name "United Nations", proposed by US President Franklin D. Roosevelt, was first used on January 1, 1942 in the Declaration of the United Nations, when, during World War II, representatives of 26 nations pledged on behalf of their governments to continue the common struggle against the Axis powers.
It is noteworthy that earlier the first international organizations: International Telegraph Union (1865), Universal Postal Union (1874), etc. Both organizations are today specialized agencies of the UN.
The First International Peace Conference was convened in The Hague in 1899 to develop agreements on the peaceful resolution of crises, the prevention of war, and the rules of warfare. The conference adopted the Convention for the Peaceful Settlement of International Disputes and established the Permanent Court of Arbitration, which began its work in 1902.
World Food Program (WFP);
United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD);
United Nations Program for international control on Drugs (UNDCP);
United Nations Program for settlements(UN-Habitat; UNGNA);
United Nations Environment Program (UNEP);
United Nations Volunteers (UNV);
United Nations Capital Development Fund (UNCDF);
International Trade Center (ITC);
United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA).
Educational and research institutions:
United Nations Institute for Disarmament Research (UNIDIR);
United Nations Interregional Crime and Justice Research Institute (UNICRI);
United Nations Research Institute for Social Development (UNRISD);
United Nations Institute for Training and Research (UNITAR).
Other UN branches:
United Nations System Staff College (UNSC);
International Computing Center (ICC);
Joint United Nations Program on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS);
United Nations University (UNU);
United Nations Office for Project Services (UNOPS), UN Women.
Commission on Narcotic Drugs;
Commission on Population and Development;
Commission on Science and Technology for Development;
Commission on the Status of Women;
Commission on Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice4
Commission on sustainable development;
Commission for Social Development;
Statistical Commission;
United Nations Forum on Forests.
Regional commissions of ECOSOC:
Economic Commission for Europe (ECE);
Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (ESCAP);
Economic and Social Commission for Western Asia (ESCWA);
Economic Commission for Africa (ECA);
Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC).
ECOSOC Standing Committees: Committee on Non-Governmental Organizations, Committee on Negotiations with Intergovernmental Institutions, Committee on Program and Coordination.
ECOSOC Special Bodies: Ad Hoc Open Working Group on Informatics.
Expert bodies consisting of government experts:
United Nations Group of Experts on Geographical Names;
United Nations Committee of Experts on Global Geospatial Information Management;
Committee of Experts on the Transport of Dangerous Goods and the Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labeling of Chemicals;
Intergovernmental Working Group of Experts on International Accounting and Reporting Standards.
Expert bodies consisting of members serving in their personal capacity: Committee on Development Policy, Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, Committee of Experts on Public Administration, Committee of Experts on International Cooperation in Taxation, Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues.
Bodies associated with the Council: Executive Board of the International Institute for the Advancement of Women, United Nations Population Prize Committee, Coordinating Council of the Joint United Nations Program on HIV/AIDS, International Narcotics Control Board.
When the international trusteeship system was created, the UN Charter established the Trusteeship Council as one of the main organs of the United Nations, which was entrusted with the task of overseeing the administration of trust territories falling under the trusteeship system.
The main objectives of the system were to promote the improvement of the conditions of the population of the Trust Territories and their progressive development towards self-government or independence. The Trusteeship Council consists of five permanent members of the Security Council - the Russian Federation, the United States, Great Britain, France and the People's Republic of China. The objectives of the trusteeship system were achieved when all trust territories achieved self-government or independence, either as independent states or through unification with neighboring independent countries.
In accordance with the Statute, the Trusteeship Council is empowered to examine and discuss reports of the Administering Authority relating to the political, economic and social progress of the peoples of the Trust Territories and educational progress, and, in consultation with the Administering Authority, to consider petitions coming from the Trust Territories and to arrange periodic and other special visits to trust territories.
The Trusteeship Council suspended its work on November 1, 1994, after the last remaining United Nations Trust Territory, Palau, gained independence on October 1, 1994. By resolution adopted on 25 May 1994, the Council amended its rules of procedure to remove the obligation to hold annual meetings and agreed to meet as often as necessary, either by its decision or by its President, or at the request of a majority of its members or the General Assembly, or the Security Council.
International Court.
Is in charge judicial authority United Nations. It was established by the UN Charter to achieve one of the main purposes of the UN: “to carry out by peaceful means, in accordance with the principles of justice and international law, the settlement or settlement of international disputes or situations which may lead to a breach of the peace.” The Court operates in accordance with the Statute, which is part of the Charter, and its Rules of Procedure. It began operating in 1946, replacing the Permanent Court of International Justice (PCIJ), which was established in 1920 under the auspices of the League of Nations. The seat of the Court is the Peace Palace in The Hague (Netherlands).
Secretariat.
The Secretariat is an international staff located in agencies around the world and carrying out the varied day-to-day work of the Organization. It serves other main UN bodies and implements the programs and policies adopted by them. The Secretariat is headed by the Secretary General, who is appointed by the General Assembly on the recommendation of the Security Council for a period of 5 years with the possibility of re-election for a new term.
The responsibilities performed by the Secretariat are as varied as the issues the UN deals with - from the leadership peacekeeping operations to mediating international disputes, from compiling surveys of economic and social trends and issues to preparing studies on human rights and sustainable development. In addition, Secretariat staff guide and inform the world's media about the work of the UN; organizes international conferences on issues of global importance; monitors the implementation of decisions of UN bodies and translates speeches and documents into the official languages of the Organization.
UN specialized agencies and related bodies. UN specialized agencies are independent international organizations linked to the United Nations by a special cooperation agreement. Specialized institutions are created on the basis of intergovernmental agreements.
Specialized institutions:
Universal Postal Union (UPU);
World Bank Group;
International Development Association (IDA);
International Finance Corporation (IFC);
International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD);
International Center for the Settlement of Investment Disputes (ICSID);
Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency (MIGA);
World Meteorological Organization (WMO);
World Health Organization (WHO);
World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO);
World Tourism Organization (UNWTO);
International Maritime Organization (IMO);
International organization civil aviation(ICAO);
International Labor Organization (ILO);
International Monetary Fund (IMF);
International Telecommunication Union (ITU);
International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD);
United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO);
United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO);
Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO).
UN related organizations:
Worldwide trade Organization(WTO);
International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA);
Comprehensive Ban Treaty Organization nuclear tests(CTBTO);
Prohibition Organization chemical weapons(OPCW).
Convention secretariats:
Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities;
United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification in Those Countries Experiencing Severe Drought and/or Desertification, Particularly in Africa (UNCCD);
United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC).
UN Trust Funds:
United Nations Democracy Fund (UNDEF);
United Nations Fund for International Partnerships (UNFIP).
The leadership of the UN is represented by the Chairman of the General Assembly and the Secretary General.
President of the General Assembly. Opens and closes each plenary meeting of the General Assembly of the United Nations, completely directs the work of the General Assembly and maintains order at its meetings.
Secretary General. Main administrative executive, is a symbol of the United Nations and a spokesman for the interests of the peoples of the world.
According to the Charter, the Secretary-General performs the functions assigned to him by the Security Council, the General Assembly, the Economic and Social Council and other bodies of the United Nations.
The Secretary General is appointed by the General Assembly on the recommendation of the Security Council for a period of 5 years with the possibility of re-election for a new term.
Currently, there is a gentlemen's agreement in force according to which a citizen of a state that is a permanent member of the UN Security Council (Russia, USA, Great Britain, France and China) cannot be UN Secretary-General.
UN Secretaries General:
UN member states.
The original members of the UN included the 50 states that signed the UN Charter at the San Francisco Conference on June 26, 1945, as well as Poland. Since 1946, about 150 states have been admitted to the UN (but a number of states, such as Yugoslavia and Czechoslovakia, have been divided into independent states). On July 14, 2011, with the admission of South Sudan to the UN, the number of UN member states was 193.
Only internationally recognized states - subjects of international law - can be members of the UN. According to the UN Charter, membership of the UN is open to all “peace-loving states which accept the obligations contained in the Charter and which, in the judgment of the Organization, are able and willing to fulfill these obligations.” “The admission of any such state to Membership of the Organization shall be effected by resolution of the General Assembly upon the recommendation of the Security Council.”
To admit a new member, the support of at least 9 of the 15 member states of the Security Council is required (while 5 permanent members - Russia, USA, Great Britain, France and China - can veto the decision). Once the recommendation is approved by the Security Council, the matter is referred to the General Assembly, where a two-thirds majority is required to pass an accession resolution. The new state becomes a member of the UN from the date of the General Assembly resolution.
Among the original members of the UN were countries that were not full-fledged internationally recognized states: along with the USSR, its two union republics - the Belarusian SSR and the Ukrainian SSR; British colony - British India (divided into now independent members - India, Pakistan, Bangladesh and Myanmar); US-Philippines protectorate; as well as the virtually independent dominions of Great Britain - Canada, the Commonwealth of Australia, New Zealand, Union of South Africa.
In September 2011, the Palestinian Authority (the partially recognized State of Palestine) submitted an application for membership in the UN, but the satisfaction of this application was postponed until the Palestinian-Israeli settlement and general international recognition of Palestine.
In addition to member status, there is UN observer status, which may precede accession to full membership. Observer status is assigned by voting in the General Assembly, the decision is made by a simple majority. UN observers, as well as members of UN specialized agencies (for example, UNESCO) can be both recognized and partially recognized states and state entities. Thus, observers in this moment are the Holy See and the State of Palestine, and for some time there were, for example, Austria, Switzerland, Italy, Japan, Finland, and other countries that had the right to join, but temporarily did not use it for various reasons.
To organize the work of bodies in the UN system, official and working languages have been established. The list of these languages is defined in the rules of procedure of each body. On official languages All major UN documents are published, including resolutions. Verbatim reports of meetings are published in working languages and speeches delivered in any official language are translated into them.
The official languages of the United Nations are: English, French, Spanish, Russian, Chinese, Arabic. If a delegation wishes to speak in a language that is not an official one, it must provide oral or written translation into one of the official languages.
Calculating the UN budget is a process in which all members of the organization are involved. The budget is put forward by the UN Secretary-General after agreement with the divisions of the organization and based on their requirements. The proposed budget is subsequently reviewed by the 16-member Administrative and Budgetary Advisory Committee and the 34-member Program and Coordination Committee. The committees' recommendations are forwarded to the General Assembly's Committee on Management and Budget, which includes all member states, which again carefully reviews the budget. Finally, it is presented to the General Assembly for final consideration and approval.
The main criterion used by member states in the General Assembly is the country's solvency. Solvency is determined based on the gross national product (GNP) and a number of adjustments, including adjustments for external debt and per capita income.
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