Korean War. Cold War in Asia
Completed by a student of the POIM-116 group
Smyslov S.V.
Presentation:
Slide1.
Southeast Asia during the Cold War.
Smyslov S.V. group POIM-116.
Slide 2.
Far East and Southeast Asia.
International relations of the era of the Yalta-Potsdam system present a very complex picture of the confrontation between the leading subjects of world politics in a vast geopolitical space. Southeast Asia and the Far East were integral part this space where the interests of the United States of America, the Chinese People's Republic and the Soviet Union.
Slide 3.
War in Korea.
The result of the contradictions was the war on the Korean Peninsula
The parties to the conflict were:
North Korea(DPRK) with the support of the USSR (advisers, military equipment, finance) and China (personnel at the final stage up to 600,000 thousand people).
South Korea(ROK) US support (military equipment, finance, regular units of the US Army, under the auspices of the UN).
In 1953, after the death of Stalin and the coming to power of a new administration in the United States, the parties concluded a truce and separated troops, the demarcation line being the 38th parallel. The conflict is frozen.
Slide 4.
Conference in San Francisco.
During the Korean War, a peace conference was organized in San Francisco (September 1951), which was supposed to consolidate the results of World War II in the Far East, the goal of concluding peace treaties. Where is Japan, it was recognized as the aggressor and lost all its conquered territories. Moreover, even before the start of the conference, the United States weakened the position of the countries of the communist camp.
The PRC and DPRK delegations were not invited to the meeting; there were 52 countries in total. The version of the peace treaty proposed by Moscow was not even considered at the conference, which emphasized a certain isolation of the USSR in decision-making on the fate of the Asia-Pacific region. The Anglo-American version of the agreement was adopted as the basis.
Slide 5
The creation of military blocs led by the United States in Asia.
Zealand insisted on signing the so-called
Pacific Pact, which formalized a military alliance called ANZUS (USA, Australia, New Zealand, Japan, South Korea. The treaty provided for consultations in the event of a threat
attacks and joint military actions when attacking the territory, ships and aircraft of one of the participants in the area Pacific Ocean.
In 1954 creation of the SEATO bloc (USA, UK, France, Australia, New Zealand, Philippines, Pakistan and Thailand).
Thus, the military-political confrontation was
extended to the Asia-Pacific region.
The Cold War was gaining global character in front of all of her regional features.
Slide 6
US War in Vietnam (1964-1975).
This war became one of major events Cold War period. Its course and results were largely predetermined further development events throughout Southeast Asia. In total, hostilities lasted over 10 years. Direct US military intervention in affairs Democratic Republic Vietnam lasted more than eight years.
The reason was an armed incident in the Gulf of Tonkin. On August 2, 1964, the USS Maddox, a destroyer patrolling the Gulf of Tonkin, approached the coast of North Vietnam and was allegedly attacked by North Vietnamese torpedo boats. In response, President Lyndon Johnson ordered the U.S. air force strike North Vietnamese naval installations.
Slide 7.
US War in Vietnam
On August 5, 1964, US aircraft launched against the Democratic Republic of Vietnam" air war"and shelling of its territory by ships of the 7th Fleet.
On August 6-7, the US Congress adopted a joint resolution (the so-called “Tonkin Resolution”), which authorized these actions and granted President Johnson the right to use US military forces in Southeast Asia.
February 7, 1965 American aviation launched Operation Flaming Dart ("Flaming Spear") - the first among operations to destroy military and industrial facilities in North Vietnam.
On March 2, 1965, systematic bombing of North Vietnam began as part of Operation Rolling Thunder.
One of the features of the Vietnam War that distinguishes it from other local wars is wide application US Army chemical weapons against units of the National Liberation Front of South Vietnam (NSLF). Americans with help chemicals, namely the defoliant "Agent Orange" destroyed foliage in the jungle to identify partisan detachments, and napalm - the manpower of their enemy. As a result, Vietnam suffered more from the use of chemical weapons than any other country in the world.
Slide 8.
Participation in the war by the United States and its satellites.
In March 1965, 3,500 Marines were landed in Da Nang, and in February 1968, US troops in Vietnam already numbered 543 thousand people and large number military equipment, amounting to 30% combat personnel US Army, 30% helicopters army aviation, about 40% of tactical aircraft, almost 13% of attack aircraft carriers and 66% Marine Corps. After the conference in Honolulu in February 1966 of the heads of the US allied countries in the SEATO bloc, they sent troops to South Vietnam: South Korea - 49 thousand people, Thailand - 13.5 thousand, Australia - 8 thousand, Philippines - 2 thousand and New Zealand- 350 people.
Slide 9.
Participation of the USSR and China.
The USSR and China took the side of North Vietnam, providing it with extensive economic, technical and military assistance. By 1965, the Democratic Republic of Vietnam had received 340 million rubles free of charge or in the form of loans from the Soviet Union alone. The VNA was supplied with weapons, ammunition and other material resources. Soviet military specialists helped VNA soldiers master military equipment.
Slide 10.
Cessation of hostilities.
By the end of the 1960s. The situation for the United States in East Asia has reached a fundamentally important point; it has become obvious that it is unable not only to win the war against the Democratic Republic of Vietnam (DRV), which received a lot of help from the USSR and China, but also to maintain its presence in southern Vietnam. At the end of 1968, negotiations began in Paris between the delegations of the United States and the Democratic Republic of Vietnam on the one hand, and the delegations of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam and the People's Liberation Front of South Vietnam on the other on the cessation of hostilities [see: A documentary history... 1980,143].
Taking into account the expansion of the positions of the communists and leftist forces close to them in Laos and Cambodia, which were under the influence of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam, as well as the weakening support for Washington’s regional policy by its allies, this meant the failure of the American strategy in Southeast Asia with the prospect of the US leaving Indochina.
Slide 11.
US withdrawal from the war.
China's relations with the United States were hostile on all fronts, and one of the most bitter was the confrontation in Indochina. However, the main thing was that Washington and Beijing realized the need for parallel actions to resolve the crisis international relations in East Asia.
The crisis in international relations in East Asia has led to a change in the doctrinal foundations of the entire foreign policy United States. An expression of a new assessment of the strategic situation in the world and the ability of the United States to maintain its influence was the so-called Nixon Doctrine, the main points of which were voiced in the president’s speech on the island of Guam on July 25, 1969. “This was already a new political
ical philosophy. Not the whole world, but only the developed zones of the capitalist system were declared vital - for the sake of dominance in them, the United States was ready to fight. The huge mass of developing countries was essentially declared only a zone of desirable American dominance” [Utkin, 2003, 217-218].
The change in the foreign policy doctrine of the United States immediately entailed changes in international relations in East Asia, which resulted in the transition of the war in Vietnam to a qualitatively new stage. The principle of “Vietnamization” of the war was proclaimed in Washington, which contributed to the start of the negotiation process between the warring parties [see: LaFeber, 1991,262].
Slide 12.
Results of the Vietnam War.
The only way to overcome the crisis in international relations in the region was to revise foreign policy concepts by the main subjects of international relations. It was necessary to overcome the fundamental principle of bipolarity, on which all the foreign policy steps of a particular state during the Cold War were based.
Based on the results Paris Agreements Washington's strategic positions in Southeast Asia has deteriorated significantly. It became clear that a direct US presence in this region was no longer possible. However, the final withdrawal of the United States from the region did not occur. Firstly, their positions were strong in Korea and Taiwan, as well as in the Pacific Ocean. In addition, we should not forget that the US presence in Asia was spread through military blocs; even with the loss of South Vietnam, the states retained influence in the region.
Finally, another important factor that influenced the balance of power in East Asia after the Paris Agreements was the US-China rapprochement, which allowed both sides to strengthen their position in the region, plus China’s territorial location made it a key player in determining the foreign policy of the states of this region.
With the unification of Vietnam, the USSR also strengthened its influence in this part of the world (ideological, military, economic)
Slide13.
The principle of bipolarity, which was the basis of international relations after World War II, has been violated. In East Asia, a so-called strategic triangle has emerged: USA - China - USSR. Each of these states had a certain political, economic and military weight, which, however, did not allow one or another state to dominate the region.
Slide 14.
Bibliography:
1.History of foreign policy of the USSR, 1986; Kadymov, 1965
2. http://vietnamnews.ru/chemical
3. http://www.easttime.ru/analytics/dalnii-vostok/aziatskoe-nato
If we consider the chronological stages of the Cold War, then there is a traditional and most common division:
the initial phase of the confrontation (1946–1953). At this stage, the confrontation takes shape almost officially (with Churchill’s Fulton speech in 1946), and an active struggle for spheres of influence begins, first in Europe (Central, Eastern and Southern), and then in other regions of the world, from Iran to Korea. The military parity of forces becomes obvious, taking into account the presence of both the USA and the USSR atomic weapons, military-political blocs (NATO and the Department of Internal Affairs) appear, supporting each superpower. The first clash of opposing camps on the “training ground” of third countries was the Korean War;
acute stage of confrontation (1953–1962). This stage began with a temporary weakening of the confrontation - after the death of Stalin and criticism of the cult of his personality by Khrushchev, who came to power in the USSR, opportunities emerged for a constructive dialogue. However, at the same time, the parties increased their geopolitical activity, which is especially obvious for the USSR, which suppressed any attempts by allied countries to leave the socialist camp. Combined with the ongoing arms race, this has brought the world to the brink of open war between nuclear powers– The Cuban Missile Crisis of 1962, when, due to the deployment of Soviet ballistic missiles in Cuba, a war almost broke out between the USSR and the USA using atomic weapons;
the so-called “détente” (1962–1979), the period of the Cold War, when a number of objective factors demonstrated to both sides the danger of increasing tension. Firstly, after 1962 it became obvious that atomic war, in which, most likely, there will be no winners, is more than real. Secondly, the psychological fatigue of the Cold War participants and the rest of the world from DC voltage made itself felt and demanded a break. Thirdly, the arms race also began to take its toll - the USSR experienced increasingly obvious systemic economic problems, trying to keep up with its rival in building up its military potential. In this regard, the United States had difficulties as its main allies, who were increasingly striving for peaceful development; in addition, the oil crisis was raging, in the conditions of which the normalization of relations with the USSR, one of the leading oil suppliers, was very useful. But the “détente” was short-lived: both sides viewed it as a respite, and already in the mid-1970s the confrontation began to intensify: the United States began to develop scenarios for a nuclear war with the USSR, Moscow, in response, began to modernize its rocket troops And missile defense; war in Vietnam.
the stage of “evil empires” (1979-1985), in which reality armed conflict tension between the superpowers began to grow again. The catalyst for tension was the introduction Soviet troops to Afghanistan in 1979, which the United States did not fail to take advantage of, providing all possible support to the Afghans. Information war became quite acute, starting with an exchange of ignoring Olympic Games first in Moscow (1980), then in Los Angeles (1984), and ending with the use of the epithets “evil empire” in relation to each other (with the light hand of President Reagan). The military departments of both superpowers began a more detailed study of nuclear war scenarios and the improvement of both ballistic offensive weapons and missile defense systems;
the end of the Cold War, the replacement of the bipolar system of the world order by a unipolar system (1985–1991). The actual victory of the United States and its allies in the Cold War, associated with political and economic changes in the Soviet Union, known as perestroika and associated with the activities of Gorbachev. Experts continue to argue how much of the subsequent collapse of the USSR and the disappearance of the socialist camp is due to objective reasons, primarily the economic inefficiency of the socialist model, and how much is due to incorrect geopolitical strategic and tactical decisions of the Soviet leadership. However, the fact remains: after 1991, there is only one superpower in the world that even has an unofficial award “For Victory in the Cold War” - the United States.
“Third World” is a conventional name for developing states - countries in Africa and a number of regions of Asia, whose people, during the liquidation of colonial systems, created nation-states and embarked on the path of independent development. Somewhat earlier, this path was chosen by the peoples of Latin America.
Despite the differences between the countries of the “third world” in terms of socio-political structure, most of them have a lower level of economic and cultural development compared to the industrial powers of Europe, North America, Japan and the most developed countries of the former “socialist bloc”. Third World countries are the poorest, as measured by their per capita income, and are concentrated mainly in Asia, Oceania, Africa and Latin America.
The main result of the development of the “third world” countries by the end of the 20th century. can be considered an increase in their economic gap with Western countries.
In the countries of the former colonies of the West (more than 130 states), in the past, due to violent changes in the social structure, economic life was stagnant, and backward political relations remained. Majority developed countries treats them as sources of raw materials, sales markets and a profitable place for investment. Elimination of their backwardness as
The second half of the twentieth century is a time of great confrontation between two military-political blocs. On the one hand, this is NATO, and on the other hand, the Department of Internal Affairs. The forerunner of this confrontation was the Korean War of 1950-1953.
Beginning of confrontation
Second world war allowed countries with different views on the socio-political system to unite, economic development. All this was done for the sake of victory over common enemy- fascism. However, further paths former allies separated. During the war years, the USSR strengthened significantly in all respects, and other countries, primarily the United States, were forced to reckon with this. The final stage of the war took place in Far East. Here, American and Soviet troops inflicted a crushing defeat on the Imperial Japanese Army. The consequence of this was the liberation of Korea from Japanese troops - and at the same time the occupation of this country by allied forces at that time. The north of the peninsula was controlled by Soviet and Chinese troops, and its southern part came under the rule of American authorities.
"Appetites" of Korean leaders
According to the Allied plans, the division into zones of occupation was a temporary phenomenon. In the near future it was planned to combine both parts into a single whole. However, both the American and Soviet sides took advantage of the opportunity and began to hastily strengthen their influence in the parts of the peninsula allotted to them. In the south, with the support of the occupation administration, elections were held and Korean authorities were organized, headed by Syngman Rhee. He adhered to authoritarian methods of management. Moreover, his political views were reactionary. He was one of the initiators of the events that later became known as the Korean War. Its second direct initiator was the protege of the Soviet-Chinese forces, Kim Il Sung. Both sides announced the need to unite, but each wanted to do it under its own leadership. But no matter how strong these desires were, the real reason for this confrontation was the gradual deterioration of relations between the USSR and the USA.
Geopolitical puzzle
On the part of the Soviet Union, there were fears that the United States, by subjugating Korea, would thereby pose a direct threat to the Far Eastern borders. After all, the peninsula had a land border with the USSR, and the Soviets did not want to have a hostile state at their side. The Americans, in turn, expressed alarm about the unification of Korea under the leadership of the “North,” since this threatened their interests in Asia and, in addition, drove the United States out of the Sea of Japan. Therefore, these two superpowers were the true orchestrators of events on the peninsula. Of course, we cannot ignore the contradictions between Korean leaders. But they were of a secondary nature. As the Soviet-American contradictions intensified, including at the UN negotiation platforms, the rhetoric of the leaders of the “North” and “South” became increasingly harsh. They did not mince words. At the same time, each side threatened to unite the country with bayonets. The Korean War was approaching at alarming speed.
On the verge of confrontation
The government of Syngman Rhee had a very modest military potential and, without American reinforcement, could not resist the northerners. To avoid a direct clash between American and Soviet troops, in 1948 they were completely withdrawn from the peninsula. Only military advisers remained in the relevant parts of the country. While the southerners were verbally threatening Kim Il Sung, he was intensively preparing for a clash. Since 1948, the number of North Korean troops has gradually increased. USSR helped military equipment. However, Stalin rejected the request to provide assistance to the “North” with manpower, fearing the start of a new global conflict. For two years - from 1948 to 1950 - there were intensive consultations between Moscow and Pyongyang, the climax of which was Kim Il Sung's visit to the USSR. Similar actions went between Seoul and Washington. The contradictions reached such intensity that the outbreak of hostilities was only a matter of time.
Korean War 1950-1953
At the end of June 1950, the northern troops went on the offensive. The Korean War began, which lasted almost three years. The first stage of hostilities is marked by the complete superiority of the North. Within a few months, his troops penetrated deeply into the territory of the south of the peninsula. Government and high-ranking officials We left Seoul in a hurry. By the end of the year 1950, the war in Korea acquired global significance. The Americans understood that it was necessary to provide urgent assistance to the southerners. A number of decisions were carried out through the UN, which the countries of the socialist bloc sharply condemned. Despite this, the United States insisted on its own, and under the auspices of the United Nations began urgently supporting Seoul. American and British troops, as well as military equipment, began to arrive in Korea. Soon the successful offensive of the North was stopped, and South Korean troops, with the support of UN forces, launched a counteroffensive.
Military pendulum of fortune
The war in South Korea under these conditions became a threat to the defeat of the “North”. The USSR and China could not allow this. Therefore, to help the northerners Soviet Union sent military specialists and a large amount of equipment. China, in turn, began sending mass “volunteers” to the Korean front, the number of which reached a million people.
The war in Korea became protracted. Neither side of the conflict could achieve a military victory. Both Washington and Moscow began to understand this. Throughout 1951-1952 there were fighting with varying degrees of success. Confidence grew in the futility of solving the problem by military means.
The change of leadership in the USA and the USSR was of no small importance for ending the war. Eisenhower, who became president at the end of 1952, took active steps to end the conflict, and in March 1953, J.V. Stalin died. The Presidium of the Central Committee spoke in favor of ending the war.
Fragile world
After intense negotiations, a ceasefire and prisoner exchange was agreed upon in July 1953, but the US war in Korea did not end there. To this day, the American military guards the borders of the Republic of Korea. The result of the agreement was the separation of the warring parties along the 38th parallel, i.e., the “status quo” that existed before the start of the war was achieved. North Korea and South Korea have still not signed a peace treaty, and clashes on the border are not uncommon these days.
The Vietnam War is one of the largest military conflicts of the second half of the 20th century, which left a noticeable mark on culture and occupies a significant place in modern history USA and Vietnam. The war began as a civil war in South Vietnam; Subsequently, North Vietnam and the United States intervened in it with the support of a number of other countries. Thus, on the one hand, the war was fought for the reunification of the two parts of Vietnam and the creation single state with communist ideology, and on the other - for maintaining the split of the country and the independence of South Vietnam. As events unfolded, the Vietnam War became intertwined with parallel wars. civil wars in Laos and Cambodia. All fighting in Southeast Asia from the late 1950s until 1975 is known as the Second Indochina War.
The territory of Vietnam was temporarily divided along the 17th parallel into two parts that were not sovereign states. North Vietnam came under the control of the Viet Minh and became the territory of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam. South Vietnam remained under the authority of a French-appointed local administration, and France had formally granted independence to Vietnam even before the agreements. Here the pro-French-minded Emperor Bao Dai was in power. The reunification of the country was supposed to take place after general free elections, which were to take place no later than mid-1956.
After the Geneva Accords, the United States set a course to replace France as a counterweight to communist forces in Vietnam. The American administration relied on Ngo Dinh Diem, a US supporter.
wars
From the power of Emperor Bao Dai through fraudulent elections, after which he proclaimed the creation of the sovereign Republic of Vietnam, which was a violation of the Geneva Agreements. The elections were disrupted, and the prospect of Vietnamese reunification was postponed indefinitely.
Diem's regime very soon began to acquire the features of a dictatorship. Opposition to the Diem regime was suppressed using pro-government means mass media and the police.
Diem began repressions against the communist underground that remained in the country after 1954, although it was weak and did not represent for him real threat. The repression was effective; faced with a threat complete elimination their movement, the South Vietnamese communists decided to start armed struggle. Since the autumn of 1957, there was a low-intensity guerrilla warfare.
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After the signing of the armistice agreement, the South Vietnamese troops, richly supplied with military equipment from the United States, numbered more than a million people, the armed forces of North Vietnam stationed on the territory of the South numbered more than two hundred thousand soldiers.
The ceasefire agreements on the territory of South Vietnam were not implemented. Both communists and government troops divided the territory under their control during the battles. The economic crisis of South Vietnam in 1974 contributed to the decline in the fighting qualities of government troops. All more territories of South Vietnam fell under communist rule, government troops of South Vietnam suffered losses. Successful communist operations at the end of 1974 showed low combat effectiveness armed forces South Vietnam. During a study carried out in March-April 1975 offensive operation The communists defeated most of the South Vietnamese units. At 11:30 on April 30, 1975, the communists raised the banner over the Independence Palace in Saigon - the war was over.
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